95 results on '"Grasland B"'
Search Results
2. Factors associated with herd-level PRRSV infection and age-time to seroconversion in farrow-to-finish herds
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Fablet, C., Marois-Créhan, C., Grasland, B., Simon, G., and Rose, N.
- Published
- 2016
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3. A commercial PCV2a-based vaccine significantly reduces PCV2b transmission in experimental conditions
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Rose, N., Andraud, M., Bigault, L., Jestin, A., and Grasland, B.
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- 2016
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4. Could air sampling be a substitute for individual oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs on live animals to detect avian influenza virus in Mule ducks?
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Keïta, A., primary, Niqueux, E., additional, Allée, C., additional, Ogor, K., additional, Schmitz, A., additional, Amelot, M., additional, Courtois, D., additional, Le Coq, T., additional, Thomas, R., additional, Grasland, B., additional, Le Bouquin, S., additional, and Scoizec, A., additional
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- 2022
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5. Controlling the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza farm-to-farm spreading: example of the Vendée-Deux-Sèvres area during the 2020-2021 epizootic in France
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Scoizec, A., primary, Huneau-Salaün, A., additional, Souillard, R., additional, Thomas, R., additional, Schmitz, A., additional, Briand, F-X., additional, Massin, P., additional, Martenot, C., additional, Cherbonnel-Pansart, M., additional, Allée, C., additional, Busson, R., additional, Guillemoto, C., additional, Louboutin, K., additional, Pierre, I., additional, Souchaud, F., additional, Niqueux, E., additional, Grasland, B., additional, Mourrieras, C., additional, and Le Bouquin-Leneveu, et S., additional
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- 2022
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6. Evaluating efficacy of cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and transport crates during Avian Influenza outbreaks
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Huneau-Salaün, A., primary, Scoizec, A., additional, Thomas, R., additional, Martenot, C., additional, Schmitz, A., additional, Pierre, I., additional, Allée, C., additional, Busson, R., additional, Massin, P., additional, Briand, F-X., additional, Guillemoto, C., additional, Louboutin, K., additional, Souchaud, F., additional, Cherbonnel-Pansart, M., additional, Niqueux, E., additional, Grasland, B., additional, Souillard, R., additional, and Le Bouquin, S., additional
- Published
- 2022
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7. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators
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Fablet, C., Rose, N., Grasland, B., Robert, N., Lewandowski, E., and Gosselin, M.
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- 2018
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8. Infectious agents associated with respiratory diseases in 125 farrow-to-finish pig herds: A cross-sectional study
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Fablet, C., Marois-Créhan, C., Simon, G., Grasland, B., Jestin, A., Kobisch, M., Madec, F., and Rose, N.
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- 2012
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9. Influence of husbandry and control measures on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) dynamics within a farrow-to-finish pig farm: A modelling approach
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Andraud, M., Rose, N., Grasland, B., Pierre, J.S., Jestin, A., and Madec, F.
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- 2009
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10. Individual risk factors for Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in pigs: A hierarchical Bayesian survival analysis
- Author
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Rose, N., Eveno, E., Grasland, B., Nignol, A.-C., Oger, A., Jestin, A., and Madec, F.
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- 2009
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11. Vaccination of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected Sows against Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Erysipelas: Effect on Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) and on PCV2 Genome Load in the Offspring
- Author
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Rose, N., Blanchard, P., Cariolet, R., Grasland, B., Amenna, N., Oger, A., Durand, B., Balasch, M., Jestin, A., and Madec, F.
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- 2007
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12. Estimation of the diagnostic performance of two ELISAs to detect PCV2 antibodies in pig sera using a Bayesian method
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Fablet, C., Rose, N., Bernard, C., Messager, I., Piel, Y., and Grasland, B.
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- 2017
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13. Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Other PCV2-Related Problems in Pigs: a 12-Year Experience
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Madec, F., primary, Rose, N., additional, Grasland, B., additional, Cariolet, R., additional, and Jestin, A., additional
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- 2008
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14. Modelling the time-dependent transmission rate for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs using data from serial transmission experiments
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Andraud, M, primary, Grasland, B, additional, Durand, B, additional, Cariolet, R, additional, Jestin, A, additional, Madec, F, additional, Pierre, J.S, additional, and Rose, N, additional
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- 2008
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15. Pig anelloviruses are highly prevalent in swine herds in France
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Bigarré, L., primary, Beven, V., additional, de Boisséson, C., additional, Grasland, B., additional, Rose, N., additional, Biagini, P., additional, and Jestin, A., additional
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- 2005
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16. Modelling the time-dependent transmission rate for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs using data from serial transmission experiments
- Author
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Andraud, M, Grasland, B, Durand, B, Cariolet, R, Jestin, A, Madec, F, Pierre, J.S, and Rose, N
- Abstract
Six successive transmission trials were carried out from 4 to 39 days post inoculation (DPI) to determine the features of the infectious period for PCV2-infected pigs. The infectiousness of inoculated pigs, assessed from the frequency of occurrence of infected pigs in susceptible groups in each contact trial, increased from 4 to 18 DPI (0, 7 and 8 infected pigs at 4, 11 and 18 DPI, respectively) and then decreased slowly until 39 days post infection (4, 2 and 1 pigs infected at 25, 32 and 39 DPI, respectively). The estimated time-dependent infectiousness was fitted to three unimodal function shapes (gamma, Weibull and lognormal) for comparison. The absence of infected pigs at 4 DPI revealed a latency period between 4 and 10 DPI. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test whether the parametric shape of the transmission function influenced the estimations. The estimated time-dependent transmission rate was implemented in a deterministic SEIR model and validated by comparing the model prediction with external data. The lognormal-like function shape evidenced the best quality of fit, leading to a latency period of 8 days, an estimated basic reproduction ratio of 5.9 [1.8,10.1] and a mean disease generation time of 18.4 days [18.2, 18.5].
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- 2009
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17. Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Other PCV2-Related Problems in Pigs: a 12-Year Experience
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Madec, F., Rose, N., Grasland, B., Cariolet, R., and Jestin, A.
- Abstract
Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and other porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-related diseases have been reported throughout the world for about 10?years. The present paper reviews the knowledge acquired in different fields and is largely based on the authors' experience. The horizontal transmission of PCV2 is widely documented. Contact between pigs is the main route of transmission for both PCV2 and PMWS. However, experimental inoculation of PCV2 to pigs does not give consistent results and severe clinical signs as encountered in the field are rarely obtained. It is thus acknowledged that additional conditions are required for the disease to be severe in growing pigs. These are not all known but co-infections are thought to act as triggers. The spread of such triggersenhancers, which may or may not be infectious, could have played a role in PMWS dissemination via normal national and international trade, in some cases conferring an epidemic pattern to this spread. Most of the risk factors identified in surveys relate to poor biosecurity and inadequate hygienehusbandryherd management. The good correlation between viral burden in the tissues and disease severity emphasized the role of infection pressure. Genomic analysis showed great similarities between PCV2 isolates. However, although two main genotypes (genogroups) could be distinguished from the phylogenic trees, and changes with time, no clear relationship with strain virulence was apparent. Isolates detected in PMWS-positive pigs could also be detected in healthy pigs from healthy farms. A strong sow effect was observed in disease expression in the offspring. Colostrum composition and colostrum intake are supposed to be key components of disease expression. Medication is relatively inefficient as a control measure. Commercial PCV2 vaccines are now becoming available. However, losses as a result of PMWS and PCV2-related diseases are greatly reduced by applying appropriate hygiene and husbandry practices.
