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19. Biological effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure in PC3 cell line

Author

Granato, Giovanna Elvira

Abstract

Dioxins are commonly known as highly toxic compounds that are persistent organic pollutants. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent dioxin congener, and dioxin-like products are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic compounds in the presence of chlorine (waste incineration, burning of various fuels and poorly controlled combustion sources). In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TCDD as carcinogen. Prostate cancer (PC) is an extremely serious disease in dogs. PC also represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males in the Western world. In general, animal models of human cancer have evolved in attempts to capture the complexity of the human disease. In particular, as humans, the dogs are the only other mammals that develop PC. The canine prostate gland shares many morphological and functional similarities with the human prostate, so this specie represents thus an attractive model for the study of the prostatic disease in dogs. Consequently, to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD on prostate cancer, in this study we used human prostate cancer cell line, PC3. Until now, very few data are present in literature about PC3 and TCDD exposure. It is known that in PC3 cell line, a hormone-independent prostate cancer cell line, TCDD induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This effect of TCDD could result in higher elimination rates of concomitant drugs metabolized by these particular CYP isoenzymes. Autophagy is a tightly regulated process playing a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis and helping to maintain a balance between the synthesis, degradation, and subsequent recycling of cellular products through the degradation via the lysosome. Defects of autophagy machinery are responsible for pathogenesis of different diseases, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is controversial. There is evidence that autophagy may play a critical role in cancer progression at later stages, such as dissemination and metastasis, which account for most cancer-associated deaths, whereas in other cases it clearly contributes to tumor suppression by inducing tumor cell death. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD exposure to a highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3. The prostate cancer cell line PC3 was exposed to different concentrations of TCDD (0.1, 1 and 100 pg/ml) and after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure cell proliferation and viability, cell morphology and cell cycle analysis were performed. Also, autophagy was evaluated using the following: (a) detection of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) by acridine orange staining; (b) immunofluorescence analysis (IF) of LC3 (microtubule associated light chain protein 3), one of the well-known autophagy markers; (c) LC3 gene expression by real-time PCR; (d) study of autophagic flux by chloroquine (CQ) (10µM), autophagy inhibitor, by western blot; (e) study the expression of multiple genes involved in autophagy machinery by real-time PCR. When compared with their relative controls, TCDD (100 pg/ml) exposure at 24, 48, and 72 hours caused the following: (1) significant increase of cell proliferation (CP) (CP24h =20.3%, CP48h =54.5% and CP72h =52.4%); (2) significant increase of cell population at S phase; (3) significant increase of autophagy demonstrated by (a) detection of AVOs; (b) LC3 IF positivity; (c) LC3 over expression (expression ratio24h =1.4, expression ratio48h =6.2 and expression ratio72h =11.4); (d) CQ increased LC3-II accumulation; (e) moreover, we demonstrated that the induction of autophagy by TCDD in PC3 cells was accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of certain genes that are present in different subnetworks composing the autophagy interactive network, such as: PIK3C3, BECN-1, AMBRA1, MAP1LC3B, ATG4A, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, ATG16L1, GABARAPL1, PRKAA, WIPI-1. Also, we showed that TCDD negatively influenced genes that are autophagy inhibitor, such as: AKT1 and BCL2. These data suggested a multiple effect of TCDD on autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we revealed that TCDD exposure upregulated TNF whose high levels have been related to prostate cancer progression via stimulation of proliferation, survival of malignant cells and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. From the 1980s, several illegal and uncontrolled sites of urban, toxic, and industrial waste disposal have been active in Campania region, Southern Italy, with the highest concentration reached in Naples and Caserta provinces. In 1994, Campania region is under a declared State of Emergency, because of the saturation of regional waste treatment facilities. There are growing national and international evidences that the accumulation of waste, illegal and legal, urban and industrial, has contaminated soil, water, and the air with a range of toxic pollutants including dioxins. A high correlation between incidences of cancer, respiratory illnesses, and genetic malformations and the presence of industrial and toxic waste landfills was also found. In Spring 2002, a dioxin emergency emerged in this region, as result of National Control Program of Residues in Foodstuff carried out by Health Minister in 2001, indeed, levels of TCDD exceeding the European Union tolerance were detected in dairy products and milk from cow and water buffalo, raised on in some areas of Campania Region. Cancer mortality descriptive studies demonstrated an increase of incidents rates of the prostate cancer in the same areas where dioxin levels were elevated. Furthermore, studies performed in animal model suggested that TCDD exposure is associated with abnormal prostate development, altered prostate pathology and increase susceptibility to prostate cancer. The administration of TCDD to a variety of cultured cells may alter their ability to proliferate and die. In a previous study we demonstrated that TCDD induced proliferation in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), an epithelial cell line, in which analysis of MDBK cell morphology revealed some alterations in a large number of exposed cells, where neither signs of apoptosis nor necrosis were detected, but we found that TCDD activated cell death with autophagy. Herein, TCDD exposure in PC3, a cancer cell line, induced no signs of cell death. So, taken together, our results support the idea that TCDD, may induce the progression of prostate cancer enhancing cell proliferation, inducing autophagy, deregulating the expression of genes related to the autophagy machinery, and upregulating TNF resulting in an increased risk for both animal and human health.

Published
2013

20. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author

Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB): Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (Krüger Group) [research center], Klionsky, Daniel J., Abdalla, Fabio C., Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T., Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A., Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M., Al-Zeer, Munir A., Albert, Matthew L., Albin, Roger L., Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O., Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K., Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Arancia, Giuseppe, Aris, John P., Asanuma, Katsuhiko, Asare, Nana Y. O., Ashida, Hisashi, Askanas, Valerie, Askew, David S., Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K., Baehrecke, Eric H., Bahr, Ben A., Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A., Bampton, Edward T. W., Banhegyi, Gabor, Bartholomew, Clinton R., Bassham, Diane C., Bast, Robert C. Jr, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Bechet, Daniel M., Begley, Thomas J., Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J., Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sebastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S., Boise, Lawrence H., Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L., Bornhauser, Beat C., Bortoluci, Karina R., Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frederic, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michael, Bozhkov, Peter V., Brady, Nathan R., Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E., Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H., Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L., Brookes, Paul S., Brown, Eric J., Brumell, John H., Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T., Bulman, Dennis E., Bultman, Scott J., Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F., Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P., Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P., Cadwell, Ken, Cahova, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B., Carding, Simon R., Cardoso, Sandra M., Carew, Jennifer S., Carlin, Cathleen R., Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A. M., Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A., Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C., Chan, Edmond Y., Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S.-L., Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xihui, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H. K., Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H., Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V., Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M. K., Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E., Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T., Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R., Clague, Michael J., Clark, Robert S. B., Clarke, Peter G. H., Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A., Colombo, Maria I., Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R., Coombs, Graham H., Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P., Cregg, James M., Crespo, Jose L., Cronje, Marianne J., Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J., Czaja, Mark J., D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M., Davies, Faith E., De Felici, Massimo, de Groot, John F., de Haan, Cornelis A. M., De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M. D., Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jorn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D., Devenish, Rodney J., Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Diaz-Laviada, Ines, Diaz-Meco, Maria T., Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P., Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W., Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C., Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J., Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlene, Drew, Mark E., Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A., Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L., Edinger, Aimee L., Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N. Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S., Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M., Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farre, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G., Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fesus, Laszlo, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E., Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C., Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D., Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A., Fisher, Paul B., Flajolet, Marc, Florez-McClure, Maria L., Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A., Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H., Fox, Howard S., Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B., Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, Jose M., Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H., Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G., Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F., Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L., Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R., Gegg, Matthew E., Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E., Gewirtz, David A., Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M., Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N., Gibson, Spencer B., Gilkerson, Robert W., Ginger, Michael L., Ginsberg, Henry N., Golab, Jakub, Goligorsky, Michael S., Golstein, Pierre, Gomez-Manzano, Candelaria, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Celine, Gonzalez, Claudio D., Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V., Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A., Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D., Green, Kim N., Gregorc, Ales, Gros, Frederic, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W., Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M., Gukovskaya, Anna S., Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B., Halayko, Andrew J., Hale, Amber N., Halonen, Sandra K., Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K., Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E., Harper, J. Wade, Harris, Adrian L., Harris, James, Harris, Steven D., Hashimoto, Makoto, Haspel, Jeffrey A., Hayashi, Shin-Ichiro, Hazelhurst, Lori A., He, Congcong, He, You-Wen, Hebert, Marie-Josee, Heidenreich, Kim A., Helfrich, Miep H., Helgason, Gudmundur V., Henske, Elizabeth P., Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K., Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A., Hocking, Lynne J., Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G., Hohfeld, Jorg, Holyoake, Tessa L., Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A., Hotamisligil, Gokhan S., Houwerzijl, Ewout J., Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A., Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B., Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R., Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B., Hussain, Sabah N. A., Hussey, Patrick J., Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L., Ip, Nancy Y., Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M., Jaattela, Marja, Jackson, George R., Jackson, William T., Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X., Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jimenez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O., Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E., Johnson, Gail V. W., Jones, Nicola L., Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K., Joubert, Annie M., Juhasz, Gabor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., Kampinga, Harm H., Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A., Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H., Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H., Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A. K. W., Kiger, Amy A., Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K., Kim, Peter K., Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C., King, Jason S., Kinsella, Timothy J., Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A., Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T., Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C. B., Koch, Jan C., Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I., Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I., Kouri Flores, Juan B., Kovacs, Attila L., Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Kramer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M., Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T., Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R., Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D., Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F., Laszlo, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josee N., Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A., Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J., Lee, Alvin J. X., Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A., Leiro, Jose, Lemasters, John J., Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S., Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V., Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P., Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J., Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D., Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P., Liton, Paloma B., Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A., Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A., Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T., Low, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frederic, Lukacs, Nicholas W., Lund, Anders H., Lynch-Day, Melinda A., Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, MacKeigan, Jeff P., Macleod, Kay F., Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V., Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stephen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L., Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J., Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Marino, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R., Martin, Seamus J., Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M., McConkey, David J., McConnell, Melanie J., McDermott, Catherine, McDonald, Christine, McInerney, Gerald M., McKenna, Sharon L., McLaughlin, Bethann, McLean, Pamela J., McMaster, Christopher R., McQuibban, G. Angus, Meijer, Alfred J., Meisler, Miriam H., Melendez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J., Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A., Menendez, Javier A., Menna-Barreto, Rubem F. S., Menon, Manoj B., Menzies, Fiona M., Mercer, Carol A., Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E., Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G., Meyer, Thomas F., Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A. M., Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K., Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M., Monteiro, Mervyn J., Moore, Michael N., Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I., Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C., Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E.-H., Muller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Munger, Karl, Munz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O., Murphy, Maureen E., Musaro, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I., Narendra, Derek P., Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T., Nazarko, Taras Y., Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G., Neufeld, Thomas P., Ney, Paul A., Nezis, Ioannis P., Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A., Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A., Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nurnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D., Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L., Oliver, F. Javier, Olsen, Laura J., Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F., Ostrander, Gary K., Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E., Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K., Parys, Jan B., Parzych, Katherine R., Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M., Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H., Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J., Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M., Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valerie, Pierron, Gerard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C., Poggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Pous, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Praetorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E., Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W., Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V. 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K., Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J., Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xu, Da-Zhi, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamamoto, Akitsugu, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J., Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J. Rd, Zeitlin, Scott O., Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming-Yong, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhao, Mantong, Zhao, Yi-Fang, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Zhizhuang J., Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Cong-Zhao, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Xiao-Feng, Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jurgen, Zuckerbraun, Brian, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB): Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (Krüger Group) [research center], Klionsky, Daniel J., Abdalla, Fabio C., Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T., Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A., Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M., Al-Zeer, Munir A., Albert, Matthew L., Albin, Roger L., Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O., Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K., Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Arancia, Giuseppe, Aris, John P., Asanuma, Katsuhiko, Asare, Nana Y. 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D., Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jorn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D., Devenish, Rodney J., Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Diaz-Laviada, Ines, Diaz-Meco, Maria T., Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P., Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W., Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C., Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J., Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlene, Drew, Mark E., Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A., Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L., Edinger, Aimee L., Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N. 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A., Hussey, Patrick J., Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L., Ip, Nancy Y., Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M., Jaattela, Marja, Jackson, George R., Jackson, William T., Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X., Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jimenez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O., Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E., Johnson, Gail V. W., Jones, Nicola L., Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K., Joubert, Annie M., Juhasz, Gabor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., Kampinga, Harm H., Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A., Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H., Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H., Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A. K. 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Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

