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The multiple crises that have plagued Lebanon since 2019 have created an unprecedented socio-political and economic landscape that continues to challenge the country, its citizens, and residents. The increased poverty and vulnerability revived an already ongoing debate on social policies and security. However, the presence of international stakeholders, has shifted the framework of the debate from social policy and security to social protection. This shift in the discourse mirrors the current situation in the country, in which social protection programmes promoted and funded by international actors have become more prevalent. Despite the ongoing debate concerning the necessity of a social policy framework in Lebanon, no recent academic studies have explored the transition from a social policy and security system implemented by the government and endorsed by experts and academics to a social protection system advocated by international actors and donors. This article examines the existing social protection model and how this paradigm undermines the development of an overarching social policy and security framework in Lebanon. Drawing on a qualitative methodology, this study questions the international community’s role in impelling a social protection paradigm, and argues that foreign interference can create dependency on donor-oriented assistance programmes that undermine national social policy framework and exempt governments from their responsibility towards citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection and rejection are major complications that impact transplant longevity and recipient survival. Balancing their risks is a significant challenge for clinicians. Current strategies aimed at interrogating the degree of immune deficiency or activation and their attendant risks of infection and rejection are imprecise. These include immune (cell counts, function and subsets, immunoglobulin levels) and non-immune (drug levels, viral loads) markers. The shared risk factors between infection and rejection and the bidirectional and intricate relationship between both entities further complicate transplant recipient care and decision-making. Understanding the dynamic changes in the underlying net state of immunity and the overall risk of both complications in parallel is key to optimizing outcomes. The allograft biopsy is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of rejection but is associated with inherent risks that warrant careful consideration. Several biomarkers, in particular, donor derived cell-free-DNA and urinary chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), show significant promise in improving subclinical and clinical rejection risk prediction, which may reduce the need for allograft biopsies in some situations. Integrating conventional and emerging risk assessment tools can help stratify the individual's short- and longer-term infection and rejection risks in parallel. Individuals identified as having a low risk of rejection may tolerate immunosuppression wean to reduce medication-related toxicity. Serial monitoring following immunosuppression reduction or escalation with minimally invasive tools can help mitigate infection and rejection risks and allow for timely diagnosis and treatment of these complications, ultimately improving allograft and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the ongoing and complex issue of what courts and legislatures should do about private entities restricting speech. Topics include the tension between private power and free speech principles, how recent cases illustrate the challenges of regulating private entities' control over speech, and the broader debate over whether private entities should be bound by free speech protections or allowed more discretion in restricting speech.

The article explores how the U.S. Supreme Court has evolved in reshaping societal narratives, especially regarding who is deemed deserving of legal care and concern. Topics include changing focus from marginalized groups, such as the homeless or impoverished, to entities like "family businesses"; the rhetorical and institutional strategies the Court uses to elevate certain narratives while sidelining others; and the law and literature approach to understanding legal decisions.

The article examines the evolution and interpretation of the discretionary function exception under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), which waives the U.S. government's sovereign immunity for certain tort claims but excludes claims related to discretionary decisions made by federal employees. Since its enactment in 1946, the FTCA has allowed individuals harmed by federal employees to seek damages, but exceptions such as the discretionary function exception have limited this waiver.

