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2. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function

Author

Migliavacca, Mirco, Musavi, Talie, Mahecha, Miguel D, Nelson, Jacob A, Knauer, Jürgen, Baldocchi, Dennis D, Perez-Priego, Oscar, Christiansen, Rune, Peters, Jonas, Anderson, Karen, Bahn, Michael, Black, T Andrew, Blanken, Peter D, Bonal, Damien, Buchmann, Nina, Caldararu, Silvia, Carrara, Arnaud, Carvalhais, Nuno, Cescatti, Alessandro, Chen, Jiquan, Cleverly, Jamie, Cremonese, Edoardo, Desai, Ankur R, El-Madany, Tarek S, Farella, Martha M, Fernández-Martínez, Marcos, Filippa, Gianluca, Forkel, Matthias, Galvagno, Marta, Gomarasca, Ulisse, Gough, Christopher M, Göckede, Mathias, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Janssens, Ivan A, Jung, Martin, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor F, Knohl, Alexander, Kobayashi, Hideki, Kraemer, Guido, Law, Beverly E, Liddell, Michael J, Ma, Xuanlong, Mammarella, Ivan, Martini, David, Macfarlane, Craig, Matteucci, Giorgio, Montagnani, Leonardo, Pabon-Moreno, Daniel E, Panigada, Cinzia, Papale, Dario, Pendall, Elise, Penuelas, Josep, Phillips, Richard P, Reich, Peter B, Rossini, Micol, Rotenberg, Eyal, Scott, Russell L, Stahl, Clement, Weber, Ulrich, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Wright, Ian J, Yakir, Dan, Zaehle, Sönke, and Reichstein, Markus

Subjects
Life on Land, Carbon Cycle, Carbon Dioxide, Climate, Datasets as Topic, Ecosystem, Humidity, Plants, Principal Component Analysis, Water Cycle, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The leaf economics spectrum1,2 and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions3 revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species2. Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities4. However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability4,5. Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions6 from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems7,8.

Published
2021

3. Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites

Author

Chu, Housen, Luo, Xiangzhong, Ouyang, Zutao, Chan, W Stephen, Dengel, Sigrid, Biraud, Sébastien C, Torn, Margaret S, Metzger, Stefan, Kumar, Jitendra, Arain, M Altaf, Arkebauer, Tim J, Baldocchi, Dennis, Bernacchi, Carl, Billesbach, Dave, Black, T Andrew, Blanken, Peter D, Bohrer, Gil, Bracho, Rosvel, Brown, Shannon, Brunsell, Nathaniel A, Chen, Jiquan, Chen, Xingyuan, Clark, Kenneth, Desai, Ankur R, Duman, Tomer, Durden, David, Fares, Silvano, Forbrich, Inke, Gamon, John A, Gough, Christopher M, Griffis, Timothy, Helbig, Manuel, Hollinger, David, Humphreys, Elyn, Ikawa, Hiroki, Iwata, Hiroki, Ju, Yang, Knowles, John F, Knox, Sara H, Kobayashi, Hideki, Kolb, Thomas, Law, Beverly, Lee, Xuhui, Litvak, Marcy, Liu, Heping, Munger, J William, Noormets, Asko, Novick, Kim, Oberbauer, Steven F, Oechel, Walter, Oikawa, Patty, Papuga, Shirley A, Pendall, Elise, Prajapati, Prajaya, Prueger, John, Quinton, William L, Richardson, Andrew D, Russell, Eric S, Scott, Russell L, Starr, Gregory, Staebler, Ralf, Stoy, Paul C, Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen, Sonnentag, Oliver, Sullivan, Ryan C, Suyker, Andy, Ueyama, Masahito, Vargas, Rodrigo, Wood, Jeffrey D, and Zona, Donatella

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Flux footprint, Spatial representativeness, Landsat EVI, Land cover, Sensor location bias, Model-data benchmarking, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Agricultural, veterinary and food sciences, Biological sciences, Earth sciences
Abstract

Large datasets of greenhouse gas and energy surface-atmosphere fluxes measured with the eddy-covariance technique (e.g., FLUXNET2015, AmeriFlux BASE) are widely used to benchmark models and remote-sensing products. This study addresses one of the major challenges facing model-data integration: To what spatial extent do flux measurements taken at individual eddy-covariance sites reflect model- or satellite-based grid cells? We evaluate flux footprints—the temporally dynamic source areas that contribute to measured fluxes—and the representativeness of these footprints for target areas (e.g., within 250–3000 m radii around flux towers) that are often used in flux-data synthesis and modeling studies. We examine the land-cover composition and vegetation characteristics, represented here by the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), in the flux footprints and target areas across 214 AmeriFlux sites, and evaluate potential biases as a consequence of the footprint-to-target-area mismatch. Monthly 80% footprint climatologies vary across sites and through time ranging four orders of magnitude from 103 to 107 m2 due to the measurement heights, underlying vegetation- and ground-surface characteristics, wind directions, and turbulent state of the atmosphere. Few eddy-covariance sites are located in a truly homogeneous landscape. Thus, the common model-data integration approaches that use a fixed-extent target area across sites introduce biases on the order of 4%–20% for EVI and 6%–20% for the dominant land cover percentage. These biases are site-specific functions of measurement heights, target area extents, and land-surface characteristics. We advocate that flux datasets need to be used with footprint awareness, especially in research and applications that benchmark against models and data products with explicit spatial information. We propose a simple representativeness index based on our evaluations that can be used as a guide to identify site-periods suitable for specific applications and to provide general guidance for data use.

