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Narracja i realizowana w oparciu o nią opieka narracyjna umożliwia włączenie do codziennej praktyki klinicznej perspektywy humanistycznej odwołującej się do opowieści (narracji) pacjentów i ich bliskich, a także personelu medycznego. Połączenie wiedzy pochodzącej z narracji oraz kontekstu klinicznego i uwarunkowań realizowanej opieki pozwala na skupienie się na jednostkowych potrzebach i wyjątkowości każdego człowieka. Narracja może być także postrzegana jako jedna z form etyki. U podstaw etyki narracyjnej leży założenie, że narracja jest istotnym elementem wpływającym na podejmowane w sytuacjach klinicznych decyzje, również te związane z rozwiazywaniem dylematów etycznych. Etyka narracyjna pomaga docenić wpływ historii (opowieści) na jaźń oraz zrozumieć bogactwo i złożoność indywidualnego życia, a tym samym może stanowić podstawę dla rozumowania etycznego. Ze względu na specyfikę roli zawodowej pielęgniarki etyka narracyjna może stanowić istotną wartość wykorzystywaną w nauczaniu etyki zawodu. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnień związanych z etyką narracyjną w kształceniu pielęgniarek. ABSTRACT The role of narrative ethics in nursing education Narrative and narrative care enables the integration of a humanistic perspective into everyday clinical practice, referring to the stories (narratives) of patients and their relatives, as well as medical personnel. The combination of knowledge derived from narrative and the clinical context and determinants of the care provided allows to focus on the individual needs and uniqueness of each person. Narrative can also be perceived as a form of ethics. At the core of narrative ethics is the assumption that narrative is an essential element that influences decisions made in clinical situations, including those related to resolving ethical dilemmas. Narrative ethics helps to appreciate the impact of stories (storytelling) on the self and to understand the richness and complexity of individual lives, and thus can provide a basis for ethical reasoning. Given the specificity of the professional nurse’s role, narrative ethics can be an important value used in teaching professional ethics. The aim of this paper is to present selected issues related to narrative ethics in the professional education of nurses.

People with intellectual disabilities experience stigma and discrimination. In caring for people with intellectual disabilities, special attention should be paid to respecting their dignity and subjectivity. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of respecting the dignity and subjectivity of adults with intellectual disabilities and the importance of communicating with them. The paper is based on a literature analysis of intellectual disability issues. The literature analysis indicates that the subject of intellectual disability concerns the subjectivity and the dignity of the people as well as the barriers to communication with the environment and medical personnel. It is fundamental to conduct research into care of people with intellectual disabilities. In addition, there is a need to organize training for all members of the therapeutic team, especially in the area of communication issues with people with intellectual disabilities.

Introduction: Chronic pain in older people is a global health problem not only in terms of a negative subjective feeling, but also as a social and economic factor. Deterioration of functional capacity is one of the main symptoms of chronic pain; therefore, it should be assessed as a basic parameter in the life of older people. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors which have an impact on the functional capacity of older people with chronic pain. Material and methods: The study was conducted among 181 people over 65 suffering from chronic pain lasting more than 6 months. The study used a questionnaire that included questions about demographic and social characteristics and the following scales: Abbreviated Mental Score (AMTS), Personal Activities of Daily Living (PADL) by Katz, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) by Lawton, Geriatric Pain Measure-24 (GPM-24). Results: In the study group, a positive correlation was found between: coexisting diseases and withdrawal due to pain, pain intensity, pain resulting from walking or from the effort from other activities, and in terms of the total GPM-24 score. A positive correlation was also found between the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and withdrawal due to pain, pain intensity, pain resulting from walking or from the effort from other activities, and in terms of the total GPM-24 score. A significantly negative correlation was found between: AMTS, ADL, IADL performance and: withdrawal due to pain, pain intensity, pain resulting from walking or from the effort from other activities, and in terms of total GPM-24 score. Conclusions: Chronic pain is more common in people with disabilities in basic and complex activities of daily living, with limited efficiency in cognitive functions and an increased sense of depression. The standard in everyday practice and clinical trials should be taking a history of chronic pain in every older person, monitoring the pain’s intensity and accompanying characteristics by using a multidimensional scale for assessing pain in older people.

