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554 results on '"Govindaraj, G."'

12. Molecular motions in glass and supercooled states of clotrimazole studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy

Author

Kumar, N S K, Govindaraj, G, and Sailaja, U

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

The molecular mobility of glassy and supercooled liquid states of clotrimazole is studied using broadband dielectric spectroscopy for a wide range of temperatures and frequency. The dielectric loss data of clotrimazole below T$_{g}$, do not show well resolved relaxation. Above T$_{g}$, dielectric loss show the structural $\alpha$-relaxation which is reformed to shoulder like shape at high frequencies due to the secondary relaxation. The relaxation time of $\alpha$-process, $\tau_{\alpha}$ follows Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation. The glass transition temperature, $T_{g}$=296K and fragility index, m=50 are obtained from the thermal behaviour of the $\alpha$-process. At temperature near T$_{g}$ the dielectric loss has Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretch exponential parameter $\beta_{KWW}$=0.56. The primitive relaxation time obtained from the coupling model coincides with the experimentally observed secondary relaxation of clotrimazole. Hence the secondary relaxation is considered to be the Johari-Goldstein (JG) process which may be the precursor $\alpha$-process. The value of exponent $\beta_{KWW}$ increases with increase of temperature and scaled dielectric loss do not form as single master curve. The structural relaxation $\alpha$-relaxation and JG $\beta$-relaxation process and its effects in clorimazole is discussed., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

Published
2016

13. Novel Concept of Non-Debye Dipole Relaxation Processes for the Interpretation of Physical Origin of Dielectric Loss in the Glass Formers, Drugs, Polymers and Plastic Crystals

Author

Govindaraj, G.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

The physical origin of dielectric loss is shown to be sum of n number of subunits relaxation of a molecule, where n=1,2,3.. For each subunit relaxation, the idea of intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions triggered non-Debye dipole, ($\bf G$)$_{n}$=((1-g$_d$)$\bf G$$_{0}$)$_{n}$, and the ensuing dual dipole ($\bf G$$_{\pm}$)$_n$=($\bf G$$_0$$\pm$$\bf G$)$_n$, relaxation processes is proposed, where $\bf G$$_{-}$=g$_{d}$$\bf G$$_{0}$, $\bf G$$_{+}$=(2-g$_{d}$)$\bf G$$_{0}$, and $\bf G$$_{0}$ is a Debye dipole. Each subunit motion is statistically highly independent process and discriminated by Debye and non-Debye relaxation (NDR) time, where g$_d$ is an exponent 0

Published
2016

14. Dielectric relaxation and crystallization behaviour of amorphous nilutamide

Author

Kumar, N. S. K., Govindaraj, G., and Sailaja, U.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract

The molecular mobility of glass and supercooled liquid states of nilutamide has been studied with broadband dielectric spectroscopy for a wide range of temperature and frequency. Besides primary $\alpha$-relaxation an excess wing like secondary relaxation is observed. The temperature dependence of structural $\alpha$-relaxation show non-Arrhenius behaviour, and follows Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) empirical formula. The glass transition temperature, T$_{g}$=302K and fragility index, m=76 are obtained from the VFT parameters. The structural $\alpha$-relaxation process is non-Debye with Kohlraush-Williams-Watts stretched exponential $\beta_{KWW}$=0.76. Secondary relaxation time of nilutamide coincides with the primitive relaxation time calculated from the coupling model. Hence the secondary relaxation process of nilutamide is treated as the Johari-Goldstein (JG) $\beta$-process, which is the precursor of the structural $\alpha$-process. Recent report on nilutamide indicates the increase of nucleation even below T$_{g}$, however we attributed to the JG $\beta$-relaxation. During the dielectric measurements amorphous nilutamide recrystallizes. The crystallization of amorphous nilutamide has been studied by the isotherm dielectric measurements at T=326K over a period of time. The crystallization follows Avrami equation and the parameters are obtained., Comment: 8 figures

Published
2016

16. Impact of COVID-19 on animal health care services, coping practices and associated financial loss to livestock farmers in Karnataka

Author

GOVINDARAJ G, Swamy HM, Shanabhoga MB, Naveenkumar GS, Nagalingam M, Mahantheshwara B, Balamurugan V, Bibek Shome, and Rahman Habibur

Subjects
Animal health care service, COVID-19 impact, Financial burden, Livestock farmer practices, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a serious impact on the human health and livestock sector. This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 associated lockdowns on animal health services delivery including vaccination, coping practices and financial loss to livestock farmers in Karnataka. A cross-sectional survey among 170 livestock farmers and 24 field veterinarians working in the study jurisdiction were interviewed using a structured schedule questionnaire. A significant decline in the number of hospital cases attended by veterinarians with a major decline in pets (54.9%) followed by goats (35.3%) and sheep (29%) was observed during lockdown. The contact of veterinarian for advices by the farmers through WhatsApp and phone calls increased and  farmers visit to veterinary hospitals decreased considerably. The applications for welfare schemes that supports livestock farmers were not processed during lockdown. The vaccine administration against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Enterotoxaemia (ET) and Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) per veterinarian declined in sheep and goats whereas, targeted vaccination against FMD in cattle was achieved. During lockdown, increased mortality of small (75.2%) and large ruminants (14.3%) with a overall increase of 84.8% in the financial loss (112$ per farm) was observed. The COVID-19 and associated lockdown affected the livestock farmers in multiple dimensions. Hence, to cope with the lockdown effects, it is recommended to engage trained personals and Non- Governmental Organisation (NGO’s) associated with animal welfare services to provide uninterrupted veterinary services to the farmers.

Published
2022
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22. Economic Impact of FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India

Author

GOVINDARAJ G, GANESH KUMAR B, KRISHNAMOHAN A, RAVEENDRA HEGDE, NANDAKUMAR S, KOKILA PRABHAKARAN, VINAY MOHAN, NARESH KAKKER, LOKHANDE T, KRISHNA SHARMA, AMIT KANANI, LIMAYE A, NATCHIMUTHU K, TANVEER AHMED KHAN, JYOTI MISRI, DASH B B, PATTNAIK B, and RAHMAN H

Subjects
Bovines, Financial loss, FMD, India, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

In India, among various diseases that limit livestock production, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) stands first and affects thousands of animals every year. The estimation of loss due to FMD is of paramount importance for designing appropriate control plans. The economic impact studies on various livestock diseases including FMD are very minimal and hence this study assessed the economic loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country. The total loss estimated comprise of milk yield reduction, unavailability of draught power, distress sale, treatment cost, mortality and opportunity cost of labour based on primary survey undertaken in 10 states and one Union territory. The results revealed that there was variation in loss levels between species and among the study states due to variation in disease incidence and severity levels, productive capacity of the animals, animal health infrastructure in the respective states, etc. The total estimated loss due to FMD in cattle and buffalo was INR 20,897 crore during 2013-14 with wide variation in magnitude across the states studied. The study provided empirical evidence of loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country.

Published
2020
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