Published
2012
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21. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, 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Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

Published
2012
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24. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J., primary, Abdalla, Fabio C., additional, Abeliovich, Hagai, additional, Abraham, Robert T., additional, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, additional, Adeli, Khosrow, additional, Agholme, Lotta, additional, Agnello, Maria, additional, Agostinis, Patrizia, additional, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A., additional, Ahn, Hyung Jun, additional, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, additional, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, additional, Akematsu, Takahiko, additional, Akira, Shizuo, additional, Al-Younes, Hesham M., additional, Al-Zeer, Munir A., additional, Albert, Matthew L., additional, Albin, Roger L., additional, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, additional, Aleo, Maria Francesca, additional, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, additional, Almasan, Alexandru, additional, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, additional, Amano, Atsuo, additional, Amaravadi, Ravi K., additional, Amarnath, Shoba, additional, Amer, Amal O., additional, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, additional, Anantharam, Vellareddy, additional, Ann, David K., additional, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, additional, Aoki, Hiroshi, additional, Apostolova, Nadezda, additional, Arancia, Giuseppe, additional, Aris, John P., additional, Asanuma, Katsuhiko, additional, Asare, Nana Y.O., additional, Ashida, Hisashi, additional, Askanas, Valerie, additional, Askew, David S., additional, Auberger, Patrick, additional, Baba, Misuzu, additional, Backues, Steven K., additional, Baehrecke, Eric H., additional, Bahr, Ben A., additional, Bai, Xue-Yuan, additional, Bailly, Yannick, additional, Baiocchi, Robert, additional, Baldini, Giulia, additional, Balduini, Walter, additional, Ballabio, Andrea, additional, Bamber, Bruce A., additional, Bampton, Edward T.W., additional, Juhász, Gábor, additional, Bartholomew, Clinton R., additional, Bassham, Diane C., additional, Bast, Robert C., additional, Batoko, Henri, additional, Bay, Boon-Huat, additional, Beau, Isabelle, additional, Béchet, Daniel M., additional, Begley, Thomas J., additional, Behl, Christian, additional, Behrends, Christian, additional, Bekri, Soumeya, additional, Bellaire, Bryan, additional, Bendall, Linda J., additional, Benetti, Luca, additional, Berliocchi, Laura, additional, Bernardi, Henri, additional, Bernassola, Francesca, additional, Besteiro, Sébastien, additional, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, additional, Bi, Xiaoning, additional, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, additional, Blum, Janice S., additional, Boise, Lawrence H., additional, Bonaldo, Paolo, additional, Boone, David L., additional, Bornhauser, Beat C., additional, Bortoluci, Karina R., additional, Bossis, Ioannis, additional, Bost, Frédéric, additional, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, additional, Boya, Patricia, additional, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, additional, Bozhkov, Peter V., additional, Brady, Nathan R, additional, Brancolini, Claudio, additional, Brech, Andreas, additional, Brenman, Jay E., additional, Brennand, Ana, additional, Bresnick, Emery H., additional, Brest, Patrick, additional, Bridges, Dave, additional, Bristol, Molly L., additional, Brookes, Paul S., additional, Brown, Eric J., additional, Brumell, John H., additional, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, additional, Brunk, Ulf T., additional, Bulman, Dennis E., additional, Bultman, Scott J., additional, Bultynck, Geert, additional, Burbulla, Lena F., additional, Bursch, Wilfried, additional, Butchar, Jonathan P., additional, Buzgariu, Wanda, additional, Bydlowski, Sergio P., additional, Cadwell, Ken, additional, Cahová, Monika, additional, Cai, Dongsheng, additional, Cai, Jiyang, additional, Cai, Qian, additional, Calabretta, Bruno, additional, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, additional, Camougrand, Nadine, additional, Campanella, Michelangelo, additional, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, additional, Candi, Eleonora, additional, Cao, Lizhi, additional, Caplan, Allan B., additional, Carding, Simon R., additional, Cardoso, Sandra M., additional, Carew, Jennifer S., additional, Carlin, Cathleen R., additional, Carmignac, Virginie, additional, Carneiro, Leticia A.M., additional, Carra, Serena, additional, Caruso, Rosario A., additional, Casari, Giorgio, additional, Casas, Caty, additional, Castino, Roberta, additional, Cebollero, Eduardo, additional, Cecconi, Francesco, additional, Celli, Jean, additional, Chaachouay, Hassan, additional, Chae, Han-Jung, additional, Chai, Chee-Yin, additional, Chan, David C., additional, Chan, Edmond Y., additional, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, additional, Che, Chi-Ming, additional, Chen, Ching-Chow, additional, Chen, Guang-Chao, additional, Chen, Guo-Qiang, additional, Chen, Min, additional, Chen, Quan, additional, Chen, Steve S.-L., additional, Chen, WenLi, additional, Chen, Xi, additional, Chen, Xiangmei, additional, Chen, Xiequn, additional, Chen, Ye-Guang, additional, Chen, Yingyu, additional, Chen, Yongqiang, additional, Chen, Yu-Jen, additional, Chen, Zhixiang, additional, Cheng, Alan, additional, Cheng, Christopher H.K., additional, Cheng, Yan, additional, Cheong, Heesun, additional, Cheong, Jae-Ho, additional, Cherry, 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Tony, additional, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, additional, El-Deiry, Wafik S., additional, Elazar, Zvulun, additional, Elgendy, Mohamed, additional, Ellerby, Lisa M., additional, Eng, Kai Er, additional, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, additional, Engelender, Simone, additional, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, additional, Escalante, Ricardo, additional, Esclatine, Audrey, additional, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, additional, Espert, Lucile, additional, Espina, Virginia, additional, Fan, Huizhou, additional, Fan, Jia, additional, Fan, Qi-Wen, additional, Fan, Zhen, additional, Fang, Shengyun, additional, Fang, Yongqi, additional, Fanto, Manolis, additional, Fanzani, Alessandro, additional, Farkas, Thomas, additional, Farre, Jean-Claude, additional, Faure, Mathias, additional, Fechheimer, Marcus, additional, Feng, Carl G., additional, Feng, Jian, additional, Feng, Qili, additional, Feng, Youji, additional, Fésüs, László, additional, Feuer, Ralph, additional, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E., additional, Fimia, Gian Maria, additional, Fingar, Diane C., additional, Finkbeiner, Steven, additional, Finkel, Toren, additional, Finley, Kim D., additional, Fiorito, Filomena, additional, Fisher, Edward A., additional, Fisher, Paul B., additional, Flajolet, Marc, additional, Florez-McClure, Maria L., additional, Florio, Salvatore, additional, Fon, Edward A., additional, Fornai, Francesco, additional, Fortunato, Franco, additional, Fotedar, Rati, additional, Fowler, Daniel H., additional, Fox, Howard S., additional, Franco, Rodrigo, additional, Frankel, Lisa B., additional, Fransen, Marc, additional, Fuentes, José M., additional, Fueyo, Juan, additional, Fujii, Jun, additional, Fujisaki, Kozo, additional, Fujita, Eriko, additional, Fukuda, Mitsunori, additional, Furukawa, Ruth H., additional, Gaestel, Matthias, additional, Gailly, Philippe, additional, Gajewska, Malgorzata, additional, Galliot, Brigitte, additional, Galy, Vincent, additional, Ganesh, Subramaniam, additional, Ganetzky, Barry, additional, Ganley, Ian G., additional, Gao, Fen-Biao, additional, Gao, George F., additional, Gao, Jinming, additional, Garcia, Lorena, additional, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, additional, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, additional, Garmyn, Marjan, additional, Gartel, Andrei L., additional, Gatti, Evelina, additional, Gautel, Mathias, additional, Gawriluk, Thomas R., additional, Gegg, Matthew E., additional, Geng, Jiefei, additional, Germain, Marc, additional, Gestwicki, Jason E., additional, Gewirtz, David A., additional, Ghavami, Saeid, additional, Ghosh, Pradipta, additional, Giammarioli, Anna M., additional, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N., additional, Gibson, Spencer B., additional, Gilkerson, Robert W., additional, Ginger, Michael L., additional, Ginsberg, Henry N., additional, Golab, Jakub, additional, Goligorsky, Michael S., additional, Golstein, Pierre, additional, Gomez-Manzano, Candelaria, additional, Goncu, Ebru, additional, Gongora, Céline, additional, Gonzalez, Claudio D., additional, Gonzalez, Ramon, additional, González-Estévez, Cristina, additional, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, additional, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, additional, Gorbunov, Nikolai V., additional, Gorski, Sharon, additional, Goruppi, Sandro, additional, Gottlieb, Roberta A., additional, Gozuacik, Devrim, additional, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, additional, Grant, Gary D., additional, Green, Kim N., additional, Gregorc, Ales, additional, Gros, Frédéric, additional, Grose, Charles, additional, Grunt, Thomas W., additional, Gual, Philippe, additional, Guan, Jun-Lin, additional, Guan, Kun-Liang, additional, Guichard, Sylvie M., additional, Gukovskaya, Anna S., additional, Gukovsky, Ilya, additional, Gunst, Jan, additional, Gustafsson, Åsa B., additional, Halayko, Andrew J., additional, Hale, Amber N., additional, Halonen, Sandra K., additional, Hamasaki, Maho, additional, Han, Feng, additional, Han, Ting, additional, Hancock, Michael K., additional, Hansen, Malene, additional, Harada, Hisashi, additional, Harada, Masaru, additional, Hardt, Stefan E., additional, Harper, J. Wade, additional, Harris, Adrian L., additional, Harris, James, additional, Harris, Steven D., additional, Hashimoto, Makoto, additional, Haspel, Jeffrey A., additional, Hayashi, Shin-ichiro, additional, Hazelhurst, Lori A., additional, He, Congcong, additional, He, You-Wen, additional, Hébert, Marie-Josée, additional, Heidenreich, Kim A., additional, Helfrich, Miep H., additional, Helgason, Gudmundur V., additional, Henske, Elizabeth P., additional, Herman, Brian, additional, Herman, Paul K., additional, Hetz, Claudio, additional, Hilfiker, Sabine, additional, Hill, Joseph A., additional, Hocking, Lynne J., additional, Hofman, Paul, additional, Hofmann, Thomas G., additional, Höhfeld, Jörg, additional, Holyoake, Tessa L., additional, Hong, Ming-Huang, additional, Hood, David A., additional, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S., additional, Houwerzijl, Ewout J., additional, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, additional, Hu, Bingren, additional, Hu, Chien-an A., additional, Hu, Hong-Ming, additional, Hua, Ya, additional, Huang, Canhua, additional, Huang, Ju, additional, Huang, Shengbing, additional, Huang, Wei-Pang, additional, Huber, Tobias B., additional, Huh, Won-Ki, additional, Hung, Tai-Ho, additional, Hupp, Ted R., additional, Hur, Gang Min, additional, Hurley, James B., additional, Hussain, Sabah N.A., additional, Hussey, Patrick J., additional, Hwang, Jung