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- 2008
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18. Modification of PCV-2 virulence by substitution of the genogroup motif of the capsid protein
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Allemandou Aude, Grasland Béatrice, Hernandez-Nignol Anne-Cécile, Kéranflec'h André, Cariolet Roland, and Jestin André
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Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV-2 are small single-stranded circular DNA viruses clustered into two main genogroups: PCV-2a and PCV-2b. Each genogroup present a specific highly-conserved motif of six amino acids (between amino acids 86 and 91) in the PCV-2 capsid protein. The aim of this study was to verify whether the motif located in the capsid protein and specific to each PCV-2 genogroup contributes to virulence. Two parental DNA clones, PCV-2a and PCV-2b, were constructed as well as two mutants DNA clones, PCV-2a/motif 2b and PCV-2b/motif 2a by exchanging the capsid motif of each genogroup. The four DNA clones were characterized in vitro as well as in vivo. Cells transfected by the four DNA clones produced infectious viruses. In specific-pathogen-free piglets transfected by the four infectious DNA clones, PCV-2b/motif 2a virulence was not attenuated while the PCV-2a/motif 2b virulence was drastically reduced compared to their parent virulence. These results suggest that the amino acids between positions 86 and 91 of the capsid protein are determinant for the virulence of isolates. However, the environment of this motif seems also involved.
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- 2011
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19. Replication of porcine circoviruses
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Grasland Béatrice, Dory Daniel, Faurez Florence, and Jestin André
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Porcine circoviruses are circular single-stranded DNA viruses that infect swine and wild boars. Two species of porcine circoviruses exist. Porcine circovirus type 1 is non pathogenic contrary to porcine circovirus type 2 which is associated with the disease known as Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome. Porcine circovirus DNA has been shown to replicate by a rolling circle mechanism. Other studies have revealed similar mechanisms of rolling-circle replication in plasmids and single-stranded viruses such as Geminivirus. Three elements are important in rolling-circle replication: i) a gene encoding initiator protein, ii) a double strand origin, and iii) a single strand origin. However, differences exist between viruses and plasmids and between viruses. Porcine circovirus replication probably involves a "melting pot" rather than "cruciform" rolling-circle mechanism. This review provides a summary of current knowledge of replication in porcine circoviruses as models of the Circovirus genus. Based on various studies, the factors affecting replication are defined and the mechanisms involved in the different phases of replication are described or proposed.
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- 2009
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20. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict.
- Author
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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, and Monne I
- Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario., Competing Interests: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)
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- 2024
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21. New Patterns for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Adjustment of Prevention, Control and Surveillance Strategies: The Example of France.
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Scoizec A, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Grasland B, Palumbo L, Huneau-Salaün A, and Le Bouquin S
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- Animals, Humans, France epidemiology, Europe, Animals, Wild, Drug Contamination, Mammals, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds prevention & control, Influenza A virus genetics
- Abstract
From 2020 up to summer 2023, there was a substantial change in the situation concerning the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Europe. This change concerned mainly virus circulation within wildlife, both in wild birds and wild mammals. It involved the seasonality of HPAI detections, the species affected, excess mortality events, and the apparent increased level of contamination in wild birds. The knock-on effect concerned new impacts and challenges for the poultry sector, which is affected by repeated annual waves of HPAI arriving with wild migratory birds and by risks due to viral circulation within resident wild birds across the year. Indeed, exceeding expectations, new poultry sectors and production areas have been affected during the recent HPAI seasons in France. The HPAI virus strains involved also generate considerable concern about human health because of enhanced risks of species barrier crossing. In this article, we present these changes in detail, along with the required adjustment of prevention, control, and surveillance strategies, focusing specifically on the situation in France.
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- 2024
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22. Infectious bursal disease virus: predicting viral pathotype using machine learning models focused on early changes in total blood cell counts.
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Molinet A, Courtillon C, Bougeard S, Keita A, Grasland B, Eterradossi N, and Soubies S
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- Animals, Chickens, Bursa of Fabricius, B-Lymphocytes, Blood Cell Count veterinary, Infectious bursal disease virus, Birnaviridae Infections veterinary, Poultry Diseases
- Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an avian viral disease caused in chickens by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV strains (Avibirnavirus genus, Birnaviridae family) exhibit different pathotypes, for which no molecular marker is available yet. The different pathotypes, ranging from sub-clinical to inducing immunosuppression and high mortality, are currently determined through a 10-day-long animal experiment designed to compare mortality and clinical score of the uncharacterized strain with references strains. Limits of this protocol lie within standardization and the extensive use of animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to establish a predictive model of viral pathotype based on a minimum number of early parameters measured during infection, allowing faster pathotyping of IBDV strains with improved ethics. We thus measured, at 2 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), the blood concentrations of various immune and coagulation related cells, the uricemia and the infectious viral load in the bursa of Fabricius of chicken infected under standardized conditions with a panel of viruses encompassing the different pathotypes of IBDV. Machine learning algorithms allowed establishing a predictive model of the pathotype based on early changes of the blood cell formula, whose accuracy reached 84.1%. Its accuracy to predict the attenuated and strictly immunosuppressive pathotypes was above 90%. The key parameters for this model were the blood concentrations of B cells, T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes of infected chickens at 4 dpi. This predictive model could be a second option to traditional IBDV pathotyping that is faster, and more ethical., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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23. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Domestic Cat, France, 2022.
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Briand FX, Souchaud F, Pierre I, Beven V, Hirchaud E, Hérault F, Planel R, Rigaudeau A, Bernard-Stoecklin S, Van der Werf S, Lina B, Gerbier G, Eterradossi N, Schmitz A, Niqueux E, and Grasland B
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- Humans, Animals, Cats, Birds, Ducks, France epidemiology, Phylogeny, Mammals, Influenza in Birds, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype genetics, Influenza, Human
- Abstract
We detected highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in a domestic cat that lived near a duck farm infected by a closely related virus in France during December 2022. Enhanced surveillance of symptomatic domestic carnivores in contact with infected birds is recommended to prevent further spread to mammals and humans.
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- 2023
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24. Evaluation of three hemagglutinin-based vaccines for the experimental control of a panzootic clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8) high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mule ducks.
