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3. Rates and causes of death after release from incarceration among 1 471 526 people in eight high-income and middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Author

Borschmann, Rohan, Keen, Claire, Spittal, Matthew J., Preen, David, Pirkis, Jane, Larney, Sarah, Rosen, David L., Møller, Lars, O'Moore, Eamonn, Young, Jesse T., Altice, Frederick L., Andrews, Jason R., Binswanger, Ingrid A., Bukten, Anne, Butler, Tony, Chang, Zheng, Chen, Chuan-Yu, Clausen, Thomas, Christensen, Peer B., Culbert, Gabriel J., Cunningham, Ruth, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dolan, Kate, Fazel, Seena, Fischbacher, Colin, Giles, Margaret, Graham, Lesley, Huang, Yen-Fang, Huber, Florence, Karaminia, Azar, King, Paula, Kouyoumdjian, Fiona G., Lim, Sungwoo, Liu, Yiran E., Lopez, Derrick, Moniruzzaman, Akm, Morenoff, Jeffrey, Pizzicato, Lia N., Proescholdbell, Scott K., Ranapurwala, Shabbar I., Shaw, Jenny, Slaunwhite, Amanda, Somers, Julian M., Spaulding, Anne C., Stavseth, Marianne R., Stern, Marc F., Telfer, Kendra, Viner, Kendra, Wang, Nadia, Zhao, Bin, Zhu, Nanbo, Kinner, Stuart A., and Kinner, Stuart A

Published
2024
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13. Characterisation of Uromodulin as a candidate gene for human essential hypertension

Author

Graham, Lesley A.

Subjects
616.1, Q Science (General), QP Physiology
Abstract

Essential hypertension is a highly hereditable trait of complex aetiology, where multiple environmental and life style factors contribute to blood pressure variation. Family health studies of blood pressure suggest that heritability accounts for 30 – 50 % of variation. Consequently the study of genetic architecture has proven useful to detect a small number of genes, loci, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have appreciable effects on blood pressure. Genetic linkage and association methods have long provided the foundation of gene identification in humans. Although linkage studies have proven to be highly successful in identifying genes of monogenic (or Mendelian) disorders, this analysis has minimal or limited power to detect gene of complex traits and disease. Furthermore, candidate gene approaches have not yet reported any reproducible associations with hypertension. Accordingly, gene identification efforts have become increasingly reliant on association approaches. A recent genome wide association study (GWAS) identified a locus upstream of the Uromodulin (UMOD) gene transcriptional start site, which was associated with hypertension. This group used an extreme case - control design in a discovery sample of 1,621 hypertension cases and 1,699 hypercontrols, representing the top 2% and bottom 20% of the BP distribution. The minor G allele of rs13333226 when adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was associated with a 7 % lower risk of developing hypertension. UMOD encodes the protein uromodulin which is interchangeably known as Tamm Horsfall protein (THP). It is a kidney specific protein and is exclusively synthesised at the level of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and is the most abundant protein in human urine. The biological role of uromodulin still remains unclear; however other UMOD variants have been associated with chronic kidney disease. Due to UMODs exclusive expression at the kidney it may have a role in regulating blood pressure via sodium homeostasis mechanisms. As hypertension is characterised by a disturbance of renal function that subsequently leads to an augmented Na+ reabsorption, the present study aimed to follow up the GWAS signal to assess whether altered 18 UMOD expression and/or function impacts on sodium homeostasis and influence blood pressure phenotypes. Promoter activity assays here demonstrate that the index SNP (rs13333226) is not a functional variant causing altered transcription, however the minor G allele of rs13333226 is associated with reduced promoter activity. These findings are consistent with the original GWAS study that this allele is associated with lower risk of hypertension. In this study we reported a SNP in LD with rs13333226 within the 2 Kb promoter region (rs4997081) that may be a causal variant altering transcriptional activity of UMOD. Furthermore, with computational and experimental evidence we show that binding of rs4997081 to TFAP2A in a genotype dependent manner leads to transcriptional changes of UMOD which were associated with altered sodium reabsorption via downstream signalling of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Cardiovascular characterisation of UMOD knockout mice (KO) revealed significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) in comparison to the wild type (WT) counterparts. The reported novel blood pressure phenotypes in the KO mice were not sensitive to change by salt loading (2% NaCl) over a six week period. KO mice displayed increased concentrations of sodium in the urine upon salt loading, to greater levels than the WT mice (± 2% NaCl). Urinary electrolyte analysis corrected to creatinine levels revealed augmented sodium loss in the KO mice during the high salt diet. Chronic renal function curves demonstrate that the reduced SBP is attained by increased natriuresis via augmented GFR in the KO mice. Histological examination illustrated cellular swelling and papillary oedema in the KO mice before and after salt loading which may be triggered by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and Interleukin 1 (IL-1) according to metabolomic analysis. These inflammatory signals may affect Na+ homeostasis at the TAL in the KO mice by reducing NKCC2 expression. Expression analysis studied in outer medulla tissue illustrated down regulation of the major NaCl transporters in the absence of UMOD which were further attenuated upon salt loading conditions possibly by increased levels of TNF-α at the TAL. KO mice displayed increased levels of urinary TNF-α in addition to augmented mRNA abundance in the outer medulla tissue. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced NKCC2 staining with increased TNF-α staining in renal tissue of the KO mice during normal and high salt diets. These results were 19 confirmed in vitro and suggest UMOD acts as a negative regulator of TNF-α production by the TAL to maintain NaCl/volume homeostasis. We have confirmed with a small pilot study using human renal tissue samples from normotensive and hypertensive individuals, that in times of altered UMOD expression there are changes in NKCC2 and NHE3 expression levels, but not TNF- α. More interestingly we have demonstrated that UMOD, NKCC2, and NHE3 expression levels are altered in a genotype dependant manner, in that the minor G allele of rs13333226 appears to be associated with blood pressure via altered sodium homeostasis.

