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The international partnership GEOMME seeks to develop collaborative activities in research and education on climate-induced geohazards in South Korea, Japan, and Norway. The partnership focuses on excellence in education and research to increase societal resilience against climate-induced geohazards. The objective of the GEOMME partnership is to increase the adaptive capacity of the partner nations to climate change through research-based education, knowledge exchange, and international collaboration. Activities centre on four scientific themes: (1) geohazards in a changing climate, (2) geohazards over large spatial scales, (3) advanced modelling and monitoring techniques, and (4) green solutions for hazard- and risk mitigation – including Nature-Based Solutions.A novel aspect of the GEOMME partnership is the collective development of four education packages – each focusing on one of the scientific themes. The target audience is graduate students, researchers and practitioners. Education packages consist of two components – an online module and an in-person research- and experience-based course. The online modules are standalone introductions to the scientific themes and are openly accessible. The modules promote rapid accessibility to international perspectives in geohazards education and research, guiding interested parties towards an understanding of these complex topics. The modules will live on beyond the project period, hosted by GEOMME partners. Intensive research- and experience-based courses are implemented as a follow-up to the online modules and allow affiliated partners to further develop in-depth expertise in the topic areas. The content of the education packages reflects the state-of-the-art in research and current state-of-practice in applications within the domains of the three partner countries.This contribution will present the approach of combining digital and in-person research-based teaching methodologies for geosciences, and experiences and challenges from early-stage implementation.The GEOMME partnership is financed through INTPART program the Research Council of Norway (project number 322469). The INPART program seeks to promote long-term international partnerships to enhance the quality of higher education and research in Norway. The GEOMME partnership is running between 2021 and 2026.

The thesis contributes to the debate on how legal adjudication works in practice, especially regarding the role of individual judges. Very often judging is viewed as a collective endeavour, with the decision of ‘the court’ as a whole forming the basis of the law. Equally as important, however, are the contributions of each judge acting as an individual unit. It has been claimed that “individuality [is] the essential characteristic of the English judicial function” (Blom- Cooper and Drewry) and my work seeks to examine to what extent this ‘individuality’ comes through in the UK context by trying to measure judicial behaviour (in terms of both case outcomes as well as reasoning). My work focuses on the UK Supreme Court, using a ten-year dataset of all cases handed down from 2009 to 2019. In particular, I investigate the following questions: • Do judges demonstrate (noteworthy) patterns of individual judicial behaviour? • Do judges’ behavioural patterns vary significantly between each other? • Do judges’ behavioural patterns vary significantly across different areas and types of case? • Does this affect the outcome of cases and is there a possibility for prediction depending on the judge sitting on the case? • What might explain these patterns (or lack thereof)?, Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)

This paper introduces three machine learning (ML) algorithms, the ‘ensemble’ Random Forest (RF), the ‘ensemble’ Gradient Boosted Regression Tree (GBRT) and the MultiLayer Perceptron neural network (MLP) and applies them to the spatial modelling of shallow landslides near Kvam in Norway. In the development of the ML models, a total of 11 significant landslide controlling factors were selected. The controlling factors relate to the geomorphology, geology, geo-environment and anthropogenic effects: slope angle, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, flow accumulation, flow direction, distance to rivers, water content, saturation, rainfall and distance to roads. It is observed that slope angle was the most significant controlling factor in the ML analyses. The performance of the three ML models was evaluated quantitatively based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results show that the ‘ensemble’ GBRT machine learning model yielded the most promising results for the spatial prediction of shallow landslides, with a 95% probability of landslide detection and 87% prediction efficiency.

Case comment - R. v Abdurahman (Ismail)[2019] EWCA Crim 2239. Journal text is preceded by factual report by Jill Sutherland for Criminal Law Review: see (2020) Crim LR 451-453.