- Author
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Niqueux É, Flodrops M, Allée C, Lebras MO, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Guillemoto C, Le Prioux A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Keïta A, Amelot M, Martenot C, Massin P, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Briand FX, Schmitz A, Cazaban C, Dauphin G, Delquigny T, Lemière S, Watier JM, Mogler M, Tarpey I, Grasland B, and Eterradossi N
- Subjects
- Animals, Equidae, Hemagglutinins, Vaccines, Synthetic, Virulence, Ducks, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype, Influenza in Birds, Influenza Vaccines, Poultry Diseases prevention & control
- Abstract
In France during winter 2016-2017, 487 outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 subtype high pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza A virus (AIV) infections were detected in poultry and captive birds. During this epizootic, HPAIV A/decoy duck/France/161105a/2016 (H5N8) was isolated and characterized in an experimental infection transmission model in conventional mule ducks. To investigate options to possibly protect such ducks against this HPAIV, three vaccines were evaluated in controlled conditions. The first experimental vaccine was derived from the hemagglutinin gene of another clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8) HPAIV. It was injected at three weeks of age, either alone (Vac1) or after a primer injection at day-old (Vac1 + boost). The second vaccine (Vac2) was a commercial bivalent adjuvanted vaccine containing an expressed hemagglutinin modified from a clade 2.3.2 A(H5N1) HPAIV. Vac2 was administered as a single injection at two weeks of age. The third experimental vaccine (Vac3) also incorporated a homologous 2.3.4.4b H5 HA gene and was administered as a single injection at three weeks of age. Ducks were challenged with HPAIV A/decoy duck/France/161105a/2016 (H5N8) at six weeks of age. Post-challenge virus excretion was monitored in vaccinated and control birds every 2-3 days for two weeks using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and serological analyses (haemagglutination inhibition test against H5N8, H5 ELISA and AIV ELISA) were performed. Vac1 abolished oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding to almost undetectable levels, whereas Vac3 abolished cloacal shedding only (while partially reducing respiratory shedding) and Vac2 only partly reduced the respiratory and intestinal excretion of the challenge virus. These results provided relevant insights in the immunogenicity of recombinant H5 vaccines in mule ducks, a rarely investigated hybrid between Pekin and Muscovy duck species that has played a critical role in the recent H5 HPAI epizootics in France., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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25. High antigenic diversity of serotype 1 infectious bursal disease virus revealed by antigenic cartography.
- Author
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Cubas-Gaona LL, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Cotta H, Bougeard S, Hirchaud E, Leroux A, Blanchard Y, Keita A, Amelot M, Eterradossi N, Tatár-Kis T, Kiss I, Cazaban C, Grasland B, and Soubies SM
- Abstract
The antigenic characterization of IBDV, a virus that causes an immunosuppressive disease in young chickens, has been historically addressed using cross virus neutralization (VN) assay and antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent (AC-ELISA). However, VN assay has been usually carried out either in specific antibody negative embryonated eggs, for non-cell culture adapted strains, which is tedious, or on chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), which requires virus adaptation to cell culture. AC-ELISA has provided crucial information about IBDV antigenicity, but this information is limited to the epitopes included in the tested panel with a lack of information of overall antigenic view. The present work aimed at overcoming those technical limitations and providing an extensive antigenic landscape based on original cross VN assays employing primary chicken B cells, where no previous IBDV adaptation is required. Sixteen serotype 1 IBDV viruses, comprising both reference strains and documented antigenic variants were tested against eleven chicken post-infectious sera. The VN data were analysed by antigenic cartography, a method which enables reliable high-resolution quantitative and visual interpretation of large binding assay datasets. The resulting antigenic cartography revealed i) the existence of several antigenic clusters of IBDV, ii) high antigenic relatedness between some genetically unrelated viruses, iii) a highly variable contribution to global antigenicity of previously identified individual epitopes and iv) broad reactivity of chicken sera raised against antigenic variants. This study provides an overall view of IBDV antigenic diversity. Implementing this approach will be instrumental to follow the evolution of IBDV antigenicity and control the disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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26. Multiple independent introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses during the 2020-2021 epizootic in France.
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Briand FX, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Martenot C, Cherbonnel M, Massin P, Busson R, Guillemoto C, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Souchaud F, Allée C, Quenault H, Lucas P, de Wiele AV, Blanchard Y, Eterradossi N, Scoizec A, Bouquin-Leneveu SL, Rautureau S, Lambert Y, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Phylogeny, Animals, Wild, France epidemiology, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype genetics, Influenza A virus genetics, Poultry Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
During winter 2020-2021, France and other European countries were severely affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses of the Gs/GD/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b. In total, 519 cases occurred, mainly in domestic waterfowl farms in Southwestern France. Analysis of viral genomic sequences indicated that 3 subtypes of HPAI H5 viruses were detected (H5N1, H5N3, H5N8), but most French viruses belonged to the H5N8 subtype genotype A, as Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of HPAI H5N8 viruses revealed that the French sequences were distributed in 9 genogroups, suggesting 9 independent introductions of H5N8 from wild birds, in addition to the 2 introductions of H5N1 and H5N3., (© 2022 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2022
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27. Concomitant NA and NS deletion on avian Influenza H3N1 virus associated with hen mortality in France in 2019.
- Author
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Briand FX, Schmitz A, Scoizec A, Allée C, Busson R, Guillemoto C, Quenault H, Lucas P, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Guillou-Cloarec C, Martenot C, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Thomas R, Massin P, Souchaud F, Blanchard Y, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Eterradossi N, Le Bouquin S, Niqueux E, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Chickens, Female, Phylogeny, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza in Birds
- Abstract
An H3N1 avian influenza virus was detected in a laying hens farm in May 2019 which had experienced 25% mortality in Northern France. The complete sequencing of this virus showed that all segment sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage and were phylogenetically very close to many of the Belgian H3N1 viruses detected in 2019. The French virus presented two genetic particularities with NA and NS deletions that could be related to virus adaptation from wild to domestic birds and could increase virulence, respectively. Molecular data of H3N1 viruses suggest that these two deletions occurred at two different times., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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28. Phylodynamic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 epidemic in France, 2016-2017.
- Author
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Chakraborty D, Guinat C, Müller NF, Briand FX, Andraud M, Scoizec A, Lebouquin S, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Grasland B, Guerin JL, Paul MC, and Vergne T
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Ducks, France epidemiology, Poultry, Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype genetics, Influenza in Birds, Poultry Diseases
- Abstract
In 2016-2017, France experienced a devastating epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8, with more than 400 outbreaks reported in poultry farms. We analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the epidemic using a structured-coalescent-based phylodynamic approach that combined viral genomic data (n = 196; one viral genome per farm) and epidemiological data. In the process, we estimated viral migration rates between départements (French administrative regions) and the temporal dynamics of the effective viral population size (Ne) in each département. Viral migration rates quantify viral spread between départements and Ne is a population genetic measure of the epidemic size and, in turn, is indicative of the within-département transmission intensity. We extended the phylodynamic analysis with a generalized linear model to assess the impact of multiple factors-including large-scale preventive culling and live-duck movement bans-on viral migration rates and Ne. We showed that the large-scale culling of ducks that was initiated on 4 January 2017 significantly reduced the viral spread between départements. No relationship was found between the viral spread and duck movements between départements. The within-département transmission intensity was found to be weakly associated with the intensity of duck movements within départements. Together, these results indicated that the virus spread in short distances, either between adjacent départements or within départements. Results also suggested that the restrictions on duck transport within départements might not have stopped the viral spread completely. Overall, we demonstrated the usefulness of phylodynamics in characterizing the dynamics of a HPAI epidemic and assessing control measures. This method can be adapted to investigate other epidemics of fast-evolving livestock pathogens., (© 2022 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2022
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29. Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Novel European Antigenic Variant Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.
- Author
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Molinet A, Courtillon C, Le Men M, Amenna-Bernard N, Retaux C, Leroux A, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Nooruzzaman M, Islam MR, Briand FX, Grasland B, Eterradossi N, and Soubies S
- Abstract
We report the full-length genome sequence (compared to reference sequences) of a novel European variant strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), designated 19P009381 (AxB1). This should help to further identify such viruses in Europe.
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- 2022
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30. Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus: Genome Evolution in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated SPF Chickens.