The demanding and challenging nature of care for geriatric patients requires appropriate preparation of health care professionals. However, the willingness of nursing students to work in geriatric nursing care is mostly at a low level. The EAging_C project has been developed to investigate the relationship between nursing teachers' and students' attitudes towards older people and its impact on career decisions regarding working in a geriatric setting. This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed-method. The study has been conducted in a Polish academic setting in teams of geriatric nursing practical training teachers and their students. Quantitative and qualitative data have been collected in three stages. Kogan's Attitudes Towards Older People questionnaire has been used to collect quantitative data among teachers and students. By developing two questionnaires for the semi-structured interviews (one for students and one for teachers) qualitative data was collected that deepened the quantitative data collected. The investigation conducted in this project allows us to provide an insight into the issue of the unwillingness to work in a geriatric setting by nursing graduates. Based on the identified variables that are crucial to promoting work with older people, further research can be carried out based on testing the intervention.

Planowanie opieki z wyprzedzeniem jest zalecaną formą wyrazania autonomii przez pacjentow objetych opieką dlugoterminową, dotyczy takze coraz liczniejszej populacji osob cierpiących na zaburzenia otepienne. Planowanie opieki z wyprzedzeniem i ustalanie jej celow jest wyrazem autonomii decyzyjnej chorych, stanowi podstawe do świadczenia holistycznej i zindywidualizowanej opieki. Jest to proces polegający na prowadzeniu dialogu pomiedzy pacjentem i jego bliskimi a personelem opieki medycznej i innymi osobami zaangazowanymi w opieke. Dyskusja ta zmierzac powinna do ustalenia postepowania, ktore w opinii pacjenta i w oparciu o jego wartości, przekonania i cele, powinno zostac wobec niego podjete w sytuacji pogorszenia sie jego stanu zdrowia, utraty zdolności podejmowania decyzji i komunikowania sie. Ta forma planowania opieki umozliwia pacjentom i ich bliskim przygotowanie sie do zmian spowodowanych postepującą chorobą otepienną. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnien związanych z stosowaniem koncepcji planowania opieki z wyprzedzeniem w przypadku pacjentow cierpiących na zaburzenia otepienne. Slowa kluczowe: planowanie opieki z wyprzedzeniem, otepienie.

The role of Hospital Ethics Committees (HECs) is to support patients and their relatives as well as medical staff in solving ethical issues that arise in relation to the implementation of medical care. In Poland there are no clearly formulated legal regulations concerning the establishment and functioning of hospital ethics committees. Hospitals applying for accreditation are obliged to present solutions defining the way of solving ethical issues in a given institution, some of them appoint HECs for this purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze information concerning the functioning of hospital ethics committees in Poland on the basis of publicly available data published on the websites of accredited hospitals. Very few accredited hospitals (56) make public information about functioning in their ethics consulting facilities through hospital ethics committees. In most cases, the information provided on the functioning of HECs is general, both in terms of the committees’ functioning, type of cases under consideration and the composition of personnel.

