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Forming limit diagrams and strain distribution profile diagrams for exceptionally deep drawing steel at ambient and increased temperatures were generated using a custom-built warm stretch forming tooling setup. The formability of Extra Deep Drawing steel was investigated by combining mechanical properties such as strain hardening COEFFICIENT (n) and normal anisotropy (r) utilising forming Limit Diagrams (FLDs) and strain, distribution profile diagrams. At room temperature to 450°C, the work hardening exponent (n), anisotropy (r-), and strength coefficient were calculated and discussed. Fractured surfaces were explored for metallurgical and formability relationships with EDD steel sheets after stretching. They are compatible with FLDs across a wide temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving, multi-articulated, and unique hand prostheses take time to make. 3D printing is used in many sectors without extra tools because it is flexible and lowers material loss. The laser cutting of poly-lactic acid strips by a 3D printer is examined in this study. Sheets were printed using FDM. Under ideal circumstances, sheets with a thickness of 2.3 mm were produced (with a thickness of 0.27 mm between layers and an extrusion temperature of 226.62 °C). FDM layer thickness, infill geometry, and the number of perimeters are examined in this study to determine how these parameters affect PLA material mechanical properties. In accordance with ASTM standards, the tensile and flexural strengths of fabricated PLA samples using FDM have been evaluated. The hand prosthesis may be 3D printed using a low-cost fused deposition modelling machine and is capable of various grasping techniques. Commercially available prosthetic hands require substantially less force to open and close their fingers, as well as a significantly smaller mass. In light of the findings, this non-assembly design appears to be a viable option for amputees in less developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing is used in many sectors without auxiliary tools because it is flexible and reduces material waste. This study explores the 3D printer's ability to laser cut polylactic acid sheets. Sheets were printed using FDM. Under ideal circumstances, sheets with a thickness of 2.3 mm were produced (with a thickness of 0.27 mm between layers and an extruder temperature of 226.62 °C). FDM layer thickness, infill geometry, and the number of perimeters are examined in this study to determine how these parameters affect PLA material mechanical properties. In accordance with ASTM standards, the tensile and flexural strengths of fabricated PLA samples using FDM have been evaluated. As a result of 3D printing prosthetic hands that are assembled at the end of the printing process, the cost of prosthetic devices is reduced or eliminated. FDM technology can be used to produce an active hand prosthesis that can be built entirely assembled. Design considerations for non-assembly 3D printing devices are illustrated using an example of a 3D printer without assembly. Non-assemblement mechanism additive manufacturing has been proposed ten times, and an entirely functional prosthetic arm has been successfully produced as a result of these design considerations. Using a low-cost fused deposition modelling machine, the hand prosthesis can be 3D printed and can perform a variety of grasping functions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructure, low density, grain size, and density of deep-grained steel grains are studied in depth. In metal models of deep square and rectangular design, the stretching process is performed by maintaining a constant length while changing the width and temperature. Stretching is done in three main areas: safe, neck, and fractures. Layout drawings are created. Broken areas of stretched samples were investigated using fractography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the agricultural industry there's a necessity for a technology which is more easily understood and implemented by the farmers. machineswhich require very less effort and less time with low cost are required for success in the field of agriculture. Traditional methods are still followed within the field of agriculture, which are outdated in the current world of technology. There is a huge demand for automation in various fields of agriculture. This project includesboth design and fabrication of an Autonomous Agricultural Robot which helps the farmer in different agricultural operations like pesticide spraying to Inspection, control weeds, and material handling. This robot is equipped with four wheels which are independently connected to four L type geared dc motors. These motors are connected to a battery which is charged using a solar panel. This robot uses a Raspberry pi as a main controller which reacts as per the data received from the camera and ultrasonic sensors and whole system is operated us ing a mobile application. Thus, this robot completely automates the field monitoring by moving in the desired route map to follow which is given as a input to the controller using GPS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheel Assemblies in a Traditional Vehicle or a Robot Consists of a Knuckle, Hub, Bearings and Wheel usually assembled as a Single Part. The materials used to make these