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1. Interferometer response characterization algorithm for multi-aperture Fabry-Perot imaging spectrometers

Author

Picone, Daniele, Gousset, Silvére, Dalla-Mura, Mauro, Ferrec, Yann, and le-Coarer, Etienne

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

In recent years, the demand for hyperspectral imaging devices has grown significantly, driven by their ability of capturing high-resolution spectral information. Among the several possible optical designs for acquiring hyperspectral images, there is a growing interest in interferometric spectral imaging systems based on division of aperture. These systems have the advantage of capturing snapshot acquisitions while maintaining a compact design. However, they require a careful calibration to operate properly. In this work, we present the interferometer response characterization algorithm (IRCA), a robust three-step procedure designed to characterize the transmittance response of multi-aperture imaging spectrometers based on the interferometry of Fabry-Perot. Additionally, we propose a formulation of the image formation model for such devices suitable to estimate the parameters of interest by considering the model under various regimes of finesse. The proposed algorithm processes the image output obtained from a set of monochromatic light sources and refines the results using nonlinear regression after an ad-hoc initialization. Through experimental analysis conducted on four different prototypes from the Image SPectrometer On Chip (ImSPOC) family, we validate the performance of our approach for characterization. The associated source code for this paper is available at https://github.com/danaroth83/irca., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures

Published
2023
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2. NanoCarb part 2: Performance assessment for total column CO2 monitoring from a nano-satellite

Author

Gousset, Silvère, Croizé, Laurence, Coarer, Etienne Le, Ferrec, Yann, and Brooker, Laure

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

NanoCarb is an innovative Fourier Transform imaging spectrometer dedicated to the measurement of CO2 and CH4. Both its unusual optical principle and sampling strategy allows to reach a compact design, ideal for small satellite constellation as investigated by the European project SCARBO. The NanoCarb performance assessment as well as a proof of concept are required in this framework. A strategy of design is developed to optimize the performances and reach the sensitivity target of the space mission, demonstrating the potential of the concept without drastic complexity gain. A preliminary bias mitigation in the retrieval strategy is presented concerning water for CO2 measurement, illustrating the efficiency and the flexibility of the NanoCarb partial interferogram sampling technic. The presented design reaches a random error sub-ppm for CO2 and sub-10ppb for CH4, considering a 128 to 192 km swath, respectively, for 2 or 3 km of resolution at ground. A full mitigation of the water bias is performed on CO2 band thanks to partial interferograms.

Published
2019

6. ImSPOC: A Novel Compact Hyperspectral Camera for the Monitoring of Atmospheric Gases

Author

Gousset, Silvère, Picone, Daniele, Le Coarer, Etienne, Rodrigo, Juana, Voisin, D., Croizé, Laurence, Ferrec, Yann, Dalla Mura, Mauro, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, GIPSA - Signal Images Physique (GIPSA-SIGMAPHY), GIPSA Pôle Sciences des Données (GIPSA-PSD), Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), and Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH)

Subjects
Accident prevention, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Hyperspectral imaging, Monitoring, SPECTROSCOPIE, Hyperspectral imaging sensor, Miniaturized sensor, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Gas detector, SURVEILLANCE, Fourier transform, Gas monitoring, IMAGERIE HYPERSPECTRALE, DETECTION GAZ, Spectroscopy, PREVENTION ACCIDENT
Abstract

International audience; There is an increasing industrial and scientific demand for large scale monitoring of gas concentration, e.g., to abide with constraints on pollutants for environmental safety. This paper aims to show the potential of the very recent ImSPOC technology for gas monitoring. We present the ImSPOC operating principle, some of the developed prototypes and two illustrative examples in the monitoring of methane and carbon dioxide in controlled environments.

