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The biotechnology company Grail developed a non-invasive blood test (Galleri test) which is claimed to detect 50 types of cancer at early and potentially curable stages. The initially promising results from prospective studies, and the anticipated financial success of Grail led the sequencing giant Illumina to purchase Grail for $8 billion (2021). Following this event, Grail collaborated with the UK National Health System to further clarify the test’s capability, in a 3-year prospective trial, along with the standard of care. At the end of the first year, UK-NHS announced that they will suspend the trial due to unsatisfactory clinical performance and until they analyze the data for the first year (which already enrolled 140,000 participants). Legal and financial issues between the interested parties are currently in flux. We previously expressed concerns about the sensitivity and specificity of the Galleri test. In this opinion paper, we revisit the hyped technology, and we provide new suggestions on the use of this test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the International Arthurian Society is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of neuroscience tools to study consumer behavior and the decision making process in marketing has improved our understanding of cognitive, neuronal, and emotional mechanisms related to marketing-relevant behavior. However, knowledge about neuroscience tools that are used in consumer neuroscience research is scattered. In this article, we present the results of a literature review that aims to provide an overview of the available consumer neuroscience tools and classifies them according to their characteristics. We analyse a total of 219 full-texts in the area of consumer neuroscience. Our findings suggest that there are seven tools that are currently used in consumer neuroscience research. In particular, electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking (ET) are the most commonly used tools in the field. We also find that consumer neuroscience tools are used to study consumer preferences and behaviors in different marketing domains such as advertising, branding, online experience, pricing, product development and product experience. Finally, we identify two ready-to-use platforms, namely iMotions and GRAIL that can help in integrating the measurements of different consumer neuroscience tools simultaneously. Measuring brain activity and physiological responses on a common platformcould help by (1) reducing time and costs for experiments and (2) linking cognitive and emotional aspects with neuronal processes. Overall, this article provides relevant input in setting directions for future research and for business applications in consumer neuroscience. We hope that this study will provide help to researchers and practitioners in identifying available, non-invasive and useful tools to study consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of falls among the older population underscores the imperative of comprehending human adaptations to gait perturbations. Dual-belt treadmills offer a controlled setting for such investigations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the acceleration of one belt of the treadmill during three different phases of the gait cycle on kinematic and kinetic parameters and relate these changes to unperturbed gait. Methods: Twenty-one healthy young females walked on a treadmill in a virtual environment, in which five unexpected perturbations were applied to the left belt at the Initial Contact (IC), Mid Stance (MS), and Pre-Swing (PS) phase of the gait cycle. Data from the undisturbed gait and the first disturbance of each trial were extracted for analysis. Results: All perturbations significantly affected the gait pattern, mainly by decreasing the knee extension angle. The perturbation in the IC phase had the most significant effect, resulting in a 248.48% increase in knee flexion torque. The perturbation in the MS phase mainly affected plantar flexion torque, increasing it by 118.18%, while perturbation in the PS phase primarily increased the hip extension torque by 73.02%. Conclusions: The presence of perturbations in the IC and PS phases caused the most aggressive and significant changes in gait parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Moon's frequency‐dependent tidal response, expressed as temporal variations in its gravity field through the Love number k2 and as dissipation through the quality factor Q, provides information about its interior structure. Lunar laser ranging has provided measurements for Q, but so far no frequency‐dependent values for k2 have been determined. We provide the first spacecraft measurements of k2 and Q at two frequencies, monthly and yearly, from an analysis of Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter radio tracking data. Interior modeling indicates that these values can be matched only with a low‐viscosity zone at the base of the lunar mantle, even when using complex rheological laws to model the mantle's response. The existence of this zone has profound implications for the Moon's thermal state and evolution.