Jin, additional, Hwang, Seungmin, additional, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, additional, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, additional, Inoki, Ken, additional, Into, Takeshi, additional, Iovane, Valentina, additional, Iovanna, Juan L., additional, Ip, Nancy Y., additional, Isaka, Yoshitaka, additional, Ishida, Hiroyuki, additional, Isidoro, Ciro, additional, Isobe, Ken-ichi, additional, Iwasaki, Akiko, additional, Izquierdo, Marta, additional, Izumi, Yotaro, additional, Jaakkola, Panu M., additional, Jäättelä, Marja, additional, Jackson, George R., additional, Jackson, William T., additional, Janji, Bassam, additional, Jendrach, Marina, additional, Jeon, Ju-Hong, additional, Jeung, Eui-Bae, additional, Jiang, Hong, additional, Jiang, Hongchi, additional, Jiang, Jean X., additional, Jiang, Ming, additional, Jiang, Qing, additional, Jiang, Xuejun, additional, Jiménez, Alberto, additional, Jin, Meiyan, additional, Jin, Shengkan V., additional, Joe, Cheol O., additional, Johansen, Terje, additional, Johnson, Daniel E., additional, Johnson, Gail V.W., additional, Jones, Nicola L., additional, Joseph, Bertrand, additional, Joseph, Suresh K., additional, Joubert, Annie M., additional, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, additional, Jung, Chang Hwa, additional, Jung, Yong-Keun, additional, Kaarniranta, Kai, additional, Kaasik, Allen, additional, Kabuta, Tomohiro, additional, Kadowaki, Motoni, additional, Kågedal, Katarina, additional, Kamada, Yoshiaki, additional, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., additional, Kampinga, Harm H., additional, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, additional, Kang, Chanhee, additional, Kang, Khong Bee, additional, Kang, Kwang Il, additional, Kang, Rui, additional, Kang, Yoon-A, additional, Kanki, Tomotake, additional, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, additional, Kanno, Haruo, additional, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., additional, Kanthasamy, Arthi, additional, Karantza, Vassiliki, additional, Kaushal, Gur P., additional, Kaushik, Susmita, additional, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, additional, Ke, Po-Yuan, additional, Kehrl, John H., additional, Kelekar, Ameeta, additional, Kerkhoff, Claus, additional, Kessel, David H., additional, Khalil, Hany, additional, Kiel, Jan A.K.W., additional, Kiger, Amy A., additional, Kihara, Akio, additional, Kim, Deok Ryong, additional, Kim, Do-Hyung, additional, Kim, Dong-Hou, additional, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, additional, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, additional, Kim, Jae-Sung, additional, Kim, Jeong Hun, additional, Kim, Jin Cheon, additional, Kim, John K., additional, Kim, Peter K., additional, Kim, Seong Who, additional, Kim, Yong-Sun, additional, Kim, Yonghyun, additional, Kimchi, Adi, additional, Kimmelman, Alec C., additional, King, Jason S., additional, Kinsella, Timothy J., additional, Kirkin, Vladimir, additional, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A., additional, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, additional, Kitazato, Kaio, additional, Klein, Ludger, additional, Klimecki, Walter T., additional, Klucken, Jochen, additional, Knecht, Erwin, additional, Ko, Ben C.B., additional, Koch, Jan C., additional, Koga, Hiroshi, additional, Koh, Jae-Young, additional, Koh, Young Ho, additional, Koike, Masato, additional, Komatsu, Masaaki, additional, Kominami, Eiki, additional, Kong, Hee Jeong, additional, Kong, Wei-Jia, additional, Korolchuk, Viktor I., additional, Kotake, Yaichiro, additional, Koukourakis, Michael I., additional, Flores, Juan B. Kouri, additional, Kovács, Attila L., additional, Kraft, Claudine, additional, Krainc, Dimitri, additional, Krämer, Helmut, additional, Kretz-Remy, Carole, additional, Krichevsky, Anna M., additional, Kroemer, Guido, additional, Krüger, Rejko, additional, Krut, Oleg, additional, Ktistakis, Nicholas T., additional, Kuan, Chia-Yi, additional, Kucharczyk, Roza, additional, Kumar, Ashok, additional, Kumar, Raj, additional, Kumar, Sharad, additional, Kundu, Mondira, additional, Kung, Hsing-Jien, additional, Kurz, Tino, additional, Kwon, Ho Jeong, additional, La Spada, Albert R., additional, Lafont, Frank, additional, Lamark, Trond, additional, Landry, Jacques, additional, Lane, Jon D., additional, Lapaquette, Pierre, additional, Laporte, Jocelyn F., additional, László, Lajos, additional, Lavandero, Sergio, additional, Lavoie, Josée N., additional, Layfield, Robert, additional, Lazo, Pedro A., additional, Le, Weidong, additional, Le Cam, Laurent, additional, Ledbetter, Daniel J., additional, Lee, Alvin J.X., additional, Lee, Byung-Wan, additional, Lee, Gyun Min, additional, Lee, Jongdae, additional, lee, Ju-hyun, additional, Lee, Michael, additional, Lee, Myung-Shik, additional, Lee, Sug Hyung, additional, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, additional, Legembre, Patrick, additional, Legouis, Renaud, additional, Lehmann, Michael, additional, Lei, Huan-Yao, additional, Lei, Qun-Ying, additional, Leib, David A., additional, Leiro, José, additional, Lemasters, John J., additional, Lemoine, Antoinette, additional, Lesniak, Maciej S., additional, Lev, Dina, additional, Levenson, Victor V., additional, Levine, Beth, additional, Levy, Efrat, additional, Li, Faqiang, additional, Li, Jun-Lin, additional, Li, Lian, additional, Li, Sheng, additional, Li, Weijie, additional, Li, Xue-Jun, additional, Li, Yan-Bo, additional, Li, Yi-Ping, additional, Liang, Chengyu, additional, Liang, Qiangrong, additional, Liao, Yung-Feng, additional, Liberski, Pawel P., additional, Lieberman, Andrew, additional, Lim, Hyunjung J., additional, Lim, Kah-Leong, additional, Lim, Kyu, additional, Lin, Chiou-Feng, additional, Lin, Fu-Cheng, additional, Lin, Jian, additional, Lin, Jiandie D., additional, Lin, Kui, additional, Lin, Wan-Wan, additional, Lin, Weei-Chin, additional, Lin, Yi-Ling, additional, Linden, Rafael, additional, Lingor, Paul, additional, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, additional, Lisanti, Michael P., additional, Liton, Paloma B., additional, Liu, Bo, additional, Liu, Chun-Feng, additional, Liu, Kaiyu, additional, Liu, Leyuan, additional, Liu, Qiong A., additional, Liu, Wei, additional, Liu, Young-Chau, additional, Liu, Yule, additional, Lockshin, Richard A., additional, Lok, Chun-Nam, additional, Lonial, Sagar, additional, Loos, Benjamin, additional, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, additional, López-Otín, Carlos, additional, Lossi, Laura, additional, Lotze, Michael T., additional, Low, Peter, additional, Lu, Binfeng, additional, Lu, Bingwei, additional, Lu, Bo, additional, Lu, Zhen, additional, Luciano, Fréderic, additional, Lukacs, Nicholas W., additional, Lund, Anders H., additional, Lynch-Day, Melinda A., additional, Ma, Yong, additional, Macian, Fernando, additional, MacKeigan, Jeff P., additional, Macleod, Kay F., additional, Madeo, Frank, additional, Maiuri, Luigi, additional, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, additional, Malagoli, Davide, additional, Malicdan, May Christine V., additional, Malorni, Walter, additional, Man, Na, additional, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, additional, Manon, Stephen, additional, Manov, Irena, additional, Mao, Kai, additional, Mao, Xiang, additional, Mao, Zixu, additional, Marambaud, Philippe, additional, Marazziti, Daniela, additional, Marcel, Yves L., additional, Marchbank, Katie, additional, Marchetti, Piero, additional, Marciniak, Stefan J., additional, Marcondes, Mateus, additional, Mardi, Mohsen, additional, Marfe, Gabriella, additional, Mariño, Guillermo, additional, Markaki, Maria, additional, Marten, Mark R., additional, Martin, Seamus J., additional, Martinand-Mari, Camille, additional, Martinet, Wim, additional, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, additional, Masini, Matilde, additional, Matarrese, Paola, additional, Matsuo, Saburo, additional, Matteoni, Raffaele, additional, Mayer, Andreas, additional, Mazure, Nathalie M., additional, McConkey, David J., additional, McConnell, Melanie J., additional, McDermott, Catherine, additional, McDonald, Christine, additional, McInerney, Gerald M., additional, McKenna, Sharon L., additional, McLaughlin, BethAnn, additional, McLean, Pamela J., additional, McMaster, Christopher R., additional, McQuibban, G. Angus, additional, Meijer, Alfred J., additional, Meisler, Miriam H., additional, Meléndez, Alicia, additional, Melia, Thomas J., additional, Melino, Gerry, additional, Mena, Maria A., additional, Menendez, Javier A., additional, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F. S., additional, Menon, Manoj B., additional, Menzies, Fiona M., additional, Mercer, Carol A., additional, Merighi, Adalberto, additional, Merry, Diane E., additional, Meschini, Stefania, additional, Meyer, Christian G., additional, Meyer, Thomas F., additional, Miao, Chao-Yu, additional, Miao, Jun-Ying, additional, Michels, Paul A.M., additional, Michiels, Carine, additional, Mijaljica, Dalibor, additional, Milojkovic, Ana, additional, Minucci, Saverio, additional, Miracco, Clelia, additional, Miranti, Cindy K., additional, Mitroulis, Ioannis, additional, Miyazawa, Keisuke, additional, Mizushima, Noboru, additional, Mograbi, Baharia, additional, Mohseni, Simin, additional, Molero, Xavier, additional, Mollereau, Bertrand, additional, Mollinedo, Faustino, additional, Momoi, Takashi, additional, Monastyrska, Iryna, additional, Monick, Martha M., additional, Monteiro, Mervyn J., additional, Moore, Michael N., additional, Mora, Rodrigo, additional, Moreau, Kevin, additional, Moreira, Paula I., additional, Moriyasu, Yuji, additional, Moscat, Jorge, additional, Mostowy, Serge, additional, Mottram, Jeremy C., additional, Motyl, Tomasz, additional, Moussa, Charbel E.-H., additional, Müller, Sylke, additional, Muller, Sylviane, additional, Münger, Karl, additional, Münz, Christian, additional, Murphy, Leon O., additional, Murphy, Maureen E., additional, Musarò, Antonio, additional, Mysorekar, Indira, additional, Nagata, Eiichiro, additional, Nagata, Kazuhiro, additional, Nahimana, Aimable, additional, Nair, Usha, additional, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, additional, Nakahira, Kiichi, additional, Nakano, Hiroyasu, additional, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, additional, Nanjundan, Meera, additional, Naqvi, Naweed I., additional, Narendra, Derek P., additional, Narita, Masashi, additional, Navarro, Miguel, additional, Nawrocki, Steffan T., additional, Nazarko, Taras Y., additional, Nemchenko, Andriy, additional, Netea, Mihai G., additional, Neufeld, Thomas P., additional, Ney, Paul A., additional, Nezis, Ioannis P., additional, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, additional, Nie, Daotai, additional, Nishino, Ichizo, additional, Nislow, Corey, additional, Nixon, Ralph A., additional, Noda, Takeshi, additional, Noegel, Angelika A., additional, Nogalska, Anna, additional, Noguchi, Satoru, additional, Notterpek, Lucia, additional, Novak, Ivana, additional, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, additional, Nukina, Nobuyuki, additional, Nürnberger, Thorsten, additional, Nyfeler, Beat, additional, Obara, Keisuke, additional, Oberley, Terry D., additional, Oddo, Salvatore, additional, Ogawa, Michinaga, additional, Ohashi, Toya, additional, Okamoto, Koji, additional, Oleinick, Nancy L., additional, Oliver, F. Javier, additional, Olsen, Laura J., additional, Olsson, Stefan, additional, Opota, Onya, additional, Osborne, Timothy