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Razvoj nauke i tehnologije ide u pravcu introdukcije novih pristupa u oplemenjivanju biljaka i različitih metoda za povećanja produktivnosti biljaka. Jedna od najnovijih metoda je implementacija ekološki prihvatljive tehnike korišćenja pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP). U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja elektromagnetne stimulacije semena soje na masu zrna po biljci, masu 1.000 zrna i prinos zrna u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. U trogodišnjem istraživanju, u periodu od 2013. do 2015. godine, korišćena je sorta soje Valjevka, gajena pri različitim količinama đubriva (kontrola – bez đubrenja, 750 kg/ha i 1300 kg/ha). Pre setve, seme je bilo podvrgnuto stimulaciji sa PEMP u varijantama: kontrola – bez stimulacije i stimulacija naizmeničnim magnetnim poljem sa indukcijom od 30 mT i vreme ekspozicije od 15 minuta. Prosečna masa zrna po biljci pri stimulaciji semena bila je za 11,53% (12,09) viša nego bez PEMP (10,84). Masa 1.000 zrna sa PEMP je iznosila 155,99 g, što je bilo više za 2,06% u odnosu na varijantu bez PEMP (152,83 g). Prosečan prinos zrna soje za sve tri godine istraživanja sa stimulacijom semena je bio za 4,85% veći (3481,25 kg/ha) nego bez PEMP (3320,14 kg/ha). Stimulacija semena sa PEMP ima ekonomsku opravdanost, obzirom na rast cena soje na svetskoj berzi. Rezultati pokazuju da PEMP tretman semena soje može značajno uticati na prinos zrna soje i da se suprotstavi neželјenim efektima poput suše i nedostatka đubriva. The development of science and technology introduces new approaches in plant breeding and various methods to increase plant productivity. One of the latest methods is the implementation of an environmentally friendly technique of using a pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic field (PEMP). The paper presents the results of the influence of the electromagnetic stimulation of soybean seeds on grain weight per plant, weight of 1,000 grains and grain yield in different agroecological conditions. In the three-year research, in the period from 2013 to 2015, the soybean variety Valjevka was used, grown with different amounts of fertilizers (control – without fertilization, 750 kg/ha and 1300 kg/ha). Before sowing, the seed was subjected to PEMP stimulation in variants: control – without stimulation and alternating magnetic field stimulation (PEMP) with induction of 30 mT and exposure time of 15 minutes. The average grain weight per plant during seed stimulation was 11.53% (12.09) higher than without PEMP (10.84). The weight of 1,000 grains with PEMP was 155.99 g, which was 2.06% higher than the weight of 1,000 grains of the variant without PEMP (152.83 g). The average soybean grain yield for all three years of research with seed stimulation was 4.85% higher (3,481.25 kg/ha) than without PEMP (3,320.14 kg/ha). Stimulation of seeds with PEMP has economic justification given the growth of soybean prices on the world stock market. The results show that the PEMP treatment of soybean seeds can significantly affect soybean grain yield and counteract side effects such as drought and lack of fertilizers.

The aim of this paper is to maintain soil fertility on an organic farm without livestock production by using alfalfa green biomass. The research was carried out on the farm of Mokrin PP company, by modeling and sizing of crop rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the non-carbonate humoglay. To ensure a cost-effective technical solution, alfalfa seed production was organized. In the autumn of 2015 alfalfa sowing was carried out in a field of 5 ha. Green biomass of the first and third cuttings, as well as crop residue after harvesting of seeds in the second cutting, were mowed and chopped by harvester for low silage and stored in the silage-pit. After nine months, a mature alfalfa compost was obtained with optimum values of total nitrogen (5.04%), organic matter (42.56%), C/N, pH, humidity, and EC. Two-year alfalfa utilization is the recommended time in this research because to the following benefits: in crop rotation, alfalfa field is provided with nitrogen by symbiotic ni­trogen fixation and the alfalfa is cultivated every five years in the same field, while in the middle of that period the field is fertilized with compost produced on the farm. The amount of compost obtained by crop rotation (2016 - 48.80 t; 2017 - 62.30 t) is enough for about 20% of the arable area per year. Thus, the fields are fertilized every fourth year with 10 t ha-1 of compost. Thanks to alfalfa biomass and seed and also nitrogen fixation, maintaining soil fertility is resolved in a sustainable and natural way. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46005 and Grant no. III 46006]

