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5. Behavioural and Emotional Problems in People with Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability

Author

Forster, S., Gray, K. M., Taffe, J., Einfeld, S. L., and Tonge, B. J.

Abstract

Background: People with severe and profound levels of intellectual disability (ID) are frequently examined as a single group in research. However, these two groups may be significantly different, particularly in the area of emotional and behavioural difficulties. Method: The Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) was completed by parents and caregivers of 107 people with severe ID and 22 people with profound ID at four time periods across 12 years. Regression analyses were used to examine trends in sub-scale scores across time and groups. Results: Significant differences between the groups of people with severe and profound ID were found. People with profound ID had significantly lower scores across all sub-scales except "Social Relating." This was usually related to fewer items being selected as present for people with profound ID, as opposed to the scores being attributable to lower item severity scores. Conclusions: There are significant differences between groups of people with severe and profound ID in scores on the DBC, indicating differences in behavioural and emotional problems. Caution should be exercised by researchers treating these two disparate groups as a single group, and by practitioners translating such findings into practice.

Published
2011
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7. Screening for Autism in Young Children with Developmental Delay: An Evaluation of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist--Early Screen

Author

Gray, K. M., Tonge, B. J., Sweeney, D. J., and Einfeld, S. L.

Abstract

The ability to identify children who require specialist assessment for the possibility of autism at as early an age as possible has become a growing area of research. A number of measures have been developed as potential screening tools for autism. The reliability and validity of one of these measures for screening for autism in young children with developmental problems was evaluated. The parents of 207 children aged 20-51 months completed the Developmental Checklist-Early Screen (DBC-ES), prior to their child undergoing assessment. Good interrater agreement and internal consistency was found, along with significant correlations with a clinician completed measure of autism symptomatology. High sensitivity was found, with lower specificity for the originally proposed 17-item screening tool and a five-item version.

Published
2008
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19. Concurrence of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and developmental behaviour checklist among children with an intellectual disability

Author

Rice, L J, Emerson, E, Gray, K M, Howlin, P, Tonge, B J, Warner, Georgina, and Einfeld, S L

Subjects
Psykologi, intellectual disability, Psychology, concurrent validity, developmental behaviour checklist, strength and difficulties questionnaire
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used to measure emotional and behavioural problems in typically developing young people, although there is some evidence that it may also be suitable for children with intellectual disability (ID). The Developmental Behaviour Checklist - Parent version (DBC-P) is a measure of emotional and behavioural problems that was specifically designed for children and adolescents with an ID. The DBC-P cut-off has high agreement with clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between DBC-P and SDQ scores in a sample of children with ID. METHOD: Parents of 83 young people with ID aged 4-17 years completed the parent versions of the SDQ and the DBC-P. We evaluated the concurrent validity of the SDQ and DBC-P total scores, and the agreement between the DBC-P cut-off and the SDQ cut-offs for 'borderline' and 'abnormal' behaviour. RESULTS: The SDQ total difficulties score correlated well with the DBC-P total behaviour problem score. Agreement between the SDQ borderline cut-off and the DBC-P cut-off for abnormality was high (83%), but was lower for the SDQ abnormal cut-off (75%). Positive agreement between the DBC-P and the SDQ borderline cut-off was also high, with the SDQ borderline cut-off identifying 86% of those who met the DBC-P criterion. Negative agreement was weaker, with the SDQ borderline cut-off identifying only 79% of the participants who did not meet the DBC-P cut-off. CONCLUSION: The SDQ borderline cut-off has some validity as a measure of overall levels of behavioural and emotional problems in young people with ID, and may be useful in epidemiological studies that include participants with and without ID. However, where it is important to focus on behavioural profiles in children with ID, a specialised ID instrument with established psychometric properties, such as the DBC-P, may provide more reliable and valid information.

Published
2018

20. Coercive parenting: modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors in parents of children with developmental disabilities.

