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To compare 5% lidocaine ointment applied for 10 minutes before intravenous (IV) catheterization to a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine; EMLA) cream applied for 10 or 60 minutes prior and a water-based placebo for 60 minutes for successful marginal ear IV catheterization in rabbits.Randomized, blinded, complete crossover, controlled trial.A total of 10 intact male, New Zealand White rabbits aged 4 months.After application of one of the treatments on the marginal ear vein, an operator unaware of the treatment attempted IV catheter placement. Successful IV catheterization was considered as a catheter inserted at the first attempt, safely secured, with appropriate patency. Generalized linear mixed models were developed to identify relevant predictors of successful catheter placement.Ears that had EMLA cream applied 60 minutes before the catheterization attempt had more than 10 times the odds of successful catheter placement [odds ratio (OR)=10.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.92-60.16; p0.008] compared with placebo. Both the application of EMLA cream or lidocaine ointment 10 minutes before the catheterization attempt resulted in approximately three times the odds of successful catheter placement compared with placebo, but were not statistically significant.Application of EMLA cream on the marginal ear vein 60 minutes before catheterization increases the chance of successful IV catheter placement in conscious rabbits.

This paper explored the marriage migrant mothers’ experiences of parenting bi-ethnic children in South Korea based on the concepts of ethnic socialization and intersectionality. We analyzed in-depth interviews of 22 marriage migrant women from Vietnam residing in the capital region of South Korea. They had at least one child whose biological father is Korean. Children were 5 years old or older, attending preschool or elementary school. Five types of bi-ethnic socialization strategies were identified, which provide portraits of different situations in which marriage migrant women were placed. The five strategies that emerged from the data were 1) “Natural practice of bi-ethnic socialization” including two heterogeneous groups, “Coexistence of two cultures” and “Mixture of two cultures”, 2) “Active practice of bi-ethnic socialization”, 3) “Struggling practice of bi-ethnic socialization”, 4) “Silence on bi-ethnic socialization”, and 5) “Suppressed bi-ethnic socialization”. The strategies of bi-ethnic socialization that marriage migrant women chose to raise their children reflected personal perceptions of Korean society and individual ethnic identity formed within Korean society. This study complements existing research on ethnic socialization by examining how ethnic socialization practices are shaped by multiple contexts marriage migrant women embedded in Korean society.

OBJECTIVES: Migration plays a significant role in dietary choices and health of populations. Studies on dietary intakes of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and health status of migrant populations are scarce. This study examined the association between dietary BCAA intake and risk of obesity among migrant Filipino women in Korea. METHODS: This study included 428 women (20–57years) enrolled in the FiLWHEL study. Demographic information and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were obtained using a standard protocol. Dietary BCAA (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) intakes were derived from a one-day 24-hour dietary recall. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Energy-adjusted BCAA intakes were categorized in quartile distribution with the lowest quartile as a reference and multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of obesity risk were estimated using logistic regression at a statistical significance of P

Despite a lack of diversity, studies on the experience of ethnically diverse (ED) students have not focused on veterinary education. This study used focus groups to explore the experience of ED veterinary students, their challenges, and their sources of support in this setting. Focus groups were held using two formats: a traditional, in-person approach, and online, via a social media group. Recruitment was by invitation and focus group allocation according to participant preference. Conversations were transcribed or downloaded, anonymized, and analyzed using a two-part narrative analysis, the aim of which was to understand the experiences of ED veterinary students at an in-depth level. Students experienced identity conflicts at multiple levels (self, others, profession), which appeared to relate to their ethnicity. Conflict between self and others resulted in a feeling of otherness arising from a White student majority, both within the university and on external placements, and professional identity conflicts arose between students’ personal cultural values and their values as a veterinarian. Internal conflicts arose when students felt a wish to integrate but also perceived a need to segregate with similar others to obtain support and a sense of belonging to a group. These challenges have potential implications for mental well-being and career opportunities. For veterinary medicine to adapt to changing client demographics in an increasingly globalized world, a deeper understanding of the ED student experience may offer advantages in areas such as recruitment and profession retention, which will eventually support greater diversity within the professional population.

