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Few studies have examined the practice wisdom of expert supervisors. This study addresses this gap by exploring how experienced supervisors manage difficulties in supervision in the context of the supervisory relationship. The supervisors were a purposive sample of 16 senior members of the profession with considerable expertise in supervision. In-depth interviews were first conducted with the supervisors. An interpersonal process recall method was then used to explore their reflections on one of their DVD-recorded supervision sessions. Analysis of transcripts was completed using a modified consensual qualitative research method. Major difficulties included the broad domains of supervisee competence and ethical behavior, supervisee characteristics, supervisor countertransference, and problems in the supervisory relationship. Supervisors managed these difficulties using 4 key approaches: relational (naming, validating, attuning, supporting, anticipating, exploring parallel process, acknowledging mistakes, and modeling); reflective (facilitating reflectivity, remaining mindful and monitoring, remaining patient and transparent, processing countertransference, seeking supervision, and case conceptualizing); confrontative (confronting tentatively, confronting directly, refusing/terminating supervision, taking formal action, referring to personal therapy, and becoming directive); and avoidant interventions (struggling on, withholding, and withdrawing). Two brief case studies illustrate the process of applying these strategies sequentially in managing difficulties. The study highlights the importance of relational strategies to maintain an effective supervisory alliance, reflective strategies--particularly when difficulties pertain to clinical material and the supervisory relationship--and confrontative strategies with unhelpful supervisee characteristics and behaviors that impede supervision. (Contains 1 table.)

Training counselors to work effectively with complex client presentations requires a variety of methods. These methods not only need to be aimed at developing conceptual understanding but also must assist counselors in managing their own emotional reactivity when working with such clients. The author describes the curriculum and experiential training processes of a course in a transtheoretical program, which draws on psychodynamic concepts to help counselor trainees develop competencies with more disturbed clients. These competencies include alliance building and repair, understanding and working with transference and counter transference, and using an understanding of personality structure in case conceptualization.

THIS YEAR, as we celebrate the bicentenary of the passing of a parliamentary bill to abolish the slave trade in the then British Empire, we also have an ideal opportunity [...]

This article explores the complex interactions among gender, power, and desire in the construction of personal relationships among a group of 92 female managers. The participants inhabited senior and middle managerial or professional positions in five different work sectors. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and a written questionnaire. Experiences and perceptions of past and current personal relationships are explored and interpreted through a gender analysis. The interaction between managerial careers and relationships in the private sphere are examined, and the connection between power and social/ sexual desirability is investigated. Major conclusions drawn include that the structure of desire is resistant to change, that gendered marital expectations are still influencing the way that marital relationships are lived out, that new constructions of personal relationships are more likely to be played out in new relationships, and that the link between social/sexual desirability and power is gendered.

Summary: Seed development largely depends on the long‐distance transport of sucrose from photosynthetically active source leaves to seed sinks. This source‐to‐sink carbon allocation occurs in the phloem and requires the loading of sucrose into the leaf phloem and, at the sink end, its import into the growing embryo. Both tasks are achieved through the function of SUT sucrose transporters. In this study, we used vegetable peas (Pisum sativum L.), harvested for human consumption as immature seeds, as our model crop and simultaneously overexpressed the endogenous SUT1 transporter in the leaf phloem and in cotyledon epidermal cells where import into the embryo occurs. Using this 'Push‐and‐Pull' approach, the transgenic SUT1 plants displayed increased sucrose phloem loading and carbon movement from source to sink causing higher sucrose levels in developing pea seeds. The enhanced sucrose partitioning further led to improved photosynthesis rates, increased leaf nitrogen assimilation, and enhanced source‐to‐sink transport of amino acids. Embryo loading with amino acids was also increased in SUT1‐overexpressors resulting in higher protein levels in immature seeds. Further, transgenic plants grown until desiccation produced more seed protein and starch, as well as higher seed yields than the wild‐type plants. Together, the results demonstrate that the SUT1‐overexpressing plants with enhanced sucrose allocation to sinks adjust leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid partitioning in order to accommodate the increased assimilate demand of growing seeds. We further provide evidence that the combined Push‐and‐Pull approach for enhancing carbon transport is a successful strategy for improving seed yields and nutritional quality in legumes. Significance Statement: We demonstrate that carbon allocation from source to sink and seed carbon pools can be improved in legumes through synergistically enhancing leaf export and seed uptake of sucrose. In addition, changes in source‐to‐sink carbon transport affect seed protein levels though improved leaf metabolism and amino acid partitioning to, and uptake into, the embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformed pea (Pisum sativum L.) lines were produced with two chimeric gene constructs encoding the coat protein (CP) of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) strain NZ1. To determine whether transformed lines have improved AMV resistance, progeny of independently derived transgenic lines were tested in the greenhouse and five lines with improved virus resistance were identified. Resistance was observed only in individual plants that accumulated detectable CP product from the transgene, suggesting that resistance is CP mediated. Plants that accumulated detectable amounts of transgene CP product yet were susceptible to AMV were found among the progeny of most lines, indicating that these lines are only partially resistant to the challenging AMV strains, 425 and NZ1(Lincoln). A field test was conducted with the progeny of four independently derived transgenic lines. To test for improved virus resistance under field conditions, plots of transgenic lines and nontransgenic controls were inoculated with two AMV strains, NZ1(Lincoln) and NZ34. Analysis of disease severity in seedlings in inoculated plots confirmed that partial virus resistance can be produced by genetically modifying peas with AMV CP sequences., ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS affects a range of host plants (Jaspars and Bos, 1980), including pea. Symptoms of AMV infection in pea include stem necrosis, veinal necrosis, plant stunting, reduced seed [...]