Published
2021

4. A reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata

Author

Ely, Kim S, Rogers, Alistair, Agarwal, Deborah A, Ainsworth, Elizabeth A, Albert, Loren P, Ali, Ashehad, Anderson, Jeremiah, Aspinwall, Michael J, Bellasio, Chandra, Bernacchi, Carl, Bonnage, Steve, Buckley, Thomas N, Bunce, James, Burnett, Angela C, Busch, Florian A, Cavanagh, Amanda, Cernusak, Lucas A, Crystal-Ornelas, Robert, Damerow, Joan, Davidson, Kenneth J, De Kauwe, Martin G, Dietze, Michael C, Domingues, Tomas F, Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Ellsworth, David S, Evans, John R, Gauthier, Paul PG, Gimenez, Bruno O, Gordon, Elizabeth P, Gough, Christopher M, Halbritter, Aud H, Hanson, David T, Heskel, Mary, Hogan, J Aaron, Hupp, Jason R, Jardine, Kolby, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor, Kromdijk, Johannes, Kumarathunge, Dushan P, Lamour, Julien, Leakey, Andrew DB, LeBauer, David S, Li, Qianyu, Lundgren, Marjorie R, McDowell, Nate, Meacham-Hensold, Katherine, Medlyn, Belinda E, Moore, David JP, Negrón-Juárez, Robinson, Niinemets, Ülo, Osborne, Colin P, Pivovaroff, Alexandria L, Poorter, Hendrik, Reed, Sasha C, Ryu, Youngryel, Sanz-Saez, Alvaro, Schmiege, Stephanie C, Serbin, Shawn P, Sharkey, Thomas D, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G, Sonawane, Balasaheb V, South, Paul F, Souza, Daisy C, Stinziano, Joseph Ronald, Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen, Taylor, Samuel H, Tejera, Mauricio D, Uddling, Johan, Vandvik, Vigdis, Varadharajan, Charuleka, Walker, Anthony P, Walker, Berkley J, Warren, Jeffrey M, Way, Danielle A, Wolfe, Brett T, Wu, Jin, Wullschleger, Stan D, Xu, Chonggang, Yan, Zhengbing, and Yang, Dedi

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Ecology, Data Science, Photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide, Irradiance, Data reporting format, Metadata, Data standard, Information and Computing Sciences, Biological sciences, Information and computing sciences
Abstract

Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consultation with data collectors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and data scientists was undertaken in order to ensure that the reporting format met community needs. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will incorporate additional data types and variables as gas exchange systems and measurement approaches advance in the future. The reporting format is published in the U.S. Department of Energy's ESS-DIVE data repository, with documentation and future development efforts being maintained in a version control system.

Published
2021

6. COSORE: A community database for continuous soil respiration and other soil‐atmosphere greenhouse gas flux data

Author

Bond‐Lamberty, Ben, Christianson, Danielle S, Malhotra, Avni, Pennington, Stephanie C, Sihi, Debjani, AghaKouchak, Amir, Anjileli, Hassan, Arain, M Altaf, Armesto, Juan J, Ashraf, Samaneh, Ataka, Mioko, Baldocchi, Dennis, Black, Thomas Andrew, Buchmann, Nina, Carbone, Mariah S, Chang, Shih‐Chieh, Crill, Patrick, Curtis, Peter S, Davidson, Eric A, Desai, Ankur R, Drake, John E, El‐Madany, Tarek S, Gavazzi, Michael, Görres, Carolyn‐Monika, Gough, Christopher M, Goulden, Michael, Gregg, Jillian, del Arroyo, Omar Gutiérrez, He, Jin‐Sheng, Hirano, Takashi, Hopple, Anya, Hughes, Holly, Järveoja, Järvi, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jian, Jinshi, Kan, Haiming, Kaye, Jason, Kominami, Yuji, Liang, Naishen, Lipson, David, Macdonald, Catriona A, Maseyk, Kadmiel, Mathes, Kayla, Mauritz, Marguerite, Mayes, Melanie A, McNulty, Steve, Miao, Guofang, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miller, Scott, Miniat, Chelcy F, Nietz, Jennifer G, Nilsson, Mats B, Noormets, Asko, Norouzi, Hamidreza, O’Connell, Christine S, Osborne, Bruce, Oyonarte, Cecilio, Pang, Zhuo, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Perez‐Quezada, Jorge F, Phillips, Claire L, Phillips, Richard P, Raich, James W, Renchon, Alexandre A, Ruehr, Nadine K, Sánchez‐Cañete, Enrique P, Saunders, Matthew, Savage, Kathleen E, Schrumpf, Marion, Scott, Russell L, Seibt, Ulli, Silver, Whendee L, Sun, Wu, Szutu, Daphne, Takagi, Kentaro, Takagi, Masahiro, Teramoto, Munemasa, Tjoelker, Mark G, Trumbore, Susan, Ueyama, Masahito, Vargas, Rodrigo, Varner, Ruth K, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vogel, Christoph, Wang, Jinsong, Winston, Greg, Wood, Tana E, Wu, Juying, Wutzler, Thomas, Zeng, Jiye, Zha, Tianshan, Zhang, Quan, and Zou, Junliang

Subjects
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, Environmental Sciences, Climate Action, Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Ecosystem, Greenhouse Gases, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Reproducibility of Results, Respiration, Soil, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, methane, open data, open science, soil respiration, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Globally, soils store two to three times as much carbon as currently resides in the atmosphere, and it is critical to understand how soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and uptake will respond to ongoing climate change. In particular, the soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux, commonly though imprecisely termed soil respiration (RS ), is one of the largest carbon fluxes in the Earth system. An increasing number of high-frequency RS measurements (typically, from an automated system with hourly sampling) have been made over the last two decades; an increasing number of methane measurements are being made with such systems as well. Such high frequency data are an invaluable resource for understanding GHG fluxes, but lack a central database or repository. Here we describe the lightweight, open-source COSORE (COntinuous SOil REspiration) database and software, that focuses on automated, continuous and long-term GHG flux datasets, and is intended to serve as a community resource for earth sciences, climate change syntheses and model evaluation. Contributed datasets are mapped to a single, consistent standard, with metadata on contributors, geographic location, measurement conditions and ancillary data. The design emphasizes the importance of reproducibility, scientific transparency and open access to data. While being oriented towards continuously measured RS , the database design accommodates other soil-atmosphere measurements (e.g. ecosystem respiration, chamber-measured net ecosystem exchange, methane fluxes) as well as experimental treatments (heterotrophic only, etc.). We give brief examples of the types of analyses possible using this new community resource and describe its accompanying R software package.

Published
2020

8. Disturbance-accelerated succession increases the production of a temperate forest

Author

Gough, Christopher M., Bohrer, Gil, Hardiman, Brady S., Nave, Lucas E., Vogel, Christoph S., Atkins, Jeff W., Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Fahey, Robert T., Fotis, Alexander T., Grigri, Maxim S., Haber, Lisa T., Ju, Yang, Kleinke, Callie L., Mathes, Kayla C., Nadelhoffer, Knute J., Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen, and Curtis, Peter S.