F., additional, Ostrander, Gary K., additional, Otsu, Kinya, additional, Ou, Jing-hsiung James, additional, Ouimet, Mireille, additional, Overholtzer, Michael, additional, Ozpolat, Bulent, additional, Paganetti, Paolo, additional, Pagnini, Ugo, additional, Pallet, Nicolas, additional, Palmer, Glen E., additional, Palumbo, Camilla, additional, Pan, Tianhong, additional, Panaretakis, Theocharis, additional, Pandey, Udai Bhan, additional, Papackova, Zuzana, additional, Papassideri, Issidora, additional, Paris, Irmgard, additional, Park, Junsoo, additional, Park, Ohkmae K., additional, Parys, Jan B., additional, Parzych, Katherine R., additional, Patschan, Susann, additional, Patterson, Cam, additional, Pattingre, Sophie, additional, Pawelek, John M., additional, Peng, Jianxin, additional, Perlmutter, David H., additional, Perrotta, Ida, additional, Perry, George, additional, Pervaiz, Shazib, additional, Peter, Matthias, additional, Peters, Godefridus J., additional, Petersen, Morten, additional, Petrovski, Goran, additional, Phang, James M., additional, Piacentini, Mauro, additional, Pierre, Philippe, additional, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, additional, Pierron, Gérard, additional, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, additional, Piras, Antonio, additional, Piri, Natik, additional, Platanias, Leonidas C., additional, Pöggeler, Stefanie, additional, Poirot, Marc, additional, Poletti, Angelo, additional, Poüs, Christian, additional, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, additional, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, additional, Prasad, Anil, additional, Prescott, Mark, additional, Priault, Muriel, additional, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, additional, Progulske-Fox, Ann, additional, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, additional, Przedborski, Serge, additional, Przyklenk, Karin, additional, Puertollano, Rosa, additional, Puyal, Julien, additional, Qian, Shu-Bing, additional, Qin, Liang, additional, Qin, Zheng-Hong, additional, Quaggin, Susan E., additional, Raben, Nina, additional, Rabinowich, Hannah, additional, Rabkin, Simon W., additional, Rahman, Irfan, additional, Rami, Abdelhaq, additional, Ramm, Georg, additional, Randall, Glenn, additional, Randow, Felix, additional, Rao, V. Ashutosh, additional, Rathmell, Jeffrey C., additional, Ravikumar, Brinda, additional, Ray, Swapan K., additional, Reed, Bruce H., additional, Reed, John C., additional, Reggiori, Fulvio, additional, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, additional, Reichert, Andreas S., additional, Reiners, Jr., John J., additional, Reiter, Russel J., additional, Ren, Jun, additional, Revuelta, José L., additional, Rhodes, Christopher J., additional, Ritis, Konstantinos, additional, Rizzo, Elizete, additional, Robbins, Jeffrey, additional, Roberge, Michel, additional, Roca, Hernan, additional, Roccheri, Maria C., additional, Rocchi, Stephane, additional, Rodemann, H. Peter, additional, Rodríguez de Córdoba, Santiago, additional, Rohrer, Bärbel, additional, Roninson, Igor B., additional, Rosen, Kirill, additional, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M., additional, Rouis, Mustapha, additional, Rouschop, Kasper M.A., additional, Rovetta, Francesca, additional, Rubin, Brian P., additional, Rubinsztein, David C., additional, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, additional, Rucker, Edmund B., additional, Rudich, Assaf, additional, Rudolf, Emil, additional, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, additional, Russo, Rossella, additional, Rusten, Tor Erik, additional, Ryan, Kevin M., additional, Ryter, Stefan W., additional, Sabatini, David M., additional, Sadoshima, Junichi, additional, Saha, Tapas, additional, Saitoh, Tatsuya, additional, Sakagami, Hiroshi, additional, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, additional, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, additional, Salomoni, Paolo, additional, Salvaterra, Paul M., additional, Salvesen, Guy, additional, Salvioli, Rosa, additional, Sanchez, Anthony M.J., additional, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A., additional, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, additional, Sandri, Marco, additional, Sankar, Uma, additional, Sansanwal, Poonam, additional, Santambrogio, Laura, additional, Saran, Shweta, additional, Sarkar, Sovan, additional, Sarwal, Minnie, additional, Sasakawa, Chihiro, additional, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, additional, Sass, Miklós, additional, Sato, Ken, additional, Sato, Miyuki, additional, Schapira, Anthony H.V., additional, Scharl, Michael, additional, Schätzl, Hermann M., additional, Scheper, Wiep, additional, Schiaffino, Stefano, additional, Schneider, Claudio, additional, Schneider, Marion E., additional, Schneider-Stock, Regine, additional, Schoenlein, Patricia V., additional, Schorderet, Daniel F., additional, Schüller, Christoph, additional, Schwartz, Gary K., additional, Scorrano, Luca, additional, Sealy, Linda, additional, Seglen, Per O., additional, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, additional, Seiliez, Iban, additional, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, additional, Sell, Christian, additional, Seo, Jong Bok, additional, Separovic, Duska, additional, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, additional, Setoguchi, Takao, additional, Settembre, Carmine, additional, Shacka, John J., additional, Shanmugam, Mala, additional, Shapiro, Irving M., additional, Shaulian, Eitan, additional, Shaw, Reuben J., additional, Shelhamer, James H., additional, Shen, Han-Ming, additional, Shen, Wei-Chiang, additional, Sheng, Zu-Hang, additional, Shi, Yang, additional, Shibuya, Kenichi, additional, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, additional, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, additional, Shih, Chwen-Ming, additional, Shimada, Yohta, additional, Shimizu, Shigeomi, additional, Shintani, Takahiro, additional, Shirihai, Orian S., additional, Shore, Gordon C., additional, Sibirny, Andriy A., additional, Sidhu, Stan B., additional, Sikorska, Beata, additional, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C.M., additional, Simmons, Alison, additional, Simon, Anna Katharina, additional, Simon, Hans-Uwe, additional, Simone, Cristiano, additional, Simonsen, Anne, additional, Sinclair, David A., additional, Singh, Rajat, additional, Sinha, Debasish, additional, Sinicrope, Frank A., additional, Sirko, Agnieszka, additional, Siu, Parco M., additional, Sivridis, Efthimios, additional, Skop, Vojtech, additional, Skulachev, Vladimir P., additional, Slack, Ruth S., additional, Smaili, Soraya S., additional, Smith, Duncan R., additional, Soengas, Maria S., additional, Soldati, Thierry, additional, Song, Xueqin, additional, Sood, Anil K., additional, Soong, Tuck Wah, additional, Sotgia, Federica, additional, Spector, Stephen A., additional, Spies, Claudia D., additional, Springer, Wolfdieter, additional, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M., additional, Stefanis, Leonidas, additional, Steffan, Joan S., additional, Stendel, Ruediger, additional, Stenmark, Harald, additional, Stephanou, Anastasis, additional, Stern, Stephan T., additional, Sternberg, Cinthya, additional, Stork, Björn, additional, Strålfors, Peter, additional, Subauste, Carlos S., additional, Sui, Xinbing, additional, Sulzer, David, additional, Sun, Jiaren, additional, Sun, Shi-Yong, additional, Sun, Zhi-Jun, additional, Sung, Joseph J.Y., additional, Suzuki, Kuninori, additional, Suzuki, Toshihiko, additional, Swanson, Michele S., additional, Swanton, Charles, additional, Sweeney, Sean T., additional, Sy, Lai-King, additional, Szabadkai, György, additional, Tabas, Ira, additional, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, additional, Tafani, Marco, additional, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, additional, Takano, Yoshitaka, additional, Takegawa, Kaoru, additional, Takemura, Genzou, additional, Takeshita, Fumihiko, additional, Talbot, Nicholas J., additional, Tan, Kevin S.W., additional, Tanaka, Keiji, additional, Tanaka, Kozo, additional, Tang, Daolin, additional, Tang, Dingzhong, additional, Tanida, Isei, additional, Tannous, Bakhos A., additional, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, additional, Taylor, Graham S., additional, Taylor, Gregory A., additional, Taylor, J. Paul, additional, Terada, Lance S., additional, Terman, Alexei, additional, Tettamanti, Gianluca, additional, Thevissen, Karin, additional, Thompson, Craig B., additional, Thorburn, Andrew, additional, Thumm, Michael, additional, Tian, FengFeng, additional, Tian, Yuan, additional, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, additional, Tolkovsky, Aviva M., additional, Tomino, Yasuhiko, additional, Tönges, Lars, additional, Tooze, Sharon A., additional, Tournier, Cathy, additional, Tower, John, additional, Towns, Roberto, additional, Trajkovic, Vladimir, additional, Travassos, Leonardo H., additional, Tsai, Ting-Fen, additional, Tschan, Mario P., additional, Tsubata, Takeshi, additional, Tsung, Allan, additional, Turk, Boris, additional, Turner, Lorianne S., additional, Tyagi, Suresh C., additional, Uchiyama, Yasuo, additional, Ueno, Takashi, additional, Umekawa, Midori, additional, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, additional, Unni, Vivek K., additional, Vaccaro, Maria I., additional, Valente, Enza Maria, additional, Van den Berghe, Greet, additional, van der Klei, Ida J., additional, van Doorn, Wouter G., additional, van Dyk, Linda F., additional, van Egmond, Marjolein, additional, van Grunsven, Leo A., additional, Vandenabeele, Peter, additional, Vandenberghe, Wim P., additional, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, additional, Vaquero, Eva C., additional, Velasco, Guillermo, additional, Vellai, Tibor, additional, Vicencio, José Miguel, additional, Vierstra, Richard D., additional, Vila, Miquel, additional, Vindis, Cécile, additional, Viola, Giampietro, additional, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, additional, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V., additional, von Haefen, Clarissa, additional, Votruba, Marcela, additional, Wada, Keiji, additional, Wade-Martins, Richard, additional, Walker, Cheryl L., additional, Walsh, Craig M., additional, Walter, Jochen, additional, Wan, Xiang-Bo, additional, Wang, Aimin, additional, Wang, Chenguang, additional, Wang, Dawei, additional, Wang, Fan, additional, Wang, Fen, additional, Wang, Guanghui, additional, Wang, Haichao, additional, Wang, Hong-Gang, additional, Wang, Horng-Dar, additional, Wang, Jin, additional, Wang, Ke, additional, Wang, Mei, additional, Wang, Richard C., additional, Wang, Xinglong, additional, Wang, Xiujie J., additional, Wang, Ying-Jan, additional, Wang, Yipeng, additional, Wang, Zhen-Bo, additional, Wang, Zhigang Charles, additional, Wang, Zhinong, additional, Wansink, Derick G., additional, Ward, Diane M., additional, Watada, Hirotaka, additional, Waters, Sarah L., additional, Webster, Paul, additional, Wei, Lixin, additional, Weihl, Conrad C., additional, Weiss, William A., additional, Welford, Scott M., additional, Wen, Long-Ping, additional, Whitehouse, Caroline A., additional, Whitton, J. 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2012
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25. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs iron homeostasis by modulating iron-related proteins expression and increasing the labile iron pool in mammalian cells