Income‐based educational inequality is a global issue. In Australia, schools in the relatively large private sector charge a range of fees, with public schools also exhibiting considerable income differences. Using a nationally representative sample in the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, we examined the public's fairness perceptions of income‐based educational inequality and how their fairness perceptions are related to self‐interest (particularly regarding social class) and ideological orientations. We found that people hold diverse views about the fairness of income‐based educational inequality and that the number of people who perceived it as unfair was almost double the number of those who perceived it as fair. Respondents categorised as upper/upper‐middle‐class were, however, more likely to perceive income‐based educational inequality as fair, while agreement with government responsibility for economic well‐being was associated with a negative view of income‐based educational inequality. Implications of these findings for the promotion of socially just and equitable education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, Austria continued to experience low levels of democratic satisfaction. This was particularly beneficial for the populist right‐wing Freedom Party of Austria/Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) in regional elections and opinion polls, as well as for parties not previously represented in the federal Parliament. After the regional elections in Lower Austria and Salzburg, the FPÖ assumed government responsibility and entered a coalition with the Austrian People's Party/Österreichische Volkspartei in both states. Approval ratings for the governing parties remained low. The Social Democratic Party of Austria/Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs concluded its long‐standing internal directional debate with a change in leadership, albeit accompanied by mishaps. In terms of domestic policy, parties were able to reach a consensus, particularly on the abolition of official secrecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is characterized by oxidative stress and immune function impairment, and is associated with increased morbidity. Cannabidiol (CBD) has anti-oxidant properties, but its role in aging has been scarcely studied. This work aims to test the effect of CBD on the redox state and immunity during aging in rats. In this study, 15-month-old male Long Evans rats received 10 mg/kg b.w/day of CBD in their diet for 10 weeks and were compared with same-age control and 2-month-old rats serving as a young control group, both following a standard diet. After treatment, they were sacrificed, and the spleen, thymus, and total blood cells were collected. Redox parameters such as glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione concentration, GSSG/GSH ratio, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Moreover, immune functions (chemotaxis, natural killer activity, and lymphoproliferation) were analyzed in the spleen. Results show that the 15-month-old control rats exhibited increased oxidative stress and immunosenescence compared to the 2-month-old rats. However, the CBD-treated animals showed higher anti-oxidant defenses, lower oxidants in the spleen, thymus, and blood cells, and better immunity in the spleen than the corresponding age-matched controls. Therefore, CBD administration neutralizes oxidative stress and improves immunity, suggesting it is a strategy for achieving healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the billing requirements for intensive care complex treatments in hospitals. It is explained that hospitals are responsible for intra-clinical patient transports during inpatient treatment and must reimburse them. It is also discussed that the treatment management by a specialist with additional training in intensive care medicine is required for intensive care treatments. The case law on requests for access to liability files by state dental chambers from their members is also discussed. [Extracted from the article]

This paper discusses the obligation of States to co-operate as a duty that stems from two different areas of international law. First, States are obliged to co-operate under the law of State responsibility, the aim of co-operation within this framework being to bring to an end serious breaches of peremptory norms. The second area is international human rights law and, in particular, the European (ECHR) and the American Conventions on Human Rights (ACHR), as these instruments have been interpreted by the respective regional human rights courts to encompass a procedural obligation for States to co-operate with a view to protect human rights. The paper asks whether the obligation to cooperate, as constructed by the two regional human rights courts, has any overlap with the obligation to cooperate under the law of State responsibility, and, if yes, whether it can and does cross-fertilise the interpretation of the latter. The analysis of the relevant case law provides two affirmative answers. First, there is common space between the obligations to cooperate under the law of State responsibility, the ECHR, and the ACHR. Second, analysis also identifies certain features in the relevant human rights case law that enrich the obligation to co-operate under the law of State responsibility. These features are the effectiveness in the protection of the most fundamental norms and interpretation of the duty to cooperate through systemic integration. Systemic integration is necessary to concretise the conduct States are expected to develop as the obligation to cooperate refers to a rather open list of relevant rules of international law applicable to that State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cybernetics & Systems Analysis / Kibernetiki i Sistemnyj Analiz is the property of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the milestone Francovich case, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) granted individuals, under certain conditions, a right to reparation for Member States' breaches of EU law. While EU environmental law is rife with well-documented infringements, the Francovich principle, however, has seen little use in practice. This article examines why that is. Through an analysis of the ECJ's Francovich -related case law, and especially the ECJ's recent decision in C-61/21 Ministre de la Transition écologique , this study assesses the Court's interpretation of the Francovich condition that the relevant provision must be 'intended to confer rights' on individuals. Against this backdrop, it is shown that the absence of EU environmental law conferring ' Francovich rights' is due to the principle's incompatibility with the collective rights found in EU environmental law. Following from this, this study highlights the incorporation of compensation provisions in three key EU environmental directives as an alternative to Francovich liability and, in so doing, examines the evolving nature of private enforcement of EU environmental law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have extensively explored policy feedback effects on mass publics. However, research exploring how one policy's implementation affects public preferences for another remains limited. This study proposes a novel cross‐domain policy feedback framework, emphasizing functional and normative interdependence as two mechanisms yielding cross‐domain resource and interpretive effects. We use multiple sets of nationally representative survey data and archival records from China, a context deeply rooted in filial piety culture. We employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and multilevel regressions to explore the effects of the one‐child policy on public preferences for old‐age support. The findings indicate that individuals subjected to more stringent enforcement exhibit increased support for the government assuming the responsibility for old‐age support. These changes largely stem from the reduction in their actual and desired number of children. The findings have significant implications for mass feedback research and reform efforts regarding population planning and public pension systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1946, the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) waived what was once absolute: federal sovereign immunity for government-caused torts. