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The interest to characterize texture-modified foods (TMFs) intended for people with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) has grown significantly since 2011. Several instrumental and sensory techniques have been applied in the analysis of these foods. The objective of the present systematic review was to identify the most appropriate techniques, especially for the food industry and clinical setting. The search was carried out in three online databases according to the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA). Across the multiple trials reviewed, Texture Profile Analysis and the Uniaxial Compression Test were most used as the instrumental technique for solid foods, and the Back Extrusion Test for fluid and semisolid foods. All trials used descriptive analysis as the sensory technique. However, the experimental conditions of the trials lacked standardization. Consequently, the results of the trials were not comparable. To properly characterize the texture of TMFs intended for OD by each technique, an international consensus is needed to establish standardized experimental conditions. Methods based on these techniques should also be validated by collaborative studies to verify repeatability, replicability, and reproducibility. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

High hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) can cause changes in food texture. These changes can be beneficial when developing food with strict texture specifications as it is the case of food targeted to people with altered deglutition (AD) issues. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the HPP potential as an alternative to the use of texturizing agents currently added to AD-targeted food products. First, formulation and experimental conditions of treatments were established, and 2 types of chickpea protein pur´ees, one containing corn starch (PS) and the other chicory inulin (PI), were developed. Second, the pur´ees were, in one case HPP-treated (300–400 MPa; 3–9 min) and in the other texturized with agar-agar and xanthan gum. Overall, HPP did not significantly affect the proximate composition of the purées and improved their microbiological quality, and, most importantly, they caused beneficial texture changes on both PS and PI purées. In addition, HPP-treatments conferred similar instrumental texture values to texturized purées. These texture values come within the given specific range data supplied by the literature for AD suitability. The present study provides the basis for applying HPP in the development of texturizer-free AD-oriented purées. The present article was founded by Navarre Government through the Program “Ayudas para la realización de Proyectos Estratégicos de I + D 2021–2024 (ALISSEC project 0011-1411-2021). G. Merino was supported by the Fundación Bancaria Caja Navarra (FBCN) with a doctoral student contract. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

Entre las estrategias para manejar la disfagia orofaríngea (DO) asociada a la parálisis cerebral (PC) se incluye la alimentación basada en platos de textura modificada (PTM). Si bien se han realizado diversos estudios sobre alimentos particulares, poco se sabe sobre las características de los PTM desde el punto de vista analítico y tecnológico. Por ello, los objetivos de la presente tesis fueron (1) establecer las características texturales de los PTM destinados a la DO, (2) desarrollar un método para elaborar PTM orientados a la DO asociada a la PC y (3) definir las características sensoriales y la aceptabilidad de los PTM orientados a la PC. Finalmente, se consideró oportuno (4) efectuar una revisión bibliográfica sobre los métodos instrumentales y sensoriales de uso frecuente en el análisis textural de los alimentos destinados a la DO con objeto de identificar los más adecuados para los ámbitos clínico y tecnológico. Para la caracterización instrumental de los PTM aptos para la DO, se recurrió al análisis mediante viscosímetro y texturómetro a diferentes velocidades. Para el diseño de los PTM orientados a la DO asociada a la PC, se desarrolló un método de cocinado, triturado y mezclado con aditivos alimentarios para que fueran termoestables y de mayor vida útil. Se texturizaron 5 platos habituales en la dieta de personas con PC y se analizaron instrumentalmente con texturómetro (5 mm/s) y mediante un análisis sensorial descriptivo con logopedas expertas en DO. También se evaluó la aceptación por personas afectadas con DO y PC y la caracterización general y particular de cada PTM recurriendo a jueces no expertos, consumidores, mediante el método Check-all-thatapply (CATA). En cuanto a la revisión sistemática, se aplicó el método PRISMA. Se estableció una clasificación de la viscosidad y la textura en tres niveles de PTM. Se generaron 5 PTM clasificados como aptos por las logopedas expertas en DO siendo sus características principales: bajos niveles de firmeza, adhesividad y restos, valores medios de cohesividad y altos de fluidez y puntuación de aptitud de deglución. Además, fueron aceptados por personas con DO y PC. Se identificaron atributos para definir de forma general o particular los diferentes platos. Por último, se propusieron métodos y sus parámetros para diferentes tipos de alimentos para la disfagia, sólidos, semisólidos o líquidos. Es necesario seguir investigando y generando nuevos PTM con características nutricionales y organolépticas adecuadas los requerimientos de las personas con DO asociada a la PC. Para ello será necesario desarrollar métodos de caracterización estandarizados, de manera consensuada y multidisciplinar, con el fin de facilitar el trabajo en la industria de alimentos para la DO y en los campos clínicos y de la investigación. Strategies to manage oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) associated with cerebral palsy (CP) include feeding based on texture-modified dishes (TMD). Although several studies have been conducted on specific foods, little is known about the characteristics of TMDs from an analytical and technological point of view. Therefore, the objectives of the present tesis were (1) to establish the textural characteristics of TMDs intended for DO, (2) to develop a method to elaborate DOoriented TMDs associated with CP, and (3) to define the sensory characteristics and acceptability of CP-oriented TMDs. Finally, it was considered opportune (4) to carry out a literatura review of the instrumental and sensory methods frequently used in the textural analysis of foods intended for OD in order to identify the most suitable ones for the clinical and technological fields. For the instrumental characterization of TMDs suitable for OD, it resorted to viscometer and texturometer analysis at different speeds. For the design of CP-associated OD-oriented TMDs, a method of cooking, grinding and mixing with food additives was developed to make them thermostable and with a longer shelf life. Five dishes commonly found in the diet of people with CP were texturized and analyzed instrumentally with a texturometer (5 mm/s) and by descriptive sensory analysis with expert OD speech therapists. Acceptance by people affected with OD and CP and the general and particular characterization of each TMD were also evaluated using nonexpert judges, consumers, by means of the Check-all-that-apply (CATA) method. As for the systematic review, the PRISMA method was applied. A classification of viscosity and texture into three levels of TMD was established. Five TMDs were generated and classified as suitable by the expert in OD speech therapists, their main characteristics being: low levels of firmness, adhesiveness and residue, medium values of cohesiveness and high values of fluidity and suitable texture score. In addition, they were accepted by people with OD and CP. Attributes were identified to define in a general or particular way the different dishes. Finally, methods and their parameters were proposed for different types of dysphagia foods, solid, semisolid or liquid. It is necessary to continue researching and generating new TMDs with nutritional and organoleptic characteristics appropriate to the requirements of people with CP-associated OD. This will require the development of standardized characterization methods, in a consensual and multidisciplinary way, in order to facilitate the work in the OD food industry and in the clinical and research fields. Las actividades investigadoras de la presente tesis doctoral se han realizado en el marco del proyecto de 'Platos de Base Proteica Texturizados, Nutritivos, Saludables y Adaptados a la Disfagia' (código expediente 0011-1365-2017-000132), Ayudas para la realización de proyectos de I+D, 2017-2019 (Departamento de Desarrollo Económico, Gobierno de Navarra), cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) a través del programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020 de Navarra. Contrato predoctoral Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) y Fundación Bancaria Caja Navarra (FBCAN). Programa de Doctorado en Agroalimentación (RD 99/2011) Nekazaritzako Elikagaietako Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