components are cast iron, Aluminium alloys, Ductile iron, mild steel etc. Usage of an alternative material like ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) has been proposed in this work which is intended to reduce the overall weight of the wheel assembly. Due to the Lightweight of hub and wheel would reduce the Inertia, the work done to stop or move the vehicle will also be reduced. In this work a 3D Printed ABS wheel hub has been proposed by conducting required analysis with suitable three-dimensionaldesign yielding reliable Factor of Safety with reduction in weight and hence making ABS a usable material for the wheel hubs. The characteristics of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) like good mechanical strength, mechanical damping ability with good fatigue resistance, Stiffness and ease of manufacturing gives the material an upper hand over other plastic polymers in reducing the mass without compromising on safety and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaping metal is one of the most important steps in making things for cars and spacecraft. It requires plastic distortion to mould and size the material. Sheet metal shaping shapes flat, thin sheet metal forms. Deep drafting, stretching, twisting, and other sheet metal shaping processes are commonly used to make everything from simple to complex parts for the automobile, aircraft, and defense industries. Most of these products are manufactured utilizing sheet metal shaping techniques. The capacity of a sheet substance to be shaped without breaking or stretching to an unacceptable degree is known as its formability. Sheet metal's malleability is essential to the success of sheet pressing. These FLD plots show the highest main surface tensions the sheet can withstand without failing or severe thinning (necking) under all bending conditions. The investigations on formability and fractography of aluminium alloy 19000 grade material with the help of forming limit diagrams at room temperature are discussed in this research paper. Stretch forming experiments were carried out on one mm of Al 1900 grade material. Using the stretch forming setup, the experiments were performed on all 19000 grades in three different regions called break, necking, and safe. For this experimentation, different sizes of specimen sheets were considered, from 120mm*120mm to 120mm*40mm. After executing the experiments on the material, the major strains and minor strains were measured. The FLD is developed at room temperature and analyses the formability of the material in different aspects in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formability of sheet metal plays an important role in the success of the sheet stamping operations. Some of the proposed predictive tests are the Erichsen test, the Olsen test, and Fukui Cup test. For more complete information on formability, Forming Limit Diagrams (FLDs) would be used. These diagrams indicate the combination of maximum principal surface strains that the sheet can withstand without failure or excessive thinning (which causes necking) under all possible conditions of deformation. In the present research, stretch-forming experiments were conducted on Al 6082 by using a stretch forming setup. Experimentation was carried out on one mm thick Al6082 in three different regions called break, necking, and safe. The specimen sizes ranging from 120*120mm to 120*40 mm were considered to do the experiments on forming setup. After the experiment, the major strain and minor strain were measured. Then the formability limit diagram was constructed by taking major strain values on the Y axis and minor strain values on the X axis. After getting the results, computational techniques would be used to analyze the formability of materials. In the assessment of formability, the strain distribution during deformation would be carried out. Materials which have the ability to distribute strains more uniformly are expected to have higher formability. Both results were discussed and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forming limit diagrams for the Aluminium-2014 material at the stretching process was used to determine the room temperature in the experimental setting. From this stretching operation strength, tension, major strain, minor strain can be determined. Material properties of Al-2014 are estimated at different temperatures, and the effects of these richness, such as work hardening exponent, anisotropy and material strength, are correlated by FLD at different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports on the distortion distribution in CO2 laser beam welding of 5 mm thick SS316L to IN625 plates. The L4 orthogonal array was selected for the experiments. In accordance with the Design of Experiments, three variables are selected in two levels, and four trials are undertaken (DOE). The weld process parameters have been optimized to achieve defect-free welds with full penetration welding. Successful full penetration joints were verified with radiography and macrostructure examination using any combinations. Distortion was measured with a vernier height gauge, which is in safe limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wheel is a circular frame of hard material that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The alloy wheels have always been a subject of interest among high performance