- Author
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Flageul A, Allée C, Courtillon C, Béven V, Quenault H, Blanchard Y, Amelot M, Courtois D, De Wit S, Eterradossi N, Grasland B, and Brown PA
- Subjects
- Animals, Chickens, Evolution, Molecular, RNA, Viral genetics, Vaccines, Attenuated, Bronchitis, Communicable Diseases, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Infectious bronchitis virus genetics, Poultry Diseases, Viral Vaccines genetics
- Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) continues to cause significant economic losses for the chicken industry despite the use of many live IBV vaccines around the world. Several authors have suggested that vaccine-induced partial protection may contribute to the emergence of new IBV strains. In order to study this hypothesis, three passages of a challenge IBV were made in SPF chickens sham inoculated or vaccinated at day of age using a live vaccine heterologous to the challenge virus. All birds that were challenged with vaccine heterologous virus were positive for viral RNA. NGS analysis of viral RNA in the unvaccinated group showed a rapid selection of seven genetic variants, finally modifying the consensus genome of the viral population. Among them, five were non-synonymous, modifying one position in NSP 8, one in NSP 13, and three in the Spike protein. In the vaccinated group, one genetic variant was selected over the three passages. This synonymous modification was absent from the unvaccinated group. Under these conditions, the genome population of an IBV challenge virus evolved rapidly in both heterologous vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds, while the genetic changes that were selected and the locations of these were very different between the two groups.
- Published
- 2022
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31. Extracting turkey coronaviruses from the intestinal lumen of infected turkey embryos yields full genome data with good coverage by NGS.
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Flageul A, Courtillon C, Allée C, Leroux A, Blanchard Y, Deleforterie Y, Grasland B, and Brown PA
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- Animals, Genome, Viral, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing veterinary, Intestines, RNA, Viral genetics, Turkeys, Coronavirus, Turkey genetics, Poultry Diseases
- Abstract
Currently, turkey coronaviruses (TCoV) are isolated from homogenized intestines of experimentally infected embryos to ensure a maximum recovery of viral particles from all components of the intestines. However, the process of homogenization also ensures release of a significant amount of cellular RNAs into the sample that hinders downstream viral genome sequencing. This is especially the case for next generation sequencing (NGS) which sequences molecules at random. This characteristic means that the heavily abundant cellular RNA in the sample drowns out the minority viral RNA during the sequencing process and, consequently, very little to no viral genome data are obtained. To address this problem, a method was developed, in which 10 descendent isolates of the European strain of TCoV were recovered uniquely from the intestinal lumen without homogenization of the tissue. For nine out of 10 samples, NGS produced viral RNA reads with good coverage depth over the entire TCoV genomes. This is a much-needed new, simple and cost effective method of isolating TCoV that facilitates downstream NGS of viral RNA and should be considered as an alternative method for isolating other avian enteric coronaviruses in the interest of obtaining full-length genome sequences.
- Published
- 2022
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32. Avian influenza outbreaks: evaluating the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and transport crates.
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Huneau-Salaün A, Scoizec A, Thomas R, Martenot C, Schmitz A, Pierre I, Allée C, Busson R, Massin P, Briand FX, Guillemoto C, Louboutin K, Souchaud F, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Niqueux E, Grasland B, Souillard R, and Bouquin SL
- Subjects
- Animals, Biosecurity, Chickens, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Disinfection, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds prevention & control
- Abstract
In 2021, France faced large avian influenza outbreaks, like in 2016 and 2017. Controlling these outbreaks required the preventive depopulation of a large number of duck farms. A previous study in 2017 showed that the quality of decontamination of trucks and transport crates used for depopulation was often insufficient. A new study was then set up to evaluate cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of trucks and crates used for duck depopulation and whether practices had changed since 2017. Three methods were used to assess decontamination: 1) detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) genome, 2) visual inspection of cleanliness, and 3) microbial counts, considering that 2 and 3 are commonly used in abattoirs. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the correlation between results obtained with the 3 methods. In 5 abattoirs, 8 trucks and their crates were sampled by swabbing to detect AIV genome by rRT-PCR before and after decontamination. Visual cleanliness scores and coliform counts were also determined on crates after C&D. Trucks and crates were decontaminated according to the abattoirs' protocols. Before C&D, 3 quarters of crates (59/79) and 7 of 8 trucks were positive for AIV genome. C&D procedures were reinforced in 2021 compared to 2017; use of detergent solution and warm water were more common. Nevertheless, 28% of the crates were positive for AIV genome after C&D, despite the fact that cleaning scores and microbiological counts were satisfactory for 84% and 91% of the crates, respectively. No correlation was observed between results for AIV genome detection and results from visual control or from coliform counts. Abattoirs are encouraged to use environmental sampling coupled with AIV genome detection to monitor the quality of cleaning and disinfection of trucks and crates during AI outbreaks. Reinforcement of biosecurity measures at abattoirs is still needed to avoid residual contamination of the equipment and cross-contamination during the decontamination process., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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33. Description of the first isolates of guinea fowl corona and picornaviruses obtained from a case of guinea fowl fulminating enteritis.
- Author
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Courtillon C, Briand FX, Allée C, Contrant M, Beven V, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Mouchel S, Eterradossi N, Delforterie Y, Grasland B, and Brown P
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronavirus isolation & purification, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Coronavirus Infections virology, Enteritis veterinary, Genome, Viral, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae isolation & purification, Picornaviridae Infections veterinary, Picornaviridae Infections virology, Poultry Diseases virology, Coronavirus classification, Enteritis virology, Galliformes virology, Picornaviridae classification
- Abstract
Guinea fowl fulminating enteritis has been reported in France since the 1970s. In 2014, a coronavirus was identified and appeared as a possible viral pathogen involved in the disease. In the present study, intestinal content from a guinea fowl involved in a new case of the disease in 2017 was analysed by deep sequencing, revealing the presence of a guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV) and a picornavirus (GfPic). Serial passage assays into the intra-amniotic cavity of 13-day-old specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and 20-day-old conventional guinea fowl eggs were attempted. In chicken eggs, isolation assays failed, but in guinea fowl eggs, both viruses were successfully obtained. Furthermore, two GfCoV and two GfPic isolates were obtained from the same bird but from different sections of its intestines. This shows that using eggs of the same species, in which the virus has been detected, can be the key for successful isolation. The consensus sequence of the full-length genomes of both GfCoV isolates was highly similar, and correlated to those previously described in terms of genome organization, ORF length and phylogenetic clustering. According to full-length genome analysis and the structure of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site, both GfPic isolates belong to the Anativirus genus and specifically the species Anativirus B . The availability of the first isolates of GfCoV and GfPic will now provide a means of assessing their pathogenicity in guinea fowl in controlled experimental conditions and to assess whether they are primary viral pathogens of the disease "guinea fowl fulminating enteritis". RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First isolation of guinea fowl coronaviruses and picornaviruses.Eggs homologous to the infected species are key for isolation.Isolates available to precisely evaluate the virus roles in fulminating enteritis.First full-length genome sequences of guinea fowl picornaviruses.
- Published
- 2021
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34. Genome Evolution of Two Genetically Homogeneous Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains During Passages in vitro and ex vivo in the Presence of a Mutagenic Nucleoside Analog.