Published
2013

14. Effective Communication in Special Education Student Teaching.

Author

Graham, Lesley P.

Abstract

A panel of student teachers reviewed information on perceived student teaching needs prior to and following special education student teaching experiences, focusing on needs regarding communication with the cooperating teacher. The panel created several lists of positive verbal and written supports for the special education student teacher. Uses of nonverbal communication were also reviewed. Four general techniques for enhancing the relationship between the student teacher and the cooperating teacher were identified: (1) quality time with the cooperating teacher; (2) a system of effective dialogue; (3) a change of self in the student teaching role; and (4) becoming aware of others with consideration of their needs. Lists of suggested positive words and phrases are attached. (DB)

Published
1995

15. Surviving and Thriving in Special Education Student Teaching.

Author

Raidl, Alice E. and Graham, Lesley P.

Abstract

This study collected data from a total of 50 special education student teachers from 14 Illinois universities. Approximately half the students had not yet completed their student teaching experience and the remainder had completed the experience. Findings indicated that the most important aspects of a successful student teaching experience are: (1) having good communication channels with the cooperative teacher; (2) being able to be flexible; (3) understanding the expectations of the entire experience; and (4) having clear communication with the supervising higher education faculty member. There were no significant differences in attitudes between students who had completed the student teaching experience and those who had not. Tables cited in the paper appear at the end of the report (before References). Appendixes include the survey form and details of the statistical analysis performed. Appendix A contains some colored paper. (DB)

Published
1994

16. Implementation of a national smoke-free prison policy: an economic evaluation within the Tobacco in Prisons (TIPs) study.