Published
2021

10. Immobilisation of torus fractures of the wrist in children (FORCE): a randomised controlled equivalence trial in the UK

Author

Ahmad, Rahail, Alcock, Anastasia, Appelboam, Andrew, Armour, Lisa, Bayreuther, Jane, Beynon, Rhys, Brown, Charlotte, Cadman, Emily, Darlow, Nadine, Davis, Tessa, Gibson, Phoebe, Gilhooley, Colin, Gomes, Sylvester, Gough, Christopher, Hartin, David, Hartshorn, Stuart, Hussan, Temem (Tim), Jain, Neha, Jenkinson, Emma, Johnson, Graham, Kehler, Lisa, Long, Matthew, Lyttle, Mark, Manouchehri, Shahab, McKie, Christopher, Metcalfe, David, Morgans, Louise, Mullen, Niall, Novak, Alex, Nunn, Catherine, O'Hagan, Kath, Paul, Aman, Preston, Jennifer, Ramlakhan, Shammi, Somaskanthan, Aarani, Tan, Yok Weng, Thakker, Manish, Vemulapalli, Krishna, Weekes, Joanna, Westacott, Daniel, Wilson, Sarah, Wood, Darryl, Conner, Louise, Nicolaou, Nicolas, Monsell, Fergal, Perry, Daniel C, Achten, Juul, Knight, Ruth, Appelbe, Duncan, Dutton, Susan J, Dritsaki, Melina, Mason, James M, Roland, Damian T, Messahel, Shrouk, Widnall, James, and Costa, Matthew L

Published
2022
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12. An experimental approach for crown to whole-canopy defoliation in forests

Author

Fahey, Robert T., Tanzer, Danielle N., Alveshere, Brandon C., Atkins, Jeff W., Gough, Christopher M., and Hardiman, Brady S.

Subjects
Ecosystem components -- Environmental aspects, Defoliation -- Environmental aspects, Plant canopies -- Environmental aspects, Earth sciences
Abstract

Canopy defoliation is an important source of disturbance in forest ecosystems that has rarely been represented in large-scale manipulation experiments. Scalable crown to canopy level experimental defoliation is needed to disentangle the effects of variable intensity, timing, and frequency on forest structure, function, and mortality. We present a novel pressurewashing-based defoliation method that can be implemented at the canopy-scale, throughout the canopy volume, targeted to individual leaves or trees, and completed within a timeframe of hours or days. Pressure washing proved successful at producing consistent leaf-level and whole-canopy defoliation, with 10%-20% reduction in leaf area index and consistent leaf surface area removal across branches and species. This method allows for stand-scale experimentation on defoliation disturbance in forested ecosystems and has the potential for broad application. Studies utilizing this standardized method could promote mechanistic understanding of defoliation effects on ecosystem structure and function and development of synthetic understanding across forest types, ecoregions, and defoliation sources. Key words: defoliation, experiment, herbivory, canopy, disturbance. La defoliation du couvert forestier est une source importante de perturbation dans les ecosystemes forestiers qui a rarement ete etudiee dans des experiences de manipulation a grande echelle. Une defoliation experimentale transposable de l'echelle de la cime a celle du couvert forestier est necessaire pour distinguer les effets de la variation de l'intensite, du moment et de la frequence sur la structure, la fonction et la mortalite de la foret. Nous presentons une nouvelle methode de defoliation fondee sur le lavage a la pression qui peut etre : appliquee a l'echelle du couvert forestier, a tout le volume du couvert forestier, appliquee a des arbres ou des feuilles individuellement et realisee a l'interieur d'une periode de quelques heures a quelques jours. Le lavage a la pression a reussi a produire une defoliation constante a l'echelle des feuilles et de l'ensemble du couvert forestier avec une reduction de 10-20 % de l'indice de surface foliaire et l'elimination d'une surface foliaire constante parmi les branches et les especes. Cette methode permet d'experimenter a l'echelle du peuplement avec les perturbations causees par une defoliation dans les ecosystemes forestiers et pourrait avoir un vaste champ d'application. Des etudes utilisant cette methode standardisee pourraient faciliter la comprehension mecaniste des effets de la defoliation sur les fonctions et la structure des ecosystemes ainsi que la comprehension synthetique des types forestiers, des ecoregions et des sources de defoliation. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: defoliation, experimentation, broutage, couvert forestier, perturbation., 1. Introduction Large-scale experimental manipulations have been essential to advancing knowledge about ecosystem processes (e.g., Ainsworth and Long 2005; Templer et al. 2017). For example, experiments emulating variable disturbance severity, [...]

Published
2022
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14. Spatiotemporal Consistency of Four Gross Primary Production Products and Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Response to Climate Extremes Across CONUS in 2012

Author

Wu, Xiaocui, Xiao, Xiangming, Zhang, Yao, He, Wei, Wolf, Sebastian, Chen, Jiquan, He, Mingzhu, Gough, Christopher M, Qin, Yuanwei, Zhou, Yanlian, Doughty, Russell, and Blanken, Peter D

Subjects
Climate Action, gross primary production, C-3 and C-4 cropland, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetation photosynthesis model, spring warming, drought, Geophysics
Abstract

Large spatial-scale effects of climate extremes on gross primary production (GPP), the largest terrestrial carbon flux, are highly uncertain even as these extremes increase in frequency and extent. Here we report the impacts of spring warming and summer drought in 2012 on GPP across the contiguous United States (CONUS) using estimates from four GPP models: Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), MOD17A2H V006, Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach, and Simple Biosphere/Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach. VPM simulations are driven by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, North American Regional Reanalysis climate data, and C3 and C4 cropland maps from the United States Department of Agriculture Cropland Data Layer data set. Across 25 eddy covariance flux tower sites, GPP estimates from VPM (GPPVPM) showed better accuracy in terms of cross-site variability and interannual variability (R2 = 0.84 and 0.46, respectively) when compared to MOD17 GPP. We further assessed the spatial and temporal (seasonal) consistency between GPP products and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence over CONUS during 2008–2014. The results suggested that GPPVPM agrees best with solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence across space and time, capturing seasonal dynamics and interannual variations. Anomaly analyses showed that increased GPP during the spring compensated for the reduced GPP during the summer, resulting in near-neutral changes in annual GPP for the CONUS. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing the impacts of different types and timing of climate extremes on GPP and the need to improve light use efficiency models by incorporating C3 and C4 plant functional types.