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Cubas-Gaona LL, Flageul A, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Contrant M, Bougeard S, Lucas P, Quenault H, Leroux A, Keita A, Amelot M, Grasland B, Blanchard Y, Eterradossi N, Brown PA, and Soubies SM
- Abstract
The avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is responsible for a highly contagious and sometimes lethal disease of chickens ( Gallus gallus ). IBDV genetic variation is well-described for both field and live-attenuated vaccine strains, however, the dynamics and selection pressures behind this genetic evolution remain poorly documented. Here, genetically homogeneous virus stocks were generated using reverse genetics for a very virulent strain, rvv, and a vaccine-related strain, rCu-1. These viruses were serially passaged at controlled multiplicities of infection in several biological systems, including primary chickens B cells, the main cell type targeted by IBDV in vivo . Passages were also performed in the absence or presence of a strong selective pressure using the antiviral nucleoside analog 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7DMA). Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of viral genomes after the last passage in each biological system revealed that (i) a higher viral diversity was generated in segment A than in segment B, regardless 7DMA treatment and viral strain, (ii) diversity in segment B was increased by 7DMA treatment in both viruses, (iii) passaging of IBDV in primary chicken B cells, regardless of 7DMA treatment, did not select cell-culture adapted variants of rvv, preserving its capsid protein (VP2) properties, (iv) mutations in coding and non-coding regions of rCu-1 segment A could potentially associate to higher viral fitness, and (v) a specific selection, upon 7DMA addition, of a Thr329Ala substitution occurred in the viral polymerase VP1. The latter change, together with Ala270Thr change in VP2, proved to be associated with viral attenuation in vivo . These results identify genome sequences that are important for IBDV evolution in response to selection pressures. Such information will help tailor better strategies for controlling IBDV infection in chickens., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Cubas-Gaona, Flageul, Courtillon, Briand, Contrant, Bougeard, Lucas, Quenault, Leroux, Keita, Amelot, Grasland, Blanchard, Eterradossi, Brown and Soubies.)
- Published
- 2021
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35. Development of Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid and On-Site Detection of Avian Influenza Virus.
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Golabi M, Flodrops M, Grasland B, Vinayaka AC, Quyen TL, Nguyen T, Bang DD, and Wolff A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, Reverse Transcription, Sensitivity and Specificity, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza in Birds
- Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) outbreaks occur frequently worldwide, causing a potential public health risk and great economic losses to poultry industries. Considering the high mutation rate and frequent genetic reassortment between segments in the genome of AIVs, emerging new strains are a real threat that may infect and spread through the human population, causing a pandemic. Therefore, rapid AIV diagnostic tests are essential tools for surveillance and assessing virus spreading. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR), targeting the matrix gene, is the main official standard test for AIV detection, but the method requires well-equipped laboratories. Reverse transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) has been reported as a rapid method and an alternative to PCR in pathogen detection. The high mutation rate in the AIV genome increases the risk of false negative in nucleic acid amplification methods for detection, such as PCR and LAMP, due to possible mismatched priming. In this study, we analyzed 800 matrix gene sequences of newly isolated AIV in the EU and designed a highly efficient LAMP primer set that covers all AIV subtypes. The designed LAMP primer set was optimized in real-time RT-LAMP (rRT-LAMP) assay. The rRT-LAMP assay detected AIV samples belonging to nine various subtypes with the specificity and sensitivity comparable to the official standard rRT-PCR assay. Further, a two-color visual detection RT-LAMP assay protocol was adapted with the aim to develop on-site diagnostic tests. The on-site testing successfully detected spiked AIV in birds oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs samples at a concentration as low as 10
0.8 EID50 per reaction within 30 minutes including sample preparation. The results revealed a potential of this newly developed rRT-LAMP assay to detect AIV in complex samples using a simple heat treatment step without the need for RNA extraction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Golabi, Flodrops, Grasland, Vinayaka, Quyen, Nguyen, Bang and Wolff.)- Published
- 2021
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36. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Spread by Short- and Long-Range Transmission, France, 2016-17.
- Author
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Briand FX, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Martenot C, Cherbonnel M, Massin P, Kerbrat F, Chatel M, Guillemoto C, Guillou-Cloarec C, Ogor K, Le Prioux A, Allée C, Beven V, Hirchaud E, Blanchard Y, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin S, Eterradossi N, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Wild, Birds, Disease Outbreaks, France epidemiology, Phylogeny, Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype genetics, Influenza in Birds epidemiology
- Abstract
We detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in France during winter 2016-17. Genotype A viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern France. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype A viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern France. In some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. The intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the density of duck holdings in each production area. To avoid the introduction of disease into an unaffected area, it is crucial that authorities limit the movements of potentially infected birds.
- Published
- 2021
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37. Viral variant visualizer (VVV): A novel bioinformatic tool for rapid and simple visualization of viral genetic diversity.
- Author
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Flageul A, Lucas P, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Eterradossi N, Brown P, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Computer Graphics, Coronavirus genetics, Gene Library, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Metapneumovirus genetics, RNA, Viral, Recombination, Genetic, Computational Biology instrumentation, Genetic Variation, Genome, Viral
- Abstract
Here a bioinformatic pipeline VVV has been developed to analyse viral populations in a given sample from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data. To date, handling large amounts of data from NGS requires the expertise of bioinformaticians, both for data processing and result analysis. Consequently, VVV was designed to help non-bioinformaticians to perform these tasks. By providing only the NGS data file, the developed pipeline generated consensus sequences and determined the composition of the viral population for an avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) and three different animal coronaviruses (Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)). In all cases, the pipeline produced viral consensus genomes corresponding to known consensus sequence and made it possible to highlight the presence of viral genetic variants through a single graphic representation. The method was validated by comparing the viral populations of an AMPV field sample, and of a copy of this virus produced from a DNA clone. VVV demonstrated that the cloned virus population was homogeneous (as designed) at position 2934 where the wild-type virus demonstrated two variant populations at a ratio of almost 50:50. A total of 18, 10, 3 and 28, viral genetic variants were detected for AMPV, PEDV, TCoV and IBV respectively. The simplicity of this pipeline makes the study of viral genetic variants more accessible to a wide variety of biologists, which should ultimately increase the rate of understanding of the mechanisms of viral genetic evolution., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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38. Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment.