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court's Feres doctrine declines to extend the FTCA's immunity waiver to certain tort claims of military service members. The doctrine precludes petitioners who have suffered an injury incident to their military service from bringing a negligence claim against the government. Its origins are not without controversy and modern courts often have trouble applying it in an equitable manner. In 2021, for example, the U.S. Navy negligently contaminated the drinking water supply of thousands of civilians and service members on the island of Oahu. Although recent case law applying the FTCA to drinking waterrelated torts indicates a willingness to allow some of these claims to proceed, that willingness has not been extended to service members due to the Feres doctrine. This Note argues that the Feres doctrine is inequitable because it excludes service members' injuries in an overbroad manner. Further, this Note proposes a modified Feres test based on the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of the doctrine to promote equity and applies it to the Navy's actions on Oahu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that 257 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). University students in the health field, due to their academic activities and future professions, are in a high-risk group. Vaccination against the virus is considered the most effective prophylactic method, and the state of immunity is characterized by the presence of immunoglobulin against the virus's surface antigen (HBsAg). This study aimed to assess the immunity status of 20 properly vaccinated undergraduate health students through the comparison of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. This study demonstrated that although all students had completed their vaccination schedules, 12 (60%) did not exhibit protective levels of antibodies, and discrepancies between methodologies indicated that rapid tests should not be used as the sole method for establishing a diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the intertwined strategies of land and green grabbing in Southern Piauí, focusing on how the Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Ambiental Rural (SICAR) has been used as a normative and informational instrument for the illegal appropriation of land. We analyze the overlap of rural property areas and legal reserves with the territory of the Melancias Community (PI). Primary and secondary data, obtained through fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and technical visits to communities, agricultural companies, and governmental and civil society organizations, were employed. The study concludes that land and green grabbing in Southern Piauí do not occur without land grabbing. Instead of containing the advance of Cerrado deforestation, SICAR has become a mechanism for expanding the agricultural frontier, by facilitating fraudulent land appropriation under the guise of environmental preservation and as a means for large landowners to address environmental liabilities and access public agricultural financing policies. Moreover, fraudulent land registration in SICAR has hindered the demarcation of lands belonging to traditional peoples and communities, as exemplified by the situation of the Melancias Community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the intertwined strategies of land and green grabbing in Southern Piauí, focusing on how the Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Ambiental Rural (SICAR) has been used as a normative and informational instrument for the illegal appropriation of land. We analyze the overlap of rural property areas and legal reserves with the territory of the Melancias Community (PI). Primary and secondary data, obtained through fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and technical visits to communities, agricultural companies, and governmental and civil society organizations, were employed. The study concludes that land and green grabbing in Southern Piauí do not occur without land grabbing. Instead of containing the advance of Cerrado deforestation, SICAR has become a mechanism for expanding the agricultural frontier, by facilitating fraudulent land appropriation under the guise of environmental preservation and as a means for large landowners to address environmental liabilities and access public agricultural financing policies. Moreover, fraudulent land registration in SICAR has hindered the demarcation of lands belonging to traditional peoples and communities, as exemplified by the situation of the Melancias Community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread acceptance of electric scooters has transformed the landscape of urban transportation. Yet, the emerging phenomenon of intoxicated scootering poses unanswered questions of liability and accountability. New research indicates that a third of traumatic electric scooter injuries are associated with intoxicated scootering. This statistic is particularly alarming given that there are over fifty million scooter trips per year in the United States. In Washington State, the State Legislature has not enacted a state-wide policy against intoxicated scootering. Instead, the Legislature delegates the authority to regulate the operation of electric scooters to local governments. Due to the ambiguity of whether electric scooters qualify as “vehicles” for purposes of the DUI statute, intoxicated scooterers either face no liability or full DUI penalties depending on their local jurisdiction’s regulations. The State’s fragmented approach to intoxicated scootering either overcriminalizes or fails to deter intoxicated scootering. This Comment proposes a statutory carve-out for intoxicated scootering, facilitating deterrence by imposing civil penalties on offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research points towards an overall intensification of parenting expectations including newer expectations for fathers' involvement in caregiving. At the same time, the ideal worker norm persists, and employers continue to expect men's full and uninterrupted work commitment. This article explores what these competing expectations attached to work and parenting mean for single fathers. To do so, the article draws on 30 in-depth interviews with a sample of working single fathers with primary caregiving responsibility in the United States and differentiates between those with white- and blue-collar jobs. The study finds that both white- and blue-collar single fathers prioritize caregiving and resist the ideal worker norm and, as a result, experience work–family conflict. Resolving this conflict becomes single fathers' individual responsibility, and the resources to resolve it are primarily available to white-collar men in the form of understanding supervisors and access to workplace flexibility. Blue-collar single fathers need to be more creative and resourceful in reconciling their caregiving and breadwinning roles. Inability to resolve work–family conflict can lead to job penalties such as reduced income and/or a job loss, which are found across different job types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that Congress successfully waived the federal government's sovereign immunity under the Fair Credit Reporting Act's civil liability provisions in the case Department of Agricultural Rural Development Rural Housing Service v. Kirtz.