Mammalian cell culture processes were characterized upon the analysis of the exhaust-gas composition achieved through the on-line integration of a magnetic sector MS analyser with benchtop bioreactors. The non-invasive configuration of the magnetic sector MS provided continuous evaluation of the bioreactor's exhaust gas filter integrity and facilitated the accurate quantification of O2 and CO2 levels in the off-gas stream which ensured preserved bioreactor sterility prior to cell inoculation and provided evidence of the ongoing cellular respiratory activity throughout the cultures. Real-time determination of process parameters such as the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) allowed for precise pin-pointing of the occurrence of shifts in cellular metabolism which were correlated to depletion of key nutrients in the growth medium, demonstrating the suitability of this technology for tracking cell culture process performance.

Snow avalanches are a significant natural hazard and common phenomenon in Norway. Applied research on avalanches and their societal impact has been conducted at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) for nearly half a century. Recent activities within the applied avalanche research group at NGI have focused on four areas: (1) Improved understanding of is sought through the application of simple probabilistic release models and local wind modelling. Encouraging results are obtained by analysing and refining publicly available climate time series for temperature, snow depth and precipitation on a 1 km² grid. A major remaining challenge in view of elaborating realistic large-area avalanche hazard indication maps is the a priori determination of the size of release areas as a function of return period. (2) Different aspects of are investigated by means of a wide array of experimental technologies at the Ryggfonn full-scale test site, application of aerial survey methods to derive snow distribution, and investigation of the scaling behaviour of avalanches with extreme runouts in many different paths. The results of all these analyses point towards the need for a departure from modelling avalanches with Voellmy-type models in favour of models encompassing multiple flow regimes, a more realistic rheology and entrainment as well as deposition. (3) To improve risk assessment and mitigation measures, with structures are studied by documenting destructive avalanche events, constructing vulnerability curves for persons inside buildings based on historic avalanche events, improving methods for evaluation of individual risks, and development of criteria for physical mitigation measures against powder-snow avalanches. (4) Current efforts in focus on the one hand on simple block models for studying scaling behaviour on idealised and natural slopes and on the other hand on an advanced multi-flow-regime model that also incorporates different effects of the snow cover. Ongoing work aims, among others, at an entrainment and deposition model that is dynamically consistent and only depends on measurable snow properties. This contribution will present an overview of recent activities and advancements in applied avalanche research in Norway. It is hoped that it will serve to facilitate future international collaborative efforts to address challenges in applied avalanche research.

Both domestic and Strasbourg jurisprudence make it clear that, where a social landlord seeks their tenant’s eviction, the right to respect for the home in ECHR art.8 accords the resident occupier a right to have the proportionality of that eviction assessed by a court. The key question for the Strasbourg Court in FJM was whether this procedural dimension to art.8 also applies where a private party seeks an eviction..., AHRC

Ensuring that any accused person has effective and early access to a lawyer serves a number of important functions, such as safeguarding against abuse and mistreatment, contributing to the prevention of miscarriages of justice, and protecting a suspect’s human rights, including their privilege against self-incrimination (all of which, incidentally, the court recognises at [125]–[128]). The question for the Strasbourg court in this case was at what point, for the purposes of art.6, this right must be provided., Arts and Humanities Research Council

Section 6 of the Justice and Security Act 2013 extended the use of the ‘closed material procedure’ (CMP) mechanism to any civil proceeding where certain conditions are met. The CMP is extremely controversial in itself and the general applicability authorized by the 2013 Act has been subject to significant academic criticism. However, comparatively little attention has been given in the literature to an extremely important factor: its application in practice by the courts. Five years after its initial passing, there now exists a significant yet understudied body of case law on section 6, and this article uses this to elucidate a general judicial approach to these matters. Matters of particular attention include the operation of the proscribed statutory criteria, the impact of human rights protections, and the wider roles of the judiciary and the legislature. In addition, this article highlights some unresolved tensions in the case law and sets out some implications for future cases., Arts and Humanities Research Council UK