This study aimed to identify latent profiles of discrimination experience, stress, and self-esteem among multicultural Korean adolescents and to test the effects of bicultural identity, family ethnic socialization, multicultural attitudes of teachers, and the multicultural climate of schools on latent profile membership. We used the data from the Multicultural Adolescent Adjustment Panel (2017). The sample consisted of 358 Korea-born multicultural adolescents (aged 12-13) living with Korean fathers and immigrant mothers. Latent profile analyses on discrimination experience, stress, and self-esteem identified four profiles: maladaptive, vulnerable, adaptive, and resilient. Logistic regression showed that multicultural adolescents with a high level of family ethnic socialization and positive multicultural attitudes of teachers were more likely to be included in the adaptive group (versus maladaptive group), and multicultural adolescents with a positive multicultural climate of one’s school were more likely to be included in the resilient group (versus vulnerable group). Results demonstrated the usefulness of the person-oriented perspective, suggesting that there may be heterogeneous groups within multicultural adolescents. This study also provided practical implications for multicultural adolescents by identifying the protective role of the school’s positive multicultural climate in a positive psychological adjustment in the context of high discrimination.

Bi-ethnic adolescents of marriage migrant mothers in Korea are often encouraged to be “pure” Koreans for their adjustments and not given the opportunities to explore their ethnic identity or to learn about their mother’s culture of origin. Existing studies conducted with mono-ethnic minorities in other countries, however, do not support this belief. We tested a conceptual model on the role of ethnic socialization, ethnic identity and self-esteem on school adjustment among bi-ethnic adolescents in Korea based on social identity theory and theoretical models of ethnic socialization and ethnic identity. We used data from 2015 National Survey of Multicultural Families. The study sample consisted of 296 adolescents aged 9–18 who were born between Korean fathers and Vietnamese marriage migrant mothers. We used structural equation modeling to specifically examine the association between ethnic socialization in terms of parents’ linguistic socialization and adolescents’ school adjustment mediated by ethnic identity in the form of ethnic regard and self-esteem among bi-ethnic adolescents. The results verified the hypothesized model, showing positive relationships between linguistic socialization and ethnic regard, ethnic regard and self-esteem, self-esteem and school adjustment, and ethnic regard and school adjustment. Additionally, the results of bootstrapping test showed that the indirect effect of linguistic socialization on self-esteem through ethnic regard was significant. The indirect effect of ethnic regard on school adjustment through self-esteem was significant and the indirect effect of linguistic socialization on school adjustment via ethnic regard and self-esteem was also significant. These results shed light on the important role of ethnic identity fostered at home among bi-ethnic adolescents of marriage migrant mothers in Korea.

Introduction This study aimed to identify latent profiles based on familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate among biethnic adolescents in South Korea and to examine how the emerged profiles were related to their life satisfaction.We also examined how biethnic affirmation interacted with the profiles in predicting life satisfaction. Methods Questionnaire data from the first wave of the Panel Survey of Korean Multicultural Youth Adjustment was used. The sample consisted of 358 biethnic adolescents in 5th and 6th grade in South Korea. The meanage was 11.41 years old. Approximately 60% of the participants were in 5th grade and 51.68% were girls. Results The results of LPA showed that familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate formed two distinct profiles in the current sample. These profiles were characterized as contexts of high and low biethnic acceptance. Biethnic adolescents in the context of high biethnic acceptance were significantly more satisfied with their lives than those in the context of low biethnic acceptance.Further, the positive association between biethnic iaffirmation and life satisfaction was more pronounced among adolescents in the context of low biethnic acceptance. Conclusions Findings suggest the importance of promoting biethnic acceptance across family, peer, and school settings for adolescents' biethnic affirmation and life satisfaction.

Recently, fathers' role in children's development has been recognized internationally. In Asian countries, similar conversations have emerged but there has been a lack of empirical studies that considered the unique cultural contexts. As a response, based on Bronfenbrenner's process-person-context-time model, the present study examined the daily dynamics and individual differences in the experience of fathers' emotional support and self-evaluation in social roles among 283 Korean adolescents in 5th and 8th grade. Through Hierarchical Linear Modeling, within-person associations between adolescents' experience of fathers' emotional support and self-evaluation in social roles on the same day and the next day were found, with individual differences by grade level and family affluence. Theoretical and practical implications within the relevant cultural context are discussed.