Author

McMeekin, Nicola, Wu, Olivia, Boyd, Kathleen Anne, Brown, Ashley, Tweed, Emily J., Best, Catherine, Craig, Peter, Leyland, Alastair H., Demou, Evangelia, Byrne, Tom, Pell, Jill, Semple, Sean, Sweeting, Helen, Graham, Lesley, and Hunt, Kate

Subjects
HEALTH policy, EVALUATION of medical care, CORRECTIONAL institutions, SMOKING cessation, PRISON psychology, HEALTH status indicators, COST control, HUMAN services programs, MEDICAL care use, COST effectiveness, QUALITY of life, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, PASSIVE smoking
Published
2023
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18. The Production and Dissemination of Knowledge in Scotland

Author

Auer, Christian, Brown, Ian, Civardi, Christian, Crawford, Ronald, Findlay, Rosie, Girard, Romain, Graham, Lesley, Juillet-Garzón, Sabrina, Mckim, Anne, Robel, Gilles, Robertson, James, Tran, Tri, Welstead, William, and Graham, Lesley

Subjects
Scottish literature, Ecosse, education, LIT004120, littérature écossaise, Scotland, histoire de l’Ecosse, history of Scotland, éducation, Literature, British Isles, DSB
Abstract

Education and learning have traditionally been areas in which the national specificity has been promoted and asserted in Scotland and apparently with good reason since for several centuries the Scottish population could claim to be the most thoroughly educated in the world. This achievement was the consequence of the nation’s love affair with the transmission of basic knowledge through schooling and intellectual inquiry which started with the Reformation and culminated in the Scottish Enlightenment. As a whole, this collection aims to show some small part of the breadth of knowledge created in Scotland and disseminated in and outwith the country. This broad field of interest echoes the wider range of subjects traditionally taught in Scottish schools. It attempts to highlight what is distinctive about the Scottish approach to knowledge acquisition in general while also presenting the areas in which this endeavour overlaps with similar concerns in the rest of the world. The overall impression created is that of a country consistently confident in its ability to create useful knowledge; capable of applying that knowledge at home and of sharing it with others.

Published
2022

22. Implementation of a national smoke-free prison policy: an economic evaluation within the Tobacco in Prisons (TIPs) study

Author

McMeekin, Nicola, primary, Wu, Olivia, additional, Boyd, Kathleen Anne, additional, Brown, Ashley, additional, Tweed, Emily J, additional, Best, Catherine, additional, Craig, Peter, additional, Leyland, Alastair H, additional, Demou, Evangelia, additional, Byrne, Tom, additional, Pell, Jill, additional, Semple, Sean, additional, Sweeting, Helen, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, and Hunt, Kate, additional

Published
2022
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23. Quality Assurance for Nursing and Midwifery Education: An Analysis of the Approach in England.

Author

Pope, Rosemary, Garrett, Richard, and Graham, Lesley

Abstract

A 3-year evaluation is being undertaken to assess quality assurance processes for nursing and midwifery education in England. Issues that must be resolved are (1) the balance between qualitative and quantitative judgments of achievement of standards and (2) the tension between competency-based education and the development of professional practitioners with a critical mindset. (SK)

Published
2000

24. Process and impact of implementing a smoke-free policy in prisons in Scotland: TIPs mixed-methods study

Author

Hunt, Kate, primary, Brown, Ashley, additional, Eadie, Douglas, additional, McMeekin, Nicola, additional, Boyd, Kathleen, additional, Bauld, Linda, additional, Conaglen, Philip, additional, Craig, Peter, additional, Demou, Evangelia, additional, Leyland, Alastair, additional, Pell, Jill, additional, Purves, Richard, additional, Tweed, Emily, additional, Byrne, Tom, additional, Dobson, Ruaraidh, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, Mitchell, Danielle, additional, O’Donnell, Rachel, additional, Sweeting, Helen, additional, and Semple, Sean, additional

Published
2022
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26. Are the Culturally Diverse Needs of Children Being Met in Special Education?

Author

Graham, Lesley P.