Published
2018

15. Temporal Dynamics of Aerodynamic Canopy Height Derived From Eddy Covariance Momentum Flux Data Across North American Flux Networks

Author

Chu, Housen, Baldocchi, Dennis D, Poindexter, Cristina, Abraha, Michael, Desai, Ankur R, Bohrer, Gil, Arain, M Altaf, Griffis, Timothy, Blanken, Peter D, O'Halloran, Thomas L, Thomas, R Quinn, Zhang, Quan, Burns, Sean P, Frank, John M, Christian, Dold, Brown, Shannon, Black, T Andrew, Gough, Christopher M, Law, Beverly E, Lee, Xuhui, Chen, Jiquan, Reed, David E, Massman, William J, Clark, Kenneth, Hatfield, Jerry, Prueger, John, Bracho, Rosvel, Baker, John M, and Martin, Timothy A

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Geomatic Engineering, Engineering, Life on Land, momentum flux, AmeriFlux, eddy covariance, canopy height, phenology, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Aerodynamic canopy height (ha) is the effective height of vegetation canopy for its influence on atmospheric fluxes and is a key parameter of surface-atmosphere coupling. However, methods to estimate ha from data are limited. This synthesis evaluates the applicability and robustness of the calculation of ha from eddy covariance momentum-flux data. At 69 forest sites, annual ha robustly predicted site-to-site and year-to-year differences in canopy heights (R2 = 0.88, 111 site-years). At 23 cropland/grassland sites, weekly ha successfully captured the dynamics of vegetation canopies over growing seasons (R2 > 0.70 in 74 site-years). Our results demonstrate the potential of flux-derived ha determination for tracking the seasonal, interannual, and/or decadal dynamics of vegetation canopies including growth, harvest, land use change, and disturbance. The large-scale and time-varying ha derived from flux networks worldwide provides a new benchmark for regional and global Earth system models and satellite remote sensing of canopy structure.

Published
2018

16. Spatio‐Temporal Convergence of Maximum Daily Light‐Use Efficiency Based on Radiation Absorption by Canopy Chlorophyll

Author

Zhang, Yao, Xiao, Xiangming, Wolf, Sebastian, Wu, Jin, Wu, Xiaocui, Gioli, Beniamino, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Cescatti, Alessandro, van der Tol, Christiaan, Zhou, Sha, Gough, Christopher M, Gentine, Pierre, Zhang, Yongguang, Steinbrecher, Rainer, and Ardö, Jonas

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Light-use efficiency (LUE), which quantifies the plants' efficiency in utilizing solar radiation for photosynthetic carbon fixation, is an important factor for gross primary production estimation. Here we use satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence as a proxy for photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by chlorophyll (APARchl) and derive an estimation of the fraction of APARchl (fPARchl) from four remotely sensed vegetation indicators. By comparing maximum LUE estimated at different scales from 127 eddy flux sites, we found that the maximum daily LUE based on PAR absorption by canopy chlorophyll (εchlmax), unlike other expressions of LUE, tends to converge across biome types. The photosynthetic seasonality in tropical forests can also be tracked by the change of fPARchl, suggesting the corresponding (εchlmax) to have less seasonal variation. This spatio-temporal convergence of LUE derived from fPARchl can be used to build simple but robust gross primary production models and to better constrain process-based models.

Published
2018

17. On the relationship between sub-daily instantaneous and daily total gross primary production: Implications for interpreting satellite-based SIF retrievals

Author

Zhang, Yao, Xiao, Xiangming, Zhang, Yongguang, Wolf, Sebastian, Zhou, Sha, Joiner, Joanna, Guanter, Luis, Verma, Manish, Sun, Ying, Yang, Xi, Paul-Limoges, Eugénie, Gough, Christopher M, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Gioli, Beniamino, van der Tol, Christiaan, Yann, Nouvellon, Lund, Magnus, and de Grandcourt, Agnès

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Diurnal variation, Photosynthetically active radiation, Light use efficiency, Phenology, Correction factor, FLUXNET, SCOPE, FluxCom, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Geomatic Engineering, Geological & Geomatics Engineering, Earth sciences
Abstract

Spatially and temporally continuous estimation of plant photosynthetic carbon fixation (or gross primary production, GPP) is crucial to our understanding of the global carbon cycle and the impact of climate change. Besides spatial, seasonal and interannual variations, GPP also exhibits strong diurnal variations. Satellite retrieved solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides a spatially continuous, but temporally discrete measurement of plant photosynthesis, and has the potential to be used to estimate GPP at global scale. However, it remains unclear whether the seasonal time series of SIF snapshots taken at a fixed time of the day can be used to infer daily total GPP variation at spatial and seasonal scales. In this study, we first used GPP estimates from 135 eddy covariance flux sites, covering a wide range of geographic locations and biome types, to investigate the relationship between the instantaneous GPP (GPPᵢₙₛₜ) and daily GPP (GPPdₐᵢₗy) on the seasonal course for different times of the day. Latitudinal and diurnal patterns were found to correspond to variations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and light use efficiency (LUE), respectively. We then used the Soil-Canopy Observation Photosynthesis and Energy Balance (SCOPE) model and the FluxCom GPP product to investigate the instantaneous and daily SIF-GPP relationships at five flux tower sites along a latitudinal gradient and at a global scale for different biome types. The results showed that daily SIF had a stronger linear correlation with daily GPP than instantaneous SIF at the seasonal scale, with an instantaneous to daily SIF conversion factor following the latitudinal and seasonal pattern driven by PAR. Our study highlights the necessity to take the latitudinal and diurnal factors into consideration for SIF-GPP relationship analyses or for physiological phenology analyses based on SIF.

Published
2018

18. Validating clinical practice guidelines for the management of children with non-blanching rashes in the UK (PiC): a prospective, multicentre cohort study

Author

Kitching, Amy, Rotheram, Matthew, Robinson, Gisela, Brassey, Paula, Hartshorn, Stuart, Wane, Rachel, Lyttle, Mark, Dangerfield, Jo, Hayes, Michael, McFarlane, Rebecca, Armstrong, Helen, Roland, Damian, Smith, Sally, VanHeyningen, Carl, Wilson, Esther, Kehler, Lisa, Gough, Christopher, Scott, Fraser, Backhouse, Claire, Gomes, Sylvester, Wood, Darryl, Maney, Julie-Ann, Johnson, Graham, Foster, Steven, Bloom, Ben, Lancaster, Andrew, Gray, Sebastian, Ramlakhan, Shammi, Gardner, Sharryn, Floyd, Sharon, Cleaver, Chris, MacFarlane, Susan, Bell, Claire, Nyirenda, Maggie, Bayreuther, Jane, Ijaz, Asim, Rogers, Natalie, Wilson, Sarah, Diment, Sarah, Boulind, Caroline, Allison, Kathryn, Waterfield, Thomas, Fairley, Derek, McKenna, James, Corr, Michael, McFetridge, Lisa, Mitchell, Hannah, Woolfall, Kerry, Lynn, Fiona, Petenall, Bethany, Shields, Michael, Maney, Juli-Ann, Lyttle, Mark D, McKenna, James P, Patenall, Bethany, and Shields, Michael D