Author

Day, J. J., Hodges, J., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Sofronoff, K., Sanders, M. R., Einfeld, S., Tonge, B., and Gray, K. M.

Subjects
CROSS-sectional method, CONTROL (Psychology), MENTAL health, SOCIOECONOMIC factors, PARENTING, FAMILIES, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities, SURVEYS
Abstract

Background: Parents of children with developmental or intellectual disabilities tend to report greater use of coercive parenting practices relative to parents of typically developing children, increasing the risk of adverse child outcomes. However, to date, there is limited research exploring the role and relative contribution of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors in parents of children with a disability. The present study aimed to explore the role of various modifiable and nonmodifiable parenting, family and sociodemographic factors associated with the use of coercive parenting practices in parents of children with a disability. Methods: Caregivers (N = 1392) enrolled in the Mental Health of Young People with Developmental Disabilities (MHYPeDD) programme in Australia completed a cross‐sectional survey about their parenting and their child aged 2–12 years with a disability. Measures covered a range of domains including relevant demographic and family background, use of coercive parenting practices, intensity of child behavioural difficulties and questions relating to parent and family functioning such as parental self‐efficacy, adjustment difficulties and quality of family relationships. Results: Parents of older children, those who were younger at the birth of their child, and parents who were co‐parenting or working reported more use of coercive parenting practices. Greater intensity of child difficulties, poorer parental self‐efficacy and parent–child relationships, and more parental adjustment difficulties were also significantly associated with more use of coercive parenting. Examination of the relative contribution of variables revealed parent–child relationship was a key contributing factor, followed by intensity of child behaviour problems, parent adjustment and parent confidence. Conclusions: These findings highlight a range of factors that should be targeted and modified through upstream prevention programmes and further inform our understanding of how coercive practices may be influenced through targeted parenting interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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21. Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study

Author

Chaarani, B., Hahn, S., Allgaier, N., Adise, S., Owens, M. M., Juliano, A. C., Yuan, D. K., Loso, H., Ivanciu, A., Albaugh, M. D., Dumas, J., Mackey, S., Laurent, J., Ivanova, M., Hagler, D. J., Cornejo, M. D., Hatton, S., Agrawal, A., Aguinaldo, L., Ahonen, L., Aklin, W., Anokhin, A. P., Arroyo, J., Avenevoli, S., Babcock, D., Bagot, K., Baker, F. C., Banich, M. T., Barch, D. M., Bartsch, H., Baskin-Sommers, A., Bjork, J. M., Blachman-Demner, D., Bloch, M., Bogdan, R., Bookheimer, S. Y., Breslin, F., Brown, S., Calabro, F. J., Calhoun, V., Casey, B. J., Chang, L., Clark, D. B., Cloak, C., Constable, R. T., Constable, K., Corley, R., Cottler, L. B., Coxe, S., Dagher, R. K., Dale, A. M., Dapretto, M., Delcarmen-Wiggins, R., Dick, A. S., Do, E. K., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Dowling, G. J., Edwards, S., Ernst, T. M., Fair, D. A., Fan, C. C., Feczko, E., Feldstein-Ewing, S. W., Florsheim, P., Foxe, J. J., Freedman, E. G., Friedman, N. P., Friedman-Hill, S., Fuemmeler, B. F., Galvan, A., Gee, D. G., Giedd, J., Glantz, M., Glaser, P., Godino, J., Gonzalez, M., Gonzalez, R., Grant, S., Gray, K. M., Haist, F., Harms, M. P., Hawes, S., Heath, A. C., Heeringa, S., Heitzeg, M. M., Hermosillo, R., Herting, M. M., Hettema, J. M., Hewitt, J. K., Heyser, C., Hoffman, E., Howlett, K., Huber, R. S., Huestis, M. A., Hyde, L. W., Iacono, W. G., Infante, M. A., Irfanoglu, O., Isaiah, A., Iyengar, S., Jacobus, J., James, R., Jean-Francois, B., Jernigan, T., Karcher, N. R., Kaufman, A., Kelley, B., Kit, B., Ksinan, A., Kuperman, J., Laird, A. R., Larson, C., LeBlanc, K., Lessov-Schlagger, C., Lever, N., Lewis, D. A., Lisdahl, K., Little, A. R., Lopez, M., Luciana, M., Luna, B., Madden, P. A., Maes, H. H., Makowski, C., Marshall, A. T., Mason, M. J., Matochik, J., McCandliss, B. D., McGlade, E., Montoya, I., Morgan, G., Morris, A., Mulford, C., Murray, P., Nagel, B. J., Neale, M. C., Neigh, G., Nencka, A., Noronha, A., Nixon, S. J., Palmer, C. E., Pariyadath, V., Paulus, M. P., Pelham, W. E., Pfefferbaum, D., Pierpaoli, C., Prescot, A., Prouty, D., Puttler, L. I., Rajapaske, N., Rapuano, K. M., Reeves, G., Renshaw, P. F., Riedel, M. C., Rojas, P., de la Rosa, M., Rosenberg, M. D., Ross, M. J., Sanchez, M., Schirda, C., Schloesser, D., Schulenberg, J., Sher, K. J., Sheth, C., Shilling, P. D., Simmons, W. K., Sowell, E. R., Speer, N., Spittel, M., Squeglia, L. M., Sripada, C., Steinberg, J., Striley, C., Sutherland, M. T., Tanabe, J., Tapert, S. F., Thompson, W., Tomko, R. L., Uban, K. A., Vrieze, S., Wade, N. E., Watts, R., Weiss, S., Wiens, B. A., Williams, O. D., Wilbur, A., Wing, D., Wolff-Hughes, D., Yang, R., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Zucker, R. A., Potter, A., and Garavan, H. P.