Author

Santamaria, Rita, primary, Fiorito, Filomena, additional, Irace, Carlo, additional, De Martino, Luisa, additional, Maffettone, Carmen, additional, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, additional, Di Pascale, Antonio, additional, Iovane, Valentina, additional, Pagnini, Ugo, additional, and Colonna, Alfredo, additional

Published
2011
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26. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

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Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; CNRS - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Celullar and Molecular Medicine ; Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Estrogène, Expression génique et pathologies du Système Nerveux Central (E2SNC) ; Université de Franche-Comté - IFR133, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive ; INSERM - IFR50 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) - PRES Euro-Méditerranéen, Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba] ; University of Tsukuba, Gunma University ; Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology ; Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology ; Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory ; University of Hong-Kong, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI) ; CNRS - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II - École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Learning Sciences Lab ; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, University of California ; University of California, Physiopathologie du cancer du foie ; INSERM - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Emory University School of Medicine ; Emory University School of Medicine, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Biology ; University of Rome"Tor Vergata", Oxford University ; Oxford University, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences ; University of Strathclyde, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology ; University of Turin, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle (IGF) ; CNRS - INSERM - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, CNV ; University of Valparaiso, Section of Haemato-oncology ; Institute of cancer research, Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG) ; CNRS - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris, Brunel University ; Brunel University, University of New-Mexico ; University of New-Mexico, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas ; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology ; University of Cincinnati, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) ; CNRS - Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot, Virologie humaine ; INSERM - IFR128 - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, (IIB-INTECH) ; Universidad Nacional de San Martin, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia ; University of Brescia, Immunité infection vaccination ; INSERM - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL) - IFR128, Dept of City and Regional Planning ; Peiking University, Montreal Neurological Institute ; McGill University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences ; Tohoku University - Graduate School of Life Sciences, Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau (BCN) ; CNRS - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Faculty of Medicine ; University of Ottawa, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) ; INSERM - CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque - Université Montpellier I, Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT) ; CNRS - Cancéropôle du Grand Est, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) ; Université de Strasbourg, Département Digestif ; CHU Nice - Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M) ; INSERM - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology [Tsukuba] (AIST) ; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - AIST (JAPAN), Department of Oncology ; John Radcliffe Hospital, School of Biochemistry and Immunology ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center ; University of Texas, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale ; CHU Nice, Department of Biochemistry ; University of Hong Kong, Danish Cancer Society ; Institute of Cancer Biology, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology (MHH) ; Hannover medical school, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Cell Biology, section Radiation & Stress Cell Biology ; UMCG, Univ. of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics ; Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Immunology ; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Immunology ; Institute for Immunology, Department of Neuroscience ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGphiMC) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; INSERM - Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Apoptose, cancer et immunité ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, metabolomics platform ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Pôle de biologie ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UP5) ; Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of Molecular Neuroscience ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ; CERN, Center for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) ; International Institute of Information Technology, Massachusetts Institute of technology [Cambridge] (MIT) ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Washington, Centre for Cancer Biology ; Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Jeune Equipe JE 2526 ; Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, Institut de Recherche Agronomique (Unité sous contrat USC-2018) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Facultad de Medicina ; Universidad de Chile, Institut de génétique moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC) ; IFR140 - Université de Rennes 1 - IRSET, Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, National Cheng Kung University [Taiwan] (NCKU) ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center ; University of Texas, School of Information science and engineering ; Lanzhou University, School of computer and information ; Hefei University, National Neuroscience Institute ; National Neuroscience Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS) ; NUS, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS) ; CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ENGEES, Institut Armand Frappier (IAF) ; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Central China Normal University ; Central China Normal University, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) ; Medical College Of Wisconsin - Emory University School of Medicine, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ; Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS) ; CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III - Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] - Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ; LNCC, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ; Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB) ; Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale University School of Medicine - Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology ; University of Siena, Harvard Medical School (HMS) ; Harvard University, Depts of Radiation Oncology and Pathology ; Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Señalización Celular 4 ; Señalización Celular 4, Department of Molecular Biology ; University of Tuebingen, Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology ; Université de Lausanne, CC 101 ; Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht ; Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Service de dermatologie ; CHU Nice, Vieillissement, stress, inflammation ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; Division of Cell Biology; and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Cancer Institute ; University College London, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of inflammation and ER-GenTech ; University of Ferrara, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology - Department of Microbiology ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Abramson Cancer Institute and Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Pennsylvania, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Immunité Innée et Signalisation ; Institut Pasteur de Paris, Istituto CSS Mendel ; Istituto CSS Mendel, Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics ; University Hospital, Messina, Department of Intensive care Medicine ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Cell Biology ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research ; Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics ; University of Padova, Department of Chemistry ; Peking University, Department of Mathematics ; Shanghai University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn ; Aucune, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI) ; CNRS - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Institut d'électronique, de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie (IEMN) ; CNRS - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN) - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Nankai University ; Nankai University, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes ; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology ; Duke University, Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J Paul, Terada, Lance S, Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Thevissen, Karin, Thompson, Craig B, Thorburn, Andrew, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Fengfeng, Tian, Yuan, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Tolkovsky, Aviva M, Tomino, Yasuhiko, Tönges, Lars, Tooze, Sharon A, Tournier, Cathy, Tower, John, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Tsai, Ting-Fen, Tschan, Mario P, Tsubata, Takeshi, Tsung, Allan, Turk, Boris, Turner, Lorianne S, Tyagi, Suresh C, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, Unni, Vivek K, Vaccaro, Maria I, Valente, Enza Maria, Van Den Berghe, Greet, Van Der Klei, Ida J, Van Doorn, Wouter, Van Dyk, Linda F, Van Egmond, Marjolein, Van Grunsven, Leo A, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim P, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vaquero, Eva C, Velasco, Guillermo, Vellai, Tibor, Vicencio, Jose Miguel, Vierstra, Richard D, Vila, Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, 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Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J, Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J, Zeitlin, Scott O, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming-Yong, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhao, Mantong, Zhao, Yi-Fang, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Zhizhuang J, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Cong-Zhao, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Xiao-Feng, 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biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, 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Abstract

