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In Canada, aboriginal legacies in landscapes and their implications for land use planning for biodiversity conservation remain poorly acknowledged. Similarly, inter-cultural conversations on values about and priorities for biological resources and habitat protection remain under-developed. This essay begins with a rhetorical question. Will it be possible to forge successful ecosystem recovery strategies, to maintain all elements of local biological diversity through land use planning, without far deeper cognizance of the aboriginal legacies in Canadian landscapes? I do not think so. This discussion, from the drier enclaves on the south coast of British Columbia, centres on a federally funded ecosystem recovery team in the first four years of its operation from 1999 to 2003 and the near total lack of outreach to, and engagement with, aboriginal people and First Nations. These were the same years as the final phase of development of Canada’s relatively weak Species At Risk Act (SARA).2

Summary Unresolved questions of land and resource ownership, that have persisted from the colonial period, are limiting rain forest conservation in many parts of the Pacific Rim. In this outline of the liquidation of the ancient temperate forests of Pacific coast of Canada, the notion of the obscuring of the ‘cognitive map’, of various perceptions and social priorities, is explored in order understand contradictions of legal systems that contribute to continued conflict and instability. The local context for forest conservation are outlined for the Haida and Nuu-Chah-Nulth people as well as for the Province of British Columbia and the Government of Canada

W ith concern growing for protecting natural ecosystems, biological diversity, genetic resources, and subsistence economies, it is useful to construct frameworks to evaluate institutional capabilities for expanding conservation planning programs. The experience of the Haida, a northwestcoast Native American people inhabiting the Queen Charlotte Islands (also called Haida Gwaii) on the north coast of British Columbia, provides an opportunity to examine the evolution of conservation frameworks leading to joint and comanagement of natural areas and resources.' The Haida Gwaii example is distinct, particularly compared with the United States, because of the use of sovereignist strategies to stop unsustainable exploitation of ancient temperate rainforests. Unresolved questions of sovereignty and land and resource ownership provided the backdrop for unique alliances between non-Native environmentalists and Native activists, some of whom are nationalistic. Although recent efforts to resolve issues of hereditary titles over the southern part of the archipelago, Gwaii Haanas, which was formerly referred to as South Moresby, have been partially successful, various obstacles continue to undermine conservation efforts.2 Institutional obstacles to habitat protection and ecosystem management began in 1851 when the Crown colony of British Columbia began to annex the islands.3 Despite repeated Haida assertions of sovereignty and traditional tenure since that time, the colonial and subsequent British Columbia provincial and Canadian federal governments denied these rights and managed the land and its wealth based on non-Native priorities. Until recently, respective governments did not support a framework for establishing viable protected areasespecially for the conservation of local biological diversity. Nonrenewable extractive operations, particularly clearcut logging of old-growth forest and mining, have been contentious throughout the region because of subsequent losses of traditional resources. Furthermore, Parks Canada, a federal agency that became involved in Gwaii Haanas land management after British Columbia ceded its responsibility for management to the Canadian government in 1988, had not emphasized management of natural habitat and protection of biological resources. Instead this agency had historically been more concerned with providing public services for tourism. In the 1974-87 "South Moresby conflict," the Canadian government reacted slowly to the dispute between interests supporting rapid, largescale clearcut logging versus those advocating conservation of temperate rainforest, until as a compromise the provincial government agreed to cede jurisdiction. This 1988 agreement involved an expensive compensation package for wilderness preservation. But the Haida Nation and the Canadian federal government only forged a basis for joint management of Gwaii Haanas in 1993, and vestiges of colonial land management patterns still hinder the stewardship of forests, wildlands, biological resources, and traditional cultural sites on Gwaii Haanas, as in much of the Pacific Rim.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual1 habitation of outdoor and indoor environments has become a major topic in queer2 theory and spatial issues3 have come to represent new frontiers in the politics of our various communities. Homophobia, violence, and isolation in outdoor spaces arc coming to be framed as environmental problems. A host of possibilities for new alliances around queer space is emerging. But it is first necessary to ask a number of questions before specific interventions in the condition of outdoor areas can better define and strengthen our communities and improve our lives.

Linkages between habitat conservation, land use planning, and sustainable development are explored for three islands with tracts of primary forest. A framework is outlined for the evaluation of the effectiveness of conservation planning, as a means to social development, within a context of conflicting economic pressures. Some of the key factors that are reviewed include ethnobiology, articulation of concerns for biological resources, demographics, land tenure, history of civil conflict, cognizance of environmental costs, the quality of spatial information and the linkages with decision making the history of local involvement in planning frameworks, and the level of locally initiated habitat protection and monitoring. Three Pacific Rim island examples, from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and British Columbia, are explored.

Islands with large tracts of primary rain forest constitute a distinct complex of terrestrial and marine ecosystems with global significance because of high levels of biological richness or, in the case of oceanic islands, the evolutionary distinctiveness of the organisms that they support. The myriad of small habitat units makes these settings particularly prone to fragmentation and thus problematic for the conservation of biological diversity. Most of the remaining examples of islands with primary rain forest are in the Pacific Rim, particularly in Indonesia, and there are threats from intensive timber harvesting, mining, tourism, and dismemberment of traditional convervation systems. Prospects for inventorying, monitoring, and protecting the remaining islands with relatively pristine successional mosaics of humid forest and shallow marine habitats within a framework global monitoring are explored. Recommendations are made for a program of expanded use of the biosphere reserve designation for rain forest islands and adjacent marine areas.