This article argues that in Armed with Madness Mary Butts proposes new options for successful living in the disaffected interwar years of the twentieth century, by adopting a counterintuitive modernist position of looking back to ancient myth and spiritual magic practice in order to look forward. In doing so, she questions establishment notions of female agency, personal relationships, and the role and constitution of families through the lens of feminist occult modernism; each of these themes is underpinned by magic and the supernatural as an elemental power within women and the landscape. At the centre of the narrative is a rediscovered jade cup, a purported Holy Grail; in her use of a traditional Matter of Britain theme and an ancient object freighted with magical and mystical power, Butts's occult modernist vision is characterised by a gesture towards transformation, resolution and acceptance of difference, through the influence of the Grail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lunar impact basins are critical markers to understand the early bombardment history. This study focuses on isostatic compensation processes at 16 lunar farside basins, exploring how long‐term alteration processes affect estimates of impactor sizes and timing. Using a lithospheric flexure model, we analyze the isostatically compensated gravity signature of these basins. Our approach is based on previously published basin formation models using the iSALE‐2D shock physics code. Here we investigate how isostatic compensation processes alter the gravity signature using models of basin formation as initial conditions. We compare our results with the present day observed gravity data. We assume that isostatic compensation is the result of flexural deformation of the crust‐mantle boundary with varying lithospheric elastic thicknesses. Our results indicate that the effect of isostatic compensation on the gravity signature varies depending on the thermal conditions at the time of impact. We find that despite this variability, the overall influence of isostatic compensation on the gravity signature is generally moderate to minor. Additionally, our analysis is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the elastic thickness varies across the Moon. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between basin formation and the thermal evolution of the Moon. The variations in elastic thickness found provide nuanced insights into lunar geological processes and improve our understanding of the early history of the Moon. Plain Language Summary: This study addresses the early bombardment history of the Moon, particularly the basin forming asteroid impacts in the first 700 million years. The large crater structures and basins serve as historical markers that make it possible to estimate the size of the cosmic bodies that formed them and to estimate the thermal conditions of the Moon at the time of their formation. As the surface expression of some basins is poorly preserved, making size measurements uncertain, gravity anomalies, caused by subsurface mass displacements and changes in density, are valuable for evaluation. Based on previously published numerical simulations of basin formation, we correlate our results with gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission. In the period between the formation of the basin and today's observation, isostatic compensation processes probably caused changes that we are trying to reconstruct using models. Our findings emphasize the significant role of lithospheric elasticity, determining whether isostatic compensation occurs locally or regionally. Regarding the lunar farside, we observed spatial variations in elastic thickness, dependent on the cooling history of each basin. Importantly, our study revealed that previously determined impactor sizes exhibit no to minimal change with the introduction of isostatic compensation through our lithospheric flexure model. Key Points: Isostatic compensation: We use the elastic thickness of the lithosphere to account for isostatic compensation in basin formation modelsIsostatic compensation of lunar farside basins varies with impactor size and thermal state, affecting basin's gravity signaturesThe effects of isostatic compensation on the estimated impactor sizes for farside basins are limited [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral palsy poses challenges in walking, necessitating ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) for stability. Gait analysis, particularly on slopes, is crucial for effective AFO assessment. The study aimed to compare the performance of commercially available AFOs with a new sports-specific AFO in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and to assess the effects of varying slopes on gait. Eighteen participants, aged 6–11, with hemiplegia, underwent gait analysis using GRAIL technology. Two AFO types were tested on slopes (uphill +10 deg, downhill −5 deg, level-ground). Kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed. The new AFO contributed to significant changes in ankle dorsi-plantar-flexion, foot progression, and trunk and hip rotation during downhill walking. Additionally, the new AFO had varied effects on spatiotemporal gait parameters, with an increased stride length during downhill walking. Slope variations significantly influenced the kinematics and kinetics. This study provides valuable insights into AFO effectiveness and the impact of slopes on gait in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The findings underscore the need for personalized interventions, considering environmental factors, and enhancing clinical and research approaches for improving mobility in cerebral palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hearing loss is a global health issue and its etiopathologies involve complex molecular pathways. The ubiquitinproteasome system has been reported to be associated with cochlear development and hearing loss. The gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has not, as yet, been examined in aging-related and noise-induced hearing loss mice models. Methods: This study used wild-type (WT) and GRAIL knockout (KO) mice to examine cochlear hair cells and synaptic ribbons using immunofluorescence staining. The hearing in WT and KO mice was detected using auditory brainstem response. Gene expression patterns were compared using RNA-sequencing to identify potential targets during the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss in WT and KO mice. Results: At the 12-month follow-up, GRAIL KO mice had significantly less elevation in threshold level and immunofluorescence staining showed less loss of outer hair cells and synaptic ribbons in the hook region compared with GRAIL WT mice. At days 1, 14, and 28 after noise exposure, GRAIL KO mice had significantly less elevation in threshold level than WT mice. After noise exposure, GRAIL KO mice showed less loss of outer hair cells in the cochlear hook and basal regions compared with WT mice. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining showed less loss of synaptic ribbons in the hook regions of GRAIL KO mice than of WT mice. RNAseq analysis results showed significant differences in C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), interleukin 25 (IL25), glutathione peroxidase 6 (GPX6), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX1) genes after noise exposure. Conclusion: The present data demonstrated that GRAIL deficiency protects against aging-related and noise-induced hearing loss. The mechanism involved needs to be further clarified from the potential association with synaptic modulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of falls among the older population underscores the imperative of comprehending human adaptations to gait perturbations. Dual-belt treadmills offer a controlled setting for such investigations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the acceleration of one belt of the treadmill during three different phases of the gait cycle on kinematic and kinetic parameters and relate these changes to unperturbed gait. Methods: Twenty-one healthy young females walked on a treadmill in a virtual environment, in which five unexpected perturbations were applied to the left belt at the Initial Contact (IC), Mid Stance (MS), and Pre-Swing (PS) phase of the gait cycle. Data from the undisturbed gait and the first disturbance of each trial were extracted for analysis. Results: All perturbations significantly affected the gait pattern, mainly by decreasing the knee extension angle. The perturbation in the IC phase had the most significant effect, resulting in a 248.48% increase in knee flexion torque. The perturbation in the MS phase mainly affected plantar flexion torque, increasing it by 118.18%, while perturbation in the PS phase primarily increased the hip extension torque by 73.02%. Conclusions: The presence of perturbations in the IC and PS phases caused the most aggressive and significant changes in gait parameters.