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research assessing blame attribution in third-party governance views public service performance as a function of efficiency and effectiveness but overlooks equity. We address this gap in the literature by asking two questions: (1) Does contracting out lessen the blame assigned to the government for inequitable service provision? and (2) Is the public less critical of inequitable service provision when told it results in greater efficiency? To answer these questions, a survey experiment was conducted using a representative sample of United States residents (n = 1034). The results show that, while the government still bears responsibility for inequitable service provision, contracting out diminishes some of the responsibility placed on the government, shifting it toward the contractor instead. In addition, citizens' blame attribution patterns do not change when told inequitable service provision results from efforts to improve efficiency, which suggests that the public does not excuse inequitable service provision even when told it saves money. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of blame dynamics in third-party governance and bring implications to democratic accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This research investigates engagement for refugees within the German socio‐political landscape. Following the arrival of one million forced migrants from Ukraine to Germany in 2022, we conducted two surveys on those who volunteered in support. The first was on general engagement (N = 2000) and the second was on individuals who provided homestay accommodation (N = 3682). Our analysis explores the driving motivations for different types of engagement, comparing individuals involved in political activities with those engaged in social‐humanitarian activities. We find that value‐based motivations impact both political and social‐humanitarian engagement, with universalism driving political engagement and benevolence linked to social‐humanitarian involvement. Further, differing motivations and types of engagement align with varying beliefs about the role of the state, suggesting that individuals engaged politically believe in increased state responsibility, contrasting with views held by socially engaged individuals. These findings are contextualized within the broader literature on engagement and migration regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public warning failure is an undertheorized concept. A shared definition of public warning failure is needed to help stakeholders assess responsibility in the aftermath of government nonuse, misuse, or misunderstanding of public warning systems, especially mobile device‐based systems that have become a critical element of the public warning ecosystem. Although some uncertainty in the disaster information environment is inevitable, a shared definition of public warning failure could help clarify the roles and responsibilities of government officials and agencies across the arc of disaster communication: public preparation, hazard detection, warning message creation, message dissemination, and public response monitoring. In the context of earthquake early warning system performance, warning failure has been defined as false alert, missed alert, inaccurate alert, no alert, and late alert. Building upon this typology, in this essay, we propose an all‐hazards definition of public warning failure, illustrate it using a conceptual model, and assess the conceptual model using examples drawn from media reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Union (EU) has adopted a vast range of unilateral sanctions (or 'restrictive measures') targeting almost every facet of the Russian economy. These events mark a turning point in the EU's approach to sanctions. In a brief timespan, the EU's sanctions practice has expanded significantly in its scope, reach, and hard-line political discourse, aligning more closely with the assertive stance of the United States. The collateral effects of these sanctions have reverberated globally, raising questions about their proportionality. This article explores the legal boundaries framing EU sanctions, examining the principle of proportionality across EU law, World Trade Organization (WTO) law, and customary rules on State responsibility. Through a detailed analysis of the various proportionality standards present in these legal regimes, it seeks to determine the adequacy of existing legal safeguards against a potential misuse of sanctions and addresses key challenges in regulating EU sanctions within the framework of proportionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a court ruling that concerns the duty of doctors to inform patients about treatment alternatives. According to the ruling, doctors must inform patients about significant differences between different treatment methods, especially about specific risks associated with a particular method. In the present case, a doctor was sued because he did not sufficiently inform the patient about an alternative surgical method that carried a lower risk of complications. The court ruled that the doctor had violated the duty to inform and that the patient was entitled to compensation. The plaintiff is demanding compensation for pain and suffering as well as damages from the defendants due to a faulty and inadequately informed vaccination against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The defendants are doctors in a joint practice. The district court granted the plaintiff's declaratory action, but set the amount of compensation too high. The higher regional court considers a compensation amount of €22,000 to be appropriate. The assumption of liability by the state excludes direct claims against the vaccinating doctor. [Extracted from the article]