In planning for the conservation of biological diversity, the theories of fragmentation, gap dynamics, minimum area for habitat, and edge can provide a basis for more site-specific land-use decision-making and subsequent monitoring. However, identification of the full range of possibilities and associated trade-offs for integration of habitat values with those related to wildland recreation and visual amenities is still problematic. These three island examples are notable in the high proportion of remaining “primary” rainforest, distinctive island cultures and pressures for both development of logging and mining and conservation of wildland amenities. Biological, recreational and visual values are envisioned as being considered early in comprehensive planning and rough land-use scenarios involving conservation and limited extraction are identified. Subsequent trade-off analysis could be used interactively with simulation of successional mosaics over a district in order to allow for a form of adaptive landscape management. Such an approach could afford more flexibility for higher impact land use and better margins of security and satisfaction for conservation.

A survey to sample and document wild and cultivated plants with crop and forage genetic resources was carried out in the Air Mountains of northern Niger in 1984, 1985, and 1986. This ecogeographical survey was begun in the 1984 drought after considerable desertification had already occurred. Over the last century in this area, there has been progressive alteration and loss of habitat and populations, with probable genetic erosion. The focus was on wild and weedy species in the following gene pools: Pennisetum, Sorghum, Olea, Andropogon, Cenchrus, Brachiaria, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Acacia, Ziziphus, and Grewia; and on crops from irrigated gardens, including pearl millet, sorghum, and barley. Due to the high degree of environmental heterogeneity and the loss of habitat, relativity small numbers of individuals and clumps were identified a significant portion were probably part of previously contiguous occurrences. In this type of setting, surveys of rapidly diminishing crop and forage genetic resources are especially needed A basis for identifying strategies for sampling and monitoring as species ecology and successional and cultural factors is outlined. Resumen: En 1984, 1985 y 1986, en las montanas Air del norte de Niger, se llevo a cabo un catastro para muestrear y documentar plantas silvestres y cultivadas con recursos geneticos para cultivos y forraje. Este inventario ecogeografico fue iniciado durante la sequia de 1984, despues de que ocurriera una considerable desertificacion En esta region ban habido alteraciones progresivas, con perdida de habitat y poblaciones, con posible erosion genetica, duranta este ulimo siglo. Se enfoco a especies silvestres y a malezas del conjuncto genetico de: Pennisetum, Sorghum, Olea, Andropogon, Cenchrus, Brachiaria, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Acacia y Ziziphus, y de cultivos de campos irrigados, incluyendo mijo de perla, sorgo, y cebada. Dado al alto grado de heterogeneidad ambiental y a la perdida de habitat, solo pudo identificarse un numero relatiuamente bajo de individuos y agrupaciones. Una porcion significativa del conjunto genetico en referencia, probablemente presentaba ocurrencias contiguas en el pasad. Es para este tipo de escenarios, que se requiere, en forma especial, de inventarios de los recuross geneticos para forraje y cultivos que se encuentran en rapida disminuidos. A continuacion, se delinea una base para identificar estrategias para muestrerar y monitorear la ecologia de las especies y los factores susecionales y culturales.

l A TILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO REVERSE the loss of primary rain forest and bioVV logical resources so crucial for options for future development? Will traditional communities in marginalized regions be able to rework the globalized imperatives for conservation into local solutions that can contribute to their particular economic and social development? How can we identify problems in conservation programmes and rapidly respond with new initiatives? At a time of diminishing public resources and increasing debt, how can we identify the most cost-effective approaches to increasing the effectiveness of conservation programmes? How can the growing concerns for conserving the biodiversity of Pacific Islands influence regional efforts for environmental impact assessment and conservation as well as frameworks for international cooperation? If more international funding does become available, how can it be used to contribute to the more fundamental structural adjustments that will be necessary in how we inventory, research, conserve, and subsequently evaluate? In exploring these questions, this discussion focuses on one of the most biologically rich and pristine islands on earth. With greater global concerns for conservation of habitat, biological resources, and life support processes, such areas will receive more attention. However, if new financial and technical resources are going to lead to more comprehensive and effective conservation, it is necessary to develop both global and local strategies that overcome obstacles that are often the result of historical legacies. But how can investigations of institutional frameworks provide us with the basis for innovative solutions involving both conservation and development? The identification and description of nagging

Lim Teck Ghee and Mark J. Valencia: commonalities and directions for future research conflict over land-based natural resources in the ASEAN countries Eduardo Tadem: the ASEAN region - great wealth and great strife the plunder of forest resources the transformation of a natural resource - agriculture to agribusiness conflicts over mineral resources development and tribal peoples - resistance to displacement natural resource abuses - a time for change the Japanese economy and South-East Asia - the examples of the Asahan Aluminium and Kawasaki Steel Projects Yoko Kitazawa: the Japanese miracle the miracle ends? a new vision of economic development the vision in action - Asahan Japan's overseas steel industry Kawasaki in Mindanao Kawasaki follows the vision conclusion - the comprehensive security system - what price? international conflict over marine resources in South-East Asia - trends in politicization and militarization Mark J. Valencia: present and future conflict over marine resources superpower militarization in the marine region conflict over natural resources in Malaysia - the struggle of small-scale fisherman Lim Teck Ghee: introduction the 1950s - early developments in the fisheries industry the experience with fishing co-operatives, 1957-1965 a decade of trawling development, 1960-1970 the poverty eradication programme of the 1970s - new deal for small-scale fishermen? policy developments in the 1980s conclusion conflict over natural resoures in the Pacific James M. Anthony: the region and its resources conflicts over marine space conflicts over marine environment conflicting maritime claims conflicts over pelagic resources conflict over seabed mineral resources.