Abstract

A mail survey was conducted of 149 students (grades 4-8) with special needs in 19 school systems in inner city, suburban, and rural settings to determine their knowledge of cultural diversity and to identify their educational needs in this area. Results are organized around the seven areas of multicultural emphasis in the survey: (1) knowledge of folklore; (2)multicultural aspects of everyday life; (3) social studies; (4) leadership; (5) traditions; (6) the arts; and (7) sports and leisure activities. The study concluded that all these cultural diversity areas are crucial for the student with special needs, that students with special needs did not demonstrate a broad cultural knowledge in any of the seven areas explored, and that teachers need to review the quality of information presented in the classroom as it relates to the understanding and acceptance of cultural diversity. Much of the document consists of appendices which provide a copy of the questionnaire and detailed analysis of each question on the questionnaire. (DB)

Published
1996

27. Intended and unintended consequences of the implementation of minimum unit pricing of alcohol in Scotland: a natural experiment

Author

So, Vivian, primary, Millard, Andrew D, additional, Katikireddi, S Vittal, additional, Forsyth, Ross, additional, Allstaff, Sarah, additional, Deluca, Paolo, additional, Drummond, Colin, additional, Ford, Allison, additional, Eadie, Douglas, additional, Fitzgerald, Niamh, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, Hilton, Shona, additional, Ludbrook, Anne, additional, McCartney, Gerry, additional, Molaodi, Oarabile, additional, Open, Michele, additional, Patterson, Chris, additional, Perry, Samantha, additional, Phillips, Thomas, additional, Schembri, Gabriel, additional, Stead, Martine, additional, Wilson, Janet, additional, Yap, Chris, additional, Bond, Lyndal, additional, and Leyland, Alastair H, additional

Published
2021
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28. O-423 Evaluating changes to sickness absence in prison staff following the implementation of a national prison smokefree policy

Author

Demou, Evangelia, primary, Mackay, Daniel, additional, Craig, Peter, additional, Leyland, Alastair, additional, Brown, Stuart, additional, Makris, Vasos, additional, Boyd, Kathleen, additional, Brown, Ashley, additional, Conaglen, Philip, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, McMeekin, Nicola, additional, Pell, Jill, additional, Sweeting, Helen, additional, Tweed, Emily, additional, and Hunt, Kate, additional

Published
2021
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38. The mortality after release from incarceration consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

Author

Borschmann, Rohan, Tibble, Holly, Spittal, Matthew J., Preen, David, Pirkis, Jane, Larney, Sarah, Rosen, David L., Young, Jesse T., Love, Alexander D., Altice, Frederick L., Binswanger, Ingrid A., Bukten, Anne, Butler, Tony, Chang, Zheng, Chen, Chuan-Yu, Clausen, Thomas, Christensen, Peer Brehm, Culbert, Gabriel J., Degenhardt, Louisa, Dirkzwager, Anja J. E., Dolan, Kate, Fazel, Seena, Fischbacher, Colin, Giles, Margaret, Graham, Lesley, Harding, David, Huang, Yen-Fang, Huber, Florence, Karaminia, Azar, Borschmann, Rohan, Tibble, Holly, Spittal, Matthew J., Preen, David, Pirkis, Jane, Larney, Sarah, Rosen, David L., Young, Jesse T., Love, Alexander D., Altice, Frederick L., Binswanger, Ingrid A., Bukten, Anne, Butler, Tony, Chang, Zheng, Chen, Chuan-Yu, Clausen, Thomas, Christensen, Peer Brehm, Culbert, Gabriel J., Degenhardt, Louisa, Dirkzwager, Anja J. E., Dolan, Kate, Fazel, Seena, Fischbacher, Colin, Giles, Margaret, Graham, Lesley, Harding, David, Huang, Yen-Fang, Huber, Florence, and Karaminia, Azar

