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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) was one of many universities that adopted a test-optional admissions policy for the Fall 2021 incoming cohort. However, unlike many institutions that went to test-optional admissions out of necessity, the decision made by IUPUI faculty and administration was thoroughly considered, data driven, and received the support of constituencies throughout the university community. Before that decision was made, staff in the IUPUI Office of Undergraduate Admissions collaborated with staff in the Office of Institutional Research and Decision Support to: scrutinize the validity of standardized tests for the purposes of admissions; conduct analyses to understand the broader impacts of test-optional admissions; and communicate findings and plans to relevant stakeholders. The process IUPUI followed could serve as a model for other institutions considering adopting test-optional admissions on a permanent basis.

Despite being criticized as unrepresentative and misleading, retention and graduation rates are an important part of college-search web sites and accountability systems, and they frequently have been used as indicators of institutional quality and effectiveness in educational research. Retention and graduation rates are often compared over time and across institutions. However, such comparisons can be confounded by differences in entering student cohorts and differences among the institutions being compared. This research examined the effects of institutional and cohort characteristics on one-year retention rates using random-effect and fixed-effect regression models for panel data. The use of a fixed-effect model allowed the researchers to account for omitted variables (unobserved heterogeneity) in the analyses. Results indicated that unobserved heterogeneity was a significant issue in the study, and that traditional regression methods may overstate the effects of institutional characteristics on retention rates. Results also indicated that the effects of institutional and cohort characteristics were essentially stable over time and across cohorts.

Although previous research has not consistently shown that uncertainty about academic major negatively impacts graduation, commitment is largely believed to affect college students' success. We investigated the impact of institutional commitment, commitment to an educational goal, and commitment to an academic major on the probabilities of graduation for a cohort of first-time first-year students. Results indicate that students with high institutional commitment and commitment to an educational goal were the most likely to graduate within 6 years, while commitment to an academic major was negatively associated with probabilities of degree completion. Suggested implications for advisors include fostering educational development, enhancing a student's bond with the institution, and encouraging students to explore academic major options.

Researchers have suggested that, although they have not received much attention in the research literature, college sophomores may face academic difficulties. Pattengale and Schriener (2000) said that the sophomore year may be a time in which students disengage from academic life, thus creating an adverse effect on their grades. Tinto (1993) also suggested that the important issues for first-year students may not be important issues for students at other stages in a college career. Because much of the research regarding retention has focused on first year students, further research may be needed for other class levels, specifically sophomores. This study used a survey of second semester sophomores to explore how sophomores' experiences and attitudes affected their academic success. Commitment to an academic major and satisfaction with faculty interactions were both found to be significant predictors of grade point average. The results suggest researchers and practitioners need to be cautious in applying what is known about first-year students to students who have progressed beyond the first-year. The findings also suggest that institutions may want to develop sophomore specific programs.

Although Q methodology has been especially well used by researchers in a variety of social and behavioral sciences, student affairs researchers have not been inclined to deploy this methodology. This article examines Q methodology and uses a case study to explore the potential for student affairs assessment and research. Overall, the authors conclude that Q methodology is a viable research tool for student affairs practitioners to optimize their responsiveness to a multitude of practical challenges faced in their daily work.