In the last decades, rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrences were thoroughly investigated, producing several different test cases and relevant technical and scientific advances. However, a recent literature review on rainfall thresholds articles (Segoni et al., 2018), published in journals indexed in SCOPUS or ISI Web of knowledge databases in the period 2008-2016, highlighted significant advances and critical issues about this topic. Only in the 11% of the analysed papers (a total of 115) there were installed instruments for measuring physical parameters other than rainfall. The implication was that, in most cases, the occurrence of landslides was forecasted considering exclusively a rainfall correlation, completely neglecting soil characteristics.A reanalysis dataset (ERA5-Land) providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution has been used to evaluate the soil water content. Reanalysis combines numerical model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. A comparison between in situ measurements with the results of the model has been carried out for two sites in Norway (Eidsvoll, Morsa catchmen) with 3 different vegetation types: grass, bush, tree. The results showed a good agreement between the modelled soil water content layer 2 and 3 (respectively representing 2 - 28 cm and 28 -100 cm depths) and, respectively, in-situ measurements at 30 and 50 cm depths.Then, 15 Norwegian basins with moraine and peat covers and, previous landslide occurrences in the period 2009-2018, have been selected for correlations. Combinations of rainfall and soil water contents that triggered and not-triggered landslides have been analysed. Rainfall-soil water content thresholds have been defined for the selected basins highlighting the important role played by soil water content, together with rainfall, in triggering landslides. The use of the soil water content contributed to increase the performance of the thresholds and to reduce the uncertainties of landslide forecast.This paper has been conceived in the context of the project "Klima 2050-Risk reduction through climate adaptation of buildings and infrastructure" http://www.klima2050.no/, and it is included into Work Package 3.3-Early warning systems.

Direct Current (DC) Resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP) response of six profiles were measured using the Gradient electrode configuration in Adventdalen, Svalbard, to characterise the near-surface stratigraphy of the soil and to account for geotechnical and environmental aspects of global warming in the arctic region. In addition, Wenner array data was collected for the selected profiles to examine its effectiveness as compared to the Gradient array, given the characteristics of the study site. Two commercial inversion software programs, Res2DINV and AarhusINV, were used for the inversion of the DC resistivity and IP data, to compare the software. Physical soil properties, including porosity, water saturation, water salinity, freezing temperature and grain size distribution, previously measured from samples retrieved from wells along the studied profiles, were integrated in this study to investigate the correlation with geoelectrical properties of the sediments inferred from the DC resistivity and IP data. Results from processing of the Wenner array DC resistivity data provided higher resolution as compared to the Gradient array data, especially from deeper parts of the models, due to its higher signal-to-noise ratio. The Wenner array data also indicated better inversion result for the IP data as distinctive anomalies were better indicated in data from Wenner array compared with the Gradient array data. The Wenner array data also provided a realistic trend for the anomalies, thanks to the symmetrical geometry of the electrodes during the survey, although at the cost of time and higher expenses. Inversion results proved that AarhusINV resolved the geometry of the subsurface layers with higher resolution compared with the Res2DINV. However, the two inversion algorithms use slightly different parameters for the processing and for presenting the results, thus only allowing qualitative comparison. Based on the interpretations of the DC resistivity and IP data, four distinctive zones were identified from the surface to the maximum depth of 26 m, consisting of (i) unfrozen active-layer-(silts and sands), with intermediate resistivity values 200–300 Ω·m; (ii) frozen soil with 3–10 m thickness and resistivity values between 2500 and 5000 Ω·m; (iii) unfrozen soil (cryopegs) with high salinity and low resistivity of 40 Ω·m; and finally (iv) clayey-unfrozen soil sediments with low resistivity ranging 10–20 Ω·m, at depths between 13 and 26 m. The IP data allowed for the delineation of a low chargeability zone near the surface and a high chargeability zone at greater depth which denote the active layer, lower parts of unfrozen soil sediments and cryopeg respectively, within the top 10 m of the subsurface. The 3D subsurface model of the study area was created based on interpretations of the DC resistivity and IP data and was constrained by the description of the subsurface stratigraphy from nearby wells, which provided detailed information about the vertical stratigraphy of the study area. In addition, a good correlation was observed between the studied physical properties of the sediments and the DC resistivity data for the intersecting profile SVAER04, as the interface between high and low resistivity data at ca. 10 m depth coincided the sedimentary formation with intermediate-fine grain size, high porosity, high water saturation and high salt content. Our findings show that joint application of the geoelectrical surveys and laboratory analysis of soil samples are an efficient complement to each other. These methods can be used as an alternative to each other to investigate larger areas where achieving high resolution data is not necessary. Our study results underline the importance of choosing the right survey design for collecting the DC resistivity and IP data. Contribution of the IP data in this study mostly concerns the shallow parts of the subsurface due to the low signal-to-noise ratio at greater depths, and frozen ground which limited the ion mobility and hence the IP response. An appropriate inversion program coupled with integration of the physical properties of the sediments, can be successfully applied to characterise the near-surface morphology of the sedimentary formations to address the geotechnical and environmental challenges related to the permafrost in the Arctic.