Several studies have found that various social contexts could serve a protective role for minorities facing discrimination. One of these contexts is frequency of social contact, which is known to be positively associated with health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of social contact with various social groups as a protective factor against the negative association between perceived discrimination and subjective health. Using data from the 2009 Korean National Survey of Multicultural Families, a total of 27,083 marriage migrant women were analyzed via hierarchical multiple regression. After controlling for socio-demographic factors and Korean proficiency, the experience of discrimination was found to be significantly associated with lower levels of subjective health (B = −0.22; P

The primary purpose of this study was to examine to what extent adolescents' daily self-evaluation mediates the effect of experiencing intimacy in parent-adolescent interactions on positive peer interactions the next day, even after controlling for gender and grade level. We employed a daily diary method for seven days in a sample of 452 Korean adolescents, collecting checklist data at the end of each day. Data were analyzed by using hierarchical linear modeling. According to moderated multilevel mediation analyses, the variance of self-evaluation explained 83% of the variance in the lagged effect of parental intimacy on the next day peer interaction even after the upper-level effects of gender and grade level were accounted for. Forth graders were more likely than 7th graders to have a more positive view of themselves when they experienced parental intimacy the previous day. Girls were less likely to experience positive peer interactions when they perceived less intimacy with their parents the day before. Results suggested that it would be most effective for peer relationship programs to teach parents and adolescents how to experience intimacy in their daily interactions, particularly in ways that help adolescents to think more positively about themselves. It would be helpful for parents to learn about various ways to compliment and encourage the adolescent child in everyday conversations. Lastly, findings in grade level differences also suggest that these programs might be especially effective for 4th graders more than 7th graders.

The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effects of children's health-promoting behaviors on the association between socioeconomic status, caregivers' depressive symptoms, and children's physical health outcomes. We used the first wave of “Seoul Education and Health Welfare Panel.” Data were collected from 820 fourth-grade elementary and first-year middle school students and their caregivers using self-administered surveys. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the mediating effects of health-promoting behaviors. Bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals were used to test the mediating effect. The results showed that both low socioeconomic status and caregivers' depressive symptoms were negatively associated with a child's health-promoting behaviors. Children's health-promoting behaviors were positively associated with physical health. However, children's physical health was not significantly associated with socioeconomic status but was marginally associated with caregivers' depressive symptoms. We found that children's health-promoting behaviors significantly mediated associations between both socioeconomic status and children's physical health and between caregivers' depressive symptoms and children's physical health. Based on the findings, we suggest the development and implementation of school-based, health-enhancement programs as a means to improve the general health of all children and to reduce health inequalities.

The number of multicultural families with children are growing in South Korea. When it comes to childrearing, co-existence of two different cultures in these families pose unique challenges as husbands and wives navigate differences in norms and practices. The goal of this study was to examine what predicts involvement in child care among South Korean fathers in multicultural families. We hypothesized that the degree of wives' adaptation to South Korea and husbands' cultural characteristics, such as family ideology and cultural competence, would influence father involvement in child care. The sample consisted of 138 Korean fathers and their wives from China. Participants completed a questionnaire. Results showed that South Korean fathers engaged in a moderate level of child care activities. As hypothesized, their Chinese wives' level of adaptation to South Korea and their own cultural characteristics were significantly associated with their involvement in child care. South Korean fathers were more likely to get involved in child care when their wives were less acculturated. Also, culturally considerate and less traditional men in terms of family ideology were more likely to perform child care.

This study aimed to identify predictors of acculturation types among marriage migrant women at the individual and dominant society levels. To accomplish this goal, we recruited marriage migrant women from China and Vietnam, classified their acculturation types according to their scores on acculturation attitudes, and performed multinomial logistic regression on acculturation types by entering marriage migrant women`s individual and dominant society level factors as covariates based on previous research. The results showed that most of the participants were classified under integration(N