- Author
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Schmitz A, Pertusa M, Le Bouquin S, Rousset N, Ogor K, LeBras MO, Martenot C, Daniel P, Belen Cepeda Hontecillas A, Scoizec A, Morin H, Massin P, Grasland B, Niqueux E, and Eterradossi N
- Subjects
- Animal Husbandry, Animals, France, Industrial Waste, Influenza in Birds virology, Poultry Diseases virology, Calcium Compounds pharmacology, Communicable Disease Control methods, Ducks, Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds prevention & control, Oxides pharmacology, Poultry Diseases prevention & control, Wastewater virology
- Abstract
Infections by A/H5 and A/H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. During winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs belonging to the A/H5N1, A/H5N2, and A/H5N9 subtypes were detected in southwestern France. Throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections caused mainly by A/H5N8 HP AIV (A/goose/GD/1/1996, clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across Europe. On both occasions, the viruses were widely detected on palmiped farms in France. This study was designed to evaluate the persistence of A/H5 HP AIV in slurry from various duck productions. This was achieved (i) in the laboratory setting by artificially spiking four AIV-free slurry samples with known amounts of A/H5N9 HP AIV and monitoring virus infectivity, with or without lime treatment to achieve pH 10 or pH 12, and (ii) by sampling slurry tanks on five naturally A/H5N8 HP-contaminated farms. Experimental results in artificially spiked slurry suggested virus survival for 4 weeks in slurry from Muscovy or Pekin duck breeders and for 2 weeks in slurry from ducks for foie gras production during the assisted-feeding period, without lime treatment. Persistence of infectious A/H5N9 HP AIV in all slurry samples after lime treatment at pH 10 or pH 12 was less than 1 week. The A/H5N8 HP AIV persisted in naturally contaminated untreated slurry for 7 weeks. The results obtained provide experimental support for the 60-day storage period without treatment or the 7-day interval after lime treatment defined in French regulations for slurry sanitization. IMPORTANCE From November 2015 to July 2017, two successive episodes of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HP AIVs) infections occurred on poultry farms in France, mostly in domestic ducks raised for foie gras production in southwestern France. During the two epizootics, epidemiological investigations were carried out on infected farms and control and biosafety measures were implemented in association with surveillance in order to stop the spread of the viruses. Effluents are known to be an important factor in environmental dissemination of viruses, and suitable effluent management is needed to help prevent the spread of epizootics to other farms or pathogen persistence at the farm level. The present study was therefore designed to assess how long infectious A/H5 HP AIVs can persist in naturally or experimentally contaminated fecal slurry samples from ducks, with or without sanitization by lime treatment., (Copyright © 2020 Schmitz et al.)
- Published
- 2020
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39. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Viral RNA detection and quantification using a validated one-step real time RT-PCR.
- Author
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Bigault L, Brown P, Bernard C, Blanchard Y, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Coronavirus Infections virology, Diarrhea virology, Europe, Feces virology, Limit of Detection, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics, RNA, Viral genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Alignment, Swine, Swine Diseases diagnosis, Swine Diseases virology, Microbiological Techniques methods, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolation & purification, RNA, Viral isolation & purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction methods
- Abstract
Since 2014, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has reemerged in Europe. RT-PCR methods have been described for the detection of PEDV, but none have been validated according to a norm. In this study we described the development and validation of a SYBR™ Green one-step RT-qPCR according to the French norm NF U47-600, for the detection and quantification of PEDV viral RNA. The method was validated from sample preparation (feces or jejunum) through to nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR detection. Specificity and sensitivity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LQ), linearity, intra and inter assay variability were evaluated using transcribed RNA and fecal and jejunum matrices spiked with virus. The analytical and diagnostic specificities and sensitivities of this RT-qPCR were 100% in this study. A LoD of 50 genome copies/5 μl of extract from fecal matrices spiked with virus or RNA transcript and 100 genome copies/5 μl of extract from jejunum matrices spiked with virus were obtained. The Lower LQ (LLQ) was 100 genome copies/5 μl and the Upper LQ (ULQ) 10
8 copies/5 μl. This method is the first, validated according a norm for PEDV and may serve as a global reference method to harmonize detection and quantification of PEDV viral RNA in both field and experimental settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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40. PCV2 co-infection does not impact PRRSV MLV1 safety but enhances virulence of a PRRSV MLV1-like strain in infected SPF pigs.
- Author
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Eclercy J, Larcher T, Andraud M, Renson P, Bernard C, Bigault L, Ledevin M, Paboeuf F, Grasland B, Rose N, and Bourry O
- Subjects
- Animals, Circoviridae Infections pathology, DNA, Viral blood, Farms, France, Genome, Viral, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome blood, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus classification, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Swine, Viral Load, Viremia, Virulence, Virus Shedding, Circoviridae Infections veterinary, Circovirus pathogenicity, Coinfection veterinary, Coinfection virology, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome pathology, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus pathogenicity
- Abstract
Co-infection by a type 1 modified live vaccine-like strain (MLV1-like) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and a type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) was identified on a French pig farm with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). An in vivo experiment was set up to characterize the virulence level of the MLV1-like strain compared with the parental MLV1 strain, and to assess the impact of PCV2 co-infection on the pathogenicity of both PRRSV strains. Six groups of six pigs each were inoculated only with either one of the two PRRSV strains or with PCV2, or co-inoculated with PCV2 and MLV1 or PCV2 and MLV1-like strains. Six contact pigs were added to each inoculated group to assess viral transmission. The animals were monitored daily for 35 days post-inoculation for clinical symptoms. Blood and nasal swabs were sampled twice a week, and tissue samples were collected during necropsy for viral quantification. Compared to MLV1-infected pigs, animals infected with the MLV1-like strain had increased PRRSV viremia and nasal shedding, a higher viral load in the tonsils, and lymph node hypertrophy at microscopic level. PCV2 co-infection did not influence clinical, virologic or transmission parameters for MLV1, but co-infected MLV1-like/PCV2 pigs had the most severe lung lesions, the highest viremia in contact animals and the highest transmission rate. Our study demonstrated that the MLV1 strain tested was safe when co-inoculated with PCV2 in piglets. However, co-infection by the MLV1-like strain and PCV2 resulted in increased virulence compared with that due to a single infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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41. Natural viral co-infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter.
- Author
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Salines M, Dumarest M, Andraud M, Mahé S, Barnaud E, Cineux M, Eveno E, Eono F, Dorenlor V, Grasland B, Bourry O, Pavio N, and Rose N
- Subjects
- Abattoirs, Animals, Circoviridae Infections virology, Circovirus physiology, Coinfection virology, Female, Hepatitis E virology, Hepatitis E virus physiology, Male, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus physiology, Swine, Circoviridae Infections veterinary, Coinfection veterinary, Hepatitis E veterinary, Liver virology, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virology, Swine Diseases virology
- Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen, in particular genotype 3 HEV is mainly transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated pork products. This study aimed at describing HEV infection patterns in pig farms and at assessing the impact of immunomodulating co-infections namely Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), as well as other individual factors such as piglets' immunity and litters' characteristics on HEV dynamics. A longitudinal follow-up was conducted in three farrow-to-finish farms known to be HEV infected. Overall, 360 piglets were individually monitored from birth to slaughter with regular blood and faecal sampling as well as blood and liver samples collected at slaughterhouse. Virological and serological analyses were performed to detect HEV, PCV2 and PRRSV genome and antibodies. The links between 12 explanatory variables and four outcomes describing HEV dynamics were assessed using cox-proportional hazard models and logistic regression. HEV infection dynamics was found highly variable between farms and in a lower magnitude between batches. HEV positive livers were more likely related to short time-intervals between HEV infection and slaughter time (<40 days, OR = 4.1 [3.7-4.5]). In addition to an influence of piglets' sex and sows' parity, the sequence of co-infections was strongly associated with different HEV dynamics: a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre- or co-infection was associated with a higher age at HEV shedding (Hazard Ratio = 0.3 [0.2-0.5]), as well as a higher age at HEV seroconversion (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.9] and HR = 0.4 [0.2-0.7] respectively). A PCV2/PRRSV pre- or co-infection was associated with a longer duration of shedding (HR = 0.5 [0.3-0.8]). Consequently, a PRRSV or PCV2/PRRSV pre- or co-infection was strongly associated with a higher risk of having positive livers at slaughter (OR = 4.1 [1.9-8.9] and OR = 6.5 [3.2-13.2] respectively). In conclusion, co-infections with immunomodulating viruses were found to affect HEV dynamics in the farrow-to-finish pig farms that were followed in this study., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2019
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42. Impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and transmission under experimental conditions.