Cerebral palsy poses challenges in walking, necessitating ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) for stability. Gait analysis, particularly on slopes, is crucial for effective AFO assessment. The study aimed to compare the performance of commercially available AFOs with a new sports-specific AFO in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and to assess the effects of varying slopes on gait. Eighteen participants, aged 6–11, with hemiplegia, underwent gait analysis using GRAIL technology. Two AFO types were tested on slopes (uphill +10 deg, downhill −5 deg, level-ground). Kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed. The new AFO contributed to significant changes in ankle dorsi-plantar-flexion, foot progression, and trunk and hip rotation during downhill walking. Additionally, the new AFO had varied effects on spatiotemporal gait parameters, with an increased stride length during downhill walking. Slope variations significantly influenced the kinematics and kinetics. This study provides valuable insights into AFO effectiveness and the impact of slopes on gait in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The findings underscore the need for personalized interventions, considering environmental factors, and enhancing clinical and research approaches for improving mobility in cerebral palsy.

The present paper studies the connection between Wolfram von Eschenbach's poem Parzival and Ursula K. Le Guin's novel The Left Hand of Darkness through the lens of Carl Jung's psychoanalysis. It focuses on the evolution of the main characters in both narratives and their psychological evolution from the Ego, embodied in Genly Ai and Perceval, towards the Self, manifested in Estraven and Parzival at the end of their journey. This essay reflects on the main conflict that appears in both narratives, such as the fear of the other or the corruption of the governments of a nation that transform a society into a psycho-social wasteland which requires from the Grail hero to achieve the Self in order to enlighten and to restore the balance to the land and its inhabitants. The analysis is approached from a theoretical framework that merges Myth-Criticism with Jungian psychoanalysis, employing works by Carl Jung, Emma Jung, Joseph Campbell or Ursula K. Le Guin, starting with Gethen; the Winter planet, and continuing with the figure of the Fisher Kings in both narratives, the Heroes, the travel through the Ice in comparison with the discovery of Grail castle, and the Grail, to emphasize the importance of the Anima and values associated to womanhood, to restore the balance in both societies and overcome the fear of the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the setting of impaired liver function, estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using common creatinine-based equations is inaccurate. Recently, the Glomerular filtration Rate Assessment In Liver disease (GRAIL) model has been introduced to estimate GFR in liver transplantation. This study was conducted to compare vancomycin dose adjustment in liver transplant patients using Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) versus the GRAIL method. Methods: In this pilot, randomized clinical trial, adult liver transplant recipients who were a candidate to receive intravenous vancomycin were enrolled. The level of kidney function was estimated using the GRAIL model and C-G equation in the intervention and control arms, respectively. Then, vancomycin maintenance doses were accordingly adjusted. At the steady state, peak and trough serum concentrations of vancomycin were collected for area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) calculation and pharmacokinetic comparisons. Results: Fifteen patients were enrolled in each arm of study. The mean daily dose of vancomycin was estimated insignificantly lower for individuals in the GRAIL arm than the C-G group (1550.00±544.45 mg versus 1750.00± 389.60 mg). Compared with the C-G group, a higher rate of patients in the GRAIL arm experienced below-target vancomycin trough concentrations (40.0% versus 13.3%), and a lower rate showed above target trough concentration (40.0% versus 66.7%). These differences did not reach statistical significance. Individuals in the GRAIL arm represented a significantly higher rate of below target vancomycin AUC/MIC than patients in the C-G arm (46.7% versus 6.7%) (P=0.049). No differences in clinical outcomes were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Using the GRAIL model for vancomycin dosing may result in less percent of patients with at target AUC/MIC compared to the C-G method and expose more patients at risk for vancomycin under dosing.