Fishing activity is closely monitored to an increasing degree, but its effects on biodiversity have not received such attention. Using iconic and well-studied fish species such as tunas, billfishes, and sharks, we calculate a continuous Red List Index of yearly changes in extinction risk over 70 years to track progress toward global sustainability and biodiversity targets. We show that this well-established biodiversity indicator is highly sensitive and responsive to fishing mortality. After ~58 years of increasing risk of extinction, effective fisheries management has shifted the biodiversity loss curve for tunas and billfishes, whereas the curve continues to worsen for sharks, which are highly undermanaged. While populations of highly valuable commercial species are being rebuilt, the next management challenge is to halt and reverse the harm afflicted by these same fisheries to broad oceanic biodiversity.

This review covers some recent advances in browning prevention in minimally processed potatoes (MPP). Polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1, PPO) is one of the main enzymes involved in browning of potato...

Tunas sustain important fisheries that face sustainability challenges worldwide, including the uncertainty inherent to natural systems. The Kobe process aims at harmonizing the scientific advice and management recommendations in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) toward supporting the sustainable exploitation of tunas globally. In this context, we review the similarities and differences among tuna RFMOs, focusing on stock assessment methodologies, use of information, characterization of uncertainty and communication of advice. Also, under the Kobe process, tuna RFMOs have committed to a path of adopting harvest strategies (HSs), also known as management procedures (MPs), which are the series of actions undertaken to monitor the stock, make management decisions, and implement the management measures. The adoption of HSs for tuna stocks is supported by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE), which is considered the most appropriate way to assess the consequences of uncertainty for achieving fisheries management goals. Overall, notable progress has been made in achieving some of the Kobe objectives, but there are still some aspects that are inconsistent and need to be agreed upon, due to their management implications. First, not all RFMOs report on stock status based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) as a reference. Instead, some use depletion level to represent the available fish biomass. Also, the definition of overexploited is not common in all oceans. Finally, very few stock assessments characterize all major sources of uncertainty inherent to fisheries. With regards to HSs, two different approaches are being followed: One is designed to adopt an automatic decision rule once the stock status and management quantities have been agreed upon (harvest control rules (HCRs), not strictly an HS) and the other aims at adopting all the components of HSs (data, use of information and decision rule).

A methodology to adapt dishes for cerebral palsy (CP) dysphagic people was developed. Five conventional dishes were cooked, blended and texturized with mixtures of thickeners and gelling agents based on xanthan gum. The most appropriate texturizing agents were selected, the textural thermostability of the dishes was studied, and the shelf-life was evaluated by back extrusion, sensory and microbiology analysis. Information about the acceptability of the adapted dishes by CP dysphagic people was obtained through the control of the consumed fraction and the liking or disliking reaction after eating the dishes. The adapted dishes considered suitable for swallowing process showed maximum force between 6.2(0.1) N and 18.9(3.3) N, minimum force between −3.9(0.3) N and −9.2(1.3) N, and Fmin/Fmax ratio between 0.4(0.0) and 0.7(0.0). Regarding sensory characteristics, the adapted dishes showed low stickiness, residue and firmness, and high suitable texture score. The methodology was appropriate for developing suitable dishes, sensorially accepted by dysphagic people, thermostable for 7 days refrigerated storage and ready-to-eat. Industrial relevance: This study presents the technological basis for the standardized design of suitable ready-to-eat dishes for dysphagic people. The methodology developed is of great interest to the industry of ready-to-eat dishes. This study has been partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the 2014-2020 FEDER Operational Program of Navarre and by Navarre Government through the Programme 'AYUDAS PARA REALIZAR PROYECTOS DE I+D - Convocatoria 2017' (PEP E-14/000107-01).

