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12. The structure and spectrum of SiC2.

Author

Oddershede, Jens, Sabin, John R., Diercksen, Geerd H. F., and Grüner, N. E.

Subjects
SPECTRUM analysis, POLARIZATION (Nuclear physics), N stars
Abstract

Second order polarization propagator calculations indicate that the blue/green bands attributed to SiC2 in the atmospheres of certain carbon stars arise from a triangular (C2v) form of the molecule. It appears that this form is separated from a linear (C∞v) form by only a very small barrier, and that spectra from both forms might be observable. The potential for the movement of Si around the C2 fragment, the spectral lines, oscillator strengths, and lifetimes are discussed. We find, as observed previously, that only in a correlated calculation is the triangular geometry the preferred ground state conformation. Also the excitation properties change markedly with correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1985
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15. OPI ist zur Vorhersage der Mortalität und Morbidität nach Lebertransplantation geeigneter als BAR, MELD, D-MELD und DRI

Author

Bäuerlein, FJB, primary, Guba, M, additional, Frey, L, additional, Andrassy, J, additional, Angele, M, additional, Denk, G, additional, Grüner, N, additional, Kaspar, M, additional, Pratschke, S, additional, Rentsch, M, additional, Stangl, M, additional, Vogeser, M, additional, Gerbes, AL, additional, and Zachoval, R, additional

Published
2015
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16. Physiological measures of climate dependent organismal performance investigated in populations of the lugworm Arenicola marina in a latitudinal cline

Author

Schröer, Mareike, Wittmann, Astrid, Nießing, V., Laturnus, E., Grüner, N., Saphörster, J., Steeger, H. U., Bock, Christian, Paul, R., and Pörtner, Hans-Otto

Abstract

The lugworm Arenicola marina is a key organism from the intertidal zone, which is very abundant and shapes the ecosystem by bioturbation. The lugworm is distributed over a wide latitudinal range and exposed to widely fluctuating temperature conditions during seasonal as well as diurnal (tidal) cycles. Animals are specialized to adjust to ambient climate conditions as well as climate variability as evidenced from patterns of latitudinal adaptation and seasonal acclimatisation of thermal tolerance windows. While thermal responses can be found at various levels of organisation we expect climate sensitivity to be highest at the organismal level, the animals balance of oxygen demand and supply. Quantification of the resulting organismal performance range is relevant in the light of global warming and climate change, as exposure to temperatures beyond the performance window likely leads to fitness losses with the consequence of decreased local abundances and eventually a shift in geographical distribution. Performance optima, the width of thermal tolerance windows and their location on the temperature scale were quantified by investigating basic metabolism, growth and muscular exercise on the demand side and ventilation, haemoglobin concentration and oxygen affinity on the supply side in populations of Arenicola marina from the French Atlantic coast, the German North Sea and the Russian White Sea. Performance optima shift to higher temperatures at decreasing latitudes. Seasonal shifts to higher temperatures occur during summer acclimatisation emphasizing a close relationship between the local climate regime and the degree of thermal specialisation of the respective population.

Published
2007

17. Integrated safety analysis of Sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment regimens from phase 3 studies

Author

Christensen, S, primary, Zeuzem, S, additional, Eisenbach, C, additional, Grüner, N, additional, Heyne, R, additional, Hinrichsen, H, additional, Hüppe, D, additional, Petersen, J, additional, Spengler, U, additional, Schulze-zur-Wiesch, J, additional, Häussinger, D, additional, Rössle, M, additional, Berg, T, additional, Brainard, D, additional, Symonds, W, additional, McHutchison, J, additional, Gallo, L, additional, Warger, T, additional, Forestier, N, additional, and Manns, MP, additional

Published
2014
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18. Early viral kinetics do not predict treatment outcome with sofosbuvir+ribavirin for 12 or 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2/3 patients in the valence trial