This document is a corrigendum for an article titled "Picking your brains: where and how neuroscience tools can enhance marketing research." The corrigendum addresses two errors in the published article. Firstly, there was an incorrect reference citation for "Vickers (2017)," which has been corrected. Secondly, there was an error in the reported equipment costs for eye tracking, which has also been corrected. The authors apologize for these errors and state that they do not affect the scientific conclusions of the article. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents a teaching template that may be adapted to suit each instructor's interests while at the same time providing a window into some of the most compelling early texts in French and their filmic interpretations. In conjunction with other texts (some in modern French), films (dark and comic as well, in French and English), and language exercises, this approach ensures students gain knowledge about the history of the French language and classic myths such as those of Arthur and the Grail, while bringing to bear their own diverse cultures and histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artykuł porusza problematykę tzw. zabójczych przejęć w świetle orzeczenia Illumina/Grail v. Komisji. Autorzy artykułu wyjaśniają na czym polegają trudności związane z tzw. zabójczymi przejęciami (przede wszystkim w kontekście wydanego wyroku), opisują stan faktyczny analizowanej sprawy, przedstawiają najistotniejsze założenia nowych wytycznych Komisji Europejskiej w przedmiocie stosowania art. 22 rozporządzenia 139/2004, a także przedstawiają swoje krytyczne uwagi odnośnie do orzeczenia zapadłego w sprawie Illumina/Grail v. Komisji. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na problematykę tzw. zabójczych przejęć w świetle nowego podejścia Komisji Europejskiej i na potencjalne problemy, które przedsiębiorcy mogą napotkać w tym zakresie.

Passion for R. Wagner’s music and aesthetic ideas was characteristic of the Art Nouveau culture. At the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, it affected the Symbolist theater and shaped the aesthetic and artistic worlds of many Russian authors. Innokentii Annensky stood apart from the Russian mainstream symbolism. In his letter to E. M. Mukhina, he defined himself as a Wagnerian. The role of Wagner's aesthetics in the symbolist drama has received a lot of scientific attention, whereas its effect on the Russian modernist poetry remains largely understudied. This article introduces the Wagnerian layer in I. Annensky’s poetry. His Quiet Songs and The Cypress Chest appeared to have numerous references to such Wagner’s works as The Ring of the Nibelung, Parsifal, Tristan and Isolde, and Faust. The author analyzed I. Annensky’s poetry and correspondence. The analysis showed that the method of leitmotif composition helped the poet to structure his poetic ensembles. I. Annensky adopted Wagner's experience of combining operas into a tetralogy and used it to unite his own poetry into cycles. This device is especially obvious in the themes of secret love, the God sense, and the search for the ideal in his stand-alone cycles and poetry books.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) normally maintain self-tolerance. Tregs recognize “self” such that when they are not working properly, such as in autoimmunity, the immune system can attack and destroy one’s own tissues. Current therapies for autoimmunity rely on relatively ineffective and too often toxic therapies to “treat” the destructive inflammation. Restoring defective endogenous immune regulation (self-tolerance) would represent a paradigm shift in the therapy of these diseases. One recent approach to restore self-tolerance is to use “low dose IL-2” as a therapy to increase the number of circulating Tregs. However, studies to-date have not demonstrated that low-dose IL-2 therapy can restore concomitant Treg function, and phase 2 studies in low dose IL-2 treated patients with autoimmune diseases have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. We hypothesize that the defect in self-tolerance seen in autoimmunity is not due to an insufficient number of available Tregs, but rather, due to defects in second messengers downstream of the IL-2R that normally control Treg function and stability. Previous studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that GRAIL (a ubiquitin E3 ligase) is important in Treg function. GRAIL expression is markedly diminished in Tregs from patients with autoimmune diseases and allergic asthma and is also diminished in Tregs of mice that are considered autoimmune prone. In the relevant pathway in Tregs, GRAIL normally blocks cullin ring ligase activity, which inhibits IL-2R desensitization in Tregs and consequently promotes Treg function. As a result of this defect in GRAIL expression, the Tregs of patients with autoimmune diseases and allergic asthma degrade IL-2R-associated pJAK1 following activation with low dose IL-2, and thus cannot maintain pSTAT5 expression. pSTAT5 controls the transcription of genes required for Treg function. Additionally, the GRAIL-mediated defect may also allow the degradation of the mTOR inhibitor, DEP domain-containing mTOR interacting protein (Deptor). This can lead to IL-2R activation of mTOR and loss of Treg stability in autoimmune patients. Using a monoclonal antibody to the remnant di-glycine tag on ubiquitinated proteins after trypsin digestion, we identified a protein that was ubiquitinated by GRAIL that is important in Treg function, cullin5. Our data demonstrate that GRAIL acts a negative regulator of IL-2R desensitization by ubiquitinating a lysine on cullin5 that must be neddylated to allow cullin5 cullin ring ligase activity. We hypothesize that a neddylation inhibitor in combination with low dose IL-2 activation could be used to substitute for GRAIL and restore Treg function and stability in the Tregs of autoimmune and allergic asthma patients. However, the neddylation activating enzyme inhibitors (NAEi) are toxic when given systemically. By generating a protein drug conjugate (PDC) consisting of a NAEi bound, via cleavable linkers, to a fusion protein of murine IL-2 (to target the drug to Tregs), we were able to use 1000-fold less of the neddylation inhibitor drug than the amount required for therapeutically effective systemic delivery. The PDC was effective in blocking the onset or the progression of disease in several mouse models of autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis) and a mouse model of allergic asthma in the absence of detectable toxicity. This PDC strategy represents targeted drug delivery at its best where the defect causing the disease was identified, a drug was designed and developed to correct the defect, and the drug was targeted and delivered only to cells that needed it, maximizing safety and efficacy.