Family life culture embodies the ways of thinking and behaving among family members in everyday lives. With a noticeable growth of multicultural families since 2000, there has been an inflow of other culture into the existing Korean family life culture. This new phenomenon signals a potential transformation of the family life culture in Korean society. To forecast such changes, we compared the family life culture of Korean- Vietnamese multicultural families (as reported by 104 Korean husbands and their Vietnamese wives) with that of mainstream Korean families (as reported by 108 Korean married men and 92 Korean married women) by comparing family ritual practices and family values. We also sought to identify whether two cultures in Korean-Vietnamese multicultural families harmoniously coexist or clash by examining differences within couples. Results showed that Korean married men and Korean husbands of Vietnamese women were very similar in terms of family ritual practices and family values. Differences emerged between Korean husbands and their Vietnamese wives. Specifically, Korean husbands endorsed more traditional gender role beliefs while their family values were less patriarchal compared to their wives. Results suggest that more flexible gender role beliefs reported by Vietnamese wives may be a source of conflict in Korean-Vietnamese multicultural families. At the same time, it may be a driving force of change in their existing family life culture. It will be worthwhile to pay attention in future research to whether and how patriarchal values and flexible gender role beliefs would continue to coexist or modify each other.

The present study sought to strengthen existing research on parenting in the context of child disability in two ways. First, we applied the caregiving stress process model to systematically examine a dynamic process of change and adaptation among mothers raising children with disabilities over time. Second, we conducted six focus groups with 18 Korean mothers to enrich cultural understanding of what contributes to their adaptation in the context of Korean society, paying particular attention to informal support. A convenient, purposive sampling method was used to recruit Korean mothers from local special education centers, who were married and had at least one schoolage child with a disability. The focus group narratives primarily revolved around how mothers have come to embrace their child’s disability over time though they are aware that it is a never-ending endeavor in process. Caregiving experiences were shaped by their subjective appraisal of the child’s disability and their own lives, which had gone through significant changes over the years following an initial diagnosis of a child’s disability. Social support, particularly the informal support from other mothers who are also raising a child with a disability, was not something that was immediately available to them but gradually came to take a meaningful place in their lives over time. Findings suggest that for an intervention program to be effective, it should be embedded in the larger public policy that offers the context where mothers can build informal support network.

The goal of the current school-parent support policy in South Korea is to revive the parental role as agent and partner in child education by strengthening parental efficacy through increasing parental knowledge about the child’s school life. In this study, we tested this mediational model by comparing 743 employed mothers versus 540 stay-at-home mothers within each school level. School involvement among stay-at-home mothers of all children significantly predicted their parental efficacy and their knowledge about the child’s school mediated this link completely for mothers of elementary and high school children and partially for mothers of middle school children. School involvement had no impact on parental efficacy among employed mothers. Policy implications of the findings were discussed.

This study examined whether Korean adolescents' sense of neighbourhood community would be related to their peer relations and self-esteem and the role of parent-related variables (e.g., mother's sense of neighbourhood community and perceived relationship closeness with parents) among a sample of 229 Korean adolescents and their mothers. Hierarchical regression analyses showed a positive association of Korean adolescents' sense of neighbourhood community with peer relations and self-esteem. In addition, having a close relationship with parents emerged as the ultimate predictor of their sense of neighbourhood community above and beyond the variance accounted for by socio-demographic characteristics and school adaptation. Results suggest that parents play a significant role in Korean adolescents' sense of neighbourhood community. Fostering close relationships with parents and improving mothers' sense of neighbourhood community may be particularly effective for strengthening Korean adolescents' sense of neigh...

The purpose of the present study was to examine how dimensions of socialization practice and relationship quality may function to manage or increase parent-adolescent conflict. Of particular concern was to examine the comparative efficacy of potential predictors of parent-adolescent conflict across three cultural groups consisting of samples from Mainland China, Russia, and the U.S. as well as across gender-of-parent/gender-of-adolescent dyads from each culture. Findings from a sample of 1,365 adolescents indicated that adolescents` perceptions of parental influences on parent-adolescent conflict differ across cultural groups and gender-of-adolescent. The use of punitive behavior by parents was the strongest and most consistent predictor of parent-adolescent conflict across all cultural groups and gender dyads, suggesting that a general pattern exists for punitiveness to increase parent-adolescent conflict cross-culturally. Perceptions of support, monitoring, conformity to parents, and autonomy from parents influenced parent-adolescent conflict within some of the cultures and selectively for adolescent boys and girls.

