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The primary goal of this work was to develop a cost-effective, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and simple approach for the green synthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using Aloe vera leaf extract by the sol–gel auto-combustion method. In order to figure out their structural, morphological, and magnetic properties, the synthesized NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD analysis showed that particles had a single-phase spinel crystalline structure with an average crystalline size of 33.5 nm. Under VSM studies, the produced NPs exhibit a soft ferromagnetic property. SEM revealed that the as-prepared NPs were agglomerated due to their magnetic behavior. To the best of our knowledge, the anticandidal, antibiofilm, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of CoFe2O4 NPs toward drug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains, have been comprehensively investigated for the first time. The synthesized NPs had a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.25–0.75 mg/ml against the tested pathogens. CoFe2O4 NPs inhibited the biofilm formation by 37.3–61.8% in selected strains at concentrations of 0.125–0.5 mg/ml. It was observed that the NPs not only suppress biofilm formation but also eradicate established mature biofilms by 50.9–64.49% that was further supported by SEM. SEM analysis shows that NPs significantly inhibit the colonization and aggregation of tested biofilm strains. Light microscopic analysis revealed that NPs completely inhibit the development of hyphae and filaments in Candida albicans, which significantly attenuates their pathogenicity. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining demonstrate that NPs significantly inhibit the proliferation of HCT-116 and HeLa cells. Furthermore, the SEM images of treated cells showed wrinkled and damaged cell walls, indicating the disruption and disorganization of the membrane. This study showed that the synthesized NPs were effective in inhibiting the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, candida, and their preformed biofilms as well. Thus, these NPs with broad-spectrum applications could be exploited in medical settings to diminish biofilm-based infections caused by these pathogenic strains.

Healthy humans and animals commonly harbor lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on their mucosal surfaces, which are often associated with food fermentation. These microorganisms can produce amphiphilic compounds, known as microbial surface-active agents, that exhibit remarkable emulsifying activity. However, the exact functions of these microbial surfactants within the producer cells remain unclear. Consequently, there is a growing urgency to develop biosurfactant production from nonpathogenic microbes, particularly those derived from LAB. This approach aims to harness the benefits of biosurfactants while ensuring their safety and applicability. This review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of native and genetically modified LAB biosurfactants, shedding light on microbial interactions, cell signaling, pathogenicity, and biofilm development. It aims to provide valuable insights into the applications of these active substances in therapeutic use and food formulation as well as their potential biological and other benefits. By synthesizing the latest knowledge and advancements, this review contributes to the understanding and utilization of LAB biosurfactants in the food and nutritional areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The nanobiotechnology era has sparked interest in the green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) without hazardous chemicals. As a result, the current study used chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base (CSB) as a non-toxic, reducing and stabilizing agent to prepare stable silver nanoparticles. Methods: The characterization of Ag-NPs impregnated chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base was fulfilled using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD and TEM studies. Results: The absorption band present around 425 nm in UV-Vis spectra indicated the formation of Ag-NPs. The appearance of a new band for the CN bond, deduction in the intensity of the CO group of salicylaldehyde and NH group of chitosan confirmed the formation of Schiff base and Ag-NPs in FTIR analysis. XRD pattern revealed the orientation and crystalline nature of Ag-NPs with 2θ at 38°, 46° and 54° related to Ag-NPs (JCPDS No. 04-0783), whereas the peak at 2θ = 27° associated with CSB. The total porosity of 53.24% was determined using the liquid displacement method. The CSB-Ag-NPs have good scavenging activity (46.25% and 49.35% activity in DPPH assay and H2O2 assay), great antibacterial (zone of inhibition 17 mm and 19 mm for E-Coli and Pseudomonas sp.), antifungal (18 mm for P. notatum), and anti-larvicidal activity, according to biological assessments. Conclusions: The synthesised Ag-NPs were non-toxic to marine ecosystems in a safety bioassay test.

Environmental and biomedical fields have various potential applications for the green synthesis of nanoparticles [...]

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and it is also one of the major causes of mortality from cancer. Chemotherapy drugs are generally limited due to various complications, as well as the development of resistance and recurrence. The in silico docking investigation involved exploration of protein or nucleotide, 3D structural modeling, molecular docking, and binding energy calculation. Protein-protein interactions are significant to many biological processes, and their disruption is a leading cause of disease. The use of small molecules to modulate them is gaining popularity, but protein interfaces usually lack specific cavities for processing small molecules. MMP-2, PARP, iNOS, Chk1, proteins were used in the molecular docking analysis of kaempferitrin and 5-flurouracil. The compound kaempferitrin had the highest binding energy scores with most of the target proteins, according to molecular docking results. The findings suggest it could be used to develop new drugs for cancer therapy.

