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"1999".Project Number: The Darling River: Algal growth and the cycling and sources of nutrients Project M386 - SB/1/34.MDFRC item.A key aim of the project was to identify environmental conditions responsible for the occurrence of blooms of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in the Darling River. Emphasis was given to describing the role of phosphorus and identifying its major sources of supply. Specifically we sought to: develop an empirical model of phytoplankton growth identify the main environmental conditions that trigger blooms of cyanobacteria identify the amounts and the physico-chemical forms of nutrients transported in the river determine the factors that control ì bioavailabilityî (ie. availability to phytoplankton) of the various forms of major nutrients assess whether the present phosphorus concentrations in the river are higher than they were before European settlement identify and quantify the major sources and types of phosphorus reaching the Darling River The influence of riverine conditions on the growth of phytoplakton was investigated in a section of the Darling River near the township of Bourke. Sediment transport was investigated from samples of suspended particles and bottom sediments collected from sites distributed along the length of the river. Catchment sources of particles were investigated using soil samples collected from transects of 100km length distributed across different land types. 2. Major findings Concentrations of cyanobacteria in Bourke Weir Pool are inversely related to discharge rate. Populations greater than 1,000 cells mL-1 (cell per millilitre) do not occur when discharge rates exceed 800-1,000 ML d-1 (megalitres per day). At discharge rates lower than 500 ML d-1 large blooms occur more frequently. The growth of cyanobacteria is enhanced by increased temperature stratification that develops in summer when discharge rates decline below 800 ML day-1. Vertical attenuation of light was linearly related to turbidity in the weir pool at Bourke. This relationship was used to estimate the depth of light penetration from turbidity monitoring data and to calculate an index of light suitability based on the ratio of light penetration to mixing depth. During the 44 months of the study the ratio indicated that light was limiting for at least 50% of the time and was adequate for 32% of the time. Improving light conditions initiated the growth of Cyanobacteria and significant populations were always associated with periods of adequate light. Reductions in turbidity during periods of reduced flow were associated with increases in salinity. An inverse correlation was found between salinity and turbidity with turbidity declining significantly when conductivity exceeded 300 μS cm-1. Increased salinity was shown to enhance particle aggregation leading to increased sedimentation rates. From the relationships between salinity and turbidity, and turbidity and light penetration, it was calculated that light was limiting in Bourke Weir Pool when turbidity exceeded 100 NTU and that turbidity fell below this level when conductivity increased above ca. 300 μS cm-1. Median concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) are relatively high in the river. Despite this, phytoplankton numbers remain low for much of the year due to light limitation. Cyanobacterial blooms dominated by nitrogen fixing species occur during low flow periods when TN:TP ratios are high. This is contrary to the general view that nitrogen fixers are selected for by low TN:TP ratios indicative of reduced nitrogen supplies. By comparing methods for assessing nutrient limitation of phytoplankton it was demonstrated that the TN:TP ratio is an unreliable indicator of nutrient supply. Potential nutrient limitation was better identified using measurements of the available forms of nutrients. Nitrogen is generally the nutrient in lowest supply for supporting phytoplankton growth and this creates conditions that are advantageous to nitrogen fixing blue-green algae. Reductions of nitrogen loads without concomitant phosphorus reduction will exacerbate this situation. Under the current conditions nitrogen loads should be managed so that either they do not increase or they are reduced appropriately in conjunction with phosphorus reductions. During blooms of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria the forms of phosphorus available for uptake are reduced to low concentrations. This suggests that efforts to reduce the supply of available forms of phosphorus could lead to a reduction in the intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. However, this view is tempered by the observation that phosphorus limitation was alleviated by a re-supply of nutrient from the bottom sediments when conditions were suitable. An additional benefit of reducing phosphorus loads to the river is that it should reduce the likelihood of nitrogen limitation and provide less of an advantage to nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Most of the phosphorus load to the Darling River is bound to particles but only a small fraction is required to stimulate and support algal growth. This makes it is difficult to unequivocally identify the sources of dissolved orthophosphate utilised by the phytoplankton. Total Catchment Management plans aimed at reducing nutrient loads should address both diffuse and point sources as both are playing a role in contributing phosphorus to the system. Diffuse sources are difficult to mange but must be addressed. A comparison of Darling River particles with those from seven other Australian rivers indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity for phosphorus was not substantially different between the rivers. In contrast the affinity of binding sites appeared to be lower for particles from the Darling River compared with particles from the other rivers. It is possible that this lower affinity is responsible for the relatively high ratios of dissolved to total phosphorus that occur in the Darling