Nearly 75% of European fishing vessels belongs to small-scale fisheries (SSF). However, SSF have received little attention compared to industrial fisheries. In the Mediterranean Sea, where the SSF traditionally had a high socio-economic relevance, there is a widespread interest in securing its sustainable exploitation and viability. Here we analyze the SSF from Mallorca (Balearic Islands) using fishery statistics from the last 25 years (1990–2014). Although fleet size declined markedly (−55%), landings remained constant which might be related to different, not mutually exclusive explanations such as a decrease in unreported catches, stagnant and closed market or technological creeping. Multivariate analysis revealed eight different fishing tactics corresponding to the main target species. Aggregated, these eight species accounted for 52% and 71% of SSF landings weight and value, respectively. The fishery of these species is markedly seasonal and the landings of most of them showed important fluctuations but no clear trends. In contrast with the claims of SSF having lower impact on the natural resources than other fisheries, surplus production models revealed a generalized overexploitation of these target stocks, especially for the most high-valued species. Simulations with a bioeconomic model showed that fishing effort reductions of 38% would improve the health of fish stocks while increasing the economic profits to as much as 15% from current profits. If all stocks were kept below their MSY level, the reduction in fishing effort would have to be of 53% from current values. If the economic yield from the fishery was to be maximized (MEY), fishing effort would need to be reduced by 28%. Owing to important quantities of unreported catches in the most high-valued species, output values of the stock status indicators and the bioeconomic modelling should be taken with care beyond tracking trends in the fishery, SI

Twenty-four safe dishes for cerebral palsy dysphagic patients and four commercial dysphagia-oriented food products for dysphagia were studied in order to determine their textural characteristics. Apparent viscosity measured at 25, 50, and 100 s(-1) and extrusion force analyzed at 1, 2, 5, and 10 mm/s were evaluated. Using clustering techniques, samples were divided into three categories. Apparent viscosity at 50 s(-1) and extrusion force at 5 and 10 mm/s could be enough to characterize the safe dishes for dysphagic patients. This study has been partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the 2014-2020 FEDER Operational Program of Navarre Government 'GOBNAV 2017 I+D: AYUDAS A PROYECTOS DE INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO 2017'.

Dishes whose texture has been modified for dysphagia undergo changes in other sensory characteristics as well. Therefore, it is necessary to identify these characteristics in adapted dishes and their relationship to hedonic acceptance. In the present work, the sensory characteristics of five dishes adapted to dysphagia associated with cerebral palsy were investigated using the check-all-that-apply method. A hedonic evaluation with a panel of non-dysphagic judges was performed to relate the degree of acceptance with the sensory characteristics of the adapted dishes. The identification of the original non-adapted dish as well as the relationship between the hedonic evaluation by nondysphagic judges and dysphagic judges were explored. The main attributes of the dishes adapted to dysphagia were “homogeneity” and “easy-to-swallow”. Attributes that increased the hedonic evaluation were “flavorful”, “flavor of the original dish”, “soft texture”, “easy-to-swallow”, and “odor of the original dish”. The attributes that decreased the hedonic evaluation were “thick mash” and “bland”. The fish dish was the only one correctly identified more than 62.5% of the time. The adapted dishes received scores above 4.7 out of 9.0 in the hedonic evaluation. The most accepted dishes were the chicken stew and the chickpea stew. Except for the pasta dish, the test yielded similar results to those obtained with dysphagic judges. The texture-modified dishes were correctly characterized and accepted. This study shows that all the sensory characteristics of the adapted dishes are crucial for acceptance and identification. This study has been partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the 2014–2020 FEDER Operational Program of Navarre and by Navarre Government through the Program “Ayudas para realizar proyectos de I+D—Convocatoria 2017” (PEP E-14/000107-01).

8 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, supporting information http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.015, Most countries have the goal to manage their fisheries to achieve a combination of biological, economic, social, and political objectives [1] and [2]. This is also the case for the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). According to Article 2 of the CFP [3]: “The CFP shall ensure that fishing and aquaculture activities are environmentally sustainable in the long-term and are managed in a way that is consistent with the objectives of achieving economic, social and employment benefits, and of contributing to the availability of food supplies”. [...]

International audience; Maritime transport and shipping are impacted negatively by biofouling, which can result in increased fuel consumption. Thus, costs for fouling reduction can be considered an investment to reduce fuel consumption. Anti-fouling measures also reduce the rate of introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS). Further mitigation measures to reduce the transport of NIS within ballast water and sediments impose additional costs. The estimated operational cost of NIS mitigation measures may represent between 1.6% and 4% of the annual operational cost for a ship operating on European seas, with the higher proportional costs in small ships. However, fouling by NIS may affect fuel consumption more than fouling by native species due to differences in species’ life-history traits and their resistance to antifouling coatings and pollution. Therefore, it is possible that the cost of NIS mitigation measures could be smaller than the cost from higher fuel consumption arising from fouling by NIS.

Fish provides more than 4.5 billion people with at least 15 % of their average per capita intake of animal protein. Fish’s unique nutritional properties make it also essential to the health of billions of consumers in both developed and developing countries. Fish is one of the most efficient converters of feed into high quality food and its carbon footprint is lower compared to other animal production systems. Through fish-related activities (fisheries and aquaculture but also processing and trading), fish contribute substantially to the income and therefore to the indirect food security of more than 10 % of the world population, essentially in developing and emergent countries. Yet, limited attention has been given so far to fish as a key element in food security and nutrition strategies at national level and in wider development discussions and interventions. As a result, the tremendous potential for improving food security and nutrition embodied in the strengthening of the fishery and aquaculture sectors is missed. The purpose of this paper is to make a case for a closer integration of fish into the overall debate and future policy about food security and nutrition. For this, we review the evidence from the contemporary and emerging debates and controversies around fisheries and aquaculture and we discuss them in the light of the issues debated in the wider agriculture/farming literature. The overarching question that underlies this paper is: how and to what extent will fish be able to contribute to feeding 9 billion people in 2050 and beyond?