Introduction: Frailty syndrome occurs more frequently in patients with diabetes than in the general population. The reasons for this more frequent occurrence and the interdependence of the two conditions are not well understood. To date, there is no fully effective method for the diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring of frailty syndrome. This study aimed to assess the degree of metabolic control of diabetes in patients with frailty syndrome and to determine the impact of frailty on the course of diabetes using a retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods: A total of 103 individuals aged 60+ with diabetes were studied. The study population included 65 women (63.1%) and 38 men (36.9%). The mean age was 72.96 years (SD 7.55). The study was conducted in the practice of a general practitioner in Wielkopolska in 2018–2019. The research instrument was the authors’ original medical history questionnaire. The questions of the questionnaire were related to age, education, and sociodemographic situation of the respondents, as well as their dietary habits, health status, and use of stimulants. Other instruments used were: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Lawton Scale (IADL—Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), Katz Scale (ADL—Activities of Daily Living), Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS), and SHARE-FI scale (Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe). Anthropometric and biochemical tests were performed. Results: In the study, frailty syndrome was diagnosed using the SHARE-FI scale in 26 individuals (25%): 32 (31.1%) were pre-frailty and 45 (43.7%) represented a non-frailty group. Statistical analysis revealed that elevated HbA1c levels were associated with a statistically significant risk of developing frailty syndrome (p = 0.048). In addition, the co-occurrence of diabetes and frailty syndrome was found to be a risk factor for loss of functional capacity or limitation in older adults (p = 0.00) and was associated with the risk of developing depression (p < 0.001) and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Concerning metabolic control of diabetes, higher HbA1c levels in the elderly are a predictive factor for the development of frailty syndrome. No statistical significance was found for the other parameters of metabolic control in diabetes. People with frailty syndrome scored significantly higher on the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale and lower on the MMSE cognitive rating scale than the comparison group. This suggests that frailty is a predictive factor for depression and cognitive impairment. Patients with frailty and diabetes have significantly lower scores on the Basic Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale and the Complex Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale, which are associated with loss or limitation of functioning. Frailty syndrome is a predictive factor for loss of functional capacity in the elderly.

Introduction: Melanoma is a malignant skin tumour. Its incidence doubles every 10 years. The sooner it is diagnosed, the better the chances for suc-cessful treatment. Therefore, the need has arisen to spread knowledge about early detection of melanoma and its prevention. Aim of the study: To assess the knowledge and the extent to which skin cancer preventive measures are followed in selected groups of inhabitants of Po-land and Australia. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a group of 267 people, 151 of whom lived in Poland and 116 in Australia. The study was carried out with the application of a diagnostic survey method. The research technique was a survey, and the research tool was a questionnaire designed by the authors. The study findings were examined by means of statistical analysis. Results: The study showed that although the average level of knowledge is good (46.4%), the extent to which the rules of melanoma prevention are applied is still unsatisfactory in the majority of population (42.3%). It was observed that Australian inhabitants had higher scores in both aforementioned cases (p < 0.001); 91.4% of respondents had at least satisfactory knowledge about melanoma and 78.4% of them took proper preventive measures, whereas in Poland it was 75.5% and 41.7%, respectively. Conclusions: In most cases the respondents have a good level of knowledge, but they do not follow the rules of melanoma prevention. Australians have more knowledge about melanoma, and they are also more likely to take preventive measures.

Wprowadzenie. Choroby alergicznie są jednym z ważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych, przekładających się na występowanie różnego typu uciążliwości. Wśród metod mających na celu leczenie tych chorób, coraz bardziej powszechne staje się stosowanie swoistej alergenowej immunoterapii (Specific Allergen Immunotherapy - SAI). Jednakże, podejście to wymaga wysokiej adherencji do leczenia, co może wpływać na jakość życia pacjentów. Cel pracy. Ocena jakości życia i codziennego funkcjonowania w grupie pacjentów, którzy stosowali swoistą immunoterapię alergenową. Materiał i metody. Grupę badaną stanowiło 80 osób dorosłych, które zdecydowały się na zastosowanie SAI oraz leczyły się w dwóch małopolskich placówkach. Badanie obejmowało ocenę jakości życia oraz wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania (oraz ich retrospektywną ocenę). Zastosowane metody to: autorska ankieta oraz skrócona wersja ankiety the World Organization Quality of Life-BREF. Wyniki. Zastosowanie SAI pozwoliło na zredukowanie częstości (Me=4,00 do 2,00; p

The aim of the research was to determine the influence of sociodemographic factors on older people&rsquo, s care dependency in their living environment according to the Care Dependency Scale (CDS). Methods: The research was conducted in a group of 151 older people staying in their own homes. The methods applied in the research included a sociodemographic questionnaire and scales including the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), CDS, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Lawton&rsquo, s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (I-ADL), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: Gender had a significant impact on the level of care dependency. The surveyed females obtained the medium or high level of dependency more often than males (22.4% vs. 6.1%), and the low level of dependency was significantly more frequent among men than women (p = 0.006). Moreover, the age of the respondents determined their level of care dependency. The subjects with a medium or high level of care dependency were significantly older (p = 0.001). The subjects with a low level of care dependency were more likely to be married than people with a medium/high level (p &lt, 0.001). The level of education had a significant impact on care dependency. A higher level of education correlated with a medium/high level of dependency (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The survey results confirmed that sociodemographic factors have a significant impact on the level of care dependency. When planning care in the home environment, special attention should be paid to older women, who are more likely to lose their independence than men. These women should be given additional support.