International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

27. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author

Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; CNRS - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Celullar and Molecular Medicine ; Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Estrogène, Expression génique et pathologies du Système Nerveux Central (E2SNC) ; Université de Franche-Comté - IFR133, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive ; INSERM - IFR50 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) - PRES Euro-Méditerranéen, Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba] ; University of Tsukuba, Gunma University ; Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology ; Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology ; Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory ; University of Hong-Kong, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI) ; CNRS - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II - École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Learning Sciences Lab ; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, University of California ; University of California, Physiopathologie du cancer du foie ; INSERM - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Emory University School of Medicine ; Emory University School of Medicine, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Biology ; University of Rome"Tor Vergata", Oxford University ; Oxford University, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences ; University of Strathclyde, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology ; University of Turin, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle (IGF) ; CNRS - INSERM - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, CNV ; University of Valparaiso, Section of Haemato-oncology ; Institute of cancer research, Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG) ; CNRS - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris, Brunel University ; Brunel University, University of New-Mexico ; University of New-Mexico, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas ; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology ; University of Cincinnati, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) ; CNRS - Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot, Virologie humaine ; INSERM - IFR128 - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, (IIB-INTECH) ; Universidad Nacional de San Martin, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia ; University of Brescia, Immunité infection vaccination ; INSERM - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL) - IFR128, Dept of City and Regional Planning ; Peiking University, Montreal Neurological Institute ; McGill University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences ; Tohoku University - Graduate School of Life Sciences, Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau (BCN) ; CNRS - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Faculty of Medicine ; University of Ottawa, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) ; INSERM - CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque - Université Montpellier I, Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT) ; CNRS - Cancéropôle du Grand Est, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) ; Université de Strasbourg, Département Digestif ; CHU Nice - Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M) ; INSERM - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology [Tsukuba] (AIST) ; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - AIST (JAPAN), Department of Oncology ; John Radcliffe Hospital, School of Biochemistry and Immunology ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center ; University of Texas, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale ; CHU Nice, Department of Biochemistry ; University of Hong Kong, Danish Cancer Society ; Institute of Cancer Biology, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology (MHH) ; Hannover medical school, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Cell Biology, section Radiation & Stress Cell Biology ; UMCG, Univ. of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics ; Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Immunology ; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Immunology ; Institute for Immunology, Department of Neuroscience ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGphiMC) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; INSERM - Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Apoptose, cancer et immunité ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, metabolomics platform ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Pôle de biologie ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UP5) ; Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of Molecular Neuroscience ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ; CERN, Center for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) ; International Institute of Information Technology, Massachusetts Institute of technology [Cambridge] (MIT) ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Washington, Centre for Cancer Biology ; Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Jeune Equipe JE 2526 ; Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, Institut de Recherche Agronomique (Unité sous contrat USC-2018) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Facultad de Medicina ; Universidad de Chile, Institut de génétique moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC) ; IFR140 - Université de Rennes 1 - IRSET, Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, National Cheng Kung University [Taiwan] (NCKU) ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center ; University of Texas, School of Information science and engineering ; Lanzhou University, School of computer and information ; Hefei University, National Neuroscience Institute ; National Neuroscience Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS) ; NUS, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS) ; CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ENGEES, Institut Armand Frappier (IAF) ; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Central China Normal University ; Central China Normal University, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) ; Medical College Of Wisconsin - Emory University School of Medicine, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ; Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS) ; CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III - Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] - Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ; LNCC, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ; Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB) ; Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale University School of Medicine - Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology ; University of Siena, Harvard Medical School (HMS) ; Harvard University, Depts of Radiation Oncology and Pathology ; Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Señalización Celular 4 ; Señalización Celular 4, Department of Molecular Biology ; University of Tuebingen, Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology ; Université de Lausanne, CC 101 ; Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht ; Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Service de dermatologie ; CHU Nice, Vieillissement, stress, inflammation ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; Division of Cell Biology; and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Cancer Institute ; University College London, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of inflammation and ER-GenTech ; University of Ferrara, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology - Department of Microbiology ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Abramson Cancer Institute and Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Pennsylvania, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Immunité Innée et Signalisation ; Institut Pasteur de Paris, Istituto CSS Mendel ; Istituto CSS Mendel, Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics ; University Hospital, Messina, Department of Intensive care Medicine ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Cell Biology ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research ; Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics ; University of Padova, Department of Chemistry ; Peking University, Department of Mathematics ; Shanghai University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn ; Aucune, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI) ; CNRS - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Institut d'électronique, de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie (IEMN) ; CNRS - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN) - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Nankai University ; Nankai University, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes ; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology ; Duke University, Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, 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Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jürgen, Zuckerbraun, Brian, Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - 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Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de 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Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. 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Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J Paul, Terada, Lance S, Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Thevissen, Karin, Thompson, Craig B, Thorburn, Andrew, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Fengfeng, Tian, Yuan, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Tolkovsky, Aviva M, Tomino, Yasuhiko, Tönges, Lars, Tooze, Sharon A, Tournier, Cathy, Tower, John, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Tsai, Ting-Fen, Tschan, Mario P, Tsubata, Takeshi, Tsung, Allan, Turk, Boris, Turner, Lorianne S, Tyagi, Suresh C, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, Unni, Vivek K, Vaccaro, Maria I, Valente, Enza Maria, Van Den Berghe, Greet, Van Der Klei, Ida J, Van Doorn, Wouter, Van Dyk, Linda F, Van Egmond, Marjolein, Van Grunsven, Leo A, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim P, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vaquero, Eva C, Velasco, Guillermo, Vellai, Tibor, Vicencio, Jose Miguel, Vierstra, Richard D, Vila, Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, Votruba, Marcela, Wada, Keiji, Wade-Martins, Richard, Walker, Cheryl L, Walsh, Craig M, Walter, Jochen, Wan, Xiang-Bo, Wang, Aimin, Wang, Chenguang, Wang, Dawei, Wang, Fan, Wang, Fen, Wang, Guanghui, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Hong-Gang, Wang, Horng-Dar, Wang, Jin, Wang, Ke, Wang, Mei, Wang, Richard C, Wang, Xinglong, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Ying-Jan, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zhigang Charles, Wang, Zhinong, Wansink, Derick G, Ward, Diane M, Watada, Hirotaka, Waters, Sarah L, Webster, Paul, Wei, Lixin, Weihl, Conrad C, Weiss, William A, Welford, Scott M, Wen, Long-Ping, Whitehouse, Caroline A, Whitton, J Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J, Wileman, Tom, Wiley, John W, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Roger L, Williamson, Peter R, Wouters, Bradly G, Wu, Chenghan, Wu, Dao-Cheng, Wu, William K K, Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J, Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xu, Da-Zhi, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamamoto, Akitsugu, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J, Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J, Zeitlin, Scott O, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming-Yong, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhao, Mantong, Zhao, Yi-Fang, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Zhizhuang J, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Cong-Zhao, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Xiao-Feng, Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jürgen, and Zuckerbraun, Brian

Abstract

International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

28. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author

Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; CNRS - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Celullar and Molecular Medicine ; Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Estrogène, Expression génique et pathologies du Système Nerveux Central (E2SNC) ; Université de Franche-Comté - IFR133, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive ; INSERM - IFR50 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) - PRES Euro-Méditerranéen, Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba] ; University of Tsukuba, Gunma University ; Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology ; Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology ; Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory ; University of Hong-Kong, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI) ; CNRS - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II - École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Learning Sciences Lab ; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, University of California ; University of California, Physiopathologie du cancer du foie ; INSERM - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Emory University School of Medicine ; Emory University School of Medicine, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Biology ; University of Rome"Tor Vergata", Oxford University ; Oxford University, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences ; University of Strathclyde, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology ; University of Turin, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle (IGF) ; CNRS - INSERM - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, CNV ; University of Valparaiso, Section of Haemato-oncology ; Institute of cancer research, Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG) ; CNRS - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris, Brunel University ; Brunel University, University of New-Mexico ; University of New-Mexico, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas ; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology ; University of Cincinnati, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) ; CNRS - Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot, Virologie humaine ; INSERM - IFR128 - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, (IIB-INTECH) ; Universidad Nacional de San Martin, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia ; University of Brescia, Immunité infection vaccination ; INSERM - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL) - IFR128, Dept of City and Regional Planning ; Peiking University, Montreal Neurological Institute ; McGill University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences ; Tohoku University - Graduate School of Life Sciences, Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau (BCN) ; CNRS - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Faculty of Medicine ; University of Ottawa, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) ; INSERM - CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque - Université Montpellier I, Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT) ; CNRS - Cancéropôle du Grand Est, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) ; Université de Strasbourg, Département Digestif ; CHU Nice - Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M) ; INSERM - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology [Tsukuba] (AIST) ; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - AIST (JAPAN), Department of Oncology ; John Radcliffe Hospital, School of Biochemistry and Immunology ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center ; University of Texas, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale ; CHU Nice, Department of Biochemistry ; University of Hong Kong, Danish Cancer Society ; Institute of Cancer Biology, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology (MHH) ; Hannover medical school, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Cell Biology, section Radiation & Stress Cell Biology ; UMCG, Univ. of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics ; Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Immunology ; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Immunology ; Institute for Immunology, Department of Neuroscience ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGphiMC) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; INSERM - Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Apoptose, cancer et immunité ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, metabolomics platform ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Pôle de biologie ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UP5) ; Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of Molecular Neuroscience ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ; CERN, Center for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) ; International Institute of Information Technology, Massachusetts Institute of technology [Cambridge] (MIT) ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Washington, Centre for Cancer Biology ; Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Jeune Equipe JE 2526 ; Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, Institut de Recherche Agronomique (Unité sous contrat USC-2018) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Facultad de Medicina ; Universidad de Chile, Institut de génétique moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC) ; IFR140 - Université de Rennes 1 - IRSET, Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, National Cheng Kung University [Taiwan] (NCKU) ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center ; University of Texas, School of Information science and engineering ; Lanzhou University, School of computer and information ; Hefei University, National Neuroscience Institute ; National Neuroscience Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS) ; NUS, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS) ; CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ENGEES, Institut Armand Frappier (IAF) ; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Central China Normal University ; Central China Normal University, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) ; Medical College Of Wisconsin - Emory University School of Medicine, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ; Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS) ; CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III - Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] - Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ; LNCC, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ; Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB) ; Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale University School of Medicine - Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology ; University of Siena, Harvard Medical School (HMS) ; Harvard University, Depts of Radiation Oncology and Pathology ; Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Señalización Celular 4 ; Señalización Celular 4, Department of Molecular Biology ; University of Tuebingen, Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology ; Université de Lausanne, CC 101 ; Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht ; Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Service de dermatologie ; CHU Nice, Vieillissement, stress, inflammation ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; Division of Cell Biology; and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Cancer Institute ; University College London, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of inflammation and ER-GenTech ; University of Ferrara, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology - Department of Microbiology ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Abramson Cancer Institute and Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Pennsylvania, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Immunité Innée et Signalisation ; Institut Pasteur de Paris, Istituto CSS Mendel ; Istituto CSS Mendel, Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics ; University Hospital, Messina, Department of Intensive care Medicine ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Cell Biology ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research ; Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics ; University of Padova, Department of Chemistry ; Peking University, Department of Mathematics ; Shanghai University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn ; Aucune, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI) ; CNRS - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Institut d'électronique, de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie (IEMN) ; CNRS - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN) - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Nankai University ; Nankai University, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes ; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology ; Duke University, Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J Paul, Terada, Lance S, Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Thevissen, Karin, Thompson, Craig B, Thorburn, Andrew, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Fengfeng, Tian, Yuan, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Tolkovsky, Aviva M, Tomino, Yasuhiko, Tönges, Lars, Tooze, Sharon A, Tournier, Cathy, Tower, John, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Tsai, Ting-Fen, Tschan, Mario P, Tsubata, Takeshi, Tsung, Allan, Turk, Boris, Turner, Lorianne S, Tyagi, Suresh C, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, Unni, Vivek K, Vaccaro, Maria I, Valente, Enza Maria, Van Den Berghe, Greet, Van Der Klei, Ida J, Van Doorn, Wouter, Van Dyk, Linda F, Van Egmond, Marjolein, Van Grunsven, Leo A, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim P, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vaquero, Eva C, Velasco, Guillermo, Vellai, Tibor, Vicencio, Jose Miguel, Vierstra, Richard D, Vila, Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, 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Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, 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Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jürgen, and Zuckerbraun, Brian