The effect of year on grain yield and certain yield components essential for wheat yield's quality depends on agro-ecological conditions of the growing area and applied agrotechnical measures. A two-year experiment was conducted at six locations: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac and Požarevac, using the block system, in four replications. In this study, seven winter wheat commercial varieties obtained from several seed companies were evaluated. The highest total wheat grain yield was achieved by the variety NS 40 S (8.824 kg ha-1), followed by NS Renesansa (8.817 kg ha-1), i.e. PKB Imperija (8.343 kg ha-1), while the lowest grain yield of 7.564 kg ha-1 was achieved by the variety PKB Talas. The highest average 1000 grain weight was found at Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), followed by Požarevac (35,09 g), i.e. Pančevo (34,98 g), while the lowest 1000 grain weight of 34,25 g was evidenced at the Kruševac experimental site. Uticaj godine na prinos zrna i neke osobine koje su bitne za kvalitetan prinos zrna pšenice zavise od agroekoloških uslova reona gajenja i primenjenih agrotehničkih mera. Kao materijal istraživanja korišćeno je sedam sorti iz više selekcionih kuća, a nalaze se u širokoj proizvodnji. Ogledi su postavljeni na šest lokaliteta: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac i Požarevac, u dve proizvodne godine, po blok sistemu sa četiri ponavljanja. Najveći ukupan prinos zrna pšenice od 8.824 kg ha-1ostvaren je kod sorte NS 40S, zatim 8.817 kg ha-1 kod sorte NS Renesansa, odnosno 8.343 kg ha-1 kod sorte PKB Imperija, dok je najniži prinos zrna pšenice od 7.564 kg ha-1 ostvaren kod sorte PKB Talas. Najveća prosečna masa 1000 zrna pšenice utvrđena je na lokalitetu Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), zatim na lokalitetu Požarevac (35,09 g), odnosno na lokalitetu Pančevo (34,98 g), dok je najniža vrednost mase 1000 zrna od 34,25 g ustanovljena na lokalitetu Kruševac.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aqueous extracts of different plant species on the grain and protein yield of soybean. The testing was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on the seeds of the NS Apolo variety. The aqueous extracts of the above-ground part of nettle, the above-ground part of nettle and comfrey, whole banana fruit, banana peel, onion bulbs leaves, the top parts of willow twigs and the top parts of soybean plants were foliarly applied. In addition to the untreated control variant, the experiment also included a distilled water control. Control with distilled water was to show whether the effect of aqueous plant extracts was due to plant material or just water. The results of the experiment showed that the use of aqueous extracts contributed to the increase in grain and protein yield. The increase in grain yield ranged from 9.48% to 15.34%, and the increase in protein yield from 9.31% to 16.16%. The best effect was achieved by applying the aqueous extract of the whole banana fruit and the aqueous extract of the mix of nettle and comfrey. By applying them each year, a significantly higher yield was achieved in relation to the control with distilled water. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj vodenih biljnih ekstrakata na prinos zrna i proteina kod soje. Ispitivanje je obavljeno u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu na sorti NS Apolo. Za folijarnu primenu korišćeni su vodeni ekstrakti: nadzemnog dela koprive, nadzemnog dela koprive i gaveza, ceo plod banane, kora banane, listovi lukovice crnog luka, vršni delovi grančica vrbe i vršni delovi biljaka soje. Pored kontrolne varijante, eksperiment je uključivao i kontrolu – destilovanu vodu. Kontrola destilovanom vodom će pokazati da li je efekat vodenih biljnih ekstrakata posledica biljnog materijala ili vode. Rezultati analize su pokazali da je upotreba vodenih ekstrakata doprinela povećanju prinosa zrna i prinosa proteina. Povećanje prinosa kretalo se od 9,48% do 15,34%, a povećanje prinosa proteina od 9,31% do 16,16%. Najbolji efekat je postignut primenom vodenog ekstrakta celog ploda banane i vodenog ekstrakta koprive i gaveza. Njihovom primenom svake godine postignut je znatno veći prinos u odnosu na kontrolu vodom.