Merino, Gorka ... et. al.-- 14 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, 2 appendix, Mediterranean demersal fisheries are highly multispecific and many of their target stocks are overexploited. In addition, rocketing fuel costs and low market prices of traditionally high-value species are challenging the viability of fisheries. Here, based on the numeric results of a simulation model, we conclude that this situation can be remedied by reducing both fishing mortality and fishing costs. According to our model results, fishing effort reductions of 48-71% would improve the health of fish stocks while increasing the economic profits of Mallorca islands bottom trawl fishery to as much as 1.9. M€ (146% higher than current profits). If all fish stocks were exploited at their MSY (or below) level, the reduction in fishing effort would have to be of 71% from current values. If equilibrium profits from the fishery were to be maximized (MEY), fishing effort would need to be reduced by 48%. These results must be taken with caution due the many sources of uncertainty of our analysis. The modeling tools used to estimate these values are conditional to the adequate treatment of two sources of uncertainty that are particularly problematic in Mediterranean fisheries: insufficiently known recruitment variability and lack of periodic evaluations of the state of many species. Our results show that fishing effort reductions would produce economic yield gains after a period of transition. Further studies on the benefits of changing the size-selection pattern of fisheries, on better estimation of stock-recruitment relationships and on better quantifications of the contribution of secondary species to these fisheries, are expected to improve the scientific recommendations for Mediterranean demersal fisheries toward sustainability principles. © 2014 Elsevier B.V., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement MYFISH n° 289257

The starting point for EURO-BASIN were discussions at the EurOcean conference in Hamburg (Germany) in 2000 focusing on perspectives for European and North American research cooperation in the North Atlantic. This conference resulted in a memorandum of understanding signed between the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) and the European Commission (EC), agreeing to support collaborative research in the North Atlantic. However, it was not until 2005 when funds from the USA NSF and the European network of excellence EURO-OCEANS allowed for European, USA and Canadian scientists to meet in Reykjavik, Iceland (Wiebe et al., 2009), to start the process leading to the development of an International North Atlantic Basin scale Science Plan. Subsequently, support for the BASIN community to hold three meetings in 2007–2008 was obtained from the US NSF and a EU 6th Framework Specific Support Action (SSA) BASIN. These meetings, which built upon the issues identified in Reykjavik, were held in Hamburg (Germany), Chapel Hill (USA), and Amsterdam (the Netherlands). The outcome of these meetings was the International BASIN Science Plan, published as a GLOBEC report (Wiebe et al., 2009). Alas, while the science needs were collectively agreed upon, the difficulty of funding coordinating research (both in time and in concept) from both sides of the Atlantic was not easily resolved. Moving ahead, the European Commission issued a call for proposals, which targeted some of the issues outlined in the International BASIN Science Plan. Specifically, the call was focused scientifically “on the need to improve the understanding of the variability, potential impacts, and feedbacks of global change and anthropogenic forcing on the structure, function and dynamics of the ecosystems of the North Atlantic Ocean and associated shelf seas and on their capacity to provide services”. The successful project needed to provide new data, analyses and the models necessary to: (1) Understand and simulate the population structure and dynamics of broadly distributed, and biogeochemically and trophically important plankton and fish species, to resolve the impacts of climate variability on marine ecosystems and the feedbacks to the earth system. (2) Develop understanding and strategies that would contribute to improving and advancing ocean management (ecosystem approach). In response to this call, the successful EURO-BASIN consortium was formed (European Basin Scale Analysis and Synthesis), using as its starting point the BASIN International Science plan. While a similar funding mechanism was not forthcoming from the North American side, North American scientists were able to take advantage of opportunities to participate in EURO-BASIN cruise programs, meetings and to publish joint articles (e.g., this Special Issue).

Assessments of the combined ecological impacts of ocean acidification and warming (OAW) and their social and economic consequences can help develop adaptive and responsive management strategies in the most sensitive regions. Here, available observational and experimental data, theoretical, and modelling approaches are combined to project and quantify potential effects of OAW on the future fisheries catches and resulting revenues and employment in the UK under different CO2 emission scenarios. Across all scenarios, based on the limited available experimental results considered, the bivalve species investigated were more affected by OAW than the fish species considered, compared with ocean warming alone. Projected standing stock biomasses decrease between 10 and 60%. These impacts translate into an overall fish and shellfish catch decrease of between 10 and 30% by 2020 across all areas except for the Scotland >10 m fleet. This latter fleet shows average positive impacts until 2050, declining afterwards. The main driver of the projected decreases is temperature rise (0.5–3.3 °C), which exacerbate the impact of decreases in primary production (10–30%) in UK fishing waters. The inclusion of the effect of ocean acidification on the carbon uptake of primary producers had very little impact on the projections of potential fish and shellfish catches (10 m fleet by the end of the century in all countries. Overall, losses in revenue are estimated to range between 1 and 21% in the short term (2020–50) with England and Scotland being the most negatively impacted in absolute terms, and Wales and North Ireland in relative terms. Losses in total employment (fisheries and associated industries) may reach approximately 3–20% during 2020–50 with the >10 m fleet and associated industries bearing the majority of the losses.