Author

Eisenbach, C, primary, Christensen, S, additional, Grüner, N, additional, Heyne, R, additional, Hinrichsen, H, additional, Hüppe, D, additional, Manns, MP, additional, Petersen, J, additional, Schulze-zur-Wiesch, J, additional, Spengler, U, additional, Häussinger, D, additional, Rössle, M, additional, Berg, T, additional, Brainard, D, additional, Symonds, W, additional, McHutchison, J, additional, Gallo, L, additional, Warger, T, additional, Forestier, N, additional, and Zeuzem, S, additional

Published
2014
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20. IL-28B Genotype is not associated with early HCV-RNA negativity in patients with symptomatic acute HCV infection

Author

Deterding, K, primary, Grüner, N, additional, Buggisch, P, additional, Wiegand, J, additional, Galle, PG, additional, Spengler, U, additional, Hinrichsen, H, additional, Berg, T, additional, Potthoff, A, additional, Malek, NP, additional, Großhennig, A, additional, Koch, A, additional, Diepolder, H, additional, Lüth, S, additional, Feyerabend, S, additional, Jung, MC, additional, Rogalska-Taranta, M, additional, Schlaphoff, V, additional, Cornberg, M, additional, Manns, MP, additional, and Wedemeyer, H, additional

Published
2013
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21. Tracking Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells during and after Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Author

Bowyer, S., Ulsenheimer, A., Lucas, M., Pfafferott, K., Heeg, M., Gaudieri, S., Grüner, N., Rauch, A., Gerlach, J.T., Jung, M.C., Zachoval, R., Pape, G.R., Schraut, W., Santantonio, T., Nitschko, H., Obermeier, M., Phillips, R., Scriba, T.J., Semmo, N., Day, C., Weber, J.N., Fidler, S., Thimme, R., Haberstroh, A., Baumert, T.F., Klenerman, P., Diepolder, H.M., Bowyer, S., Ulsenheimer, A., Lucas, M., Pfafferott, K., Heeg, M., Gaudieri, S., Grüner, N., Rauch, A., Gerlach, J.T., Jung, M.C., Zachoval, R., Pape, G.R., Schraut, W., Santantonio, T., Nitschko, H., Obermeier, M., Phillips, R., Scriba, T.J., Semmo, N., Day, C., Weber, J.N., Fidler, S., Thimme, R., Haberstroh, A., Baumert, T.F., Klenerman, P., and Diepolder, H.M.

Abstract

Background. CD4+ T cell help is critical in maintaining antiviral immune responses and such help has been shown to be sustained in acute resolving hepatitis C. In contrast, in evolving chronic hepatitis C CD4+ T cell helper responses appear to be absent or short-lived, using functional assays. Methodology/Prencipal Findings. Here we used a novel HLA-DR1 tetramer containing a highly targeted CD4+ T cell epitope from the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 4 to track number and phenotype of hepatitis C virus specific CD4+ T cells in a cohort of seven HLA-DR1 positive patients with acute hepatitis C in comparison to patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis C. We observed peptide-specific T cells in all seven patients with acute hepatitis C regardless of outcome at frequencies up to 0.65% of CD4+ T cells. Among patients who transiently controlled virus replication we observed loss of function, and/or physical deletion of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells before viral recrudescence. In some patients with chronic hepatitis C very low numbers of tetramer+ cells were detectable in peripheral blood, compared to robust responses detected in spontaneous resolvers. Importantly we did not observe escape mutations in this key CD4+ T cell epitope in patients with evolving chronic hepatitis C. Conclusions/Significance. During acute hepatitis C a CD4+ T cell response against this epitope is readily induced in most, if not all, HLA-DR1 + patients. This antiviral T cell population becomes functionally impaired or is deleted early in the course of disease in those where viremia persists.