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is the result of a combination of various factors related to both the natural environment and anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to examine (i) the state of SOC in topsoil and subsoil of vineyards compared to the nearest forest, (ii) the influence of soil management on SOC, (iii) the variation in SOC content with topographic position, (iv) the intensity of soil erosion in order to estimate the leaching of SOC from upper to lower topographic positions, and (v) the significance of SOC for the reduction of soil’s susceptibility to compaction. The study area was the vineyard region of Niš, which represents a medium-sized vineyard region in Serbia. About 32% of the total land area is affected, to some degree, by soil erosion. However, according to the mean annual soil loss rate, the total area is classified as having tolerable erosion risk. Land use was shown to be an important factor that controls SOC content. The vineyards contained less SOC than forest land. The SOC content was affected by topographic position. The interactive effect of topographic position and land use on SOC was significant. The SOC of forest land was significantly higher at the upper position than at the middle and lower positions. Spatial distribution of organic carbon in vineyards was not influenced by altitude, but occurred as a consequence of different soil management practices. The deep tillage at 60–80 cm, along with application of organic amendments, showed the potential to preserve SOC in the subsoil and prevent carbon loss from the surface layer. Penetrometric resistance values indicated optimum soil compaction in the surface layer of the soil, while low permeability was observed in deeper layers. Increases in SOC content reduce soil compaction and thus the risk of erosion and landslides. Knowledge of soil carbon distribution as a function of topographic position, land use and soil management is important for sustainable production and climate change mitigation.

Soybean production in the system of organic agriculture is not very demanding, and this has been well documented both through experimental results and commercial production. However, one of the biggest problems in organic production is the lack of adequate pre-sowing treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of the electrostatic field. This is a physical treatment that was first used for seed treatment in the 18th century but has mostly been neglected since then. Seeds of five soybean genotypes with differently colored seed coats (yellow, green, dark green, brown, and black) were included in this study. The seeds were exposed to different values of direct current (DC) with the following voltages: 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V, and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min, and 3 min. After exposing the seeds to the electric field, the physiological properties of seeds and seedlings at the first stage of growth were evaluated. The results show that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depends on the genotype, voltage, and exposure time. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving seed germination and the initial growth of soybean seedlings. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to particular genotypes since inadequate treatments may reduce the quality of seeds.

In order to examine the influence of inter-row cultivation on the soybean yield, a trial was set up in the Agricultural School in Backa Topola from 2015 to 2017. Three soybean varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Galina, Sava and Rubin were used. The trials included the different number of inter-row cultivations: control -without inter-row cultivation, one inter-row cultivation, two and three inter-row cultivations of soybean crops. Obtained results showed that an average yield of soybean increased with an increase in the number of inter-row cultivations during the soybean vegetation period. With one inter-row cultivation, the yield increase was 5.33%, with two inter-row cultivations -7.10% and with three cultivations -7.33%. In the years with a lower precipitation, the influence of intra-row cultivation was much more effective. In 2017, the increase ranged from 10.33% to 13.62%, and in 2016 from 3.09% to 4.27%. Yield was increased due to reduced evapotranspiration of soil moisture as well as prevention of descending of water into deeper layers. During summer, this allowed better water conservation in the soil for critical periods, and also increased the activity of microorganisms as well as more intensive mineralization of organic matter, which ultimately influenced the yield. U cilju proučavanja uticaja međuredne kultivacije na prinos semena soje postavljen je ogled na parceli Poljoprivredne škole u Bačkoj Topoli u periodu od 2015. do 2017. godine. U ogledu su korišćene sorte soje selekcionisane u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu: Galina, Sava i Rubin. U ogledu su bile zastupljene sledeće varijante međuredne kultivacije: kontrola-bez međuredne kultivacije, jedna, dve i tri međuredne kultivacije useva soje. Prosečni prinos soje se povećao sa povećanjem broja prohoda međurednim kultivatorom u toku vegetacionog perioda soje. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je na varijanti sa jednom međurednom kultivacijom povećanje prinosa iznosilo 5,33%, sa dve međuredne kultivacije 7,10%, a sa tri 7,33%. U godinama sa manjom količinom padavina, značaj međuredne kultivacije bio je mnogo veći. U 2017. godini ostvaren je veći prinos zrna soje za 10,33-13,62% u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu (bez međuredne kultivacije), a u 2016. godini za 3,09-4,27%. Povećanje prinosa posledica je, između ostalog, smanjene evaporacije zemljišne vlage i sprečavanja poniranja vode u dublje slojeve. Ovo omogućava bolje čuvanje vode u zemljištu u kritičnim periodima tokom letnjih meseci, a takođe i povećava aktivnost mikroorganizama kao i intenzivniju mineralizaciju organske materije, što u krajnoj meri utiče na povećanje prinosa.