Marta Muszalik,1 Iwona Repka,2 Grażyna Puto,2 Justyna Kowal-Skałka,2 Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1 1Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, 85-094, Poland; 2Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow, Kraków 31-501, PolandCorrespondence: Marta MuszalikDepartment of Geriatrics, Collegium Medicum, ul. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 9, Bydgoszcz 85-094, PolandTel +48 52 585 4900Fax +48 52 585 4921Email muszalik@cm.umk.plBackground: Aging is associated with various diseases, a plethora of which are oncological. Selected treatment methods influence the performance status and the adaptability to changing circumstances.Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the functional status, quality of life, and adaptation to disease of elderly patients who underwent only radiotherapy or chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy.Patients and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 76 patients diagnosed with cancer, over 60 years of age (mean 69.3/SD 6.8) who were hospitalized in the Radiotherapy Department at the Ludwik Rydygier Hospital in Krakow. Standardized research tools were: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT-F), Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC), Lawton Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), an assessment scale of the post radiation reaction devised by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG).Results: Most (n=37) patients were treated with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy (48.6%), whereas 21 patients underwent only radiotherapy (27.6%). More than half of the respondents were male (68.4%, n = 52), whereas 24 (31.6%) were female. The assessment of the participants’ performance status yielded results indicating an average level of all domains. Men performed better in terms of physical condition compared to a group of women (p=0.010). Women experienced fatigue more frequently than men (p=0.012). Patients who had received radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy achieved on average better results in functional well-being (FWB) than the patients who had undergone radiotherapy only (p=0.046). Depression had a significant impact on all spheres of functioning (p< 0.001) except social/family well-being.Conclusion: The results pointed to the essential elements that should be taken into consideration in relation to treatment planning and providing care. Particular attention should be paid to women who suffered from depression and negative adaptation strategies that directly affect their functioning.Keywords: functional status, FACIT-F, Mini-MAC, IADL, EORTC/RTOG, GDS, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

Background Hand hygiene (HH) is the simplest and the most fundamental means of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) prevention in both hospitals and long-term care facilities (LTCFs) which differ as to their structure, organization and epidemiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, compliance with the HH guidelines by medical staff of LTCFs and hospitals, in the context of infection control organization. Material and Methods The study was carried out among medical staff of LTCFs and hospitals using an anonymous questionnaire designed by the authors. The questionnaire was composed of 22 questions. Results Among 237 healthcare workers from LTCFs and hospitals (51.5% vs. 48.5%), the vast majority were women (97.5% vs. 94.8%), who were nurses (86.9% vs. 91.3%) with 21–30 years of experience (28.5% vs. 44.3%). The respondents, both working in hospitals and in LTCFs, declared that there was some surveillance of HAIs in their workplace – 78.8% vs. 87.8%, respectively, p = 0.082. However, the respondents from LTCFs significantly more often than those working in hospitals declared the lack of HAI registration (12.3% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.002), as well as the lack of surveillance of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (16.4% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.010). Although the knowledge of WHO HH guidelines was declared by over 90% of the respondents, only about 70% of them (with no significant difference between both types of facilities) properly indicated the 5 moments of HH. Conclusions The results of the study indicate that the organizational conditions and practice of HH in LTCFs and hospitals present some differences. Therefore, there is a need for observational studies concerning HH in the context of the structure and organization of infection control, as they are necessary for the development and implementation of effective programs to improve the situation in this field. Med Pr. 2020;71(5):531–7