On 30 March 2023, the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment on the merits of the case concerning Certain Iranian Assets , in which the Iranian central bank was not characterized as a company within the meaning of the Treaty of Amity. In so concluding, the Court relied upon the test focusing on the central bank's sovereign functions and the purposes of the transaction at stake. Debate surrounds the origin and sources of inspiration of the sovereign function test, insofar as the majority's minimum reasoning leaves an impression that it arose from thin air. This article explores the origin and the sources of inspiration of the test, concluding that the Court's judgment affords the reading that the test was inspired, albeit clandestinely, by rules and practice specifically dedicated to the characterization of central bank activities, located in areas such as the laws of State immunity or responsibility, by judicial cross-referencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is associated with chronic oxidative stress, which contributes to the deterioration of the immune system, increasing morbidity and mortality. A positive social environment permits health maintenance and a slower rate of aging. Improvements in immune function and oxidative stress were shown in peritoneal leukocytes and organs of old mice and adult prematurely aging mice (PAM) after cohabitation with adults or exceptional non-prematurely aging mice (ENPAM), respectively, for 2 months, but adults and ENPAM experienced deterioration. This was solved by shortening the cohabitation time to 15 minutes per day for 2 months, where old mice and PAM maintained immune and redox state improvements in their peritoneal leukocytes, as well as a greater longevity, and adults and ENPAM did not show deterioration. However, it is unknown whether the positive effects of this short cohabitation are reflected in the immunity and redox state of the organs. The aim of the present study was to test whether a cohabitation of 15 minutes per day for 2 months maintains these positive effects in the organs of retired breeder female old mice and PAM and avoids the negative ones in adults and ENPAM. After cohabitation the animals were sacrificed, and the thymus and spleen were extracted to evaluate the immune function. The oxidative state was also analyzed in the spleen, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. The results show that after cohabitation, old mice and PAM improved their immunity and redox state, and adults and ENPAM showed no deterioration. This cohabitation can be suggested to improve health and slow down aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant arrangement for governance in many States which are party to international human rights treaties is decentralisation. This puts implementation of human rights in the hands of institutions which are geographically closer to intended beneficiaries. Decentralisation to different levels of government introduces complexity, risk and opportunity to the governance of human rights. In response, UN Treaty Monitoring Bodies focus on State responsibility for implementation of human rights. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has emphasised the State as the coordinating body responsible for children's rights under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In this paper, Wales is used as an example of a jurisdiction where decentralisation is a feature of children's rights, which has enabled a progressive approach to implementation. It explains the principled Children's Rights Approach which provides public authorities in Wales with a coherent framework to give effect to international children's rights policy planning and service delivery. As the contours of decentralisation in Wales are typical of arrangements in many States parties to the CRC, insights from Wales will be transferable to other jurisdictions. This experience is also relevant to other areas of human rights implementation in the context of decentralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The scarcity of literature related to the PPP (public-private partnership) barriers in construction projects within war areas, and hence the dearth of information to deliver viable and effective strategies to those barriers, are the primary causes for the failures of PPP schemes in such areas, particularly in Palestine. Financial and non-financial investments are more problematic in war zones than non-war nations and may escalate barrier for projects' success. The investigation purposes to discover proper answers to the barriers of PPP infrastructure schemes and highlight the execution of barrier reactions. Design/methodology/approach: Specialists were asked to deliver approaches to alleviate 21 barriers and recommend the period needed for applying them. Later, the relevance of alleviation events was examined through prioritization according to the results attained from three elements, i.e. the impact of every barrier and the strategy's viability and efficacy. Findings: While the most unfavorable barrier was finalized to be the unfeasibility of delivering physical security, the most valid answer was associated with the lack of government cohesiveness and responsibility to perform its duties. The discovered barriers are typical within warring nations, but the paper concentrated on Palestine. Originality/value: This study is an initial effort to examine PPP barriers in Palestinian infrastructure projects. The presented strategies can be applied as a novel set for barrier reaction improvement in occupied nations such as Palestine. Moreover, the results can develop the usage of PPP