This document is an editorial published in Frontiers in Immunology, discussing innovative approaches to immune tolerance and regulation using gene, cellular, protein, and microbiome-based therapeutics. The editorial highlights several articles within the edition that focus on different aspects of immune tolerance induction, such as boosting regulatory T cells, targeting immune pathways, and using novel protocols for tolerance induction. The articles cover a range of topics including food allergies, kidney transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. The editorial emphasizes the need for further investigation and a combination of approaches for successful tolerance induction in clinical settings. [Extracted from the article]

We recently published some concerns with new technologies which are based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for early cancer detection. Most of our published criticism, including a commentary in this journal, has focused on tests developed by the biotechnology company GRAIL (their commercial product is also known as The Galleri Test). Scientists from GRAIL provided explanations and rebuttals to our criticism. They also posed some questions. Here, we reiterate our position and provide rebuttals, explanations and answers to these questions. We believe that constructive scientific debates, like this one, can profoundly contribute to advancements in scientific fields such as early cancer detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the relation between the spherical harmonic (SH) degree of gravity field model and the corresponding depth of the source body. By investigating the gravity of a buried point mass, we find that a relationship can be found between the horizontal extent of the signal (which we assume to be indicative of the wavelength) and the depth of the source. We introduce a threshold to define the gravity anomaly wavelength of an isolated mass body. The region where the gravity anomaly of an isolated mass body is larger than the threshold defines its gravity anomaly wavelength. For an isolated point mass with fixed total mass, the wavelength is a function of the depth. The ratio between the maximum wavelength and the depth at which the maximum wavelength occurs (effective resolvable depth) is invariant provided that the mass and threshold are determined. When this maximum wavelength is larger than the minimum resolvable wavelength of n‐degree gravity field, this isolated mass body is considered as a reliable density feature. Combining the relation between maximum wavelength and effective resolvable depth of the isolated mass body and the relation between minimum resolvable wavelength and SH degree of gravity field, we derived the degree‐depth relation under the limiting resolvable condition: d=πR2n $\,d=\frac{\pi R}{\sqrt{2}n}$. This relation was validated with Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory gravity field data at lunar Orientale basin region, and provided insights for the planetary gravity field analysis. Plain Language Summary: The planetary gravity field models are usually expressed as a set of n‐degree progression terms (spherical harmonic series), the low‐degree terms represent gravity generated by deep and large‐scale features, and the high‐degree terms mainly stand for gravity signals from shallow‐located and small‐scale mass. In this paper, we explore the quantitative relation between the spherical harmonic degree of gravity data and the depth of mass body. A new expression for the degree‐depth relation is given as d = pi*R/(n*sqrt(2)). The testing of the newly derived and two existing degree‐depth relations (d = pi*R/n and d = R/(n − 1)) is conducted with gravity data of the Moon. The filtered gravity data based on the degree‐depth relation in this paper can better reflect the gravity signals within the lunar crust when compared with that based on the previous existed degree‐depth relations. Key Points: Through the calculation of gravity signal's wavelength, we give a new degree‐depth relation for planetary gravity field: d=πR2n $d=\frac{\pi R}{\sqrt{2}n}$The degree‐depth relations of d=πR2n $d=\frac{\pi R}{\sqrt{2}n}$ and d=πRn $d=\frac{\pi R}{n}$ are more applicable than d=Rn−1 $d=\frac{R}{n\,-\,1}$ when the targeting source bodies are within the depth of lunar crust [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study compares the mineral maps derived from Clementine and Moon Mineralogical Mapper data. • Research highlights superiority of M3 data in delineating additional minerals. • Linear spectral unmixing estimates relative abundance of different minerals. • Relative abundance of minerals is used to identify different rocks. • Role of geological structures is hypothesised for the genesis of these rocks. In this study, we have implemented a band shape algorithm (BSA) to identify the surface distribution of different minerals on parts of the Aristarchus Plateau using selected bands of Clementine and hyperspectral Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data. BSA mineral maps derived using spectral bands of Clementine and M3 sensors could determine broadly similar surface distribution of minerals in the study area. Here we show that M3 based BSA mineral map could detect additional mineralogical details in selected places, especially around Vallis Schroteri, Aristarchus etc. areas. Therefore, we implemented linear spectral un-mixing (LSU) method on hyperspectral bands of M3 data using