Published
2007

22. 48 EARLY VERSUS DELAYED TREATMENT OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C: FINAL RESULTS OF THE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED GERMAN HEP-NET ACUTE HCV-III STUDY

Author

Deterding, K., primary, Grüner, N., additional, Buggisch, P., additional, Wiegand, J., additional, Galle, P., additional, Spengler, U., additional, Hinrichsen, H., additional, Berg, T., additional, Potthoff, A., additional, Malek, N., additional, Diepolder, H., additional, Feyerabend, S., additional, Cornberg, M., additional, Jung, M.C., additional, Manns, M.P., additional, and Wedemeyer, H., additional

Published
2012
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24. Early versus delayed treatment of acute hepatitis C: Final results of the randomized controlled German HEP-NET acute HCV-III study

Author

Deterding, K, primary, Grüner, N, additional, Buggisch, P, additional, Wiegand, J, additional, Galle, P, additional, Spengler, U, additional, Hinrichsen, H, additional, Berg, T, additional, Potthoff, A, additional, Malek, N, additional, Diepolder, H, additional, Feyerabend, S, additional, Cornberg, M, additional, Jung, MC, additional, Manns, MP, additional, and Wedemeyer, H, additional

Published
2012
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26. Autorenverzeichnis

Author

Andresen, V., Angenendt, J., Anthoni, C., Appenrodt, B., Arbogast, M., Arco, G., Atta, J., Auer, M., Auernhammer, C., Autenrieth, I.B., Avenhaus, W., Bachem, R., Backmund, M., Bänsch, D., Ballauff, A., Baltzer, J., Barth, J., Batra, A., Bazarra-Castro, M.A., Beck, S., Becker, K., Becker, Karsten, Behr, J., Behrens, A., Belyaev, O., Bender-Götze, Ch., Bengel, J., Benz, M., Haunerschen, von, Berberich, J., Berger, M., Berner, R., Berr, F., S.C., Blank, N., Bleh, C., Blind, Eberhard, Blum, H.E., Bock, N., Bockhorn, M., Böhler, J., Böhm, M., Bokemeyer, D., Bönner, G., Bork, K., Born, G., Brandt, Thomas, Braun, J., Bruch, H.-P., Brümmendorf, T.H., Brüwer, M., Brunnberg, U., Buchfelder, M., Buchkremer, G., Büchler, M.W., Carl, H.-D., Castell, S., Daniels, C., Daum, S., Detter, C., Deuschl, G., Dieckmann, E., Diederich, S., Diehm, C., Diemer, T., Diener, H.C., Diepolder, H., Distler, J., Dörner, T., Prof. Dr., Domagk, D., Domschke, W., Dragu, A., Dralle, H., Dreyling, M., van, P., Dürk, T., Ebert, D., Ehlebracht-König, I., Elger, C.E., Ell, C., Ellinger, J., Emons, G., Engel, O., Enzensberger, W., Epple, H.-J., Erbel, R., Fassnacht, M., Feußner, Hubertus, Fichter, M., Fiegel, P., Filipas, D., Fisang, C., Fisch, M., Fischbach, W., Fischer, N., Fischer, M., Flamme, C.H., Fleckenstein, K., Floege, J., Fluhr, G., Fölsch, U.R., Forsting, M., Fottner, C., Frank, W., Frey, N., Freyberger, H., Friese, K., Frilling, A., habil, PD. Dr., Frommberger, U., Frühmorgen, P., Fuss, Johannes, Gätje, R., Galle, P.R., Geidel, S., Geiß, H.