Prinos soje zavise od sorte, zemljišta, agrotehnike, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se sagleda uticaj primene NPK đubriva u jesenjem i prolećnom periodu na visinu prinosa soje. Najviši prinosi soje ostvareni su primenom NPK đubriva u jesen, pred osnovnu obradu zemljišta uz prolećnu primenu azotnog đubriva AN. Prolećna primena NPK đubriva i AN-a povećava prinos, ali je dejstvo đubriva znatno manje u odnosu na jesenju primenu. Primena azotnog đubriva AN povećava prinos soje, a da bi ovo đubrivo ispoljilo puni efekat neophodno je da zemljište bude optimalno obezbeđeno makroelementima. Soybean yield depends on the variety, soil, cultural practices, as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of NPK fertilizer application in the autumn and spring period on the level of soybean yield. The highest soybean yields were achieved by applying NPK fertilizer in autumn, before the basic tillage with spring application of nitrogen fertilizer AN. Spring application of NPK fertilizers and AN increases the yield, but the effect of fertilizers is significantly less compared to autumn application. The application of nitrogen fertilizer AN increases the soybean yield, and in order for this fertilizer to show its full effect, it is necessary for the soil to be optimally provided with macroelements.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of electrostatic fields on seed vigor (VI), mean rate of germination (MGR) and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) of five soybean genotypes. Testing was conducted at the Novi Sad Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops on the seeds of five soybean varieties: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, and NS Blackstar. The seeds were exposed to different voltages of direct current (DC): 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min and 3 min. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving VI, MGR and CVG. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to a particular genotype, since inadequate treatments may deteriorate the quality of seeds. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na vigor semena (VI), srednju brzinu klijanja (MGR) i koeficijent srednje brzine klijanja (CVG) pet genotipova soje. Testiranje je sprovedeno u novosadskom Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na semenu pet sorti soje: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, i NS Blackstar. Seme je bilo izloženo različitim vrednostima jednosmerne struje (DC) napona: 0 V (kontrola), 3 V, 6 V i 9 V, u trajanju od 0 min (kontrola), 1 min i 3 min. Nakon toga seme je stavljeno na naklijavanje na temperaturi od 25°C u trajanju od osam dana, a posle toga utvrđene su vrednosti parametara klijanja. Rezultati su pokazali značajan uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na VI, MGR i CVG u zavisnosti od genotipa i napona. Najbolji uticaj na sve parametre klijanja ostvaren je kod genotipa NS 2024. Primenom elektrostatičkog polja od 6 V ostvaren je najbolji efekat kod svih ispitivanih parametara. VI je povećan za 19,75%, dok su MGR i CVG za 5.22% viši u odnosu na kontrolu. Pored toga, rezultati su pokazali da je potrebno utvrditi tačnu kombinaciju napona i vremena ekspozicije za određeni genotip, jer u suprotnom dolazi do značajnog pogoršanja parametara klijavosti semena.