Off-gas analysis using a magnetic sector mass spectrometer was performed in mammalian cell cultures in the fed-batch mode at the 5 L bench and 50 L pilot scales. Factors affecting the MS gas traces were identified during the duration of the fed-batch cultures. Correlation between viable cell concentration (VCC) and oxygen concentration of the inlet gas into the bioreactor (O2-in) resulted in R2 ≈ 0.9; O2-in could be used as a proxy for VCC. Oxygen mass transfer (kLa) was also quantified throughout the culture period with antifoam addition at different time points which is shown to lower the kLa. Real-time specific oxygen consumption rate (qO2) of 2–20 pmol/cell/day throughout the bioreactor runs were within the range of values reported in literature for mammalian cell cultures. We also report, to our knowledge, the first instance of a distinct correlation between respiration quotient (RQ) and the metabolic state of the cell culture with regard to lactate production phase (average RQ > 1) and consumption phase (average RQ

Cryostratigraphy involves the description, interpretation and correlation of ground-ice structures (cryostructures) and their relationship to the host deposits. Recent advances in the study of ground ice and cryostratigraphy concern permafrost aggradation and degradation, massive-ice formation and evaluation of ground-ice content. Field studies have increased our knowledge of cryostructures and massive ground ice in epigenetic and syngenetic permafrost. Epigenetic permafrost deposits are relatively ice-poor and composed primarily of pore-filled cryostructures, apart from an ice-enriched upper section and intermediate layer. Syngenetic permafrost deposits are commonly identified from cryostructures indicative of an aggrading permafrost table and are characterised by a high ice content, ice-rich cryofacies and nested wedge ice. Degradation of ice-rich permafrost can be marked by thaw unconformities, truncated buried ice wedges, ice-wedge pseudomorphs and organic-rich ‘forest beds’. Studies of massive ground ice have focused on wedge ice, thermokarst-cave ice, intrusive ice and buried ice. Significant advances have been made in methods for differentiating between tabular massive-ice bodies of glacier and intrasedimental origin. Recent studies have utilised palynology, isotope geochemistry and hydrochemistry, in addition to sedimentary and cryostratigraphic analyses. The application of remote sensing techniques and laboratory methods such as computed tomography scanning has improved estimations of the ice content of frozen sediments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The mean annual air temperature in Svalbard has increased between 3 ℃ and 5 ℃ during the last 40 to 50 years. The continuous warming trend observed in Svalbard during the last 30 years has raised concerns about the stability and durability of existing infrastructure on permafrost and uncertainties related to the design of new structures and infrastructure in the region. It is therefore of special interest and importance to establish a reference field site for geotechnical testing in permafrost in Svalbard. Two benchmark sites are established near Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78°13'N, 15°28'E) for geotechnical testing and evaluation of field investigation methods in saline, permafrost soils. These sites, named “Adventdalen” and “UNIS East” based on their locations, form part of the research infrastructure of the Norwegian GeoTest Sites project. Since 2016, efforts have focused on geotechnical and geothermal characterization and instrumentation of the upper 30 m of the soil stratigraphy. Field investigations included drilling and core retrieval, installation of thermistor strings, CPTU, and ERT. Laboratory investigations focused on index testing and the evaluation of soil thermal properties. This paper characterizes soil conditions at these sites and may serve as a reference for others working with saline, permafrost soils.