-Ch., Genth, Ekkehard, Gilsbach, J.M., Gingelmaier, A., Goebel, F.-D., Göhl, J., Gökbuget, N., Gold, R., Gonzalez-Carmona, M.A., Gossé, F., Grabitz, K., Greetfeld, M., Gries, F.A., Grosch-Wörner, I., Grüner, N., Grünke, M., Grüters-Kieslich, A., Gülberg, V., Haak, T., Häfner, R., Härter, M., Hagenacker, T., Hahn, S., Hahner, S., Haidl, G., Hammer, M., Hammersen, F., Handrick, W., Hanisch, F., Hansen, M.P., Hanke, Sara, Haschka, J., Hasslacher, C., Hauer, Th., Hauptmann, A., Heckmann, M., Heidbreder, E., Heim, U., Heindel, W., Heitmann, J., Hegenbart, U., Hermann, W., Herrmann, J.M., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Heßlinger, B., Heuß, D., Heußner, P., Hiller, E., Hirner, A., Hölscher, A.H., Hölzen, J., Hörl<ce:sup loc='post">†</ce:sup>, W.H., Hörle, S., Hof, H., Hofmann, W.-K., Hohenberger, W., Hohenfellner, U., Holler, E., Holtmann, G., Honegger, J., Hopf, H.C., Horch, R.E., Hornke, I., Hornung, T., Huber, R.M., Hueber, A., Hübner, J., Hummel, R., Irmscher, S., Janßen, O.E., Jelinek, T., Jendrissek, K.A., Jonas, S., Jost, E., Jung, H.H., Kahaly, G.J., Kalden, J.R., Kalff, J., Kapellen, T., Karaus, M., Kastrup, O., Katsoulis, S., Katus, H., Kaudel, C.P., Kaulitz, R., Keck, C., Keller, F., Kellnar, S., Kiehne, K., Kiess, W., Kindermann, M., Kirschbaum, A., Klein, M., Kleindienst, A., Kneitz, C., von Kodolitsch, Y., Köhler, D., Kessler, H.P., Köhler, G., Köhler, H., Köhler, L., Köhler, M., Köhnke, M., Königs, C., Köninger, J., Könsgen-Mustea, D., Köster, R., Kötter, I., Kohne, E., Kolb, H.-J., Koletzko, S., Kollmar, R., Konstantinidis, S., Koop, K., Kopp, H.G., Koschinsky, T., Kramer, H.J., Krauss, J., Kreis, M.E., Kremer, B., Kroemer, H.K., Kröner-Herwig, B., Kroll, P., Külz, A.K., Kuhl, H., Kuipers, J.G., Laaser, M., Lamla, U., Lammert, F., Langer, M., Laß, M., Laukötter, M., Layer, P., Leffler, M., Lehnert, H., Lehrke, M., Lembcke, B., Lerch, M.M., Liebe, S., Lieber, A., Limmroth, V., Lochs, H., Loddenkemper, R., Löhr, J.-M., Löscher, T., Loh, A., Lorenz, H.-M., Lorenz, J., Lügering, N., Luster, M., Lux, G., Luzar, O., Maercker, A., Magdorf, K., Mallmann, P., Marth, T., May, K., Mayerle, J., Meinertz, T., Melichar, V., Merle, U., Meyer, H.J., Meyer, Th., Meyer-Lehnert, H., Meyer-Marcotty, A., Michels, H., Möbius, C., Möddel, G., Möhler, M., Mönnikes, H., Mössner, J., Mohaupt, M.G., Müller, S.C., Müller, S.A., Müller-Lissner, S., Müller-Quernheim, J., Muntau, A., Musholt, T.J., Nacimiento, W., Nattermann, J., Nelles, G., Neubrand, M., Neuhäuser, C., Neuhaus, P., Neumann, P.-A., Neundörfer, B., Nicolai, T., Niebling, W.