The present study proposes a model of using the Multicultural Family Support Centers and adjustment among foreign brides and their interethnicand interracial families in South Korea based on the narratives of 10 foreign brides married to Korean men and 11 service providers who directly interact with these women and their families. The results illustrate how programs offered through Multicultural Family Support Centers serve as a bridge for these families to pass through mistrust and conflict to reach a point of intimacy and unity as a family. Recommendations for the Multicultural Family Support Centers are made.Key Words: foreign brides, interethnic marriage, multicultural family in Korea, multicultural family support centerThe ethnic makeup of South Korean families, which remained mostly homogeneous throughout history, has begun to be transformed over the last two decades. Since the late 1990s, a growing number of women from Asian and other countries have migrated to South Korea through arranged marriages as foreign brides of Korean men. Subsequently, the number of interethnic and interracial marriages in South Korea jumped from 619 in 1990 to 36,204 in 2008 (e-National Indicators, n.d.), comprising more than 1 1% of the total marriages in 2008. As of 2009, there were approximately 1 67,090 interethnic or interracial families, and it is estimated that 75% of these families consist of Korean husbands and brides from other countries Kim, Yang, & Lee, 2009).The growing presence of foreign brides and thus interethnic and interracial families in South Korea has kindled scholarly interest in understanding how they are doing (e.g., Chung & Lim, 2011). In general, research has identified various problems that they experience, such as cultural differences (Koo, 2007), marital conflict (Kim, Yoo, Lee, & Chung, 2006), and tension between foreign brides and their in-laws (Kang, 1999). One study of foreign brides in Seoul (Jang & Lee, 2009) found that 20% of these women have considered divorce but did not because of their children or lack of economic resources. Twenty-one percent in the study reported that their husbands had used physical violence or control tactics against them, whereas 67% indicated that they experienced relationship difficulties with their husbands' parents.In response to these reports on the problems that arise in interethnic and interracial families, South Korea enacted the Multicultural Family Support Act in 2008 with a goal of providing free services and programs to meet the needs of foreign brides and interethnic and interracial families more systematically. Such a systematic policy effort is notable given that other countries with a longer history of immigration (e.g., the United States) do not provide programs or set up centers for foreign wives through policy. The enactment of this act led to the burgeoning of over 170 Multicultural Family Support Centers nationwide. Prior to 2008, various local community centers had offered Korean language classes and childrearing support, although it was not common until around 2000 to find a community center that provided such services. According to the 2010 Guide for Multicultural Family Support Centers (Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2010), mandatory services that these centers are required to provide include Korean language classes, job training, counseling, support groups, family life education, and courses designed to learn about legal, economic, and social systems in Korea at no or minimal cost. Each center can also select one or more specialized programs to offer among language classes for children of interethnic and interracial families, child-care service for center participants, mentoring and volunteer program, community networking, and translation service. If we include other nonprofit community organizations that offer one or more of these services to interethnic and interracial families as part of their larger program, there are more than 700 such centers across the nation (Kim et al. …

As the immigrant population is rapidly growing in South Korea, it is important for the next generation of Korean adolescents to foster unprejudiced attitudes towards immigrants. This paper thus seeks to shed light on adolescent prejudice towards immigrants, by addressing the following three questions: (1) Does a mother`s prejudice towards immigrants and parenting style influence their adolescent children`s prejudice towards immigrants? (2) Does an adolescent`s prejudice towards immigrants influence his/her self-identity? (3) Does an adolescent`s prejudice towards immigrants influence his/her coping styles? The sample consisted of 288 pairs of Korean adolescents and their mothers. According to hierarchical regression analyses, a mother`s prejudice towards immigrants significantly predicted her adolescent`s prejudice towards immigrants, after taking sociodemographic variables into account, whereas her parenting style did not. In addition, having a low level of prejudice towards immigrants among adolescents predicted high levels of self-identity (e.g. independence, proprioceptive, and mission orientation), and a greater use of positive coping skills (e.g. support-seeking and problem-solving). Overall, results showed that mothers played a significant role in shaping their adolescent`s prejudice towards immigrants. Results also provided evidence that prejudice towards immigrants may interfere with the healthy development of self-identity and coping style during adolescence. In conclusion, this study suggests that multicultural education for adolescents can be more effective, when it is provided in partnership with a parent education program that is designed to raise parental multicultural awareness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in self competence between children from multicultural families and children from Korean families, and to study how interparental conflict and peer relationship influence the self competence of children. The subjects of the present study were 138 children of multicultural families and 254 children of Korean families in the 3rd or 4th grade in Seoul, Daegu, Gyeong-gi province, and Gyeong-buk province. The instruments of measurement were the Children`s Perception of Interparental Conflict, Friendship and the Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Date were analyzed by independent samples T-test, MANCOVA, ANCOVA and multiple regression using the SPSS program. The results showed there was significant difference in the self competence of children between those from multicultural families and those from Korean families, but there was no significant difference when income was controlled. Second, for children of multicultural families, gender, income, and the intensity of interparental conflict had significant influence on self competence while gender, aid, conflict, and disclosure of negative affect in friendship, and being a peacemaker in interparental conflict influenced self competence significantly in the case of children of Korean families.