Published
2022

9. Micro-interferomètres en silicium pour un spectro-imageur dédié à la surveillance des gaz à effet de serre

Author

Gerges, Nadine, Gousset, Silvère, Petit-Etienne, Camille, Panabière, Marie, Le Coarer, Etienne, Boussey, Jumana, Ferrec, Yann, Gourgon, Cécile, CRETIN, Dorine, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and 3AF

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], hyperspectral imaging, SILICIUM, INTERFEROMETRE, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], interferometer, microelectronics, MICROTECHNOLOGIE, silicon, microtechnology, [PHYS] Physics [physics]
Abstract

NanoCarb is a miniature Fourier transform imaging spectrometer dedicated to the measurement of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) from a constellation of small satellites. The key element of NanoCarb is an array of Fabry-Perot microinterferometers having a stepcase shape. Lateral dimensions and height of each step depend on the used material, the focusing lenses and the targetted optical path difference to be measured. In this paper, we describe a grayscale lithography process for a large surface patterning with high vertical resolution. This process is combined with plasma etching. Therefore, this two processes leads to a 20 nm step height resolution in resist and 50 nm in silicon. In addition to the manufacturing of this plate, we also investigated the deposit of a narrow-band filter on this plate used to select the spectral band of CO2 (1608 nm), with promising preliminary results., NanoCarb est un spectromètre de Fourier miniature et imageur, dédié à la mesure des gaz à effet de serre (CO2 et CH4) par une constellation de petits satellites. Au coeur de NanoCarb est une matrice d'interféromètres de Fabry-Perot. Les dimensions latérales et les épaisseurs des interféromètres dépendent du matériau utilisé, de l'optique d'imagerie et des différences de marche à mesurer. Dans cet article, nous décrivons un procédé de lithographie en niveaux de gris adapté à des grandes largeurs et à une très haute résolution verticale. Ce procédé est complété par une gravure par plasma. On obtient ainsi des marches de 20nm dans la résine, soit 50 nm dans le silicium après gravure. En complément à la fabrication de cette matrice d'interféromètres, nous avons aussi étudié le dépôt d'un filtre étroit multi-couches pour sélectionner la bande d'intérêt du CO2 autour de 1608nm. les résultats préliminaires sont prometteurs.

Published
2022

10. Supplementary material to "The Space CARBon Observatory (SCARBO) concept: Assessment of XCO<sub>2</sub> and XCH<sub>4</sub> retrieval performance"

Author

Dogniaux, Matthieu, primary, Crevoisier, Cyril, additional, Gousset, Silvère, additional, Le Coarer, Étienne, additional, Ferrec, Yann, additional, Croizé, Laurence, additional, Wu, Lianghai, additional, Hasekamp, Otto, additional, Sic, Bojan, additional, and Brooker, Laure, additional

Published
2021
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12. NanoCarb spaceborne miniaturized GHG sensor: first experimental results

Author

Gousset, Silvère, primary, Rodrigo, Juana M., additional, Le Coarer, Etienne, additional, Ehrhardt, Hélène, additional, Stadler, Eric, additional, Hubert, Zoltán, additional, Magnard, Yves, additional, Croizé, Laurence, additional, Ferrec, Yann, additional, de la Barrière, Florence, additional, Domel, Roland, additional, Coudrain, Christophe, additional, Gouyon, Remi, additional, Chambon, Mathieu, additional, Perrault, Philippe, additional, Boussey, Jumana, additional, Gourgon, Cécile, additional, Panabière, Marie, additional, and Gerges, Nadine, additional

Published
2021
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13. Optimization of a compact static interferometer based on ImSPOC technology for a wide field polar lights monitoring

Author

Le Coarer, Etienne P., primary, Richard, Lucile, additional, Robert, Elisa, additional, Rodrigo, Juana, additional, Sequies, Thierry, additional, Martin, Frédéric, additional, Prugniaux, Mélanie, additional, Barthelemy, Mathieu, additional, Gousset, Silvère, additional, Ravatin, Jean, additional, Monsinjon, Paul, additional, Dupont, Benoit, additional, Godet, Bernard, additional, Roy, Emmanuel, additional, and Lacipière, Jérôme, additional

Published
2021
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18. The Space CARBon Observatory (SCARBO) concept: Assessment of XCO2 and XCH4 retrieval performance.