The infilling history of the Adventdalen fjord-valley in central Spitsbergen is reconstructed, with a focus on permafrost development, based on sedimentological and cryostratigraphic evidence from drilling cores. The techniques of optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon accelerator mass-spectrometry dating were used to establish sediment chronology. The fjord-fill sedimentary succession includes the fjord-bottom late Weichselian subglacial till of the Last Glacial Maximum, the early Holocene muddy glaciomarine deposits with ice-rafted debris formed during the fjord deglaciation, and the younger Holocene deposits of a fjord-head Gilbert-type delta of which the fluvial distributary plain shows raised alluvial terraces hosting aeolian sedimentation. This sedimentary record of the last glaciation/deglaciation cycle is interpreted in terms of sequence stratigraphy. Zones of epigenetic and syngenetic permafrost are recognized from the vertical distribution of cryofacies, with a conclusion that the formation of permafrost commenced and extended down-fjord as the fluvio-deltaic fjord-fill was gradually reaching subaerial exposure. The upwards-grown syngenetic permafrost and the top part of downwards-grown epigenetic permafrost below contain excess ice in a suite of cryofacies indicating ground-ice segregation and segregative intrusion. The deeper epigenetic permafrost is ice-poor and contains cryofacies formed solely by segregation processes. This case study may serve as an analogue for other similar Arctic fjord-valleys where the fjord-head shoreline was established during the post-Weichselian deglaciation.

Fjord-valleys, as sediment-filled palaeofjords, are characteristic of formerly glaciated mountainous coastal areas. High-Arctic fjord-valleys commonly host permafrost, but are poorly accessible and hence have drawn relatively little research. The research presented in this thesis combines the methods of cryostratigraphy, clastic sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, geomorphology and geochronology to investigate the sedimentary infilling, permafrost formation and late Quaternary landscape development in two classical high- Arctic fjord-valleys: the Zackenberg in northeast Greenland (74°30’N, 20°30’W) and the Adventdalen in central Svalbard (78°12’N, 15°49’E). The study involves analysis of a unique set of drilling cores from boreholes 20 m to 60 m deep. Novel research aspects include introduction of the concept of cryofacies and an analysis of the relationship between cryofacies and lithofacies. The existing model for fjord-valley sequence stratigraphy is improved, and the geomorphic response of these landscapes to permafrost degradation is considered in connection with the impending global climate change. Both Svalbard and northeast Greenland were glaciated during the late Weichselian, with fast-flowing ice streams draining the local ice sheets through valleys, fjords and shelf troughs and removing sediment from previous glacial and interglacial periods. The fjordvalley infilling commenced at this stage with the deposition of basal lodgement till. The sediment supply decreased and fjord accommodation dramatically increased during deglaciation, when mainly muddy glaciomarine deposits accumulated in front of rapidlyretreating tidewater glaciers. The fjord-head shoreline was established and sediment supply reached its maximum once the glacier became land-based, whereby a Gilbert-type delta began to prograde along the fjord axis. The sediment yield declined in the Holocene, as glacial and paraglacial supply was exhausted, and the delta advance became driven mainly by river incision due to glacioisostatic land uplift and relative sea-level fall. Epigenetic permafrost grew downwards in the fjord-valley deposits reaching subaerial exposure, whereas syngenetic permafrost grew upwards in raised fluvial terraces and their aggrading aeolian cover. The syngenetic permafrost and uppermost part of epigenetic permafrost are ice-rich, with cryofacies formed by segregation and segregative intrusion. The underlying epigenetic permafrost is ice-poor, with a cryofacies assemblage formed by ice segregation without moisture source replenishment. The potential geomorphic landscape change due to permafrost degradation is limited to the ice-rich upper part of permafrost. Given the common glacial and sea-level history of Svalbard and northeast Greenland, this investigation may serve as a reference analogue for other fjord-valleys in these regions.