International audience; There is an urgent need for developing policy-relevant future scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This paper is a milestone toward this aim focusing on open ocean fisheries. We develop five contrasting Oceanic System Pathways (OSPs), based on the existing five archetypal worlds of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) developed for climate change research (e.g., Nakicenovic et al., 2014 and Riahi et al., 2016). First, we specify the boundaries of the oceanic social-ecological system under focus. Second, the two major driving forces of oceanic social-ecological systems are identified in each of three domains, viz., economy, management and governance. For each OSP (OSP1 “sustainability first”, OSP2 “conventional trends”, OSP3 “dislocation”, OSP4 “global elite and inequality”, OSP5 “high tech and market”), a storyline is outlined describing the evolution of the driving forces with the corresponding SSP. Finally, we compare the different pathways of oceanic social-ecological systems by projecting them in the two-dimensional spaces defined by the driving forces, in each of the economy, management and governance domains. We expect that the OSPs will serve as a common basis for future model-based scenario studies in the context of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).

Growing human populations and changing dietary preferences are increasing global demands for fish1, adding pressure to concerns over fisheries sustainability2. Here we develop and link models of physical, biological and human responses to climate change in 67 marine national exclusive economic zones, which yield approximately 60% of global fish catches, to project climate change yield impacts in countries with different dependencies on marine fisheries3. Predicted changes in fish production indicate increased productivity at high latitudes and decreased productivity at low/mid latitudes, with considerable regional variations. With few exceptions, increases and decreases in fish production potential by 2050 are estimated to be

Expansion in the world's human population and economic development will increase future demand for fish products. As global fisheries yield is constrained by ecosystems productivity and management effectiveness, per capita fish consumption can only be maintained or increased if aquaculture makes an increasing contribution to the volume and stability of global fish supplies. Here, we use predictions of changes in global and regional climate (according to IPCC emissions scenario A1B), marine ecosystem and fisheries production estimates from high resolution regional models, human population size estimates from United Nations prospects, fishmeal and oil price estimations, and projections of the technological development in aquaculture feed technology, to investigate the feasibility of sustaining current and increased per capita fish consumption rates in 2050. We conclude that meeting current and larger consumption rates is feasible, despite a growing population and the impacts of climate change on potential fisheries production, but only if fish resources are managed sustainably and the animal feeds industry reduces its reliance on wild fish. Ineffective fisheries management and rising fishmeal prices driven by greater demand could, however, compromise future aquaculture production and the availability of fish products.

Commercial fishing is an important socio-economic activity in coastal regions of the UK and Ireland. Ocean–atmospheric changes caused by greenhouse gas emissions are likely to affect future fish and shellfish production, and lead to increasing challenges in ensuring long-term sustainable fisheries management. The paper reviews existing knowledge and understanding of the exposure of marine ecosystems to ocean-atmospheric changes, the consequences of these changes for marine fisheries in the UK and Ireland, and the adaptability of the UK and Irish fisheries sector. Ocean warming is resulting in shifts in the distribution of exploited species and is affecting the productivity of fish stocks and underlying marine ecosystems. In addition, some studies suggest that ocean acidification may have large potential impacts on fisheries resources, in particular shell-forming invertebrates. These changes may lead to loss of productivity, but also the opening of new fishing opportunities, depending on the interactions between climate impacts, fishing grounds and fleet types. They will also affect fishing regulations, the price of fish products and operating costs, which in turn will affect the economic performance of the UK and Irish fleets. Key knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the implications of climate and ocean chemistry changes for marine fisheries in the UK and Ireland, particularly on the social and economic responses of the fishing sectors to climate change. However, these gaps should not delay climate change mitigation and adaptation policy actions, particularly those measures that clearly have other ‘co-benefits’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Climate change is already impacting marine ecosystems. To adequately assess the threats and opportunities created we need modelling frameworks capable of evaluating the transfer of climate signals from the atmosphere to the oceans, and its propagation through to fish and fisheries. Significant progress has been achieved in developing such models. However, they seldom incorporate human activity in their projections, and thus ignore its capacity to amplify or minimise climate impacts. Emerging models exploring the synergistic dual exposure of marine ecosystems to climate change and human activity demonstrate firstly the explicit inclusion of humans is essential to provide meaningful and realistic climate change projections, and secondly effective tools for adaptation and mitigation strategies cannot be developed in their absence. The challenge is thus to develop coupled modelling frameworks that allow society to investigate the trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation in the management of marine ecosystems.

The stability of world's reduction fisheries and the global fishmeal market they support is explored through a geographically-specific, global bio-economic model, driven by three interactive forcing factors: climate-driven changes in the biological production of regional fish stocks, the potential global expansion of aquaculture demand for fishmeal and differential management schemes. The model captures approximately 85% of the world's fishmeal and fish oil data and is driven by trade data from the period 1997–2004. Twenty-year model simulations are conducted considering, on the production side, a random recruitment variability of the fish stocks supporting all regional production systems, plus an El Nino-type perturbation altering the productivity of Peruvian and Chilean stocks. The production systems are confronted with two alternative aquaculture expansion scenarios, allowing for the quantification of the synergism between regional climate-driven fluctuations and economic globalization of marine commodities in determining sustainable and unsustainable pathways for the world's reduction fisheries. The simulation results are compared to trends in regional climate indices, trade information from international markets and aquaculture and small pelagic fisheries data. The work pioneers the quantification of the double exposure created by climate variability and change and economic globalization on particular natural resources and explains the stakes involved in the development of fishmeal trade for global aquaculture expansion for marine fish populations. The results demonstrate that regional stocks can recover from climate-driven fluctuations unless these act simultaneously to an expansion in international market demand, and are subject to sub-optimal management schemes. It is argued that the dynamics of the fishmeal price since the early 1990 already responds to the balance between climatic variability in production and market developments, as mimicked by the model. Furthermore, under sub-optimal management scenarios, a sequential pattern of overexploitation emerges as an endogenous property of the interaction between regional climatic disturbances and a globalized trade system. It is concluded that the way we manage climate impacts, both at regional and global level, will determine the sustainability of the world's reduction fisheries, a conclusion that could be extended to other, similarly affected, natural resources.