and enhance the barrier sharing in this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing expansion of information systems and the emergence of new sources of gathering data and information from the general public is inevitable. This situation creates responsibility for the government in two ways: firstly, the management and how to manage this level of data and information for maximum optimization, and secondly, the proper and easy sharing of governance data between government institutions and the private sector. In response to this issue, the Parliament passed the National Data and Information Management Law, which, considering the importance of the issue, needs to be analyzed to analyze the main reasons for the formation and approval of this law, along with the consequences and real effects of its implementation. This research was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and two antecedents of proponents and opponents of moderators, and two consequences of positive consequences and possible threats were extracted. Also, according to the calculated factors, suggestions have been made to avoid unintended consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This Article presents the findings of a quantitative and qualitative study of the application of qualified immunity and other governmental immunities in the context of public protest. Relying on three unique datasets of federal court decisions examining First Amendment and Fourth Amendment claims, the Article concludes that public protester plaintiffs face an array of obstacles when suing state, local, and federal officials for constitutional injuries. Quantitative findings show that protesters’ claims are frequently dismissed under qualified immunity doctrines and that plaintiffs also face strict limits on municipal liability, new restrictions on First Amendment retaliation claims, and the possible extinction of monetary actions against federal officials. Qualitatively, the study shows protesters’ rights are underdeveloped in several respects, including recognition of the right to record law enforcement and limits on law enforcement’s use of force. The study lends additional support and new urgency to calls for qualified immunity reform or repeal, as well as reconsideration of other governmental immunities. It also concludes that much more than money damages for injured plaintiffs is at stake. Lack of adequate civil remedies may significantly chill future public protest organizing and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on case of Brian Coughlin, who sought to enforce bankruptcy protections against debt collection by Lendgreen, a payday lender owned by the Lac du Flambeau Band, which claimed tribal sovereign immunity to avoid liability. Topics include impact of the automatic stay in bankruptcy, the concept of tribal sovereign immunity; and the conflict between federal bankruptcy law and tribal sovereignty.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Finanças Públicas is the property of Escola de Administracao Fazendaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer und Recht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the problem of human security as a factor in sustainable security in post-war Armenia. In post-war Armenia, the scope of global responsibility of small states is expanding, and sustainable security and sustainable development are becoming the basis of the discourse on the problems of the future of the South Caucasus and the object of political aspirations to strengthen peace on the part of the UN, the EU, the NATO, the Council of Europe, the OSCE and Western countries. The article comparatively analyzes approaches to the study of human security and sustainable security in post-war Armenia, the position on the relationship between development and security in its modern broad interpretation, characteristic of contemporary political science discussions. Authors pay main attention to the analysis of the role of sustainable security in the evolution of the idea of sustainable development of small states of the South Caucasus to the modern approach of the link between security, resilience and development. Authors identified and substantiated the characteristic features of human security and sustainable security in post-war Armenia, which hinder the improvement of the quality of life and the formation of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to present the role and importance of planning documents for flood defense during the development of the Flood Risk Management Plan (FRMP) in the Republic of Serbia. The scope of the work is the Operational Plans for Flood Defense on Second-Order Waters (OPFDSWs), which are the responsibility of local governments units (LGU). The paper contains an overview analysis of the implementation of the Flood Risk Management Directive (FRMD) in the legal framework of the Republic of Serbia, as well as an analysis of the legislative framework in the field of flood defense. The method of multi-criteria analysis was used for a qualitative assessment of the elements that are part of the OPFDSW. Through the results and discussion of the work, the similarities between the OPFDSW and FRMP were highlighted and explained, which can serve to better understand the importance of quality production of the OPFDSW. In order to harmonize all activities on the territory of LGU, care should be taken that planning documentation for flood protection occupies one of the priority activities in the management of planning acts. The conclusion is that it is necessary to clearly define the rulebook on the methodology for the preparation of the OPFDSW, all in the function of the preparation of the FRMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]