- Author
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Salines M, Andraud M, Pellerin M, Bernard C, Grasland B, Pavio N, and Rose N
- Subjects
- Animals, Circovirus physiology, Coinfection virology, Feces virology, Hepatitis E transmission, Hepatitis E virus, Random Allocation, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Swine, Swine Diseases virology, Virus Latency, Virus Shedding, Circoviridae Infections veterinary, Coinfection veterinary, Hepatitis E veterinary, Swine Diseases transmission
- Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is a zoonotic pathogen for which pigs have been identified as the main reservoir in industrialised countries. HEV infection dynamics in pig herds and pigs are influenced by several factors, including herd practices and possibly co-infection with immunomodulating viruses. This study therefore investigates the impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on HEV infection and transmission through experimental HEV/PCV2 co-infection of specific-pathogen-free pigs. No statistical difference between HEV-only and HEV/PCV2-infected animals was found for either the infectious period or the quantity of HEV shed in faeces. The HEV latency period was shorter for HEV/PCV2 co-infected pigs than for HEV-only infected pigs (11.6 versus 12.3 days). Its direct transmission rate was three times higher in cases of HEV/PCV2 co-infection than in cases of HEV-only infection (0.12 versus 0.04). On the other hand, the HEV transmission rate through environmental accumulation was lower in cases of HEV/PCV2 co-infection (4.3·10
-6 versus 1.5·10-5 g/RNA copies/day for HEV-only infected pigs). The time prior to HEV seroconversion was 1.9 times longer in HEV/PCV2 co-infected pigs (49.4 versus 25.6 days for HEV-only infected pigs). In conclusion, our study shows that PCV2 affects HEV infection and transmission in pigs under experimental conditions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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43. Limited shedding of an S-InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in semen and questions regarding the infectivity of the detected virus.
- Author
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Gallien S, Moro A, Lediguerher G, Catinot V, Paboeuf F, Bigault L, Gauger PC, Pozzi N, Berri M, Authié E, Rose N, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea virology, Disease Models, Animal, Feces virology, Intestines virology, Male, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus immunology, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity, Semen virology, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Swine, Swine Diseases epidemiology, Virus Shedding, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Diarrhea veterinary, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus physiology, Swine Diseases virology
- Abstract
PEDV is mainly transmitted by the oro-fecal route although PEDV shedding in semen has already been shown for an S-non-InDel PEDV strain infection. The aim of this study was to determine if PEDV can be shed in semen from SPF (specific pathogens free) boars infected by a French S-InDel PEDV strain (PEDV/FR/001/2014) and in case of positive semen to determine the infectivity of that semen. Both infected boars had diarrhea after inoculation and shed virus in feces. PEDV genome was also detected by RT-qPCR in the sperm-rich fraction of semen (6.94 × 10
3 and 4.73 × 103 genomic copies/mL) from the two boars infected with the S-InDel PEDV strain but only once at 7DPI. In addition, PEDV RNA in Peyer's patches and in mesenteric lymph nodes was also present for the two inoculated boars. The PEDV positive semen (S-non-InDel and S-InDel) sampled during a previous trial and in this boar trial were inoculated to six SPF weaned pigs. The inoculated piglets did not seroconvert and did not shed virus throughout the duration of the study except for one pig at 18 DPI. But, PEDV could be detected in intestinal tissues such as duodenum, jejunum and jejunum Peyer's patches by RT-qPCR except for one pig. Even if PEDV genome has been detected in semen, experimental infection of piglets with positive semen failed to conclude to the infectivity of the detected PEDV., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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44. Better horizontal transmission of a US non-InDel strain compared with a French InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.
- Author
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Gallien S, Andraud M, Moro A, Lediguerher G, Morin N, Gauger PC, Bigault L, Paboeuf F, Berri M, Rose N, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Base Sequence, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Coronavirus Infections virology, Diarrhea epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Farms, Feces virology, France, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics, RNA, Viral genetics, South America, Swine, Swine Diseases virology, United States, Virulence, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Disease Transmission, Infectious veterinary, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity, Swine Diseases transmission
- Abstract
From the severe porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) epidemics that struck in 2013 in the United States of America and other countries of North and South America, two types of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) were isolated, namely the InDel and the non-InDel strains. They are differentiated by insertions/deletions in the S1 nucleotide sequence of the S gene, and differences in virulence were observed from the clinical cases. In 2014, a PED outbreak occurred in a pig farm in France, from which an InDel strain was isolated. This study aimed at comparing, under experimental conditions, the pathogenicity and the direct and indirect transmissions between a non-InDel strain isolated from a PED-affected piglet in 2014 in the USA and the French InDel strain. All infected pigs showed clinical signs with the non-InDel strain although only the inoculated and direct contact pigs showed clinical signs in the InDel strain group. Although viral RNA was detected in air samples with both strains, the indirect contact pigs remained free from infection with the InDel strain in contrast to the non-InDel group in which airborne transmission occurred in the indirect contact pigs. All infected pigs shed virus in faeces regardless of PEDV strain with 9 of 30 pigs showing intermittent faecal shedding. The transmission rate by direct contact was found to be 2.17-fold higher than the non-InDel strain compared with the InDel. In conclusion, the InDel strain was less pathogenic than the non-InDel strain in our experimental conditions. The transmission route differed between the two strains. Direct contact was the main transmission route for the InDel strain, although the non-InDel strain was transmitted through direct contact and indirectly through the air., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2018
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45. Lessons learnt from a porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) case in France in 2014: Descriptive epidemiology and control measures implemented.
- Author
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Gallien S, Fablet C, Bigault L, Bernard C, Toulouse O, Berri M, Blanchard Y, Rose N, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Domestic virology, Communicable Disease Control methods, Communicable Disease Control statistics & numerical data, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea prevention & control, Diarrhea virology, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Dysentery epidemiology, Dysentery prevention & control, Feces virology, France epidemiology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Manure analysis, Manure virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity, Swine virology, Swine Diseases prevention & control, Swine Diseases transmission, Swine Diseases virology, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Diarrhea veterinary, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Dysentery veterinary, Dysentery virology, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolation & purification, Swine Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
An acute epidemic of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has affected the USA since 2013 and spread all around the world. In France, the immune status of the pig population against PED virus (PEDV) was expected to be low due to the absence of circulation of the virus since the 80's and a compulsory notification of PED was set up in 2014. Here, we reported the first case of a PED outbreak in December 2014 in the North of France after a long absence of the disease, the monitoring of the excretion and the control measure implementation. The isolated strain in France in December 2014 was a PEDV "S-InDel" strain which was close to the "S-InDel" German PEDV strain isolated in May 2014. The individual shedding duration of PEDV in feces was estimated around 20 days for pigs of different ages. Biosecurity measures implemented allowed the limitation of PEDV spread to fattening and farrowing rooms without dissemination to the nursery block. Using strict biosecurity measures, direct shipment of infected fatteners to the slaughterhouse, strict decontamination protocols with a quarantine of 6 weeks for replacement gilts without voluntary contamination helped PEDV fade out within the herd and avoided the spread to other herds. PEDV presence in manure was investigated as well as the inactivation treatment of the virus present in the liquid manure. An increase to a pH 12 of liquid manure by liming led to the absence of PEDV detection by RT-PCR after seven days., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2018
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46. Full-length genome sequences of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strain CV777; Use of NGS to analyse genomic and sub-genomic RNAs.