the reference spectra of Reflectance Experiment Laboratory (RELAB) to estimate the relative abundance of different minerals in above-mentioned areas. Based on the relative abundance of minerals in the LSU map, we could infer the presence of different rocks such as dunite/troctolite, norite, harzburgite, olivine-pyroxenite in those sites of the study area. The relative abundance of each mineral in a particular place was used as the basis for delineating specific rock in that place of the study area. These mineralogically diverse rocks with distinct proportions of mafic mineral and plagioclase content are exposed along a lunar structure that has been delineated using Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) data. We hypothesize that some of these rocks might have formed by a magmatic differentiation process triggered by the structure by separating magma from the crystallized rocks and allowing the magma to compositionally evolve to produce different rocks under the influence of syn-magmatic structural activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to resituate critical discussions about logic in the Old French Grail romances and Thomas Malory's Tale of the Sankgreal. Where previous scholarship has emphasised the mystical elements of the Old French Grail narratives to suggest alternate meanings for the Grail itself, this article reads the Grail miracles as structuring devices that reflect classical theories of dialectic and demonstrative argumentation. Through examining one example from Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Didot-Perceval, The Vulgate Cycle Queste del Saint Graal, and Thomas Malory's Tale of the Sankgreal, this article also highlights fundamental similarities between the logical systems underlying each Grail narrative that are not restricted by language or date of composition. Thus, the article depicts Malory not just as consciously drawing upon the Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, but also as unconsciously inheriting elements from each of his Old French predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Sacro Catino", an exotic object that arrived in Genoa around 1100, receives various identifications between the 12th and 13th centuries: from a marvelous artefact to the Holy Grail, a relic of the Passion. Analyzing the identifications of the basin in the light of the dialogue with the literary world, this essay investigates the transformation of exclusive and complex themes into elements of the city's memory. The article first focuses on the appropriation of the Grail motif, and shows how the visual treatment that the theme receives in Arthurian novels makes this literature the ideal vehicle for identifying the basin with the Grail and thus displaying Eucharistic dogmas and mysteries. The second part examines the place where the basin-Graal association is established, the Chronica of the archbishop of Genoa Jacopo da Varagine, and describes how this work is at the origin of the construction of a monumental scenography dedicated to the myths of Genoese foundation which is located in the cathedral and in which the basin also participates. The basin is therefore involved in a relationship of circularity between literature traditionally intended for a few and the monumentalization of literary themes and at the same time it is a visual and tangible testimony of strategies that exploit the gradation of high and low cultural plans for the construction of collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Topiques, Études Satoriennes is the property of Topiques, Études Satoriennes, Journal of the SATOR (Société d'Analyse la Topique Romanesque) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Patients with cerebellar malformations exhibit not only movement problems, but also important deficits in social cognition. Thus, rehabilitation approaches should not only involve the recovery of motor function but also of higher-order abilities such as processing of social stimuli. In keeping with the general role of the cerebellum in anticipating and predicting events, we used a VR-based rehabilitation system to implement a social cognition intensive training specifically tailored to improve predictive abilities in social scenarios (VR-Spirit). Methods/design The study is an interventional randomised controlled trial that aims to recruit 42 children, adolescents and young adults with congenital cerebellar malformations, randomly allocated to the experimental group or the active control group. The experimental group is administered the VR-Spirit, requiring the participants to compete with different avatars in the reaching of recreational equipment and implicitly prompting them to form expectations about their playing preference. The active control group participates in a VR-training with standard games currently adopted for motor rehabilitation. Both trainings are composed by eight 45-min sessions and are administered in the GRAIL VR laboratory (Motekforce Link, Netherlands), an integrated platform that allows patients to move in natural and attractive VR environments. An evaluation session in VR with the same paradigm used in the VR-Spirit but implemented in a different scenario is administered at the beginning (T0) of the two trainings (T1) and at the end (T2). Moreover, a battery of neurocognitive tests spanning different domains is administered to all participants at T0, T2 and in a follow-up session after 2 months from the end of the two trainings (T3). Discussion This study offers a novel approach for rehabilitation based on specific neural mechanisms of the cerebellum. We aim to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a new, intensive, social cognition training in a sample of Italian patients aged 7–25 years with congenital cerebellar malformations. We expect that VR-Spirit could enhance social prediction ability and indirectly improve cognitive performance in diverse domains. Moreover, through the comparison with a VR-active control training we aim to verify the specificity of VR-Spirit in improving social perception skills. Trial registration ISRCTN, ID: ISRCTN 22332873. Retrospectively registered on 12 March 2018.