Using a daily diary method, this study assessed daily episodes of family and peer conflict among 578 adolescents in the 9th grade to examine potential bidirectional associations between the family and peer domains. Adolescents completed a daily diary checklist at the end of each day over a 14-day period to report events of conflict and their emotional states for a given day. Overall, the within-person models provided evidence for the bidirectional nature of family peer linkages across gender and ethnicity. Adolescents experienced more peer conflict on days in which they argued with parents or other family members, and vice versa. Effect of family conflict further spilled over into peer relationships the next day and 2 days later, whereas peer conflict predicted only the following day family conflict. Adolescents' emotional distress partially explained these short-term spillovers between family and peer conflict.

본 연구의 목적은 결혼이주여성과 한국인 여성의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 현재 한국에 거주하고 있는 409명의 결혼 이주여성과 474명의 한국인 여성을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 평등한 의사결정방식은 결혼 이주여성들만의 결혼만족도를, 우울 수준은 한국인 여성들만의 결혼만족도를 설명하였다. 하지만 남편의 의사소통 양식은 결혼 이주 여성과 한국인 여성 두 집단 모두의 경우에 결혼만족도를 설명하는 가장 강력한 변수였다. 결혼 이주 여성의 경우 문화적 맥락(한국에서의 거주기간, 인종차별 경험) 또한 결혼만족도를 설명하는 중요한 변수였다. 본 연구의 결과는 결혼이주 여성과 한국인 여성의 결혼만족도를 설명하는데 있어 변수들의 상대적 영향력을 규명하고, 결혼이주 여성의 결혼만족도에 있어서 문화적 맥락 변수들의 고유한 기여점을 설명함으로써 결혼 이주 여성의 결혼만족도에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하였다.

The authors employed a daily diary method to assess daily frequencies of interparental and parent-adolescent conflict over a 2-week period and their implications for emotional distress across the high school years in a longitudinal sample of 415 adolescents from Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds. Although family conflict remained fairly infrequent among all ethnic backgrounds across the high school years, its impact on emotional distress was significant across ethnicity and gender. In addition, parent-adolescent conflict significantly mediated the association between interparental conflict and emotional distress. These associations were observed at both the individual and the daily levels, providing evidence for both the chronic and episodic implications of family conflict for adolescents' emotional adjustment.

Using grounded theory methods, we examined coparenting relationships for 25 divorced mothers who experienced violence during their marriages. How well former husbands were able to differentiate, or keep separate, their parental and spousal roles emerged as central to coparenting dynamics and was partly related to type of marital violence. Linking differentiation to types of martial violence advances our theoretical understanding of variations in coparenting relationships after divorce. Results can be used to more effectively match divorcing parents with appro priate interventions.

SUMMARY Twenty-four lesbian mothers (12 African American, 9 White, and 3 Latina) who had experienced physical abuse by a same-sex partner were interviewed. Three types of IPV were found: intimate terrorism, situational violence, and mutual violent control. Further, relationships between mothers/abusers, mothers/children, and abusers/children were examined. Regarding relationships with abusers, 71% of mothers reported lengthy sagas, 17% had worked it out, and 13% made a clean break from the abuser. Regarding relationships with their children, 48% of mothers hid the violence, 26% minimized it, and 26% openly communicated about the situation. Relationships between abusers and the mothers' children were found to be either co-parental (29%), playmate (21%), abusive (21%), or non-parental (21%). Correlations among relational and demographic variables were also examined.