Published
2021
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19. Linking plant functional trait plasticity and the large increase in forest water use efficiency

Author

Mastrotheodoros, Theodoros, Pappas, Christoforos, Molnar, Peter, Burlando, Paolo, Keenan, Trevor F, Gentine, Pierre, Gough, Christopher M, and Fatichi, Simone

Subjects
Climate Action, water use efficiency, plant functional trait plasticity, vegetation modeling, CO2 fertilization, climate change, Geophysics
Abstract

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to enhance photosynthesis and reduce stomatal conductance, thus increasing plant water use efficiency. A recent study based on eddy covariance flux observations from Northern Hemisphere forests showed a large increase in inherent water use efficiency (IWUE). Here we used an updated version of the same data set and robust uncertainty quantification to revisit these contemporary IWUE trends. We tested the hypothesis that the observed IWUE increase could be attributed to interannual trends in plant functional traits, potentially triggered by environmental change. We found that IWUE increased by ~1.3% yr−1, which is less than previously reported but still larger than theoretical expectations. Numerical simulations with the Tethys-Chloris ecosystem model using temporally static plant functional traits cannot explain this increase. Simulations with plant functional trait plasticity, i.e., temporal changes in model parameters such as specific leaf area and maximum Rubisco capacity, match the observed trends in IWUE. Our results show that trends in plant functional traits, equal to 1.0% yr−1, can explain the observed IWUE trends. Thus, at decadal or longer time scales, trait plasticity could potentially influence forest water, carbon, and energy fluxes with profound implications for both the monitoring of temporal changes in plant functional traits and their representation in Earth system models.

Published
2017

20. A reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata

Author

Ely, Kim S., Rogers, Alistair, Agarwal, Deborah A., Ainsworth, Elizabeth A., Albert, Loren P., Ali, Ashehad, Anderson, Jeremiah, Aspinwall, Michael J., Bellasio, Chandra, Bernacchi, Carl, Bonnage, Steve, Buckley, Thomas N., Bunce, James, Burnett, Angela C., Busch, Florian A., Cavanagh, Amanda, Cernusak, Lucas A., Crystal-Ornelas, Robert, Damerow, Joan, Davidson, Kenneth J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Dietze, Michael C., Domingues, Tomas F., Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Ellsworth, David S., Evans, John R., Gauthier, Paul P.G., Gimenez, Bruno O., Gordon, Elizabeth P., Gough, Christopher M., Halbritter, Aud H., Hanson, David T., Heskel, Mary, Hogan, J. Aaron, Hupp, Jason R., Jardine, Kolby, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor, Kromdijk, Johannes, Kumarathunge, Dushan P., Lamour, Julien, Leakey, Andrew D.B., LeBauer, David S., Li, Qianyu, Lundgren, Marjorie R., McDowell, Nate, Meacham-Hensold, Katherine, Medlyn, Belinda E., Moore, David J.P., Negrón-Juárez, Robinson, Niinemets, Ülo, Osborne, Colin P., Pivovaroff, Alexandria L., Poorter, Hendrik, Reed, Sasha C., Ryu, Youngryel, Sanz-Saez, Alvaro, Schmiege, Stephanie C., Serbin, Shawn P., Sharkey, Thomas D., Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G., Sonawane, Balasaheb V., South, Paul F., Souza, Daisy C., Stinziano, Joseph Ronald, Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen, Taylor, Samuel H., Tejera, Mauricio D., Uddling, Johan, Vandvik, Vigdis, Varadharajan, Charuleka, Walker, Anthony P., Walker, Berkley J., Warren, Jeffrey M., Way, Danielle A., Wolfe, Brett T., Wu, Jin, Wullschleger, Stan D., Xu, Chonggang, Yan, Zhengbing, and Yang, Dedi

Published
2021
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22. Temperature thresholds of ecosystem respiration at a global scale

Author

Johnston, Alice S. A., Meade, Andrew, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Black, Andy, Blanken, Peter D., Bonal, Damien, Brümmer, Christian, Cescatti, Alessandro, Dušek, Jiří, Graf, Alexander, Gioli, Beniamino, Goded, Ignacio, Gough, Christopher M., Ikawa, Hiroki, Jassal, Rachhpal, Kobayashi, Hideki, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Manca, Giovanni, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moyano, Fernando E., Olesen, Jørgen E., Sachs, Torsten, Shao, Changliang, Tagesson, Torbern, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Varlagin, Andrej, and Venditti, Chris

Published
2021
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24. X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X

Author

Nelson, Jacob A., primary, Walther, Sophia, additional, Gans, Fabian, additional, Kraft, Basil, additional, Weber, Ulrich, additional, Novick, Kimberly, additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Migliavacca, Mirco, additional, Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional, Šigut, Ladislav, additional, Ibrom, Andreas, additional, Papale, Dario, additional, Göckede, Mathias, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Knohl, Alexander, additional, Hörtnagl, Lukas, additional, Scott, Russell L., additional, Zhang, Weijie, additional, Hamdi, Zayd Mahmoud, additional, Reichstein, Markus, additional, Aranda-Barranco, Sergio, additional, Ardö, Jonas, additional, Op de Beeck, Maarten, additional, Billdesbach, Dave, additional, Bowling, David, additional, Bracho, Rosvel, additional, Brümmer, Christian, additional, Camps-Valls, Gustau, additional, Chen, Shiping, additional, Cleverly, Jamie Rose, additional, Desai, Ankur, additional, Dong, Gang, additional, El-Madany, Tarek S., additional, Euskirchen, Eugenie Susanne, additional, Feigenwinter, Iris, additional, Galvagno, Marta, additional, Gerosa, Giacomo, additional, Gielen, Bert, additional, Goded, Ignacio, additional, Goslee, Sarah, additional, Gough, Christopher Michael, additional, Heinesch, Bernard, additional, Ichii, Kazuhito, additional, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, additional, Klosterhalfen, Anne, additional, Knox, Sara, additional, Kobayashi, Hideki, additional, Kohonen, Kukka-Maaria, additional, Korkiakoski, Mika, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Mana, Gharun, additional, Marzuoli, Riccardo, additional, Matamala, Roser, additional, Metzger, Stefan, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Nicolini, Giacomo, additional, O'Halloran, Thomas, additional, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, additional, Peichl, Matthias, additional, Pendall, Elise, additional, Ruiz Reverter, Borja, additional, Roland, Marilyn, additional, Sabbatini, Simone, additional, Sachs, Torsten, additional, Schmidt, Marius, additional, Schwalm, Christopher R., additional, Shekhar, Ankit, additional, Silberstein, Richard, additional, Silveira, Maria Lucia, additional, Spano, Donatella, additional, Tagesson, Torbern, additional, Tramontana, Gianluca, additional, Trotta, Carlo, additional, Turco, Fabio, additional, Vesala, Timo, additional, Vincke, Caroline, additional, Vitale, Domenico, additional, Vivoni, Enrique R., additional, Wang, Yi, additional, Woodgate, William, additional, Yepez, Enrico A., additional, Zhang, Junhui, additional, Zona, Donatella, additional, and Jung, Martin, additional