Author

Dogniaux, Matthieu, Crevoisier, Cyril, Gousset, Silvère, Le Coarer, Étienne, Ferrec, Yann, Croizé, Laurence, Lianghai Wu, Hasekamp, Otto, Sic, Bojan, and Brooker, Laure

Subjects
SPATIAL resolution, OBSERVATORIES, DEGREES of freedom, MICROSPACECRAFT, GREENHOUSE gases, SPACE-based radar
Abstract

Several single-platform satellite missions have been designed during the past decades in order to retrieve the atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG), initiating worldwide efforts towards better monitoring of their sources and sinks. To set up a future operational system for anthropogenic GHG emission monitoring, both revisit frequency and spatial resolution need to be improved. The Space CARBon Observatory (SCARBO) project aims at significantly increasing the revisit frequency of spaceborne GHG measurements, while reaching state-of-the-art precision requirements, by implementing a concept of small satellite constellation. It would accommodate a miniaturized GHG sensor named NanoCarb coupled with an aerosol instrument, the multi-angle polarimeter SPEXone. More specifically, the NanoCarb sensor is a static Fabry-Perot imaging interferometer with a 2.3 x 2.3 km² spatial resolution and 200 km swath. It samples a truncated interferogram at optical path differences (OPDs) optimally sensitive to all the geophysical parameters necessary to retrieve column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 (hereafter XCO2 and XCH4). In this work, we present the Level 2 performance assessment of the concept proposed in the SCARBO project. We perform inverse radiative transfer to retrieve XCO2 and XCH4 directly from synthetic NanoCarb truncated interferograms, and provide their systematic and random errors, column vertical sensitivities and degrees of freedom as a function of five scattering error-critical atmospheric and observational parameters. We show that NanoCarb XCO2 and XCH4 systematic retrieval errors can be greatly reduced with SPEXone posterior outputs used as improved prior aerosol constraints. For two thirds of the soundings, located at the centre of the 200 km NanoCarb swath, XCO2 and XCH4 random errors span 0.5 – 1 ppm and 4 – 6 ppb, respectively, compliant with their respective 1-ppm and 6-ppb precision objectives. Finally, these Level 2 performance results are parameterized as a function of the explored scattering error-critical atmospheric and observational parameters in order to time-efficiently compute extensive L2 error maps for future CO2 and CH4 flux estimation performance studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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19. Realisation and characterization of large silicon cavities for interferometric applications

Author

Panabière, Marie, Petit-Etienne, Camille, Gousset, Silvère, Ehrhardt, Hélène, Boussey, Jumana, Clot, Marielle, Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM ), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
[SPI.NANO] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

20. NanoCarb partie 1 : interféomètre imageur compact pour la surveillance du CO2 depuis l'espace

Author

Ferrec, Yann, Bonnery, Guillaume, Brooker, Laure, Croizé, Laurence, Gousset, Silvère, Le Coarer, Etienne, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Airbus Defence and Space [Toulouse], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION, MESURE POLLUTION DE L'AIR, TELEDETECTION PASSIVE, FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY, ANTHROPOGENIC GHG EMISSIONS, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, INSTRUMENTATION OPTIQUE, EMISSIONS ANTHROPOGENIQUES DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE, AIR POLLUTION MONITORING, PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING, FABRY-PEROT, SPECTROMETRIE PAR TRANSFORMATION DE FOURIER
Abstract

International audience; Nanocarb is a snapshot imaging interferometer concept dedicated to the measurement of CO2. Thanks to its very compact design, it is a good candidate for small satellites, which would pave the way to a constellation of satellites to monitor emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases from space. Nanocarb is based on a multiaperture design, with a stepcase interferometric plate to measure partial interferograms. It is developed in the framework of the Scarbo project, an European project involving several partners, the aim of which being to design and analyse the performances of the Nanocarb concept, complemented by collocated compact aerosol sensor and CO2 reference instruments. The overall measurement concept will be experimentally validated through a dedicated airborne campaign featuring instrument prototypes.

Published
2018

25. NanoCarb spaceborne miniaturized GHG sensor: first experimental results

Author

Cugny, Bruno, Sodnik, Zoran, Karafolas, Nikos, Gousset, Silvère, Rodrigo, Juana M., Le Coarer, Etienne, Ehrhardt, Hélène, Stadler, Eric, Hubert, Zoltán, Magnard, Yves, Croizé, Laurence, Ferrec, Yann, de la Barrière, Florence, Domel, Roland, Coudrain, Christophe, Gouyon, Remi, Chambon, Mathieu, Perrault, Philippe, Boussey, Jumana, Gourgon, Cécile, Panabière, Marie, and Gerges, Nadine

Published
2021
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27. NanoCarb hyperspectral sensor: on performance optimization and analysis for greenhouse gas monitoring from a constellation of small satellites.