NPK đubriva i efektivni mikroorganizmi imaju veliki uticaj na morfološke osobine biljaka soje. U ovom radu analiziran je uticaj NPK đubriva i efektivnih mikroorganizama na masu i visinu biljaka soje. Najviše vrednosti analiziranih osobina ostvarene su na varijanti sa primenom NPK đubriva u kombinaciji sa efektivnim mikroorganizmima, dok je pojedinačni uticaj NPK đubriva i efektivnih mikroorganizama slabije izražen. NPK fertilizer and effective micro-organisms have a strong influence on morphological characteristics of soybean plants. In this paper, the influence of NPK fertilizers and effective microorganisms on the weight and height of soybean plants is analyzed. The highest values of the analyzed properties were achieved in the variant with the application of NPK fertilizers in combination with effective organisms, while the individual influence of NPK fertilizers and effective microorganisms was less pronounced.

Soybean yield depends on the selection of cultivars, soil fertility, applied cultivation practices, and agroclimatic conditions over the years. High-quality and timely primary tillage is essential for stable development and high yields of soybean plants. The effect of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight was examined in a three-year study (2013-2015). The trial included cultivars with different maturity periods, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad: Valjevka and Galina 0 maturity group, Sava and NS Maximus I maturity group, Rubin and Venera II maturity group. Trial subplots were prepared using different periods of primary tillage, which was conducted in autumn (November, 01–05) and spring (March, 25–31). The highest yields and 1000-grain weight were obtained after autumn primary tillage in all the three study years. Yield decrease by 2.72% to 38.91% and 1000-grain weight decrease of 1.33%-11.93% were recorded after spring primary tillage Prinos soje zavisi od izbora sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, primijenjenih agrotehničkih mjera i agroklimatskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Kvalitetna i pravovremena osnovna obrada zemljišta je uslov za normalan razvoj biljaka soje i ostvarenje visokoh prinosa. U trogodišnjim istraživanjima (2013-2015) proučavan je uticaj jesenje i proljećne osnovne obrade na prinos i masu 1000 zrna soje. U ogledu su bile zastupljene sorte soje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad, različite dužine vegetacionog perioda: Valjevka i Galina–0 grupe zrenja, Sava i NS Maximus–I grupe zrenja) i Rubin i Venera, II–grupe zrenja. Podparcele u ogledu bile su sa različitim vremenom osnovne obrade zemljišta. Osnovna obrada je vršena u jesenjem periodu (01-05. novembra) i u proljećnom periodu (25–31. mart). Jesenjom osnovnom obradom zemljišta za proizvodnju soje ostvareni su najviši prinosi i najviša vrijednost za masu 1000 zrna soje, u sve tri istraživane godine. Kod proljećne osnovne obrade smanjenje prinosa kretalo od 2,72 % do 38,91 % i smanjenje mase 1000 zrna u pojedinim godinama od 1,33 % do 11,93 %.

Obavljena su trogodišnja istraživanja sa uticajem mikrobioloških preparata i Guaanita na broj i masu nodula na korenu pasulja kod organske proizvodnje. Najveći broj i masa nodula bila je u vremenski povoljnijoj godini sa više vlage. Najmanji broj nodula je bio u varijanti kada se Tiffi nanosio direktno na seme pre seve, dok je masa nodula bila najmanja u kontroli. Utvrđena je pozitivna nesignifikatna korelacija broja i mase nodula sa prinosom. Nodulacija je zavisila od sorte. Primena EM 7 dana pred setvu i kombinacija Guanito pred setvu+EM u cvetanju pokazali su pozitivan uticaj na broj i masu nodula. Three-year research, in the impact of microbial preparations and Gunatito on bean-root-nodule number and mass in organic production, was published. The highest nodule number and mass was in the year with a more favorable weather conditions, with a higher humidity. The lowest nodule number was in the method with a direct Tiffi application on the pre-sowing seed, whereas the lowest nodule mass was in the control variety. A positive insignificant correlation was determined between nodule number and mass, and yield. Nodulation was variety dependant. EM application 7 days before sowing, and the combination of Guanito before sowing with EM in flowering, showed a positive impact on nodule number and mass

