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Background: There are no contemporary data on the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in New Zealand., Objectives: To estimate the economic burden of HAIs in adults in New Zealand public hospitals by number and monetary value of bed days lost; number of deaths, number of life years lost, and the monetary value (in NZ dollars); Accident Compensation Commission (ACC) HAI treatment injury payments; and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)., Methods: The annual incidence rate was calculated from the observed prevalence of HAIs in New Zealand, and length of patient stays. Total HAIs for 2021 were estimated by multiplying adult admissions by incidence rates. The excess length of stay and mortality risk attributed to those with HAI was calculated using a multistate model. Payments for treatment injuries were obtained from the ACC. DALYs for HAIs were estimated from the literature., Results: The incidence rate of HAI was 4.74%, predicting 24,191 HAIs for 2021, resulting in 76,861 lost bed days, 699 deaths, with 9,371 years of life lost (YoLL). The annual economic burden was estimated to be $955m comprised of $121m for lost bed days, $792m for cost of YoLL, and $43m ACC claims. There were 24,165 DALY which is greater than many other measured injuries in New Zealand, eg motor vehicle traffic crashes with 20,328 DALY., Conclusions: HAIs are a significant burden for patients, their families, and the public health system. Preventive guidelines for many HAIs exist and a strategic plan is needed to reduce HAIs in New Zealand.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant risk for patients and a burden on the health system. In 2021, the Te Tāhū Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission New Zealand Infection Prevention and Control Team undertook a national HAI point prevalence survey (PPS) across all 20 district health boards (DHBs). We describe the process that was undertaken to plan for and execute the PPS. The key stages of this project were planning, communication and engagement, piloting and then refining the process, training surveyors, delivering the full PPS, and finally, data analysis and reporting. Support for the PPS was received at a national level from clinical and non-clinical management. The sharing of this information may support other health provider groups to use similar methodology to better understand the epidemiology of both infectious and non-infectious diseases locally. It provides a useful planning strategy for those considering similar surveys., Competing Interests: Nil., (© PMA.)

Background: This study aimed to identify the risk factors, in particular the use of surgical helmet systems (SHSs), for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Data recorded by the New Zealand Surgical Site Infection Improvement Programme (SSIIP) and the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR) were combined and analyzed., Methods: Primary TKA procedures performed between July 2013 and June 2018 that were recorded by both the SSIIP and NZJR were analyzed. Two primary outcomes were measured: (1) PJI within 90 days as recorded by the SSIIP and (2) revision TKA for deep infection within 6 months as recorded by the NZJR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for both outcomes with results considered significant at P < .05., Results: A total of 19,322 primary TKAs were recorded by both databases in which 97 patients had a PJI within 90 days as recorded by the SSIIP (0.50%), and 90 patients had a revision TKA for deep infection within 6 months (0.47%) as recorded by the NZJR. An SHS was associated with a lower rate of PJI (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, P = .008) and revision for deep infection (adjusted OR = 0.55, P = .022) than conventional gowning. Male sex (adjusted OR = 2.6, P < .001) and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score >2 were patient risk factors for infection (OR = 2.63, P < .001 for PJI and OR = 1.75, P = .017 for revision for deep infection)., Conclusion: Using contemporary data from the SSIIP and NZJR, the use of the SHS was associated with a lower rate of PJI after primary TKA than conventional surgical gowning. Male sex and a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score continue to be risk factors for infection., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To describe risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) caused by aerobic Gram-negative organisms after hip and knee arthroplasty., Method: Publicly funded hip and knee arthroplasties (performed between 1 July 2013 and 31 December 2017) that developed SSIs were compared to those that did not. SSIs were grouped by causative organism: Gram-negative (Pseudomonas spp. or enteric Gram-negative bacilli) or staphylococcal (pure or mixed growth of Staphylococcus spp.). Independent risk factors in each group were identified., Results: 24,842 (54%) hip and 20,993 (46%) knee arthroplasties were performed. There were 497 (1.1%) SSIs. Staphylococci were responsible for 233 SSIs (47%) and Gram-negatives were responsible for 73 (15%). Age, sex, body mass index ≥35kg/m2, smoking status, socioeconomic deprivation, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, revision surgery and prophylactic antibiotic dose were all independent predictors of all-cause SSI. On subgroup analysis, socioeconomic deprivation and Pasifika ethnicity were independent risk factors for Gram-negative SSI, but not staphylococcal SSI., Discussion: In this study, socioeconomic deprivation and ethnicity were independent and novel risk factors for Gram-negative SSI following arthroplasty. Some of the SSI risk factors can be modified before arthroplasty (e.g., appropriate timing of prophylactic antibiotics, smoking cessation, weight loss). Non-modifiable risk factors can help identify high-risk procedures where additional pre- and post-operative interventions may be warranted., Competing Interests: Nil.