Author

Gousset, Silvère, Croizé, Laurence, Le Coarer, Etienne, Ferrec, Yann, Rodrigo-Rodrigo, Juana, and Brooker, Laure

Abstract

NanoCarb is an innovative Fourier-transform imaging spectrometer dedicated to the measurement of CO2 and CH4. Both its unusual optical principle and sampling strategy allow to reach a compact design, ideal for small satellite constellation as investigated by the European project SCARBO. The NanoCarb performance assessment as well as a proof of concept is required in this framework. We have developed a design strategy to optimize the performances. We demonstrate the potential of the concept through an estimation of the sensitivity, compliant with the space mission target. We also present a preliminary mitigation of the bias induced by water on CO2 and CH4 retrieval, illustrating the efficiency and the flexibility of the NanoCarb partial interferogram sampling technique. The presented design reaches a sub-ppm random error for CO2 and sub-10 ppb random error for CH4, considering 128 km swath and 2 by 2 km2 ground resolution. Design optimization and more systematic performances are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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35. Very low noise Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for adaptive optics in the near-IR

Author

Gousset, Silvère, additional, Robert, Clélia, additional, Fusco, Thierry, additional, Michau, Vincent, additional, Petit, Cyril, additional, Derelle, Sophie, additional, Deschamps, Joel, additional, Feautrier, Philippe, additional, Stadler, Eric, additional, de Borniol, Eric D., additional, Rothman, Johan, additional, and Coussement, Jérôme, additional

Published
2014
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37. NanoCarb spaceborne miniaturized GHG sensor: first experimental results.

Author

Gousset, Silvère, Rodrigo, Juana M., Le Coarer, Etienne, Ehrhardt, Hélène, Stadler, Eric, Hubert, Zoltán, Magnard, Yves, Croizé, Laurence, Ferrec, Yann, de la Barrière, Florence, Domel, Roland, Coudrain, Christophe, Gouyon, Remi, Chambon, Mathieu, Perrault, Philippe, Boussey, Jumana, Gourgon, Cécile, Panabière, Marie, and Gerges, Nadine

Published
2021
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41. Performance assessment for total CO2 and CH4 column monitoring using a miniaturized static spectrometer.

Author

Croize, Laurence, Gousset, Silvère, Coarer, Etienne Le, Ferrec, Yann, and Brooker, Laure

Subjects
*SPECTROMETERS, *FOCAL planes, *PERFORMANCE evaluation, *GREENHOUSE gases, *MICROSPACECRAFT
Abstract

The SCARBO project (Space CARBon Observatory) aims at solving a key challenge of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) monitoring from space: improving the temporal revisit over the various sites of interest while meeting the accuracy and spatial resolution requirements (as per the EU guidelines on anthropogenic GHGs monitoring). To do that a novel miniaturized static spectrometer concept called Nanocarb is currently being developed to be included on a constellation of Small Satellites and coupled with aerosol sensors and high-end reference instruments. NanoCarb is an imaging interferometer dedicated to the measurement of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. It is based on the ImSPOC concept (invented by ONERA and by IPAG). This concept combines a multipath imager (lens array in front of single 2D detector) and an array of static Fabry-Perot filters (FP). The lens array forms a collection of thumbnail images of the scene at the focal plane, and each step of the interferometer is placed in front of a lens from the lens array. The specificity of NanoCarb is to measure only few optical path differences (as many as Fabry-Perot filters), that is only a partial interferogram. This specificity leads to a paradigm shift, since it is impossible to retrieve the spectrum from a partial interferogram. Therefore, the estimation of the CO2 (and CH4) column concentration has to be done directly from these partial interferograms. Such a strategy implies that the spectral band and the optical path differences must be chosen very carefully. This is done through the development of an inversion algorithm, coupled with an optimization over instrumental parameters. This step is essential since on the one hand it includes a contribution to the SCARBO overall performance analysis tool: inversion from level 1 products (calibrated partial interferograms) to level 2 products (estimated geophysical parameters), and on the other hand it will also be used for the definition of the instrument and the prototype.In this paper, after a presentation of Nanocarb and its inversion tool, first elements of performance analysis will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

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