-B., Niehues, T., Nilius, G., Nolde, J., Noth, J., Olschewski, H., Ostermeyer, J., Ott, C., Pahernik, S., Palmes, D., Pankratius, U., Parhofer, K., Paschke, R., Passlick, B., Pech, O., Pelster, F.W., Petersen, E.E., Petri, E., Pfaffenbach, B., Pfeifer, M., Pfeiffer, T., Pfister, H.W., Diplom-Gesundheitswirt, Pickel, J., Pilatz, A., Pirlich, M., Polykandriotis, E., Pontz, B., Possinger, K., Pohl-Koppe, A., Pohle, T., Prange, H., Prasse, A., Pruß, A., Rädle, J., Raile, K., Randerath, W., Rascher, W., Rauch, B., Raue, F., Raziorruh, B., Rech, J., Regierer, A.C., Reichel, C., Reindl, C., Reinhardt, D., Reißfelder, C., Rendl, J., Reuss-Borst, M., Rieckmann, P., Riedner, C., Rietschel, E., Rijcken, E., Rister, M., Rödder, K., Rogenhofer, S., Roos, F.C., Roos, R., Rosskopf, D., Rudnik-Schöneborn, S., Rudofsky<ce:sup loc='post">†</ce:sup>, G., Ruhnke, M., Ruß, M., Rust, C.F., Saborowski, F., Sailer, M., Salakdeh, M. Sedigh, Samtleben, Walter, Sandmann, W., Sauerbruch, T., Schaal, K.P., Schackert, G., Schäfer-Graf, U., Schäfers, M., Schalhorn, A., Schepp, W., Schetelig, J., Schifferdecker, M., Schipper, J., Schießl, A., Schlegel, U., Schliep, S., Schmid, A., Schmid, P., Schmidt, F., Schmied, B., Schmiegel, W., Schneider, A., Schneider, T., Schneider-Gold, C., Schnürch, H.-G., Schölmerich, J., Schönermarck, U., Schönhofer, B., Schönland, S., Scholz, H., Schopohl, J., Schott, G., Schrader, J., Schraml, A., Schrezenmeier, H., Schuchert, A., Schüßler, G., Schulze-Koops, H., Schuppan, D., Schuster, V., Schwab, S., Schwandner, O., Schwarz, C.H.M., Schwarz, T.F., Schweppe, K.W., Secknus, R., Segerer, S.E., Senninger, N., Serve, H., Seybold, U., Sezer, O., Siegmund, B., Siegmund, W., Siemon, G., Simmen, B.R., Simonetti, G., Sommer, C., Spengler, U., Sprott, H., Stabenow-Lohbauer, U., Stahl, M., Stalla, G., Stallmach, A., Stammschulte, T., Stebler, R., Stein, R., Steven, D., Sticherling, M., Stöhr, M., Strauch, U., Strauss, A., Strauß, H.-G., Stremmel, C., Stremmel, W., Strupp, M., Stüber, E., Stürz, H., Sure, U., Swoboda, B., Taube, C., Thiel, K., Thomssen, C., Thurau, K., Thöne, J., Thüroff, J., Tomiak, C., Toyka, K.V., Tröger, H., Trüeb, R.M., Tryba, M., Uhl, W., Ullerich, H., Unger, L., Vallböhmer, D., van Calker, D., Vloet, T., Voderholzer, U., Völkl, Thomas M.K., Vogel, T., Vogt, P., Wagenlehner, F.E.M., Wagner, A., Wagner, U., Wahn, V., Wallesch, C.W., Watzka, F., Weber, K., Weber, L., Weber, M.M., Wehrmann, T., Weidner, W., Weinke, T., Weiß, M., Weis-Müller, B.T., Weller, Michael, Wenz, F., Werdan, K., Wettstein, M., Wick, M., Wiegratz, I., Willems, S., Wilke, H., Wintergerst, U., Wirth, M., Wolkersdörfer, G.W., Wüster, C., Zabel, F., Zeidler, H., Zeitz, M., Zerres, K., Ziemer, G., Zierz, S., Zimmermann, T., and Zwerina, J.