Purpose: While many guidelines recommend higher doses of cefazolin for patients with higher body weights, there are scant outcome data showing the benefit of higher doses. Surgical site infection (SSI) rates by dose of cefazolin used for surgical prophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty were analyzed., Methods: Analysis of patient data entered into New Zealand's national, prospective, surveillance and quality improvement SSI Improvement Programme database for the period July 2013 through December 2017 was conducted. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network SSI definitions were used, and patients were followed for 90 days after surgery. Underdosing was defined as use of 1 g of cefazolin in patients weighing 80 kg or more or a cefazolin dose of <3 g in those weighing 120 kg or more., Results: There were 38,288 procedures where cefazolin was used for prophylaxis; patient body weight was known for all these procedures. Of the 1,840 patients who received 1 g of cefazolin, 676 (37%) weighed 80 kg or more. Of the 2,011 patients weighing 120 kg or more, 1,464 (73%) were underdosed. After multivariable analysis, male gender, higher total surgical risk scores, performance of revision and hip arthroplasties, and cefazolin underdosing were associated with higher SSI rates. For the 2,106 underdosed patients, the odds ratio for SSI was 2.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.61-2.99; P < 0.0001). The number of higher-weight patients needed to treat to prevent 1 SSI was 83, with an estimated cost of 35 kg/m2 or >40 kg/m2) remains unanswered., (© American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Staphylococcus aureus disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and of concern, it disproportionally affects Māori and Pacific Peoples. New Zealand has high rates of skin and soft tissue infection caused by S. aureus. Healthcare-associated S. aureus bacteraemia (HA-SAB) accounts for a significant proportion of all S. aureus bacteraemia events. Measurement of HA-SAB has been reported in New Zealand for over 20 years but it has not been linked to quality improvement interventions to reduce the rate. It has been used as an outcome measure for the Hand Hygiene New Zealand programme; however, a recent review of submitted data questioned the accuracy of it. This has been addressed. National programmes such as the Health Quality & Safety Commissions Hand Hygiene New Zealand and the Surgical Site Infection Improvement programme have led to reduced harm from healthcare-associated infections. Interventions targeted at reducing the HA-SAB rate, such as bundles of care for insertion and maintenance of vascular access devices and skin and nasal decolonisation of staphylococci prior to surgery, are urgently required., Competing Interests: Nil.

Aims: The New Zealand Surgical Site Infection Improvement (SSII) Programme was established in 2013 to reduce the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) in publicly funded hip and knee arthroplasties in New Zealand hospitals., Methods: The programme pursued a three-pronged strategy: 1. Surveillance of SSI with a nationwide system 2. Promotion of consistent adherence to evidence-based practices proven to reduce SSI 3. Monitoring and publicly reporting changed practice and outcome data., Results: Between quarter 3 2013 and quarter 4 2016 there has been a nationwide increase in compliance with all process measures: correct timing for antibiotic prophylaxis; use of the recommended antibiotic in the recommended dose and alcohol-based skin antisepsis. The SSI rate in hip and knee arthroplasties has shown a significant improvement. The nationwide median rate has fallen to 0.91% since June 2015, compared with 1.36% during the baseline period of April 2013 to March 2014 (p<0.01). This equates to approximately 55 fewer infections between August 2015 and June 2017, savings of NZD$2.2 million in avoided treatment and avoided disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of NZD$5 million., Conclusions: The introduction of a nationwide SSI reduction programme for hip and knee arthroplasties resulted in an increase in compliance across the country with best practice that was associated with a reduction in incidence of SSI since June 2015 from the baseline period of April 2013 to March 2014, sustained to June 2017., Competing Interests: Richard Hamblin and Carl Shuker report affiliation with Health Quality & Safety Commission during the conduct of the study. Arthur Morris states that he is the Clinical Lead for the NZ Surgical Site Infection Improvement Programme. Sally Roberts is the National Clinical Lead for Health Quality and Safety Commission Infection Prevention and Control Programme. Alan Merry reports affiliation with Safer Sleep LLC, from null, outside the submitted work; and is Chair of Board of Health Quality and Safety Commission in New Zealand.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are serious adverse events hindering surgical patients' recovery. In Australia and New Zealand, SSIs are a huge burden to patients and healthcare systems. A bundled approach, including pre-theatre nasal and/or skin decolonization has been used to reduce the risk of staphylococcal infection. The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of the bundle in preventing SSIs for cardiac and orthopaedic surgeries. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Published literature was searched in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library of Systematic reviews. Identified articles were selected and extracted based on a priori defined Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome and eligibility criteria. Data of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies were synthesized by meta-analyses. Quality appraisal tools were used to assess the evidence quality. The review included six RCTs and 19 observational studies. The bundled treatment regimens varied substantially across all studies. RCTs showed a trend of Staphylococcus aureus SSIs reduction due to the bundle (relative risk = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33, 1.06) with moderate heterogeneity. Observational studies showed statistically significant reduction in all-cause and S. aureus SSIs, with 51% (95% CI = 0.41, 0.59) and 47% (95% CI = 0.35, 0.65), respectively. No publication biases were detected. SSIs in major cardiac and orthopaedic surgeries can be effectively reduced by approximately 50% with a pre-theatre patient care bundle approach., (© 2017 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.)