6 pages, 3 figures, Unregulated or poorly managed fisheries tend towards overexploitation, but fisheries rent does not completely dissipate when immediate rent maximization is sought. The principle of immediate economic rent maximization is the basis of the derivation of a classic model and has led to the definition of a relationship in a catch-and-effort diagram termed the dynamic immediate maximum economic yield (DIMEY) curve. For any initial biomass, if the economic rent in the immediate fishing season is maximized, then the fishing effort and catch strategy that follows will be located on the DIMEY curve. The DIMEY curve is not only used for dynamic simulation but also used to identify a new reference point, the immediate maximum economic yield (IMEY), which is proposed as more realistic than the classic open-access solution for unregulated fisheries. IMEY is proposed as an asymptotic outcome for unregulated or poorly managed fisheries when short-term economic objectives drive fleet activities. IMEY properties are described and compared with traditional fisheries reference points in the yield-and-effort diagram. Theoretical conclusions are compared with empirical evidence provided by the red shrimp fishery off Blanes, Spain (NW Mediterranean). Observed catch-and-effort records are plotted and were positively correlated with the DIMEY curve and IMEY

International audience; To explore the drivers of change in the complex system relating small pelagic fisheries and fishmeal/fish oil markets, to identify the interactions between these drivers and their overall impacts, we propose a bio-economic model, coupling the ecological and the economic dynamics of these global commodities. The model enables an analysis of the consequences of both global and local changes in the environment of production systems. Through sensitivity analysis of specific input parameters, we evaluate the robustness of the overall system to such changes and show that local responses of production systems and markets cannot be considered in isolation from the set of interactions at global level.

Merino, G., Maynou, F., and Boncoeur, J. 2009. Bioeconomic model for a three-zone Marine Protected Area: a case study of Medes Islands (northwest Mediterranean). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 147–154. The bioeconomic effects of establishing a three-zone Marine Protected Area (MPA) are investigated. The division of the area into zones, fully protected, partially protected, and a fishing zone, permits a combination of extractive (fishing) and touristic activities. The consequences for species conservation, commercial fishing, and touristic activities are analysed for a set of different area-size distributions and fishing-effort levels. The model parameters are based on Medes Islands MPA in the northwestern Mediterranean. For the case study, the economic analysis includes revenues from scuba diving, glass-bottom boat trips, and commercial fisheries. Our results help to illustrate the benefits of the coexistence of extractive and non-extractive activities in a realistic, three-level MPA.

International audience; In spite of its pivotal role in future implementations of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management, current knowledge about tuna habitat preferences remains fragmented and heterogeneous, because it relies mainly on regional or local studies that have used a variety of approaches making them difficult to combine. Therefore in this study we analyse data from six tuna species in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans in order to provide a global, comparative perspective of habitat preferences. These data are longline catch per unit effort from 1958 to 2007 for albacore, Atlantic bluefin, southern bluefin, bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack tunas. Both quotient analysis and Generalised Additive Models were used to determine habitat preference with respect to eight biotic and abiotic variables. Results confirmed that, compared to temperate tunas, tropical tunas prefer warm, anoxic, stratified waters. Atlantic and southern bluefin tuna prefer higher concentrations of chlorophyll than the rest. The two species also tolerate most extreme sea surface height anomalies and highest mixed layer depths. In general, Atlantic bluefin tuna tolerates the widest range of environmental conditions. An assessment of the most important variables determining fish habitat is also provided.

It is accepted that world’s fisheries are not generally exploited at their biological or their economic optimum. Most fisheries assessments focus on the biological capacity of fish stocks to respond to harvesting and few have attempted to estimate the economic efficiency at which ecosystems are exploited. The latter is important as fisheries contribute considerably to the economic development of many coastal communities. Here we estimate the overall potential economic rent for the fishing industry in the North Atlantic to be B€ 12.85, compared to current estimated profits of B€ 0.63. The difference between the potential and the net profits obtained from North Atlantic fisheries is therefore B€ 12.22. In order to increase the profits of North Atlantic fisheries to a maximum, total fish biomass would have to be rebuilt to 108Mt (2.4 times more than present) by reducing current total fishing effort by 53%. Stochastic simulations were undertaken to estimate the uncertainty associated with the aggregate bioeconomic model that we use and we estimate the economic loss NA fisheries in a range of 2.5 and 32billion of euro. We provide economic justification for maintaining or restoring fish stocks to above their MSY biomass levels. Our conclusions are consistent with similar global scale studies.

Management of the Mediterranean demersal stocks has proven challenging mainly due to the multi-species character of the fisheries. In the present work, we focus on the multi-species demersal fisheries of the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) aiming to study the effects of different management measures on the main commercial stocks, as well as to explore the economic viability of the fisheries depending upon these resources, by means of simulated projections. Utilizing the limited available data, our results demonstrated that, under the current exploitation pattern, the economic viability of the fleets is threatened, particularly if fuel prices increase. Additionally, the biological targets set for the most exploited species, such as hake, will not be met under the current management regime. The projections also showed that the only management scenario under which both resource sustainability and economic viability of the fisheries are ensured is the decrease of fleet capacity in terms of vessel numbers. In this case, however, measures to support the fisheries-dependent communities need to be implemented to prevent the collapse of local economies due to employment decrease. Scenarios assuming selectivity improvements would be also beneficial for the stocks but they showed low economic performance and their application would threaten the viability of the fleets, particularly that of the trawlers.