Abstract

International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

29. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, 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Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J Paul, Terada, Lance S, Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Thevissen, Karin, Thompson, Craig B, Thorburn, Andrew, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Fengfeng, Tian, Yuan, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Tolkovsky, Aviva M, Tomino, Yasuhiko, Tönges, Lars, Tooze, Sharon A, Tournier, Cathy, Tower, John, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Tsai, Ting-Fen, Tschan, Mario P, Tsubata, Takeshi, Tsung, Allan, Turk, Boris, Turner, Lorianne S, Tyagi, Suresh C, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, Unni, Vivek K, Vaccaro, Maria I, Valente, Enza Maria, Van Den Berghe, Greet, Van Der Klei, Ida J, Van Doorn, Wouter, Van Dyk, Linda F, Van Egmond, Marjolein, Van Grunsven, Leo A, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim P, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vaquero, Eva C, Velasco, Guillermo, Vellai, Tibor, Vicencio, Jose Miguel, Vierstra, Richard D, Vila, Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, Votruba, Marcela, Wada, Keiji, Wade-Martins, Richard, Walker, Cheryl L, Walsh, Craig M, Walter, Jochen, Wan, Xiang-Bo, Wang, Aimin, Wang, Chenguang, Wang, Dawei, Wang, Fan, Wang, Fen, Wang, Guanghui, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Hong-Gang, Wang, Horng-Dar, Wang, Jin, Wang, Ke, Wang, Mei, Wang, Richard C, Wang, Xinglong, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Ying-Jan, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zhigang Charles, Wang, Zhinong, Wansink, Derick G, Ward, Diane M, Watada, Hirotaka, Waters, Sarah L, Webster, Paul, Wei, Lixin, Weihl, Conrad C, Weiss, William A, Welford, Scott M, Wen, Long-Ping, Whitehouse, Caroline A, Whitton, J Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J, Wileman, Tom, Wiley, John W, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Roger L, Williamson, Peter R, Wouters, Bradly G, Wu, Chenghan, Wu, Dao-Cheng, Wu, William K K, Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J, Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xu, Da-Zhi, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamamoto, Akitsugu, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J, Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J, Zeitlin, Scott O, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming-Yong, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhao, Mantong, Zhao, Yi-Fang, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Zhizhuang J, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Cong-Zhao, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Xiao-Feng, Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jürgen, and Zuckerbraun, Brian

Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

30. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin influences bovine herpesvirus 1 replication through upregulation of SIRT3 and cytoskeletal reorganization

Author

Anna Costagliola, Filomena Fiorito, Luisa De Martino, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Annarosaria Marullo, Valentina Iovane, Fiorito Filomena, Iovane Valentina, Marullo Annarosaria, Costagliola Anna, Granato Giovanna Elvira, De Martino Luisa, Fiorito, Filomena, Iovane, Valentina, Marullo, Annarosaria, Costagliola, Anna, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, and De Martino, Luisa

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, TCDD, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, SIRT3, viruses, Kidney, Virus Replication, Virus, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Dogs, Downregulation and upregulation, Sirtuin 3, Dog, Animals, heterocyclic compounds, Cytoskeleton, BoHV-1, Environmental Pollutant, Herpesvirus 1, Bovine, Herpesviridae Infection, General Veterinary, biology, Chemistry, Animal, Dioxin, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, SIRT3, cytoskeletal reorganization, General Medicine, Herpesviridae Infections, biology.organism_classification, Bovine herpesvirus 1, Cell biology, Up-Regulation, Host-Pathogen Interaction, stomatognathic diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Viral replication, Apoptosis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Sirtuin, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin, biology.protein, Environmental Pollutants, Original Article, Cytoskeletal reorganization
Abstract

Infection of kidney cells (MDBK) with Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is affected by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which accelerates BoHV-1-induced apoptosis and increases virus replication. Herein, to elucidate the mechanism through TCDD modifies BoHV-1 infection, we analyzed the modulation of a members of Sirtuin proteins family in MDBK cells. We found that mitochondrial SIRT3 was upregulated during infection. This change was accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell extensions. All these trends were drastically modified by TCDD. We hypothesize that, taken together, these results might further clarify the processes responsible for the action of TCDD on the BoHV-1 replication, resulting in enhanced virus production.

Published
2017

31. Modulation of telomerase activity, bTERT and c-Myc induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin during Bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection in MDBK cells

Author

Filomena Fiorito, Antonietta Cantiello, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Gabriella Marfe, Giuseppe Iovane, Salvatore Florio, Roberto Ciarcia, Ugo Pagnini, Luisa De Martino, Fiorito, Filomena, Cantiello, A, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Marfè, G, Ciarcia, Roberto, Florio, Salvatore, Pagnini, Ugo, DE MARTINO, Luisa, and Iovane, Giuseppe

Subjects
Telomerase, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, viruses, Blotting, Western, Down-Regulation, Apoptosis, Kidney, Toxicology, Virus, Cell Line, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc, Downregulation and upregulation, Western blot, medicine, Animals, heterocyclic compounds, Herpesvirus 1, Bovine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Herpesviridae Infections, General Medicine, dioxin, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Virology, Molecular biology, Bovine herpesvirus 1, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Cell culture, biology.protein, BHV-1, Cattle, Environmental Pollutants
Abstract

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) influences infection of kidney cells (MDBK) with Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) through an increase in virus replication and an acceleration of BHV-1-induced apoptosis. Previously our group demonstrated that BHV-1, in the early stages of infection, significantly up-regulates telomerase activity in MDBK cells, while, in the late phases of infection, when BHV-1-induced apoptosis occurred, a down-regulation of telomerase activity was detected. Hence, herein, for the first time, we described the influences of TCDD on telomerase activity during virus infection. In kidney cells (MDBK) infected with BHV-1 and exposed to different doses of TCDD we explored telomerase activity by TRAP assay. Concomitantly, we examined protein levels of both bTERT and c-Myc by Western blot analysis. In all groups, TCDD induced an acceleration in down-regulation of telomerase activity. Particularly, TCDD drastically and significantly decreased telomerase activity when virus-induced apoptosis took place. This result was accompanied from an accelerated down-regulation of bTERT and c-Myc. Finally, in the presence of TCDD, we evidenced a dose-dependent overexpression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Hence, our data suggest that TCDD, through a significant acceleration in down-regulation of telomerase activity, bTERT and c-Myc, may contribute to accelerated BHV-1-induced apoptosis.

Published
2014

32. Clinical improvement in feline herpesvirus 1 infected cats by oral low dose of interleukin-12 plus interferon-gamma

Author

Carmine Diffidenti, Luisa De Martino, Antonietta Cantiello, Luigi Navas, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Fabio Olivieri, Giuseppe Iovane, Ugo Pagnini, Veeramani Maharajan, Filomena Fiorito, Fiorito, Filomena, Cantiello, Antonietta, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Navas, Luigi, Diffidenti, Carmine, DE MARTINO, Luisa, Maharajan, Veeramani, Olivieri, Fabio, Pagnini, Ugo, and Iovane, Giuseppe

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Antibiotics, Administration, Oral, Cat Diseases, Polymerase Chain Reaction, 0403 veterinary science, Interferon, Immunology and Allergy, Interferon gamma, Prospective Studies, Sequential Kinetic ActivationSequential kinetic activation, CATS, Interleukin, Cat, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Herpesviridae Infections, Herpesvirus 1, Suid, Interleukin-12, Virus Shedding, Clinical trial, Infectious Diseases, Interleukin 12, Veterinary (all), Drug Therapy, Combination, medicine.drug, Interleukin-12 plus interferon-gamma, 040301 veterinary sciences, medicine.drug_class, Immunology, Infectious Disease, Placebo, Antiviral Agents, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Conjunctivitis, Viral, Interferon-gamma, Adjuvants, Immunologic, medicine, Animals, Low dose therapy, General Veterinary, business.industry, Feline herpesvirus-1, 030104 developmental biology, DNA, Viral, Cats, business
Abstract

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a widespread cat pathogen inducing rhinitis, conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers. To alleviate acute FHV-1-induced disease, antiviral agents are used often with antibiotics. But sometimes, these treatments, as well as conventional doses of cytokines have moderate efficacy and/or collateral effects. Herein we have investigated the effects of low dose interleukin (IL)-12 plus interferon (IFN)-gamma, prepared by Sequential Kinetic Activated (SKA), on the treatment of FHV-1 infection. Twenty-five, unvaccinated FHV-1-positive cats were recruited into a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Fifteen cats were treated for 6 months with oral low doses of SKA IL-12 plus IFN-gamma and 10 cats were treated with placebo. At 1, 6 and 12 months (follow-up) after the beginning of treatment, clinical assessment, PCR assay and blood count were carried out. At follow-up, in treated group, we observed significant (p

Published
2016

33. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced autophagy in a bovine kidney cell line

Author

Giovanna Elvira Granato, Gabriella Marfe, Luisa De Martino, Filomena Fiorito, Salvatore Florio, Ugo Pagnini, Roberto Ciarcia, Valentina Iovane, Fiorito, Filomena, Ciarcia, Roberto, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Marfe, G, Iovane, Valentina, Florio, Salvatore, DE MARTINO, Luisa, and Pagnini, Ugo

Subjects
TCDD (diossina), Cytoplasm, Programmed cell death, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Down-Regulation, Cell Cycle Proteins, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Biology, Toxicology, Cell morphology, Cell Line, Autophagy, Animals, Phosphorylation, Telomerase, Cell Proliferation, Cell growth, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2, Cell cycle, Cell biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, cell death, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Cell culture, Apoptosis, Cattle, Environmental Pollutants, Intracellular
Abstract

The administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to a variety of cultured cells may alter their ability to proliferate and die. In a previous study we demonstrated that TCDD induced proliferation in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells where no signs of apoptosis were observed, but herein, analysis of MDBK cell morphology, in a large number of exposed cells, revealed some alterations, as expanded cytoplasm, an increase of intercellular spaces and many pyknotic nuclei. Hence, the aim of the current study was to elucidate the influences of dioxin on cell proliferation and cell death. We found that dioxin increased proliferation, as well as, activated cell death with autophagy, as we detected by increased amount of LC3-II, an autophagosome marker. Furthermore, formation of acidic vesicular organelles was observed by fluorescence microscopy following staining with the lysosomotropic agent acridine orange. These results were accompanied by down-regulation of telomerase activity, bTERT and c-Myc. Key tumor-suppressor protein p53 and expression of cell cycle inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 were activated after TCDD exposure. These changes occurred with activation of ATM phosphorylation in the presence of a decrease in Mdm2 protein levels. Taken together, these results support the idea that TCDD in MDBK cells, may exert its action, in part, by enhancing cell proliferation, but also by modulating the incidence of induced cell death with autophagy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2011

34. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs iron homeostasis by modulating iron-related proteins expression and increasing the labile iron pool in mammalian cells

Author

Rita Santamaria, Valentina Iovane, Filomena Fiorito, Antonio Di Pascale, Ugo Pagnini, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Carlo Irace, Carmen Maffettone, Alfredo Colonna, Luisa De Martino, Santamaria, Rita, Fiorito, Filomena, Irace, Carlo, DE MARTINO, Luisa, Maffettone, Carmen, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, DI PASCALE, Antonio, Iovane, Valentina, Pagnini, Ugo, and Colonna, Alfredo

Subjects
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Cell Survival, Iron, Blotting, Western, iron-related protein, Transferrin receptor, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Cell Line, chemistry.chemical_compound, Receptors, Transferrin, Gene expression, Animals, Homeostasis, iron metabolism, RNA, Messenger, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Receptor, Cation Transport Proteins, Molecular Biology, Heme, Cell Proliferation, Mammals, biology, Cell growth, iron regulatory protein, Iron regulatory proteins, Iron-Regulatory Proteins, Cell Biology, Metabolism, Labile iron pool, Ferritin, Cytosol, Gene Expression Regulation, chemistry, Biochemistry, labile iron pool, Ferritins, biology.protein, Cattle, Iron-related proteins
Abstract

Cellular iron metabolism is essentially controlled by the binding of cytosolic iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 or IRP2) to iron-responsive elements (IREs) located on mRNAs coding for proteins involved in iron acquisition, utilization and storage. The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is one of the most potent toxins of current interest that occurs as poisonous chemical in the environment. TCDD exposure has been reported to induce a broad spectrum of toxic and biological responses, including significant changes in gene expression for heme and iron metabolism associated with liver injury. Here, we have investigated the molecular effects of TCDD on the iron metabolism providing the first evidence that administration of the toxin TCDD to mammalian cells affects the maintenance of iron homeostasis. We found that exposure of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cell to TCDD caused a divergent modulation of IRP1 and IRP2 RNA-binding capacity. Interestingly, we observed a concomitant IRP1 down-regulation and IRP2 up-regulation thus determining a marked enhancement of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR-1) expression and a biphasic response in ferritin content. The changed ferritin content coupled to TfR-1 induction after TCDD exposure impairs the cellular iron homeostasis, ultimately leading to significant changes in the labile iron pool (LIP) extent. Since important iron requirement changes occur during the regulation of cell growth, it is not surprising that the dioxin-dependent iron metabolism dysregulation herein described may be linked to cell-fate decision, supporting the hypothesis of a central connection among exposure to dioxins and the regulation of critical cellular processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.

Published
2011

35. Hydrocortisone attenuates cyclosporineA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Author

Francesco Pagnini, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Salvatore Florio, Valentina Iovane, Fabio Valenti, Vincenzo Mastellone, Antonio Giordano, Luigi Alfano, Filomena Fiorito, Roberto Ciarcia, Sara Damiano, Ciarcia, Roberto, Damiano, S., Fiorito, Filomena, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Pagnini, F., Mastellone, Vincenzo, Iovane, Valentina, Alfano, Luigi, Valenti, F., Florio, Salvatore, and Giordano, Antonio

Subjects
Male, Hydrocortisone, Apoptosis, Blood Pressure, Pharmacology, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Nephrotoxicity, Lipid peroxidation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cyclosporin a, medicine, Animals, Urea, Rats, Wistar, Molecular Biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Kidney, Glutathione Peroxidase, business.industry, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Cell Biology, Catalase, Rats, Transplantation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cholesterol, chemistry, Renal blood flow, Creatinine, Immunology, Cyclosporine, Kidney Diseases, Lipid Peroxidation, business, Oxidative stress, Immunosuppressive Agents
Abstract

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is the prototype of immunosuppressant drugs that have revolutionized the management of all transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Side effects of CsA mainly affecting the kidney but also observed in liver and heart, limit the therapeutic use of this drug after organ transplantation. The renal toxicity of CsA is attributed to reduced renal blood flow which leads to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury accompanied by excessive generation of oxygen-derived free radicals. In several therapeutic protocols, CsA is used in association with corticosteroids to obtain better therapeutic results. Recently, our studies showed that hydrocortisone (HY) has a protective effect on CsA-induced cardiotoxicity. In fact our previous results demonstrated that in rat cardiomyocytes, CsA toxicity is due to a calcium overload, which in turn induce lipid peroxidation and determines oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Treatment with HY effectively inhibits CsA-induced toxicity, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as calcium intracellular concentration. In this study we evaluated in vivo the effects of CsA, used alone or in association with HY, on some parameters of renal dysfunction (blood urea nitrogen; BUN, creatinine, and cholesterol), malondialdheyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and apoptosis. CsA administration for 24 days resulted in a marked renal oxidative stress, which significantly deranged the renal functions. Treatment with CsA in association with HY significantly improved the renal dysfunction and renal oxidative status. This study clearly suggests the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 997–1004, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2012

36. Increased Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Bitches with Several Tumors

Author

Salvatore Florio, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Filomena Fiorito, Luigi Navas, R. Russo, Roberto Ciarcia, Antonio Pugliese,Alberto Gaiti,Cristiano Boiti, Ciarcia, Roberto, Navas, Luigi, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Fiorito, Filomena, Russo, Rosario, and Florio, Salvatore

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Reactive oxygen species, medicine.medical_specialty, Antioxidant, biology, Glutathione peroxidase, medicine.medical_treatment, Glutathione, medicine.disease_cause, Nitric oxide, Superoxide dismutase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Catalase, Internal medicine, biology.protein, medicine, Oxidative stress
Abstract

Experimental and clinical data suggest that reactive oxygen species, which cause no damage under physiological conditions, can cause cellular damage at high concentrations and may play key roles in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidise, as well as the production of malondialdheyde and nitric oxide, in bitches suffering adenocarcinoma, histiocytoma, and hemangiopericytoma. Data showed that the levels of both malondialdheyde and nitric oxide were significantly increased in both plasma and tissues. The decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased oxidative stress observed could be attributed to a reduction in antioxidant defenses of the organism because of depleted defenses over time.

Published
2011

37. Signs of cellular senescence induced by 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN in bovine cells

Author

Salvatore Florio, Gabriella Marfe, Serena Montagnaro, Filomena Fiorito, Valentina Iovane, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Antonietta Cantiello, Roberto Ciarcia, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Fiorito, Filomena, Ciarcia, Roberto, Marfè, G., Cantiello, A., Montagnaro, Serena, Iovane, Valentina, and Florio, Salvatore

Subjects
Chemistry, Cellular senescence, General Medicine, Toxicology, Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Cell biology
Published
2011

38. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin modifies expression and nuclear/cytosolic localization of bovine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early protein (bICP0) during infection

Author

Gabriella Marfe, Luisa De Martino, Antonio Giordano, Salvatore Florio, Ugo Pagnini, Emma De Blasio, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Filomena Fiorito, Roberto Ciarcia, Marco Tafani, Gianmarco Muzi, Fiorito, Filomena, Marfè, G, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Ciarcia, Roberto, De Blasio, E, Tafani, M, Florio, Salvatore, DE MARTINO, Luisa, Muzi, G, Pagnini, Ugo, and Giordano, A.

Subjects
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, bicp0 protein nuclear and cytosolic localization, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, Caspase 3, Virus Replication, Biochemistry, Immediate early protein, apoptosis, bhv-1, bicp0 gene expression, tcdd, Immediate-Early Proteins, Viral Proteins, Cytosol, Western blot, Gene expression, medicine, Animals, heterocyclic compounds, Molecular Biology, Herpesvirus 1, Bovine, Regulation of gene expression, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Herpesviridae Infections, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Bovine herpesvirus 1, stomatognathic diseases, Cell nucleus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Apoptosis, Trans-Activators, Cattle
Abstract

Our previous studies have demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) replication through a dose-dependent increase in cytopathy and increased viral titer. Furthermore, TCDD was able to trigger BHV-1-induced apoptosis by up-regulating the activation of initiator caspases 8 and 9, as well as of effector caspase 3. Since TCDD activates caspase 3 after 4 h of infection, we have hypothesized an involvement of BHV-1 infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) in this process. Such protein, the major transcriptional regulatory protein of BHV-1, has been shown to indirectly induce caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. In order to elucidate the role of bICP0 in this apoptotic pathway, here we have analyzed the effects of TCDD on bICP0 expression. Following infection of bovine cells with BHV-1, we detected apoptotic features already at 12 h after infection, only in TCDD exposed groups. Furthermore, in the presence of different doses of TCDD, we observed a time-dependent modulation and increase of bICP0 gene expression levels, as revealed by RT-PCR analysis. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry revealed that TCDD induced an increase of bICP0 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, compared to unexposed groups. Moreover, Western blot analysis of nuclear and cytosolic fractions of infected cells revealed that TCDD anticipated the presence of bICP0 protein in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, both the increase of replication of BHV-1 and anticipation of BHV-1-induced apoptosis could be the result of a relationship between TCDD and bICP0.

Published
2010

39. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on iron metabolism during bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection

Author

Carmen Maffettone, Giovanna Elvira Granato, L. De Martino, Filomena Fiorito, A. Di Pascale, Salvatore Florio, Valentina Iovane, Carlo Irace, Fiorito, Filomena, DE MARTINO, Luisa, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Irace, Carlo, DI PASCALE, Antonio, C., Maffettone, Iovane, Valentina, and Florio, Salvatore

Subjects
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), General Medicine, Metabolism, Biology, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), Toxicology, Virology, Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection, iron metabolism, mammalian cells
Published
2011

40. Hydrocortisone modulates the production of nitric oxide and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the kidney of rats treated with cyclosporine

Author

L. Manco, Roberto Ciarcia, Serena Montagnaro, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Sara Damiano, R. Russo, Salvatore Florio, Filomena Fiorito, Ciarcia, Roberto, Granato, GIOVANNA ELVIRA, Damiano, S., Fiorito, Filomena, Russo, Rosario, Montagnaro, Serena, Manco, Leonida, and Florio, Salvatore

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, medicine.medical_specialty, Kidney, Antioxidant, Chemistry, medicine.medical_treatment, General Medicine, Toxicology, Nitric oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Enzyme, Internal medicine, medicine, Hydrocortisone, medicine.drug
Published
2011

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