Published
2015
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27. Präsidentenposter: Early versus delayed treatment of acute hepatitis C: The German HEP-NET acute HCV-III study – a randomized controlled trial

Author

Deterding, K, primary, Grüner, N, additional, Wiegand, J, additional, Buggisch, P, additional, Galle, P, additional, Spengler, U, additional, Hinrichsen, H, additional, Berg, T, additional, Cornberg, M, additional, Potthoff, A, additional, Diepolder, H, additional, Feyerabend, S, additional, Jung, MC, additional, Manns, MP, additional, and Wedemeyer, H, additional

Published
2009
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29. The German Hep-Net Acute Hepatitis C Cohort: Impact of Viral and Host Factors on the Initial Presentation of Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Author

Deterding, K., primary, Wiegand, J., additional, Grüner, N., additional, Hahn, A., additional, Jäckel, E., additional, Jung, M., additional, Buggisch, P., additional, Galle, P., additional, Berg, T., additional, Hinrichsen, H., additional, Potthoff, A., additional, Zeuzem, S., additional, Cornberg, M., additional, Manns, M., additional, and Wedemeyer, H., additional

Published
2009
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30. 1047 EARLY VERSUS DELAYED TREATMENT OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C: THE GERMAN HEP-NET ACUTE HCV-III STUDY – A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Author

Deterding, K., primary, Grüner, N., additional, Wiegand, J., additional, Buggisch, P., additional, Galle, P., additional, Spengler, U., additional, Hinrichsen, H., additional, Berg, T., additional, Cornberg, M., additional, Potthoff, A., additional, Diepolder, H., additional, Feyerabend, S., additional, Jung, M.C., additional, Manns, M.P., additional, and Wedemeyer, H., additional

Published
2009
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33. Erschöpfung der Virus spezifischen CD4+ T-Zellantwort bei der akuten Hepatitis C Infektion

Author

Ulsenheimer, A, primary, Lucas, M, additional, Pfafferot, K, additional, Heeg, M, additional, Gaudieri, S, additional, Grüner, N, additional, Rauch, A, additional, Gerlach, T, additional, Jung, MC, additional, Zachoval, R, additional, Pape, G, additional, Santantonio, T, additional, Nitschko, H, additional, Obermeier, M, additional, Phillips, R, additional, Scriba, T, additional, Semmo, N, additional, Day, C, additional, Weber, J, additional, Fidler, S, additional, Thimme, R, additional, Haberstroh, A, additional, Baumert, T, additional, Klenerman, P, additional, and Diepolder, H, additional

Published
2007
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36. Minimal T-Cell-Stimulatory Sequences and Spectrum of HLA Restriction of Immunodominant CD4 + T-Cell Epitopes within Hepatitis C Virus NS3 and NS4 Proteins

Author

Gerlach, J. T., primary, Ulsenheimer, A., additional, Grüner, N. H., additional, Jung, M.-C., additional, Schraut, W., additional, Schirren, C.-A., additional, Heeg, M., additional, Scholz, S., additional, Witter, K., additional, Zahn, R., additional, Vogler, A., additional, Zachoval, R., additional, Pape, G. R., additional, and Diepolder, H. M., additional

Published
2005
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39. Role of the specific T-cell response for clearance and control of hepatitis C virus.

Author

Pape, G.R., Gerlach, T.J., Diepolder, H.M., Grüner, N., Jung, M.-C., and Santantonio, T.

Subjects
HEPATITIS C virus, CELLULAR immunity, T cells, CD antigens
Abstract

Examines the influence of the specific CD4 + T-cell response on clearance and control of hepatitis C virus. Characteristics of T-cell response; Self-limited course of the disease; Recovery from acute hepatitis C.

Published
1998

47. Minimal T-Cell-Stimulatory Sequences and Spectrum of HLA Restriction of Immunodominant CD4+ T-Cell Epitopes within Hepatitis C Virus NS3 and NS4 Proteins.

Author

Gerlach, J. T., Ulsenheimer, A., Grüner, N. H., Jung, M.-C., Schraut, W., Schirren, C.-A., Heeg, M., Scholz, S., Witter, K., Zahn, R., Vogler, A., Zachoval, R., Pape, G. R., and Diepolder, H. M.

Subjects
*HEPATITIS C virus, *HEPATITIS C, *VIRAL hepatitis, *VIRUS diseases, *T cells, *VIROLOGY
Abstract