Many studies show that in the last 20 years, the increase in production per hectare has been achieved mainly due to the creation of new varieties and the development of plant breeding. Innovations in plant breeding are the main way to find new traits, values and tolerances, which are the only ones that can respond to the increased demand for yield and more efficient production. In addition to high and stable yields, it is very important that the soybean seed has a satisfactory technological quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) affected the protein yield of soybean seed depending on the year, exposure time and frequency. The field trials were conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2010-2013. For this research, the seeds of a medium-sized variety Valjevka exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) using a pulse generator and a strip applicator were used. A low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) was used at the exposure times of 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The results of the research show that the application of this method can increase the yield of protein in soybean seed for more than 20%, which is a significant increase, especially in organic production, where the use of seed treatment agents is very restricted. However, this measure can also have an inhibitory effect if an adverse combination of exposure time and frequency strength is selected. Mnoga istraživanja pokazuju da se u poslednjih 20 godina povećanje proizvodnje po hektaru ostvaruje uglavnom zahvaljujući stvaranju novih sorti i razvoju oplemenjivanja biljaka. Inovacije u oplemenjivanju biljaka su glavni put za iznalaženje novih osobina, vrednosti i tolerantnosti, koje jedine mogu da odgovore povećanom zahtevu za prinosom i efikasnijom proizvodnjom. Osim visokih i stabilnih prinosa, veoma je važno da seme soje poseduje i zadovoljavajući tehnološki kvalitet. Zbog toga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio da se ispita kako primena pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja (PEMP) deluje na sadržaj proteina u semenu soje u zavisnosti od godine, vremena trajanja ekspozicije i jačine frekvencije. Poljski ogled je izveden na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu u periodu od 2010. do 2013. godine. Za ovo istraživanje korišćeno je seme srednjerane sorte Valjevka koje je izlagano pulsirajućem elektromagnetnom polju (PEMP) pomoću generatora impulsa i trakastog aplikatora. Korišćeno je pulsirajuće elektromagnetno polje niskih frekvencija (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) u vremenu ekspozicije od 0, 30, 60 i 90 minuta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da primena ove metode može povećati prinos proteina u semenu soje do 20%, što predstavlja značajno povećanje i dobru osnovu da se ova mera počne koristiti, pre svega u organskoj proizvodnji, gde je primena sredstava za tretiranje semena veoma ograničena međutim, ova mera može imati i inhibitorni efekat ako se izabere nepovoljna kombinacija vremena ekspozicije i jačine frekvencije.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of biostimulants on the morphological characteristics of soybean seedlings. The testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Biofarming in Bačka Topola. The experimental material included three soybean varieties (‘Galina’, ‘Sava’ and ‘Rubin’) selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The study lasted for two years, 2015–2016, and identical biostimulant treatments were applied in both years. In order to determine the effect of biostimulants on soybean seedling root, hypocotyl and weight, the following commercial biostimulants were applied: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol and Bioplant Flora. In addition to the single application of biostimulants, two combinations of Slavol + Bioplant Flora and Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S were used as treatments. EM Aktiv showed the greatest effect on root growth. The root was on average 12% longer than the control. Slavol S had the greatest influence on seedling hypocotyl and weight. The increase was 8.24% and 5.15%, respectively, compared with the control. Циљ рада био је да се испита деловање биостимулатори на морфолошке особине клијанца соје. Тестирање је спроведено у лабораторији Факултета за биофарминг у Бачкој Тополи. Експериментални материјал су биле три сорте соје (Галина, Сава и Рубин) селекционисане на Институту за ратарство и повртарство у Новом Саду. Истраживање је трајало две године, 2015–2016, и у обе године примењени су идентични третмани са биостимулаторима. У сврху утврђивања утицаја биостимулатора на дужину корена, дужину надземног дела и масу клијанца соје примењени су различити комерцијални биостимулатори под називом: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol и Bioplant Flora. Поред појединачне примене биостимулатора, као третмани коришћене су и две комбинације Slavol + Bioplant Flora и Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S. Резултати истраживања су показали да примена адекватног биостимулатора утиче позитивно на морфолошке особине клијанца соје, док неадекватна комбинација биостимулатора доводи до инхибиторног деловања. EM Aktiv је показао највећи ефекат на раст корена. Корен је у просеку био 12% дужи од контроле. Slavol S је показао највећи утицај на хипокотил и тежину садница. Повећање је било 8,24% и 5,15% у поређењу са контролом.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of primers on seed quality parameters using different starting values of germination. For this purpose, ten soybean lines selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad were evaluated. The starting values of germination ranged between 48% and 89%. Seeds were surface sterilized with 3% sodium hypochlorite and immersed in different primers: 1% potassium nitrate, 1% potassium chloride and 1% hydrogen peroxide. Untreated seeds were used as the control. The obtained results revealed that the effects of priming depended on soybean line and treatment, whereas the efficiency of this pre-sowing treatment was not affected by the starting value of seed germination. Some lines responded favorably to immersion, while in others priming had an inhibitory effect, causing a significant decrease in germination. There was an increase in germination up to 12% or a decrease up to 11%, depending on line and treatment. Lines that were positively affected by this method also exhibited increased values for other germination parameters: mean germination time (MGT) and time to 50% germination (T50). Lower values of MGT and T50 were observed in lines which showed a negative response to priming and a decrease in germination, but also a more rapid radicle protrusion, as compared to the control. In conclusion, there is no universal applicability of one single primer as it might cause a negative response in some lines and thus reduce seed quality.