Abstract

Introduction More than 30 million adults are released from incarceration globally each year. Many experience complex physical and mental health problems, and are at markedly increased risk of preventable mortality. Despite this, evidence regarding the global epidemiology of mortality following release from incarceration is insufficient to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. Many previous studies have suffered from inadequate power and poor precision, and even large studies have limited capacity to disaggregate data by specific causes of death, sub-populations or time since release to answer questions of clinical and public health relevance. Objectives To comprehensively document the incidence, timing, causes and risk factors for mortality in adults released from prison. Methods We created the Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC), a multi-disciplinary collaboration representing 29 cohorts of adults who have experienced incarceration from 11 countries. Findings across cohorts will be analysed using a two-step, individual participant data meta-analysis methodology. Results The combined sample includes 1,337,993 individuals (89% male), with 75,795 deaths recorded over 9,191,393 person-years of follow-up. Conclusions The consortium represents an important advancement in the field, bringing international attention to this problem. It will provide internationally relevant evidence to guide policymakers and clinicians in reducing preventable deaths in this marginalized population.

Published
2020

39. Inflammation and salt in young adults: the African-PREDICT study

Author

10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, 27231569 - Crouch, Simone H., 20695241 - Botha, Shani, Crouch, Simone H., Shani, Botha-Le Roux, Schutte, Aletta E., Delles, Christian, Graham, Lesley A., 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, 27231569 - Crouch, Simone H., 20695241 - Botha, Shani, Crouch, Simone H., Shani, Botha-Le Roux, Schutte, Aletta E., Delles, Christian, and Graham, Lesley A.

Abstract

Purpose Low-grade inflammation and a diet high in salt are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High potassium (K+) intake was found to counter increase in blood pressure due to high salt intake and may potentially also have protective anti-inflammatory effects. To better understand these interactions under normal physiological conditions, we investigated the relationships between 22 inflammatory mediators with 24-h urinary K+ in young healthy adults stratified by low, medium and high salt intake (salt tertiles). We stratified by ethnicity due to potential salt sensitivity in black populations. Methods In 991 healthy black (N = 457) and white (N = 534) adults, aged 20–30 years, with complete data for 24-h urinary sodium and K+, we analysed blood samples for 22 inflammatory mediators. Results We found no differences in inflammatory mediators between low-, mid- and high-sodium tertiles in either the black or white groups. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses in white adults, we found only in the lowest salt tertile that K+ associated negatively with pro-inflammatory mediators, namely interferon gamma, interleukin (IL) -7, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (all p ≤ 0.046). In the black population, we found no independent associations between K+ and any inflammatory mediator. Conclusion In healthy white adults, 24-h urinary K+ associated independently and negatively with specific pro-inflammatory mediators, but only in those with a daily salt intake less than 6.31 g, suggesting K+ to play a protective, anti-inflammatory role in a low-sodium environment. No similar associations were found in young healthy black adults

Published
2020

40. 'Booking it' to peace: bibliotherapy guidelines for teachers. (On-going Topics)

Author

Johnson, Celia E., Wan, Guofang, Templeton, Rosalyn Anstine, Graham, Lesley P., and Sattler, Joan L.

Subjects
Bibliotherapy for children -- Practice, Educational research -- Research, Learning -- Research, Developmentally disabled children -- Education, Books -- Psychological aspects, Education
Abstract

Abstract This article explores both the theory and practice of bibliotherapy. The history of bibliotherapy is discussed with various definitions. The authors provide guidelines and examples for implementing bibliotherapy in [...]