This study integrates relative resource theory and cultural perspectives on husband-to-wife authority to examine male-to-female physical violence reported by Asian American wives in the National Latino and Asian American Survey. Findings indicated that the association between marital violence and male household dominance is complicated by women's income relative to husbands'. We speculate that when husbands face threats on multiple levels to culturally determined masculine spheres of dominance, they are more likely to aggress against the perceived source of their status decline-thereby reaffirming one mode of dominance (physical). Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Joint custody and cooperative coparenting are often unsafe for women who leave violent partners. Although certain legal protections are available, more work is needed to understand and address abused women's needs in this context. This study provides divorce scholars and practitioners with information on the interface between separation/divorce and intimate partner violence. We review existing research, policies, and programs and propose directions for intervention and research that center around the unique needs of these families.

There is evidence that parent-child cohesion is a potentially influential factor in children's self-esteem and acculturation. However, no research to date has examined cohesion with parents as a potential pathway between Korean proficiency and self-esteem or acculturation among children from multicultural families. This study was done to address these limitations by examining whether and to what extent cohesion with parents mediated the effect of Korean proficiency on self-esteem and acculturation among children from multicultural families.Data were collected from a sample of 138 mothers and their children living in Seoul, Daegu, Kyungi province, and Kyungpook province. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the variables of interest. Mediation effects of cohesion with parents were tested by following the procedure recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986).Cohesion with parents partially mediated the relationship between Korean proficiency and self-esteem. For children's acculturation, the effect of Korean proficiency was partially mediated through father-child cohesion. Mother-child cohesion completely mediated the relationship between Korean proficiency and acculturation.These findings suggest that to help children from multicultural families experiencing difficulties with self-esteem or acculturation, it might be useful to develop programs that are aimed at strengthen cohesion with parents.

This is an exploratory study that examined verbal aggression in romantic relationships among unmarried Black and White women and men as a function of gender and race. We employed an ecological approach to examine the receipt of verbal aggression separately for men and women at the levels of individual, relationship, and community. We also explored whether gender-specific correlates of verbal aggression interacted with race. Analyses were based on a sample of 212 women and 133 men in non-marital romantic relationships recruited from 21 U.S. cities for a larger study. Linear mixed-effects models revealed that factors related to experiencing verbal aggression differed substantially for unmarried women and men in romantic relationships. Interesting racial differences also emerged distinctly for women and men.

This chapter examines the place effects on health that may persist and/or change over time and distance by focusing on the interaction of place and health in three distinct immigrant communities. Rather than equating community with a single, static geographic location, the approach taken in this chapter highlights the dynamism inherent in both community and place by examining how place of origin affects health beyond the original geographic boundaries and how such effects may change over time. Examining the interaction between immigrants’ places of origin and their host societies allows deeper insight into how place effects operate. We seek to understand how shared identities, a shared culture, and/or a shared experience with a particular place of origin may impact health outcomes and practices, and how those outcomes and practices may change over time. To investigate the persistence of health beliefs and practices, we first examine health practices among Chinese immigrants to England. We then turn to the study of health outcomes across time and place by examining notable health phenomena among two groups of immigrants. These phenomena include the “Roseto effect” among Italian immigrants to Pennsylvania and the “epidemiological paradox” of Mexican immigrants to the USA. These case studies suggest the centrality of the social aspects of community in place effects on health.

We explored how Korean American (KA) physicians in the Los Angeles area respond in their medical practice to Korean immigrant women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV). Twenty physicians were recruited and interviewed in-depth. Grounded theory analyses revealed that KA physicians’ responses to IPV ranged from denying signs of IPV and trivializing IPV to acknowledging IPV. Physician response was related to the degree to which he or she was enculturated in mainstream medical practice norms in the United States. We advance current knowledge on physicians’ IPV screening and intervention practices by exploring the practices of KA physicians, in particular.

Objective: Obesity is most common in the United States among women of ethnic minority groups (black and Hispanic). Researchers have hypothesized that these subcultures are more accepting of overweight figures. The purpose of this study was to examine body image and body size assessments in a large community sample of men and women. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 801 women and 428 men: 23% Asian, 45% Hispanic, 17% black, and 15% white. The figure rating scale was used to rate: body dissatisfaction, attractive male and female shapes, acceptable female size, and perceptions of underweight to obese female figures. Results: Controlling for age, education, and body weight, no ethnic differences were found for men. Asian women reported less body dissatisfaction than the other groups. Women were more dissatisfied with their size than men and chose thinner female figures as attractive and acceptable. Discussion: Ethnicity, independent of age, education, and body weight, does not influence preference for female and male shapes or tolerance for obesity.