Published
2024
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27. A compact and cost-effective hard X-ray free-electron laser driven by a high-brightness and low-energy electron beam

Author

Prat, Eduard, Abela, Rafael, Aiba, Masamitsu, Alarcon, Arturo, Alex, Jürgen, Arbelo, Yunieski, Arrell, Christopher, Arsov, Vladimir, Bacellar, Camila, Beard, Carl, Beaud, Paul, Bettoni, Simona, Biffiger, Roger, Bopp, Markus, Braun, Hans-Heinrich, Calvi, Marco, Cassar, Ariana, Celcer, Tine, Chergui, Majed, Chevtsov, Pavel, Cirelli, Claudio, Citterio, Alessandro, Craievich, Paolo, Divall, Marta Csatari, Dax, Andreas, Dehler, Micha, Deng, Yunpei, Dietrich, Alexander, Dijkstal, Philipp, Dinapoli, Roberto, Dordevic, Sladana, Ebner, Simon, Engeler, Daniel, Erny, Christian, Esposito, Vincent, Ferrari, Eugenio, Flechsig, Uwe, Follath, Rolf, Frei, Franziska, Ganter, Romain, Garvey, Terence, Geng, Zheqiao, Gobbo, Alexandre, Gough, Christopher, Hauff, Andreas, Hauri, Christoph P., Hiller, Nicole, Hunziker, Stephan, Huppert, Martin, Ingold, Gerhard, Ischebeck, Rasmus, Janousch, Markus, Johnson, Philip J. M., Johnson, Steven L., Juranić, Pavle, Jurcevic, Mario, Kaiser, Maik, Kalt, Roger, Keil, Boris, Kiselev, Daniela, Kittel, Christoph, Knopp, Gregor, Koprek, Waldemar, Laznovsky, Michael, Lemke, Henrik T., Sancho, Daniel Llorente, Löhl, Florian, Malyzhenkov, Alexander, Mancini, Giulia Fulvia, Mankowsky, Roman, Marcellini, Fabio, Marinkovic, Goran, Martiel, Isabelle, Märki, Fabian, Milne, Christopher J., Mozzanica, Aldo, Nass, Karol, Orlandi, Gian Luca, Loch, Cigdem Ozkan, Paraliev, Martin, Patterson, Bruce, Patthey, Luc, Pedrini, Bill, Pedrozzi, Marco, Pradervand, Claude, Radi, Peter, Raguin, Jean-Yves, Redford, Sophie, Rehanek, Jens, Reiche, Sven, Rivkin, Leonid, Romann, Albert, Sala, Leonardo, Sander, Mathias, Schietinger, Thomas, Schilcher, Thomas, Schlott, Volker, Schmidt, Thomas, Seidel, Mike, Stadler, Markus, Stingelin, Lukas, Svetina, Cristian, Treyer, Daniel M., Trisorio, Alexandre, Vicario, Carlo, Voulot, Didier, Wrulich, Albin, Zerdane, Serhane, and Zimoch, Elke

Published
2020
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28. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle, Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Reichstein, Markus, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Vuichard, Nicolas, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Jonas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter S., D’Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto, Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., De Cinti, Bruno, de Grandcourt, Agnes, De Ligne, Anne, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Hansen, Birger Ulf, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janouš, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew, Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy, Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly, Oechel, Walter, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Paul-Limoges, Eugenie, Pavelka, Marian, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas, Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Üllar, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Rebmann, Corinna, Reed, David, de Dios, Victor Resco, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans Peter, Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Schroder, Ivan, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan, Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert M., Sturtevant, Cove, Suyker, Andy, Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel, Thom, Jonathan, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, van der Molen, Michiel, van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko, Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natalia, Walker, Jeffrey P., Walter-Shea, Elizabeth, Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deb, Biraud, Sebastien, Torn, Margaret, and Papale, Dario

Published
2021
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29. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial

Author

Pereira, Matthew, Hardwick, Susie, Messahel, Shrouk, Noblet, Joanne, Lee, Elizabeth D, Greenwood-Bibby, Rachel, Buchanan, Mark, Lewis, Lucy, Hughes, Sharon, Hartshorn, Stuart, Rogers, Louise, Hopkins, Juliet, Lyttle, Mark D, Fernandez, Daphin, Potter, Sarah, Lavigne-Smith, Holly R, Moulsdale, Phoebe, Smith, Alice, Bingham, Tracey, Ross, James, Ramsey, Natasha, Hacking, Jo, Mullen, Niall, Corrigan, Paul P, Prudhoe, Sarah, Faza, Hani, Robinson, Gisela, Sunley, Rachel C, Smith, Coral J, Unsworth, Vanessa, Criddle, John, Laque, Martin, Sheedy, Alyce B, Anderson, Mark, Bell, Kathryn, Devine, Kirsty, Scott, Alex, Kumar, Ramesh, Armstrong, Sonia, Sutherland, Emer, Cantle, Fleur, Helyer, Sinead, Riozzi, Paul, Cotton, Hannah, Downes, Alice J, Mollard, Helen, Roland, Damian, Hay, Felix, Gough, Christopher, Finucane, Sonya, Bevan, Catherine, Ramsay, Rebecca, Walton, Emily, Maney, Julie-Ann, Dalzell, Elizabeth, Millar, Muriel, Howells, Rachel J, Appelboam, Andy, Mackle, Daisy, Small, Jennie, Neil, Ashleigh, Choudhery, Vince, MacLeod, Stewart, Browning, Jen, O'Neill, Thomas, Grahamslaw, Julia, Parikh, Ami, Skene, Imogen, Thomas, Rhys, Potier de la Morandiere, Katherine, Wilson, Jill L, Danziger, Donna, Burke, Derek, Ramlakhan, Shammi, Evans, Jayne, Morcombe, Julie, Gormley, Stuart, Barling, Jason M, Cathie, Katrina, Bayreuther, Jane, Ensom, Ruth, Iqbal, Yasser, Rounding, Sarah, Mulligan, Joanne, Bell, Claire, McLellan, Shona, Leighton, Shona, Sajjanhar, Tina, Nyirenda, Maggie, Crome, Laura, Williamson, Neil, Alcock, Anastasia, Edwards, Sara, Morgan, Jeff, Powell, Colin VE, Ramesh, Chaniyil A, Kamal-Uddin, Solomon, Linney, Mike, Vamvakiti, Katia, Floyd, Sharon, Hobden, Gill, Rainford, Naomi E A, Gamble, Carrol, Humphreys, Amy, Hickey, Helen, Woolfall, Kerry, Roper, Louise, Tate, Paul, Iyer, Anand, Evans, Vicki, and Appleton, Richard E

Published
2019
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30. Disturbance theory for ecosystem ecologists: A primer.