The aim of the research was to test the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on soybean seed germination and yield depending on specific field conditions, years of study, exposure duration and frequency. Field trial was conducted on an experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2010-2013. Seeds of the soybean (Glycine hispida (Moench)) medium-early cultivar. Valjevka 'were exposed to the PEMF therapy using the impulse generator and strip. Low-frequency (16, 24, 30 and 72 Hz) PEMF was used in the duration of 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Research results indicate that this method can increase seed germination up to 8.00% and yield by 960.5 kg, or 21% in field conditions, which is a significant increase and a solid basis to introduce this practice, primarily in organic production with a very limited use of seed treatment preparations. However, the practice can have an inhibitory effect under an unfavourable combination of exposure duration and frequency. The obtained data were processed using the analysis of variance of three-factorial trials considering all years of study. Due to different meteorological conditions in the study years, analysis of variance was conducted for each year of study and correlations between the tested traits were examined.

Soybean yield depends on the choice of cultivar, soil fertility, cultivation practices, and weather conditions in different years. Ploughing down crop residues increases the content of soil organic matter, and thereby positively affects soil fertility. The use of crop residues as an energy source has been promoted in recent years. It would be wrong to refer to this as a renewable energy source as the removal of crop residues from agricultural fields reduces and ultimately damages soil fertility, which in turn leads to reduced yield and a crop residue decrease in the future. Due to the reduced application of manure and organic fertilisers, it is necessary to return crop residues to the soil to preserve soil structure and prevent soil fertility decline. The effect of ploughing down crop residues of preceding crops on soybean yield has been the focus of studies for eleven years. Ploughing down maize crop residues resulted in the soybean yield increase by about 11.69%, i.e. the annual yield increase ranged from 2.89% to 15.94%. Prinos soje zavisi od izbora sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, agrotehničkih mera, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Zaoravanjem žetvenih ostataka preduseva povećava se sadržaj organske materije u zemljištu, što ima pozitivan uticaj na plodnost zemljišta. U jedanaestogodišnjim istraživanjima proučavan je uticaj zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka preduseva kukuruza na prinos soje. Poslednjih nekoliko godina sve više se promoviše korišćenje žetvenih ostataka za dobijanje energije. Pogrešno je nazivati ovaj vid dobijene energije kao obnovljivu energiju, pošto se na duži period odnošenjem žetvenih ostataka sa poljoprivrednih površina pogoršava i trajno narušava plodnost zemljišta, što će dovesti u budućnosti do smanjenja prinosa gajenih biljaka, a samim tim i do smanjenja žetvenih ostataka. Zbog sve manje primene stajnjaka i organskih đubriva, neophodno je bar deo žetvenih ostataka gajenih biljaka vratiti u zemljište, kako bi se sačuvala struktura zemljišta i usporilo opadanje njegove plodnosti. Zaoravanje žetvenih ostataka preduseva kukuruza dovelo je do povećanja prinosa soje u proseku za 11,69%, odnosno po pojedinim godinama povećanje prinosa je bilo od 2,89% do 15,94%.