IntroductionSocio-demographic forecasts indicate a stable increase in the population of elderly people, which gives rise to the need to examine the relationship between the acceptance of chronic illness and socio-demographic variables not only in terms of subjective negative emotions but also because of possible social consequences. The acceptance of a chronic disease is determined by factors related to its character including its severity and the discomfort it brings about but also by factors connected with the patient that is socio-demographic determinants. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the acceptance of a chronic disease of locomotive organs.Material and methodsThe study was conducted in the group of 150 patients diagnosed with a systemic connective tissue disease during its stable phase. A socio-demographic questionnaire as well as a standardised Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) adapted by Juszczyński were applied in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki.ResultsIn the group of 150 patients suffering from a systemic connective tissue disease the percentage of women was higher than the percentage of men (60.7% vs. 39.3%). The indicator of the acceptance of illness in the group examined reached 24.5 ±7.5. The strongest correlation was found between the acceptance level and married probants (eta = 0.26; p = 0.01), high education (eta = 0.24; p = 0.04) and working activity (eta = 0.20; p = 0.01).ConclusionsSocio-demographic factors which determine the level of illness acceptance include age, marital status, education and the source of income. The acceptance of illness in the examined group of patients with systemic connective tissue diseases reached 24.5.

Introduction: Working during the COVID-19 pandemic is a particular challenge for nurses because, while performing their daily routines, they are exposed to physical and social consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is accompanied by intensified stress. The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of stress and coping strategies applied by nurses working with both infected and non-infected patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between January and March 2021. Due to the epidemiological situation, the questionnaire was posted on Facebook in nurses’ groups and sent out via the “Messenger” and “WhatsApp” applications. Stress intensity was assessed by means of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), whereas coping strategies were assessed using the Mini-COPE stress coping inventory. Results: Among 151 surveyed nurses, more than half (52.3%) worked with infected patients and the remaining ones (47.7%) worked with non-infected patients. The level of stress perceived by nurses working with infected patients was higher than among nurses working with patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection (22.22 ± 5.94 vs. 20.21 ± 5.68, p = 0.03). The nurses working with infected patients were most likely to choose coping strategies focused on the problem (2.00 ± 0.62) and emotions (2.01 ± 0.69), whereas those working with non-infected patients usually chose strategies focused only on the problem (2.11 ± 0.58). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses working with SARS-CoV-2 patients experienced more intense stress than those working with non-infected patients. Nurses working with SARS-CoV-2 patients tended to cope with stress using strategies focused on the problem and on emotions, while those working with non-infected patients were more likely to choose strategies focused only on the problem.

Background: Health-related behaviours affect the preservation and maintenance of health. They form a important part of the everyday life of all individuals including the elderly. Some of the most significant factors affecting health are eating habits, physical activity, and the ability to handle stress and limiting the use of substances. Aim of the study: The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of health-related behaviours on nutrition in hospitalized elderly patients. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 151 subjects over 60 years old. The study tools included a diagnostic survey, the Health Behaviour Inventory and the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Statistical significance for differences and strength of correlation between the variables was set at p