Impact basins on the Moon can serve as a benchmark for timing and intensity of the impact flux in the inner solar system. The basin morphology and morphometry depend on impactor size, mass, and velocity as well as the thermal state of the lunar lithosphere which is a function of the cooling history. Erosion by superimposed impact bombardment has altered the surface expression of basin structures over time, making it difficult to determine the size unequivocally solely based on topographic expression. The gravity signature of basins is thought to be a less altered measure of the size of impact structures. By a systematic study of basin formation using the iSALE‐2D shock‐physics code, we investigate the influence of the lunar thermal state and different impactor properties on the transient crater and final basin size and on the resulting gravity anomaly. As constraints we use gravity data of 16 farside basins and their assumed formation ages to estimate the subsurface temperature related to the cooling history of the Moon. Our modeling results confirm that the thermal state affects the basin formation process and the basin sizes significantly. We provide quantitative relationships between the observed gravity signal, the different basin sizes, and the impactor diameter considering the thermal state of the Moon upon impact, which correlates with the formation ages or periods in the literature. Our study allows for estimating the impactor size from the observed gravity field if the formation age and, thus, the thermal state of the lithosphere is approximately known. Plain Language Summary: Large basin structures testify to the lunar bombardment history by bodies several tens to hundreds of kilometers in diameter. To reconstruct how often the Moon, and thus also Earth, was hit by large cosmic bodies of a given size, it is essential to relate the size of basin structures with impactor size. However, since the surface expression of most known basins on the Moon is not pristine, the definition of the actual basin size is often ambiguous. As an alternative, we use the observed pronounced positive gravity excursion across lunar basins as a measure of basin size. In addition, we consider the thermal evolution of the Moon which is thought to affect the characteristics of the gravity signature of basins. Therefore, the timing when a given basin was formed in the cooling history of the Moon plays an important role. We use the gravity signature and the lunar thermal state as constraints for modeling the formation of the lunar basins as a function of impactor size. Our results allow for estimating the impactor size and thermal state of the Moon for 16 lunar farside basins. The predicted thermal states are in line with proposed absolute ages of the basins. Key Points: We provide relationships between impactor size, gravity signal, and farside basin size as a function of cooling history and formation timeGravity anomalies serve as a measure of basin size as impacts altered morphology and crustal thickness models simplify subsurface structureOur basin formation models agree with the assumed formation time based on crater chronology and the estimated cooling history of the Moon [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability for independent bipedal locomotion is an important prerequisite for autonomous mobility and participation in everyday life. Walking requires not only a functional musculoskeletal unit but relies on coordinated activation of muscles and may even require cognitive resources. The time-resolved monitoring of the position of joints, feet, legs and other body segments relative to each other alone or in combination with simultaneous recording of ground reaction forces and concurrent measurement of electrical muscle activity, using surface electromyography, are well-established tools for the objective assessment of gait.Research Question: The Gait Real-time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL) has been introduced for gait analysis in a highly standardized and well-controlled virtual environment. However, apart from high computing capacity and sophisticated software required to run the system, handling of GRAIL data is challenging due to the utilization of different software packages resulting in a huge amount of data stored using different file formats and different sampling rates. These issues make gait analysis even with such a sophisticated instrument rather tedious, especially within the frame of an experimental or clinical study.Methods: A user-friendly Matlab based toolset for automated processing of motion capturing data recorded using the GRAIL, with the inherent option for batch analysis was developed.Results: The toolset allows the reading, resampling, filtering and synchronization of data stored in different input files recorded with the GRAIL. It includes a coordinate-based algorithm for the detection of initial contact and toe-off events to split and normalize data relative to gait cycles. Batch processing of multiple measurements and automatic detection of outliers is possible.Significance: The authors hope that the toolset will be useful to the research community and invite everyone to use, modify or implement it in their own work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which explores how the string theory may contribute to division and unification in the field of physics. Topics discussed include the religious discourse which offers a comparison between the string theory and the Holy Grail theory, the arguments raised by several physicists such as Steven Weinberg, Paul Davies, and Julian Brown regarding the contradictions involving string theory, and the response of string theorists to criticisms about the failure of the said framework.