Author

Gough, Christopher M., Buma, Brian, Jentsch, Anke, Mathes, Kayla C., and Fahey, Robert T.

Subjects
*ECOLOGICAL disturbances, *ECOLOGISTS, *ECOSYSTEMS
Abstract

Understanding what regulates ecosystem functional responses to disturbance is essential in this era of global change. However, many pioneering and still influential disturbance‐related theorie proposed by ecosystem ecologists were developed prior to rapid global change, and before tools and metrics were available to test them. In light of new knowledge and conceptual advances across biological disciplines, we present four disturbance ecology concepts that are particularly relevant to ecosystem ecologists new to the field: (a) the directionality of ecosystem functional response to disturbance; (b) functional thresholds; (c) disturbance–succession interactions; and (d) diversity‐functional stability relationships. We discuss how knowledge, theory, and terminology developed by several biological disciplines, when integrated, can enhance how ecosystem ecologists analyze and interpret functional responses to disturbance. For example, when interpreting thresholds and disturbance–succession interactions, ecosystem ecologists should consider concurrent biotic regime change, non‐linearity, and multiple response pathways, typically the theoretical and analytical domain of population and community ecologists. Similarly, the interpretation of ecosystem functional responses to disturbance requires analytical approaches that recognize disturbance can promote, inhibit, or fundamentally change ecosystem functions. We suggest that truly integrative approaches and knowledge are essential to advancing ecosystem functional responses to disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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34. Multidecadal trajectories of soil chemistry and nutrient availability following cutting vs. burning disturbances in Upper Great Lakes forests

Author

Nave, Lucas E., Moine, James M. Le, Gough, Christopher M., and Nadelhoffer, Knute J.

Subjects
Ecosystems -- Analysis, Soil chemistry -- Analysis, Forests and forestry -- Michigan -- Analysis, Forest soils -- Analysis, Earth sciences
Abstract

What are the successional trajectories and impacts of disturbances on forest soil nutrient availability? Answers remain elusive because the time scale of interest is long and many factors affect soil properties. We address this question on a regionally representative landscape in northern Michigan, U.S.A. Late-successional reference stands aside, most forests on this landscape were clearcut and burned between 1870 and 1911; subsequently, stands comprising two chronosequences were either cut and burned again, or cut only, at multidecadal intervals. Influences of disturbance and succession were detectable in A, B, and C horizons, particularly for properties affected by ash deposition: pH, Ca, and Mg declined with age but were higher in twice-burned stands. A horizon [NH.sub.4.sup.+] was lower in twice-burned than once-burned stands and declined with age in both chrono-sequences. B horizon Fe increased with age in both chronosequences but remained lower in twice-burned stands, suggesting slower recovery of pedogenesis following more severe disturbance. Contrasted against A and B horizons, where soil properties were driven by disturbance and succession, textural influences were evident in C horizons through variation in Ca, Mg, K, Al, and cation exchange capacity. Collectively, these results indicate deep, long-lasting disturbance impacts and a bottom-up influence of parent material at the landscape level. Key words: succession, pedogenesis, ecosystem function, nitrogen, base cations. Quels sont les trajectoires successionnelles et les impacts des perturbations sur la disponibilite des nutriments dans les sols forestiers? Les reponses restent difficiles a obtenir parce que l'echelle de temps qui presente un interet est longue et que plusieurs facteurs affectent les proprietes du sol. Nous avons aborde cette question pour un paysage regional representatif dans le nord du Michigan, aux Etats-Unis. Mis a part les peuplements de fin de succession qui servent de reference, la plupart des forets dans ce paysage ont ete coupees a blanc et brulees entre 1870 et 1911; subsequemment, les peuplements comprenant deux chronosequences ont ete soit coupes et brules de nouveau, soit seulement coupes a des intervalles pluridecennales. L'influence des perturbations et des successions etait perceptible dans les horizons A, B et C, particulierement dans le cas des proprietes affectees par le depot de cendres: le pH, ainsi que la teneur en Ca et Mg ont diminue avec l'age, mais ils etaient plus eleves dans les peuplements ayant brule deux fois. La teneur en [NH.sub.4.sup.+] de l'horizon A etait plus faible dans les peuplements ayant brule deux fois plutot qu'une fois et diminuait avec l'age dans les deux chronosequences. La teneur en Fe de l'horizon B augmentait avec l'age dans les deux chronosequences, mais demeurait plus faible dans les peuplements ayant brule deux fois, ce qui indique que la pedogenese recupere plus lentement a la suite d'une perturbation plus severe. Contrairement aux horizons A et B, ou les proprietes du sol etaient determinees par les perturbations et les successions, des influences texturales etaient evidentes dans l'horizon C par le biais de la variation de la teneur en Ca, Mg, K, Al et de la capacite d'echange cationique. Pris ensemble, ces resultats temoignent des impacts profonds et durables des perturbations et de l'influence ascendante du materiau parental a l'echelle du paysage. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: succession, pedogenese, fonction de l'ecosysteme, azote, cations basiques., 1. Introduction Researchers often quantify how forest ecosystem functions change during succession and in response to disturbances. In the Laurentian mixed forest province, spanning the Great Lakes and northeastern North [...]