The current World Health Organization (WHO) Hepatitis Elimination Strategy suffers from lack of a target for diagnosing or expunging occult HBV infection. A sizable segment of the global population has an undetected HBV infection, particularly the high‐risk populations and those residing in countries like India with intermediate endemicity. There is growing proof that people with hidden HBV infection can infect others, and that these infections are linked to serious chronic hepatic complications, especially hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the current diagnostic infrastructure in low‐resource settings, the WHO 2030 objective of obliterating hepatitis B appears to be undeniably challenging to accomplish. Given the molecular basis of occult HBV infection strongly linked to intrahepatic persistence, patients may inexplicably harbour HBV genomes for a prolonged duration without displaying any pronounced clinical or biochemical signs of liver disease, and present histological signs of moderate degree necro‐inflammation, diffuse fibrosis, and hence the international strategy to eradicate viral hepatitis warrants inclusion of occult HBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly in the fabrication of sensors with a wide range of applications. The backbone of nanotechnology is nanostructures, which are determined on a nanoscale. Nanoparticles are abundant throughout the universe and are thought to be essential building components in the process of planet creation. Nanotechnology is generally concerned with structures that are between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension and involves the production of materials or electronics that are that small. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that have the structure of tubes. Carbon nanotubes are often referred to as the kings of nanomaterials. The diameter of carbon is determined in nanometers. They are formed from graphite sheets and are available in a variety of colors. Carbon nanotubes have a number of characteristics, including high flexibility, good thermal conductivity, low density, and chemical stability. Carbon nanotubes have played an important part in nanotechnology, semiconductors, optical and other branches of materials engineering owing to their remarkable features. Several of the applications addressed in this review have already been developed and used to benefit people worldwide. CNTs have been discussed in several domains, including industry, construction, adsorption, sensors, silicon chips, water purifiers, and biomedical uses, to show many treatments such as injecting CNTs into kidney cancers in rats, drug delivery, and directing a near-infrared laser at the cancers. With the orderly development of research in this field, additional therapeutic modalities will be identified, mainly for dispersion and densification techniques and targeted drug delivery systems for managing and curing posterior cortical atrophy. This review discusses the characteristics of carbon nanotubes as well as therapeutic applications such as medical diagnostics and drug delivery.

Metal oxide nanoparticles demonstrate uniqueness in various technical applications due to their suitable physiochemical properties. In particular, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticle is familiar for technical applications because of its higher dielectric constant and thermal stability. It is widely used as a host material for a variety of rare-earth dopants, biological imaging, and photodynamic therapies. Y2O3 has also been used as a polarizer, phosphor, laser host material, and in the optoelectronic fields for cancer therapy, biosensor, and bioimaging. Yttrium oxide nanoparticles have attractive antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This review focuses on the promising applications of Y2O3, its drawbacks, and its modifications. The synthetic methods of nanoparticles, such as sol-gel, emulsion, chemical methods, solid-state reactions, combustion, colloid reaction techniques, and hydrothermal processing, are recapitulated. Herein, we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Y2O3 NPs based biosensors that function through various detection modes including colorimetric, electrochemistry, and chemo luminescent regarding the detection of small organic chemicals, metal ions, and biomarkers.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and sustained focus is on the discovery and development of newer and better tolerated anticancer drugs, especially from plants. In the present study, a simple, eco-friendly, and inexpensive approach was followed for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED). The HRTEM images confirmed the presence of triangle, radial, hexagonal, rod, and rectangle, shaped with an average size of 29 ± 1.3 nm. The functional groups for synthesized ZnO NPs were 3852 cm−1 for H-H weak peak, 3138 cm−1 for aromatic C-H extend, and 1648 cm−1 for Aromatic ring stretch. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), caspase and DNA fragmentation assays were carried out using various concentrations of ZnO NPs ranging from 1 to 100 mg/mL. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed dose dependent cytopathic effects in the Hep-G2 cell line. At 100 mg/mL concentration, the synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic effects and the apoptotic features were confirmed through caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation assays.

Potato is the most widely cultivated non-cereal crop in the world, and like any other crop, it is susceptible to yield losses because of various factors, including pathogen attacks. Among the various diseases of potato, late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is considered as the most devastating disease worldwide. In this study, transgenic potato plants overexpressing the D-galacturonic acid reductase (GalUR) gene with an enhanced level of cellular L-ascorbate (L-AsA) were challenged with Phytophthora infestans to determine the level of stress tolerance induced in those plants. With the onset of pathogen infection, necrotic lesions progressively expanded and became necrotic in the control plants. The transgenic potato lines with enhanced ascorbic acid showed reduced necrotic lesions. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were relatively lower in transgenic plants compared to the untransformed control (UT) plants. The mRNA expressions of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, such as pathogenesis related 1 (PR1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were slightly higher in GalUR overexpressing transgenic lines as compared to the untransformed control plants. Pathogen infection also altered the mRNA expression of genes associated with gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Furthermore, the increase in various antioxidant enzymes was also observed in the gene expression analysis with the transgenic plants. The complete loss of the pathogen growth and disease occurrence was not observed in our study; however, the findings indicated that an increase in the level of cellular L-ascorbate in the transgenic potato leads to enhanced cellular antioxidants, PR genes and plant defense hormones, such as GA and ABA resulting in the reduction of the disease symptoms caused by the Phytophthora infestans.