The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD4+ T-cell response against nonstructural proteins is strongly associated with successful viral clearance during acute hepatitis C. To further develop these observations into peptide-based vaccines and clinical immunomonitoring tools like HLA class II tetramers, a detailed characterization of immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitopes is required. We studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 patients with acute hepatitis C using 83 overlapping 20-mer peptides covering the NS3 helicase and NS4. Eight peptides were recognized by ⩾40% of patients, and specific CD4+ T-cell clones were obtained for seven of these and three additional, subdominant epitopes. Mapping of minimal stimulatory sequences defined epitopes of 8 to 13 amino acids in length, but optimal T-cell stimulation was observed with 10- to 15-mers. While some epitopes were presented by different HLA molecules, others were presented by only a single HLA class II molecule, which has implications for patient selection in clinical trials of peptide-based immunotherapies. In conclusion, using two different approaches we identified and characterized a set of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in the HCV NS3-NS4 region which are immunodominant in patients achieving transient or persistent viral control. This information allows the construction of a valuable panel of HCV-specific HLA class II tetramers for further study of CD4+ T-cell responses in chronic hepatitis C. The finding of immunodominant epitopes with very constrained HLA restriction has implications for patient selection in clinical trials of peptide-based immunotherapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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49. Pivotal Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Intraluminal Metabolites for the Maintenance of Gut-Bone Physiology.

Author

Grüner N, Ortlepp AL, and Mattner J

Subjects
Humans, Dysbiosis, Nutrients, Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Microbiota
Abstract

Intestinal microbiota, and their mutual interactions with host tissues, are pivotal for the maintenance of organ physiology. Indeed, intraluminal signals influence adjacent and even distal tissues. Consequently, disruptions in the composition or functions of microbiota and subsequent altered host-microbiota interactions disturb the homeostasis of multiple organ systems, including the bone. Thus, gut microbiota can influence bone mass and physiology, as well as postnatal skeletal evolution. Alterations in nutrient or electrolyte absorption, metabolism, or immune functions, due to the translocation of microbial antigens or metabolites across intestinal barriers, affect bone tissues, as well. Intestinal microbiota can directly and indirectly alter bone density and bone remodeling. Intestinal dysbiosis and a subsequently disturbed gut-bone axis are characteristic for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who suffer from various intestinal symptoms and multiple bone-related complications, such as arthritis or osteoporosis. Immune cells affecting the joints are presumably even primed in the gut. Furthermore, intestinal dysbiosis impairs hormone metabolism and electrolyte balance. On the other hand, less is known about the impact of bone metabolism on gut physiology. In this review, we summarized current knowledge of gut microbiota, metabolites and microbiota-primed immune cells in IBD and bone-related complications.

Published
2023
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50. Bile Acids and Microbiota: Multifaceted and Versatile Regulators of the Liver-Gut Axis.

Author

Grüner N and Mattner J

Subjects
Animals, Carbohydrate Metabolism physiology, Disease Models, Animal, Energy Metabolism physiology, Host Microbial Interactions physiology, Humans, Intestinal Diseases immunology, Intestinal Diseases microbiology, Intestinal Diseases pathology, Intestinal Mucosa immunology, Intestinal Mucosa metabolism, Intestinal Mucosa microbiology, Intestinal Mucosa pathology, Lipid Metabolism physiology, Liver immunology, Liver metabolism, Liver pathology, Liver Diseases immunology, Liver Diseases microbiology, Liver Diseases pathology, Bile Acids and Salts metabolism, Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology, Intestinal Diseases metabolism, Liver Diseases metabolism
Abstract

After their synthesis from cholesterol in hepatic tissues, bile acids (BAs) are secreted into the intestinal lumen. Most BAs are subsequently re-absorbed in the terminal ileum and are transported back for recycling to the liver. Some of them, however, reach the colon and change their physicochemical properties upon modification by gut bacteria, and vice versa, BAs also shape the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. This mutual interplay of both BAs and gut microbiota regulates many physiological processes, including the lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism of the host. Emerging evidence also implies an important role of this enterohepatic BA circuit in shaping mucosal colonization resistance as well as local and distant immune responses, tissue physiology and carcinogenesis. Subsequently, disrupted interactions of gut bacteria and BAs are associated with many disorders as diverse as Clostridioides difficile or Salmonella Typhimurium infection, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, asthma, metabolic syndrome, obesity, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and epilepsy. As we cannot address all of these interesting underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms here, we summarize the current knowledge about the physiologic and pathogenic interplay of local site microbiota and the enterohepatic BA metabolism using a few selected examples of liver and gut diseases.

Published
2021
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