Abstract

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®is a 10-year longitudinal study of children recruited at ages 9 and 10. A battery of neuroimaging tasks are administered biennially to track neurodevelopment and identify individual differences in brain function. This study reports activation patterns from functional MRI (fMRI) tasks completed at baseline, which were designed to measure cognitive impulse control with a stop signal task (SST; N= 5,547), reward anticipation and receipt with a monetary incentive delay (MID) task (N= 6,657) and working memory and emotion reactivity with an emotional N-back (EN-back) task (N= 6,009). Further, we report the spatial reproducibility of activation patterns by assessing between-group vertex/voxelwise correlations of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation. Analyses reveal robust brain activations that are consistent with the published literature, vary across fMRI tasks/contrasts and slightly correlate with individual behavioral performance on the tasks. These results establish the preadolescent brain function baseline, guide interpretation of cross-sectional analyses and will enable the investigation of longitudinal changes during adolescent development.

Published
2021
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44. Are there early features of autism in infants and preschool children?

Author

Gray, Kylie M., Gray, KM, Tonge, BJ, Gray, K M, and Tonge, B J

Subjects
AUTISM in children, PEDIATRICS, DIAGNOSIS of autism, AGE distribution, BEHAVIOR disorders, SOCIAL disabilities
Abstract

Autism is characterized by impairments in three areas: (i) reciprocal social interaction; (ii) communication; and (iii) repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interest and behaviour. Despite the finding that parents notice abnormalities and problems with their child's development at a very early age, research shows that diagnoses are often made at an age beyond that recommended for the commencement of early intervention. This paper reviews the range of studies that have sought to elucidate the early features of autism in young, preschool children. Impairments in the capacity for reciprocal social interaction involving preverbal, verbal and non-verbal communication, and play and symbolic behaviour are the key features indicative of autism in infants and preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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48. The effect of body temperature on myocardial protection conferred by ischaemic preconditioning or the selective adenosine A1receptor agonist GR79236, in an anaesthetized rabbit model of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion

Author

Sheldrick, A, Gray, K M, Drew, G M, and Louttit, J B

Abstract

The cardioprotective effect of N‐[(1S, trans)‐2‐hydroxycyclopentyl]adenosine (GR79236), an adenosine A1receptor agonist, was compared with that produced by ischaemic preconditioning in an anaesthetized rabbit model of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. In addition, we examined the effect of different body core temperatures on GR79236‐ or ischaemic preconditioning‐induced cardioprotection when administered prior to ischaemia, and on cardioprotection induced by GR79236 administered 10 min prior to the onset of reperfusion.When rabbits were subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left coronary artery, followed by 2 h reperfusion, GR79236 (3×10−8mol kg−1i.v. (10.5 μg kg−1i.v.)) or ischaemic preconditioning (5 min ischaemia followed by 5 min reperfusion), administered or applied 10 min prior to the occlusion, significantly limited the development of infarction. The cardioprotective effect of ischaemic preconditioning was significantly greater than that seen after administration of GR79236. Pre‐treatment with the selective adenosine A1receptor antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 3.3×10−6mol kg−1(1 mg kg−1i.v.)), prevented the cardioprotective effect of GR79236, but not that of ischaemic preconditioning.Maintaining body core temperature at 38.5°C rather than at 37.0°C did not influence infarct size in control groups of rabbits, but reduced the cardioprotective effect of GR79236 when administered 10 min prior to occlusion or 10 min prior to the onset of reperfusion. The cardioprotective effect of ischaemic preconditioning was not temperature‐dependent.In conclusion, myocardial protection conferred by GR79236 in anaesthetized rabbits is mediated viaadenosine A1receptors. Myocardial protection can be conferred when GR79236 is administered before the onset of ischaemia orreperfusion, and is reduced when body core temperature is maintained at 38.5°C rather than at 37.0°C. In contrast, myocardial protection conferred by ischaemic preconditioning is not reduced by adenosine A1receptor blockade, or by maintaining body core temperature at 38.5°C rather than at 37.0°C. These findings point to distinct differences in the mechanisms of induction of myocardial protection by adenosine A1receptor agonist and ischaemic preconditioning. They also highlight the need for careful control of body core temperature when investigating the phenomenon of cardioprotection.

Published
1999
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49. 17 beta-estradiol acts directly on the clonal osteoblastic cell line UMR106.

Author

Gray, T K, Flynn, T C, Gray, K M, and Nabell, L M

Abstract

We studied the effect of 17 beta-estradiol (E) on the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of cultured UMR106 cells, a clonal osteoblastic cell line. Growth rates were reduced and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in cells incubated for 2 days in medium containing E (10(-8) M). In contrast, E had no effect on the growth rates or alkaline phosphatase of a human fibroblastic cell line, S90E. The effect of E was not observed with low cell density or at confluence. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 antagonized the response to E. Preincubation of the cells with dexamethasone, a potent inducer of differentiation, reversed the effect of E or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These results indicate that cellular and/or extracellular factors such as cell density, the phase of the cell cycle, the state of differentiation, and the presence or absence of other steroids influenced the response of UMR106 cells to E. Serum was removed from the culture medium to minimize the effect of the steroids, growth factors, and nutrients present in serum. A striking stimulation of alkaline phosphatase by E occurred with serum-free conditions. This stimulation was biphasic over an E concentration from 10(-12) to 10(-8) M, with the peak response at 10(-10) M. The action of E on UMR106 cells was metabolite-specific, since the isomer 17 alpha-estradiol produced no effect on proliferation rates or alkaline phosphatase activity. The cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone (residues 1-34) was not altered by E treatment of these cells. In contrast, dexamethasone exposure did increase the cyclic AMP response to parathyroid hormone. These results demonstrate a direct effect of E on an osteoblastic cell line. They also raise the possibility that similar or identical actions of E occur in cultured normal osteoblasts.

Published
1987
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