Existing methods to predict the effects of climate change on the biomass and production of marine communities are predicated on modelling the interactions and dynamics of individual species, a very challenging approach when interactions and distributions are changing and little is known about the ecological mechanisms driving the responses of many species. An informative parallel approach is to develop size-based methods. These capture the properties of food webs that describe energy flux and production at a particular size, independent of species' ecology. We couple a physical–biogeochemical model with a dynamic, size-based food web model to predict the future effects of climate change on fish biomass and production in 11 large regional shelf seas, with and without fishing effects. Changes in potential fish production are shown to most strongly mirror changes in phytoplankton production. We project declines of 30–60% in potential fish production across some important areas of tropical shelf and upwelling seas, most notably in the eastern Indo-Pacific, the northern Humboldt and the North Canary Current. Conversely, in some areas of the high latitude shelf seas, the production of pelagic predators was projected to increase by 28–89%.

Using the Celtic Sea and the North Sea as case studies, we show that a fleet-based approach is the pathway to implement an effective ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) in European seas. First, a diagnostic on the health of each ecosystem is proposed based on: the reconstruction of long time-series of catch, the analysis of mean indicators or stocks trajectories derived from ICES stock assessment results, and the analysis of ecosystem indicators. Then, we present a fleet-based synthesis using indicators of both the ecological impact and the economic performances of the major fleets operating within each ecosystem. In particular, assessment diagrams show whether each fleet segment, on average, sustainably exploits the stocks. Although results are preliminary due to the poor quality of available data, the analysis shows that simple indicators can be estimated and clearly highlight contrasts between fleet segments. Such an approach contributes to the evolution from a stock-based to a fleet based management, which reflects the ecological, economical and social pillars of the sustainable development of fisheries., JRC.G.4-Maritime affairs

Climate change is accelerating and is already affecting the marine environment. Estimating the effects of climate change on the production of fish resources, and their dependent societies, is complex because of: difficulties of downscaling Global Climate Models (GCM) to scales of biological relevance; uncertainties over future net primary production and its transfer through the food chain; difficulties in separating the multiple stressors affecting fish production; and inadequate methodology to estimate human vulnerabilities to these changes. QUEST_Fish, a research project led from the UK, is addressing some of these challenges through an innovative, multi-disciplinary approach focused on estimating the added impacts that climate change is likely to cause, and the subsequent additional risks and vulnerabilities of these effects for human societies. The project uses coupled shelf seas biophysical ecosystem models forced by GCM forecasts to predict ecosystem functioning in past, present, and future time-slices. For each slice, and for 20 Large Marine Ecosystems, we estimate plankton production and use this to estimate size-based fish production through models based on macro-ecological theory. Ways of assessing vulnerability of fisheries to future climate change are developed, including the market consequences for fish-based global commodities. The results provide a new framework and new insights into the complex interactions between humans and nature.

9 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables., [EN] Trammel net is the main fishing gear used by artisanal fishers in Majorca Island (NW Mediterranean), and is representative of Mediterranean small-scale fisheries using static gear. The use of static gears close to the coast, where seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity are high, promotes the diversification of fishing practices or metiers. We analyze the seasonal dynamics of the nets used, target species (red and black scorpionfish, red mullet and cuttlefish) exploitation patterns and the socio-economic conditions under which this fishery takes place, based on General Fisheries Directorate daily sale records (2002-2006). Additional personal socioeconomic interviews allowed the characterization of the trammel net fishery, its fishing behaviour, cost structure and conflicts. Catch and effort data and market surveys are used to evaluate the level of exploitation of the target species and allowed describing Majorca trammel net fishery as an activity based on a sustainable resource. The main target species were found to be near their maximum sustainable yield both by means of a surplus production model (with parameters estimated by CEDA-Catch Effort Data Analysis, software) and an age structured assessment model based on yield-per-recruit analysis. Management actions currently debated by local administration and fishers focus on improving fishers' economic situation, rather than on protecting a threatened resource. One of the management actions proposed is a one day effort reduction, which was analyzed here with the help of a bioeconomic simulation model. A 15-year (2005-2020) simulation allows providing advice to local managers to focus on the commercialization aspects, in order to obtain a higher value to the fish production, rather than expecting to obtain higher profits only by a reduction of the offer., [FR] Le filet trémail est le principal engin de la pêche artisanale utilisé par les pêcheurs de l'île de Majorque (NO Méditerranée) ; il est représentatif de la petite pêche en Méditerranée, utilisant des engins dormants. L'usage de ces engins dormants à proximité de la côte, où la variabilité saisonnière et l'hétérogénéité spatiale sont élevées, entraîne la diversification des pratiques de pêche ou métiers. Nous analysons la dynamique saisonnière des filets utilisés, les espèces-cibles (rascasse rouge, rascasse blanche, le mulet barbet et la seiche), les modèles d'exploitation et les conditions socio-économiques sous lesquelles la pêcherie se développe, basées sur les données des ventes journalières de la Direction Générale des Pêches (2002-2006). Des enquêtes socio-économiques ont permis de caractériser la pêcherie au trémail, les comportements de pêche, la structure des coûts et les conflits. Les données d'effort et de capture et l'étude du marché sont utilisées pour évaluer le niveau d'exploitation des espèces-cibles et permettent de décrire la pêcherie au trémail de Majorque comme une activité basée sur des ressources à l'équilibre. Les principales espèces-cibles sont trouvées proches de leur rendement maximum à l'équilibre, à la fois au moyen d'un modèle de surplus de production (avec des paramètres estimés au moyen du logiciel CEDA, Catch Effort Data Analysis) et par un modèle d'estimation structurée en âge, basé sur l'analyse des rendements par recrue. La gestion couramment débattue par l'administration locale et les pêcheurs se focalisait sur l'amélioration de la situation économique des pêcheurs plutôt que de protéger une ressource en danger. Une des actions de gestion proposée est une réduction de l'effort - un jour de pêche, qui peut être analysée ici avec l'aide d'un modèle de simulation bio-économique. Une simulation sur 15 ans (2005-2020) permet de fournir des conseils aux gestionnaires locaux sur les aspects de commercialisation, en vue d'obtenir une plus haute valeur de production de poissons, plutôt que d'espérer obtenir des profits plus élevés par une réduction de l'offre seulement., This study was funded by the Commission of the European Communities, specific RTD programme “Specific Support to Policies”, SSP-2004-22745 “Probabilistic assessment, management and advice model for fishery management in the case of poor data availability” (POORFISH).

Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) are two of the most important species in Greek fisheries due to their high commercial interest. Both have been reported to be overexploited and in need of management to preserve the continuity of their exploitation. Hake is exploited by trawlers and red mullet by both trawlers and beach seiners in Saronikos Gulf (Greece). The MEFISTO bioeconomic simulation model is applied in order to test the interaction between trawlers and beach seiners through the age-specific fishing mortality applied by each fleet to the red mullet stock. The effects of the withdrawal of some beach seiners in 2002 and the increase in trawl mesh size that has already been implemented (from 28 mm to 40 mm stretched mesh) are tested jointly with alternative management scenarios such as the complete withdrawal of beach seiners and effort reduction in trawler activity. The analysis of the simulation results is based on the evolution of biological and economic indicators through 15-year stochastic projections. It is shown that limiting fishing effort and improving selectivity patterns of the trawl fleet would be beneficial for the recovery of the populations and for the profitability of the fishery. In addition to the increase in trawl mesh size, a further fishing effort reduction of 12% is recommended for the trawling fleet. Conversely, limiting or completely removing the beach seiner fleet would protect red mullet juveniles but would not significantly increase the profitability of the trawling fleet, and it would cause unemployment., La merluza (Merluccius merluccius) y el salmonete (Mullus barbatus), debido a su gran interés comercial, son las dos especies más importantes de las pesquerías griegas. Ambas especies se encuentran en situación de sobreexplotación y necesitadas de una gestión adecuada que proteja la continuidad de su explotación. En el Golfo de Saronikos (Grecia), la merluza es explotada por la flota de arrastre mientras que el salmonete lo pescan las flotas de arrastre y la de cerco de playa. Se utiliza el modelo de simulación MEFISTO para el análisis de la interacción de ambas flotas a través de las mortalidades pesqueras aplicadas sobre las clases de edad del salmonete. En el presente trabajo se evalúan los efectos de la retirada de algunos cerqueros que tuvo lugar en 2002 y del incremento del ancho de malla (desde 28 mm a 40 mm) que tuvo lugar en 2000, así como algunos escenarios de gestión alternativos como la completa retirada de la flota de cerco o la reducción del esfuerzo pesquero de la flota de arrastre. El análisis de las simulaciones estocásticas se presenta a través de la evolución de los indicadores bioeconómicos durante 15 años. Se muestra que la limitación del esfuerzo pesquero y la mejora en los parámetros de selectividad de la flota de arrastre serían beneficiosos tanto desde un punto de vista económico como conservacionista. Por otro lado, se recomienda una reducción de esfuerzo del 12%. Por el contrario, la limitación o retirada de la flota de cerco de playa causaría un problema de desempleo y no permitiría aumentar los beneficios de la flota de arrastre, sin llegar a ser beneficioso para las poblaciones explotadas.

8 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables., [EN] GAMEFISTO simulation model is presented as a tool to improve the small scale fisheries bioeconomic simulation techniques. The main novelty of the current model is the implementation of game theoretic techniques for forecasting the fishing effort trends and consequently, the fish population levels and the economic outcome, including landings, income and net profits. The model assigns individual fishing strategies to individual vessels according to their technical characteristics. The fishermen within a fishing fleet exploiting a single stock are assumed to be the decision agents, who share not only a fish population (modelled through stock externality) but also a market, through an offer-demand function (market externality). Mediterranean fisheries need to be analysed at vessel level due to the heterogeneity of its fishing fleets. A ten year simulation on red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus, is presented as an application of the presented GAMEFISTO model, [FR] Le modèle de simulation GAMEFISTO est présenté comme un outil pour améliorer les techniques de simulation bioéconomique des pêches artisanales. La nouveauté principale, par rapport au modèle courant, est l'insertion de techniques de la théorie des jeux pour prévoir les tendances de l'effort de pêche et par conséquent, les niveaux de populations de poissons et les coûts économiques, y compris les débarquements, les revenus et les profits nets. Le modèle attribue des stratégies individuelles de pêche à des navires en particulier selon leurs caractéristiques techniques. Les pêcheurs d'une flottille de pêche exploitant un seul stock sont considérés comme les agents de décision qui partagent non seulement une population de poissons (modélisée au niveau de l'externalité de stock) mais aussi un marché, au travers d'une fonction, celle de l'offre et de la demande (externalité de marché). Les pêches méditerranéennes ont besoin d'être analysées au niveau du navire de pêche dû à l'hétérogénéité de ses flottilles. Une simulation sur dix ans de la crevette rouge, Aristeus antennatus, est présentée en tant qu'application du modèle GAMEFISTO