- Author
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Rasmussen TB, Boniotti MB, Papetti A, Grasland B, Frossard JP, Dastjerdi A, Hulst M, Hanke D, Pohlmann A, Blome S, van der Poel WHM, Steinbach F, Blanchard Y, Lavazza A, Bøtner A, and Belsham GJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Viral, Open Reading Frames, Phylogeny, Point Mutation, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolation & purification, RNA, Viral chemistry, RNA, Viral genetics, Sequence Deletion, Swine, Coronavirus Infections virology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genetics, Sequence Analysis, RNA methods, Swine Diseases virology
- Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, strain CV777, was initially characterized in 1978 as the causative agent of a disease first identified in the UK in 1971. This coronavirus has been widely distributed among laboratories and has been passaged both within pigs and in cell culture. To determine the variability between different stocks of the PEDV strain CV777, sequencing of the full-length genome (ca. 28kb) has been performed in 6 different laboratories, using different protocols. Not surprisingly, each of the different full genome sequences were distinct from each other and from the reference sequence (Accession number AF353511) but they are >99% identical. Unique and shared differences between sequences were identified. The coding region for the surface-exposed spike protein showed the highest proportion of variability including both point mutations and small deletions. The predicted expression of the ORF3 gene product was more dramatically affected in three different variants of this virus through either loss of the initiation codon or gain of a premature termination codon. The genome of one isolate had a substantially rearranged 5´-terminal sequence. This rearrangement was validated through the analysis of sub-genomic mRNAs from infected cells. It is clearly important to know the features of the specific sample of CV777 being used for experimental studies.
- Published
- 2018
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47. Evidence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) shedding in semen from infected specific pathogen-free boars.
- Author
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Gallien S, Moro A, Lediguerher G, Catinot V, Paboeuf F, Bigault L, Berri M, Gauger PC, Pozzi N, Authié E, Rose N, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronavirus Infections virology, Male, Semen, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Swine, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus physiology, Swine Diseases virology, Virus Shedding
- Abstract
In 2013, PED emerged for the first time in the United States (US). The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spread quickly throughout North America. Infection with PEDV causes watery diarrhea and up to 100% mortality in piglets, particularly for highly pathogenic non-InDel strains circulating in the US. PEDV is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Transmission via the venereal route has been suspected but not previously investigated. The aim of the study was to determine if PEDV could be detected in semen from infected specific pathogen-free (SPF) boars inoculated with a PEDV US non-InDel strain suggesting venereal transmission may occur. Two boars orally inoculated with PEDV showed clinical signs and virus shedding in feces. Transient presence of the PEDV genome was detected by RT-qPCR in the seminal (5.06 × 10
2 to 2.44 × 103 genomic copies/mL) and sperm-rich fraction of semen (5.64 × 102 to 3.40 × 104 genomic copies/mL) and a longer duration of viral shedding was observed in the sperm-rich fraction. The evidence of PEDV shedding in semen raises new questions in term of disease spread within the pig population with the use of potentially contaminated semen.- Published
- 2018
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48. Inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.
- Author
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Strandbygaard B, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Blanchard Y, Grasland B, Poder SL, Rose N, Steinbach F, van der Poel WHM, Widén F, Belsham GJ, and Bøtner A
- Subjects
- Animals, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Swine, Antibodies, Viral blood, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus immunology, Serologic Tests veterinary
- Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused extensive economic losses to pig producers in many countries. It was recently introduced, for the first time, into North America and outbreaks have occurred again in multiple countries within Europe as well. To assess the properties of various diagnostic assays for the detection of PEDV infection, multiple panels of porcine sera have been shared and tested for the presence of antibodies against PEDV in an inter-laboratory ring trial. Different laboratories have used a variety of "in house" ELISAs and also one commercial assay. The sensitivity and specificity of each assay has been estimated using a Bayesian analysis applied to the ring trial results obtained with the different assays in the absence of a gold standard. Although different characteristics were found, it can be concluded that each of the assays used can detect infection of pigs at a herd level by either the early European strains of PEDV or the recently circulating strains (INDEL and non-INDEL). However, not all the assays seem suitable for demonstrating freedom from disease in a country. The results from individual animals, especially when the infection has occurred within an experimental situation, show more variation., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2016
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49. Porcine epidemic diarrhea: the return of an old disease.
- Author
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Gallien S, Le Poder S, Rose N, and Grasland B
- Abstract
In 2013, 40 years after the first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in Europe, PED has emerged in USA that was free of that disease before. The coronavirus, etiological agent of the disease and called PEDV, spread quickly within all the country and in America leading to a significant impact on the pig production. Two types of viral strains have been identified: highly virulent "non-InDel" strains and "InDel" strains because of insertion/deletion in the S gene and associated with less severe clinical cases. PEDV infection causes watery diarrhea and a mortality of up to 100 % in piglets. This review sums up the current knowledge on the virus, its transmission and its worldwide molecular epidemiology, on the physiopathology of the disease and the control measures.
- Published
- 2016
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50. The expression level of gC1qR is down regulated at the early time of infection with porcine circovirus of type 2 (PCV-2) and gC1qR interacts differently with the Cap proteins of porcine circoviruses.
- Author
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Kouokam Fotso GB, Bernard C, Bigault L, de Boisséson C, Mankertz A, Jestin A, and Grasland B
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Capsid Proteins chemistry, Capsid Proteins genetics, Circoviridae Infections pathology, Circoviridae Infections virology, Circovirus genetics, Circovirus pathogenicity, Gene Expression, Hyaluronan Receptors chemistry, Hyaluronan Receptors genetics, Lymph Nodes immunology, Lymph Nodes virology, Palatine Tonsil immunology, Palatine Tonsil virology, Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome pathology, Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome virology, Protein Binding, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, RNA, Messenger chemistry, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger immunology, Sequence Alignment, Serogroup, Swine, Time Factors, Two-Hybrid System Techniques, Capsid Proteins immunology, Circoviridae Infections immunology, Circovirus immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Hyaluronan Receptors immunology, Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome immunology
- Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA-viruses. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) whereas porcine circovirus of type 1 (PCV-1) is non- pathogenic. gC1qR is a membrane-located receptor of the complement protein subunit C1q and interacts with PCV capsid proteins. The mechanisms associated with the triggering of PMWS are not well known and gC1qR may have a role in the life cycle and eventually in the pathogenicity of PCV. The objectives of this study were to determine the level of expression of gC1qR during early PCV-2 infection, to determine the region of PCV-2 capsid protein (Cap) required for the interaction with gC1qR and to evaluate the interaction of gC1qR with Cap proteins of different PCV strains. The results indicate that gC1qR transcripts are downregulated in the tonsils and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of piglets infected by PCV-2 at the early time of the infection. The N-terminal amino acids (a.a. 1-59) of PCV-2b Cap, an arginine rich region, are involved in the interaction with gC1qR. Porcine gC1qR interacts with Cap proteins of two pathogenic viral strains, PCV-2a and PCV-2b, while interaction has been observed with only one Cap protein of two investigated strains of PCV-1. The amino acids 30 and 49 of PCV-1Cap, solely, were not responsible of the difference of interaction observed. We have also shown that gC1qR interacts strongly with PCV-2Caps and PCV-1 GER Cap. This result suggests that the different interaction of gC1qR with PCV Cap proteins may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the PCV., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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