bikers. A lot of research work has been going on the different alloy materials and design for the wheels. Now a days most of the bikes coming with high engine power. So the wheel rim need to withstand high speed and forces caused by path holes and sudden braking. The main objective of our project is to design spoke patterns that focus on reducing the stresses, total deformation in the wheel. In this project we are designed different types of spoke patterns using CATIA V5 software and finding the best suitable spoke pattern. The design model can be analyzed under static structural conditions using Ansys workbench software. We analyzed the designed wheel pattern by modifying the spoke pattern, radius at the intersection of the spoke and hub in the design. By analyzing the design model on Ansys workbench using carbon steel 1008, aluminum 356 and carbon fiber materials we found maximum stress, total deflection and equivalent strain in the wheel rim under static structural conditions. The boundary conditions that we applied on the wheel are pressure on the circumference on the wheel rim, force at the center of the wheel and fixed support at the wheel hub. In this paper we had compared the different spoke patterns under static conditions. We are also comparing the spoke patterns under three different materials (carbon steel 1008, aluminum 356, carbon fiber). We can conclude best wheel pattern and best suitable material used for wheel rim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyse and contrast how different scanning methods influence the selective laser melting (SLM) procedure. The study made bridge shape models with a 3D metal printer. Keeping process factors fixed, samples were made with a different scanning method. Microhardness and surface roughness are measured on as-fabricated printed parts. Defect-free components were produced across all four patterns tested, with the chess field showing the highest toughness and the offset infill patterns exhibiting the smoothest surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research to produce and describe composites consisting of Al, SiC, Al2O3, and ZrO2. In order to accomplish this goal, the matrix of aluminum (Al) was fortified with micron-sized powders of silicon carbide (SiC), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in two different proportions: I Al90 %-5 %SiC – 2.5 % Al2O3 −2.5 % ZrO2 and (ii) Al 92.5 %-2.5 % SiC – 2.5 % Al2O3− 2.5 percent ZrO2. During the process of casting, the powder after being combined was poured. An examination of the material's microstructure confirmed the presence of reinforcements and their even distribution throughout the Al matrix. There was no evidence of severe agglomeration. It was noticed that the mechanical properties of cast composites, including tensile strength, compression resistance, and hardness were improved along with an increase in the concentration of silicon carbide particles inside the matrix. When contrasted with the cast composition, it was discovered that the optimal composition consists of 90% aluminum, 5 % silicon carbide, 2.5% aluminum oxide, and 2.5 % zirconium dioxide. Additionally, the composition may be appropriate for the production of Automotive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper includes the fabrication of Al7075-Mica-Kaolinite HMMC with various reinforcement ratios (i.e., Mica (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% wt%) and Kaolinite (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% wt%) respectively by using Stir casting method. The work operations performed on the fabricated specimen are Thermal conductivity testing, Microstructure Analysis, and Wear behavior. After analyzing the specimen under various tests, a conclusion was made. Theresult of the Metallurgical microscope reveals that the average grain size decreases as the reinforcement ratios increase. We observed that the wear rate and coefficient of friction increase by load and decrease by an increase in reinforcement in both dry and wet conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chassis is considered as one of the most important structure in automobiles. It acts as the backbone of any vehicle. Mechanical parts such as the engine and drive train, axle assemblies comprising the wheels, suspension parts, brakes, steering components, and other components are placed onto the chassis. The chassis offers the necessary strength to sustain the various vehicular components as well as the payload, as well as helping to keep the vehicle rigid and stiff. As a result, the chassis is an integral part of the overall safety system. In this investigation the Heavy Vehicle Chassis is modelled by considering three different cross sections: C, I, and Hollow Rectangular (Box) type cross-sections. Ansysworkbench is used to do Static and Dynamic analysis of C, I, Rectangular (Box) chassis made of three different materials: ASTM A710 Steel, AISI 4130 Steel, and Aluminum Alloy 7075. The static and dynamic behaviour of the chassis is determined after static and dynamic analysis using ANSYS workbench. The analysis results of chassis with various cross sections and materials were compared in terms of Maximum Shear stress, Von-mises stress, Total deflection, Equivalent strain, Frequency, and Safety factor in order to determine the best chassis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]