Published
2001

43. The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

Author

Borschmann, Rohan, primary, Tibble, Holly, additional, Spittal, Matthew J, additional, Preen, David, additional, Pirkis, Jane, additional, Larney, Sarah, additional, Rosen, David L, additional, Young, Jesse T, additional, Love, Alexander D, additional, Altice, Frederick L, additional, Binswanger, Ingrid A, additional, Bukten, Anne, additional, Butler, Tony, additional, Chang, Zheng, additional, Chen, Chuan-Yu, additional, Clausen, Thomas, additional, Christensen, Peer Brehm, additional, Culbert, Gabriel J, additional, Degenhardt, Louisa, additional, Dirkzwager, Anja J.E., additional, Dolan, Kate, additional, Fazel, Seena, additional, Fischbacher, Colin, additional, Giles, Margaret, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, Harding, David, additional, Huang, Yen-Fang, additional, Huber, Florence, additional, Karaminia, Azar, additional, Kouyoumdjian, Fiona G, additional, Lim, Sungwoo, additional, Møller, Lars, additional, Moniruzzaman, Akm, additional, Morenoff, Jeffrey, additional, O'Moore, Eamonn, additional, Pizzicato, Lia N, additional, Pratt, Daniel, additional, Proescholdbell, Scott F, additional, Ranapurwala, Shabbar I, additional, Shanahan, Meghan E, additional, Shaw, Jenny, additional, Slaunwhite, Amanda, additional, Somers, Julian M, additional, Spaulding, Anne C, additional, Stern, Marc F, additional, Viner, Kendra M, additional, Wang, Nadia, additional, Willoughby, Melissa, additional, Zhao, Bin, additional, and Kinner, Stuart A, additional

Published
2020
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46. Impact of Minimum Unit Pricing on Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Attendances in Scotland: A Natural Experiment Study

Author

So, Vivian, primary, Millard, Andrew D., additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Deluca, Paolo, additional, Drummond, Colin, additional, Eadie, Douglas, additional, Fitzgerald, Niamh, additional, Ford, Allison, additional, Forsyth, Ross, additional, Graham, Lesley, additional, Hilton, Shona, additional, Ludbrook, Anne, additional, McCartney, Gerry, additional, Molaodi, Oarabile, additional, Open, Michele, additional, Owens, Lynn, additional, Perry, Samantha, additional, Phillips, Thomas, additional, Stead, Martine, additional, Yap, Chris, additional, Bond, Lyndal, additional, and Leyland, Alastair, additional

Published
2020
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49. Evaluating possible intended and unintended consequences of the implementation of minimum unit pricing (MUP) in Scotland: a natural experiment protocol

Author

Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Beeston, Clare, Millard, Andrew, Forsyth, Ross, Deluca, Paolo, Drummond, Colin, Eadie, Douglas, Graham, Lesley, Hilton, Shona, Ludbrook, Anne, McCartney, Gerry, Phillips, Thomas, Stead, Martine, Ford, Allison, Bond, Lyndal, and Leyland, Alastair H.

Abstract

Introduction: Scotland is the first country to carry out a national implementation of minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol. MUP aims to reduce alcohol-related harms, which are high in Scotland compared with Western Europe, and to improve health equalities. MUP is a minimum retail price per unit of alcohol. That approach targets high-risk alcohol users. This work is key to a wider evaluation that will determine whether MUP continues. There are three study components.\ud \ud Methods and analysis: Component 1 sampled an estimated 2800 interviewees at a baseline and each of two follow-ups from four Emergency Departments in Scotland and Northern England. Research nurses administered a standardised survey to assess alcohol consumption and the proportion of attendances that were alcohol-related.\ud \ud Component 2 covered six Sexual Health Clinics with similar timings and country allocation. A self-completion survey gathered information on potential unintended effects of MUP on alcohol source and drug use.\ud \ud Using a natural experiment design and repeated cross-sectional audit, difference between Scotland (intervention) and North England (control) will be tested for outcomes using regression adjusting for differences at baseline. Differential impacts by age, gender and socioeconomic position will be investigated.\ud \ud Component 3 used focus groups with young people and heavy drinkers and interviews with stakeholders before and after MUP implementation. The focus groups will allow exploration of attitudes, experiences and behaviours and the potential mechanisms by which impacts arise. The interviews will help characterise the implementation process.\ud \ud Ethics and dissemination: Study components 1 and 2 have been ethically approved by the NHS, and component 3 by the University of Stirling. Dissemination plans include peer-reviewed journal articles, presentations, policy maker briefings and, in view of high public interest and the high political profile of this flagship policy, communication with the public via media engagement and plain language summaries.

Published
2019

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