Copyright of Journal of the International Arthurian Society is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Orbit determination of probes visiting Solar System bodies is currently the main source of our knowledge about their internal structure, inferred from the estimate of their gravity field and rotational state. Nongravitational forces acting on the spacecraft need to be accurately included in the dynamical modeling (either explicitly or in the form of empirical parameters) not to degrade the solution and its geophysical interpretation. In this study, we present our recovery of NASA GRAIL orbits and our lunar gravity field solutions up to degree and order 350. We propose a systematic approach to select an optimal parametrization with empirical accelerations and pseudo‐stochastic pulses, by checking their impact against orbit overlaps or, in the case of GRAIL, the very precise inter‐satellite link. We discuss how parametrization choices may differ depending on whether the goal is limited to orbit reconstruction or if it also includes the solution of gravity field coefficients. We validate our setup for planetary geodesy by iterating extended lunar gravity field solutions from pre‐GRAIL gravity fields, and we discuss the impact of empirical parametrization on the interpretation of gravity solutions and of their error bars.

The article examines the relationships between the literary Grail and its real archetypes, focusing on its first appearance in medieval European literature on its original description provided in the roman "Li Contes del graal," by Chretien de Troyes. Topics discussed include the use of grails as part of tableware in the Middle Ages, the grail in Chretien's work as a luxury item, and the evolution of the presence of the grail as a literary motif after the death of Chretien.

Orbit determination of probes visiting Solar System bodies is currently the main source of our knowledge about their internal structure, inferred from the estimate of their gravity field and rotational state. Nongravitational forces acting on the spacecraft need to be accurately included in the dynamical modeling (either explicitly or in the form of empirical parameters) not to degrade the solution and its geophysical interpretation. In this study, we present our recovery of NASA GRAIL orbits and our lunar gravity field solutions up to degree and order 350. We propose a systematic approach to select an optimal parametrization with empirical accelerations and pseudo‐stochastic pulses, by checking their impact against orbit overlaps or, in the case of GRAIL, the very precise inter‐satellite link. We discuss how parametrization choices may differ depending on whether the goal is limited to orbit reconstruction or if it also includes the solution of gravity field coefficients. We validate our setup for planetary geodesy by iterating extended lunar gravity field solutions from pre‐GRAIL gravity fields, and we discuss the impact of empirical parametrization on the interpretation of gravity solutions and of their error bars. Plain Language Summary: We analyze the orbits of the twin GRAIL probes orbiting the Moon in 2012 to determine the lunar gravity field. The frequency shift of radio signals exchanged between GRAIL and Earth antennas, as well as an ultra‐precise inter‐satellite radio link, allow for an accurate determination of the absolute and relative spacecraft trajectories. As these trajectories mainly depend on the internal mass distribution of the Moon, their accurate knowledge provides important information about lunar gravity and internal structure. However, nongravitational forces acting on the probes, for example, caused by radiation from the Sun or the Moon, have to be modeled as well. An explicit modeling of these forces requires an accurate knowledge of spacecraft geometry and optical properties, which are often poorly known. Additional accelerations can be estimated from the data to absorb the effect of nongravitational forces and improve both orbit and gravity field determination. We propose a systematic approach to configure such estimated accelerations when dealing with the recovery of planetary probes' orbits and gravity fields, while also discussing collateral effects of employing them. Based on these findings we also present our independent solution of GRAIL orbits and the lunar gravity field, with a spatial resolution of 31 km. Key Points: We present a systematic approach to assess and select the optimal empirical parametrization for an orbit and gravity field recovery processWe provide an independent solution for the Moon's gravity field up to d/o 350 based on GRAIL Doppler and Ka‐Band Range Rate dataWe describe the planetary extension of the Bernese GNSS Software and its application to planetary geodesy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]