Wstęp. Główne czynniki ryzyka wielu chorób wynikają z nieprawidłowych zachowań zdrowotnych i są przyczyną m. in. rozwoju nowotworów złośliwych, w tym raka nerki. Jednym z elementów zachowań zdrowotnych jest określenie stanu odżywienia, celem wczesnego wykrycia zaburzeń i podjęcia interwencji. Cel pracy. Określenie i porównanie zachowań zdrowotnych ze stanem odżywienia pacjentów z rozpoznanym rakiem nerki. Materiał i metody. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 100 osób, u których wykonany był zabieg operacyjny z powodu raka nerki. W badaniach zastosowano metodę analizy dokumentacji medycznej oraz sondaż diagnostyczny z wykorzystaniem narzędzia standaryzowanego – Inwentarza Zachowań Zdrowotnych. Wyniki. Wskaźnik zachowań zdrowotnych dla ogółu badanych wyniósł średnio 75,56 pkt. Najwyższe wyniki uzyskano w kategorii zachowań profi laktycznych (średnia 3,89), następnie w kategorii pozytywnych nastawień psychicznych (średnia 3,34) oraz w kategorii praktyk zdrowotnych (średnia 2,91). Najniższy wynik uzyskano w kategorii prawidłowych nawyków żywieniowych (średnia 2,49). Stwierdzono zależność pomiędzy wiekiem, BMI, a kategorią prawidłowe nawyki żywieniowe (p ≤ 0,001) oraz pomiędzy wiekiem, BMI, a kategorią praktyki zdrowotne (p < 0,001). Wnioski. W całej badanej grupie najniższe wyniki uzyskano w kategorii prawidłowych nawyków żywieniowych. Pomimo stwierdzenia w całej grupie najniższych wyników w kategorii prawidłowych nawyków żywieniowych, pacjenci w starszym wieku i z wyższym BMI uzyskali wyższe wyniki, ale w zakresie praktyk zdrowotnych uzyskali wyniki niskie. Introduction. The main risk factors of numerous diseases result from abnormal health behaviors and among others are causing development of malignant tumors, including kidney cancer. One of the elements of health behaviors is to determine the state of nutrition, in order to early detect disorders and to undertake interventions. Aim of the study. Determination and comparison of health behaviors with the nutritional status of patients with diagnosed kidney cancer. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 100 people who underwent surgery because of kidney cancer. The research used the method of analysis of medical documentation and a diagnostic survey with a tool – Health Behavior Inventory. Results. The average index of health behaviors for all respondents was 75.56 points. The highest results were obtained in the category of preventive behaviors (mean 3.89), then in the category of positive mental attitudes (mean 3.34) and in the category of health practices (mean 2.91). The lowest result was obtained in the category of proper eating habits (mean 2.49). The relationship between age, BMI, and the category of normal eating habits (p ≤.001) was observed as well as between age, BMI, and the category of a health practice (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The lowest results were obtained in the category of proper eating habits. Despite obtaining the lowest results in the category of normal eating habits in the whole group, among patients with a higher BMI and in the elderly patients, normal eating habits were found at a higher level, but their health practices remain at a low level.

Wstep. Postepujący proces starzenia sie spoleczenstwa sklania do zadania pytania o czestośc wystepowania uzaleznien, nie tylko ze wzgledu na negatywny wplyw na stan zdrowia, ale rowniez ze wzgledu na konsekwencje spoleczne. Cel. Calem pracy bylo rozpoznanie uzaleznien od alkoholu i tytoniu u osob starszych. Material i metody. Badanie przeprowadzono wśrod 100 osob po 60. roku zycia. W badaniu posluzono sie metryczką pytan demograficzno-spolecznych wlasnej konstrukcji oraz kwestionariuszami: Tolerancji Nikotyny Fagerstroma (FTND), Rozpoznawania Zaburzen Związanych z Piciem Alkoholu (AUDIT), Krotkim Alkoholowym Michigenskim Testem Przesiewowym — Wersja Geriatryczna (S-MAST-G). Wyniki. Wśrod badanych 21% palilo tyton, mezczyźni cześciej niz kobiety palili (25% vs. 17%) i wykazywali wyzszy stopien uzaleznienia. Problemy z alkoholem wykazano u co czwartej badanej osoby (23%). Mezczyźni cześciej niz kobiety wykazywali obecnośc problemow alkoholowych (p = 0,0001). Tylko mezczyźni wykazywali picie alkoholu ryzykowne i szkodliwe, ponad polowa badanych kobiet wykazala picie o niskim ryzyku (p = 0,04). Osoby niepalące tyton w wiekszości nie mialy problemow alkoholowych. Wśrod osob palących tyton wykazano problem z alkoholem (p = 0,0007) oraz objawy picia szkodliwego (p = 0,006). Wnioski. Plec stanowi predyktor w identyfikowaniu uzaleznien u osob starszych, tylko mezczyźni wykazali picie alkoholu ryzykowne i szkodliwe. Wspolwystepowanie uzaleznien od tytoniu i alkoholu stanowi problem zdrowotny osob starszych, ktorych nalezy systematycznie motywowac do zmiany zachowan oraz wspierac odpowiednią terapią.