Published
2019
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38. Quantifying deforestation and forest degradation with thermal response

Author

Lin, Hua, Chen, Yajun, Song, Qinghai, Fu, Peili, Cleverly, James, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Law, Beverly E., Gough, Christopher M., Hörtnagl, Lukas, Di Gennaro, Filippo, Matteucci, Giorgio, Montagnani, Leonardo, Duce, Pierpaolo, Shao, Changliang, Kato, Tomomichi, Bonal, Damien, Paul-Limoges, Eugénie, Beringer, Jason, Grace, John, and Fan, Zexin

Published
2017
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40. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto, Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle, Cheah, You-Wei, Poindexter, Cristina, Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Reichstein, Markus, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Vuichard, Nicolas, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M. Altaf, Ardö, Jonas, Arkebauer, Timothy, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis, Barr, Alan, Beamesderfer, Eric, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, Dave, Black, Thomas Andrew, Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason, Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Coursolle, Carole, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter S., D’Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto, Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., Cinti, Bruno De, Grandcourt, Agnes de, Ligne, Anne De, De Oliveira, Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo, Tommasi, Paul di, Dolman, Han, Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim Abdalla M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Ewers, Brent, Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew, Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher M., Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Hansen, Birger Ulf, Hanson, Chad, Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay, Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Janouš, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma, Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara, Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia, Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew, Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Julia, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lion, Marryanna, Liska, Adam J., Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje, Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala, Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M. S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne, Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin E., Moors, Eddy, Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly, Oechel, Walter, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Paul-Limoges, Eugenie, Pavelka, Marian, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise, Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas, Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Üllar, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Rebmann, Corinna, Reed, David, Dios, Victor Resco de, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans Peter, Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Schroder, Ivan, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortíz, Penélope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan, Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert M., Sturtevant, Cove, Suyker, Andy, Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel, Thom, Jonathan, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, van der Molen, Michiel, van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko, Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natalia, Walker, Jeffrey P., Walter-Shea, Elizabeth, Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William, Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deb, Biraud, Sebastien, Torn, Margaret, and Papale, Dario

Published
2020
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42. Globally rising soil heterotrophic respiration over recent decades

Author

Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Bailey, Vanessa L., Chen, Min, Gough, Christopher M., and Vargas, Rodrigo

Subjects
Soil carbon -- Analysis, Carbon sequestration -- Analysis, Soil mechanics -- Analysis, Soil research, Chlorophyll, Global temperature changes, Ecosystems, Resveratrol, Climate change, Carbon dioxide, Fluorescence, Soils, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Global soils store at least twice as much carbon as Earth's atmosphere.sup.1,2. The global soil-to-atmosphere (or total soil respiration, R.sub.S) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) flux is increasing.sup.3,4, but the degree to which climate change will stimulate carbon losses from soils as a result of heterotrophic respiration (R.sub.H) remains highly uncertain.sup.5-8. Here we use an updated global soil respiration database.sup.9 to show that the observed soil surface R.sub.H:R.sub.S ratio increased significantly, from 0.54 to 0.63, between 1990 and 2014 (P = 0.009). Three additional lines of evidence provide support for this finding. By analysing two separate global gross primary production datasets.sup.10,11, we find that the ratios of both R.sub.H and R.sub.S to gross primary production have increased over time. Similarly, significant increases in R.sub.H are observed against the longest available solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence global dataset, as well as gross primary production computed by an ensemble of global land models. We also show that the ratio of night-time net ecosystem exchange to gross primary production is rising across the FLUXNET2015.sup.12 dataset. All trends are robust to sampling variability in ecosystem type, disturbance, methodology, CO.sub.2 fertilization effects and mean climate. Taken together, our findings provide observational evidence that global R.sub.H is rising, probably in response to environmental changes, consistent with meta-analyses.sup.13-16 and long-term experiments.sup.17. This suggests that climate-driven losses of soil carbon are currently occurring across many ecosystems, with a detectable and sustained trend emerging at the global scale.Global soil respiration is rising, probably in response to environmental changes, suggesting that climate-driven losses of soil carbon are occurring worldwide., Author(s): Ben Bond-Lamberty [sup.1] , Vanessa L. Bailey [sup.2] , Min Chen [sup.1] , Christopher M. Gough [sup.3] , Rodrigo Vargas [sup.4] Author Affiliations:(1) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global [...]

Published
2018
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45. Fungal Community Succession of Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen) during Wood Decomposition

Author

Castillo, Buck T., Franklin, Rima B., Amses, Kevin R., Leite, Márcio F.A., Kuramae, Eiko E., Gough, Christopher M., James, Timothy Y., Faller, Lewis, Syring, John, Castillo, Buck T., Franklin, Rima B., Amses, Kevin R., Leite, Márcio F.A., Kuramae, Eiko E., Gough, Christopher M., James, Timothy Y., Faller, Lewis, and Syring, John

Abstract

Fungal communities are primary decomposers of detritus, including coarse woody debris (CWD). We investigated the succession of fungal decomposer communities in CWD through different stages of decay in the wide-ranging and early successional tree species Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen). We compared shifts in fungal communities over time with concurrent changes in substrate chemistry and in bacterial community composition, the latter deriving from an earlier study of the same system. We found that fungal communities were highly dynamic during the stages of CWD decay, rapidly colonizing standing dead trees and gradually changing in composition until the late stages of decomposed wood were integrated into soil organic matter. Fungal communities were most similar to neighboring stages of decay, with fungal diversity, abundance, and enzyme activity positively related to percent nitrogen, irrespective of decay class. In contrast to other studies, we found that species diversity remained unchanged across decay classes. Differences in enzyme profiles across CWD decay stages mirrored changes in carbon recalcitrance, as B-D-xylosidase, peroxidase, and Leucyl aminopeptidase activity increased as decomposition progressed. Finally, fungal and bacterial gene abundances were stable and increased, respectively, with the extent of CWD decay, suggesting that fungal-driven decomposition was associated with shifting community composition and associated enzyme functions rather than fungal quantities.

Published
2023

46. Fungal Community Succession of Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen) during Wood Decomposition

Author

Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Castillo, Buck T., Franklin, Rima B., Amses, Kevin R., Leite, Márcio F.A., Kuramae, Eiko E., Gough, Christopher M., James, Timothy Y., Faller, Lewis, Syring, John, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Castillo, Buck T., Franklin, Rima B., Amses, Kevin R., Leite, Márcio F.A., Kuramae, Eiko E., Gough, Christopher M., James, Timothy Y., Faller, Lewis, and Syring, John

Published
2023

49. Forests for the Future: How Can Trees Offset Carbon Emissions?

Author

Syring, Laura and Gough, Christopher

Abstract

This activity explores the chemistry and biology underlying forest carbon sequestration, a process that removes carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and storage in plant tissues and soils. Students calculate their entire carbon footprint or just one component that is relevant to their personal lives (transportation, heating/cooling, food, clothing, etc.) and then use the data provided in the “forest flux” sheet to calculate the area of that type of forest that needs to grow in order to offset those carbon emissions for the footprint calculator.

Published
2023
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