River. Water contributions from tributaries were analysed as a first step to identifying sources of sediments and associated phosphorus. An analysis of cumulative flows showed the Namoi and Upper Barwon to be the highest flow contributors to the Darling-Barwon, each being responsible for 21% of the total tributary inflow upstream of Wilcannia and 35% of the flow upstream of Walgett. The Culgoa contributed 16% of tributary inflow upstream of Wilcannia, and the Macquarie and Boomi followed with each contributing about 10%. Large errors in the water balance appear to be due to difficulties inherent in gauging river flows during periods of floods when over-bank losses of water and sediment occur. The data show that these gauging problems occur in the lower part of the Border Rivers Basin and also downstream from Bourke or Brewarrina. The existing flow and turbidity data are not adequate to derive a reliable model of cumulative sediment load. Suitable data for modelling sediment transport requires high frequency turbidity data collected over several years and including a range of major flow events. Particle composition was used to identify sources of sediment from amongst the various catchments. The transported sediments are derived predominantly from lowland weathered granite and sedimentary rock sources with upland basalts contributing less than 5% of the load. An analysis of the contemporary (1991-1994) sediment load from each tributary to the load at Bourke gave estimates for their contributions that contrasted sharply with the long-term water loads. Sediment cores indicated that the long-term contribution of the Namoi River has been much less than is indicated by contemporary measurements obtained under recent atypical flows. For typical flow conditions the Namoi would make a much smaller sediment contribution, estimated at 20%, which matches that indicated by sediment cores and long term water loads. This illustrates that transport of sediment is highly variable in river systems such as the Barwon-Darling that have a highly variable flow regime. Sediment core samples were collected from the Darling-Barwon channel upstream and downstream of the Namoi River junction. The oldest dates in sub-samples from the cores were 132 ± 12 and 287 ± 30 years. There is little variation in the phosphorus concentration down through the cores and the values are consistent with concentrations in contemporary sediment. The lack of variation indicates that phosphorus concentrations in the Darling-Barwon channel have remained constant over this period. The implication is that European land management practices have not affected the concentrations of sediment-associated phosphorus. In contrast, phosphorus concentrations in a sediment core from the Namoi River increased by 30% in the top layer indicating a change about 30 years ago. Prior to this the phosphorus concentrations had remained constant for over 100 years. Trace element geochemistry suggested no contribution from fertiliser phosphorus in the top layer of the core. Cores collected from the middle reaches of the Namoi River showed that after European settlement sources of sediment changed from mainly sedimentary and granite rock to an increased contribution from upland basaltic rock. In the upper catchment this increase occurred 150 years ago and it has taken 120 years for the effects of changes to sediment supply to impact on the lower reaches. This highlights the inefficiency of sediment transport in these lowland river systems. Fallout radionuclide tracers were used to determine the land-use types or land-forms that are the predominant sources of sediment delivered to the waterways of the Darling-Barwon river system. The calculations are sensitive to the residence time of particles transported through the system. If sediment residence time is assumed to be

MDFRC item.May 2011.DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9833-8.The export of nitrogen from urban catchments is a global problem, and denitrifying bacteria in stream ecosystems are critical for reducing in-stream N. However, the environmental factors that control the composition of denitrifying communities in streams are not well understood. We determined whether denitrifying community composition in sediments of nine streams on the eastern fringe of Melbourne, Australia was correlated with two measures of catchment urban impact: effective imperviousness (EI, the proportion of a catchment covered by impervious surfaces with direct connection to streams) or septic tank density (which affects stream water chemistry, particularly stream N concentrations). Denitrifying community structure was examined by comparing terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of nosZ genes in the sediments, as the nosZ gene codes for nitrous oxide reductase, the last step in the denitrification pathway. We also determined the chemical and physical characteristics of the streams that were best correlated with denitrifying community composition. EI was strongly correlated with community composition and sediment physical and chemical properties, while septic tank density was not. Sites with high EI were sandier, with less fine sediment and lower organic carbon content, higher sediment cations (calcium, sodium and magnesium) and water filterable reactive phosphorus concentrations. These were also the best small-scale environmental variables that explained denitrifying community composition. Among our study streams, which differed in the degree of urban stormwater impact, sediment grain size and carbon content are the most likely drivers of change in community composition. Denitrifying community composition is another in a long list of ecological indicators that suggest the profound degradation of streams is caused by urban stormwater runoff. While the relationships between denitrifying community composition and denitrification rates are yet to be unequivocally established, landscape-scale indices of environmental impact such as EI may prove to be useful indicators of change in microbial communities.