The effect of genotype, seed category and year on yield components (number of spikelets per spike, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight) for three wheat genotypes were studied during a two-year research. Genotype PKB Lepoklasa and seed category pre-basic seed had the highest values for the largest number of the studied traits, while the genotype BG Merkur and the certified seed of the first generation had the lowest values. Higher values for the studied traits were found in 2010, compared to 2009. AMMI analysis established a significant effect of the interaction of factors and main components (PCA 1 and PCA 2) for all investigated traits except thousand grain weight. The genotype PKB Talas was the most stable, while the genotype PKB Lepoklasa was the least stable. Seed categories certified seed of the first generation and basic seed had similar reactions to the interaction between factors.

Suvremena ratarska proizvodnja ima izraženo geografsko, ekološko, ekonomsko i društveno obilježje. Prema navedenim osobinama može se podijeliti na tradicionalnu, konvencionalnu i održivu poljoprivredu. Tradicionalna ratarska proizvodnja u nas prevladava na malim obiteljskim imanjima. Poljoprivredni proizvodi koriste se za potrebe članova domaćinstva i ostaje malo tržišnih viškova. Unapređenje ovog sistema proizvodnje je u izmjeni strukture sjetve, odnosno uvođenju alternativnih ratarskih vrsta čiji proizvodi imaju veću tržišnu vrijednost. Za male farmere interesantan je i sistem održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje u okviru čega se izdvajaju tri sistema uzgajanja ratarskih biljaka. To su dobra poljoprivredna praksa, integralna i organska (ekološka ili biološka) poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Ukoliko se proizvođači odluče za neki od ova tri sistema uzgajanja, biljne vrste iz grupe alternativnih žita mogu biti pravi izbor, jer osiguravaju tržište kvalitetnim i zdravstveno sigurnim prehrambenim proizvodima. Prije nego što se odluče za ove sisteme proizvodnje farmeri treba da steknu neophodna predznanja., Contemporary crop production has a pronounced geographical, ecological,economic and social significance. By these characteristics it can be divided into traditional, conventional and sustainable agriculture. In our country, traditional crop production exists predominantly on small family farms. Agricultural products are used for the needs of house hold members, leaving few market surpluses. The improvement of this production system is in changing the sowing structure, i.e. introduction of alternative crop species with higher market value products. For small farmers, a system of sustainable agricultural production is also interesting, where three systems of crop cultivation can be distinguished: good agricultural practices, integral and organic (ecological or biological) agricultural production. If producers choose one of these three cultivation systems, species from the alternative cereals group can be the right choice as they provide the market with quality and sanitarily safe food products. Before opting for these production systems, farmers need to asquire the necessary background knowledge.

In this paper we presented the yield testing results of PKB winter triticale hybrids: PKB Vožd and PKB Kardinal, compared to standard cultivars: Favorit (Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac) and Odisej (Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad). Field experiments were held at Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela, during 2013 and 2014. Statistical significance was determined for factors year and cultivar. The highest yield had cultivar PKB Kardinal (9,437.33 kg ha-1), whereas cultivar Favorit achieved the lowest yield (6,379.67 kg ha-1), in both experimental years. According to our results, new triticale cultivars developed at Institute PKB Agroekonomik had significantly higher yield, compared to standard cultivars used.

The aim of this paper was to examine the possibility of gentian generative propagation, because the production of high-quality planting material is very important not only for the beginning of revitalization of this plant species in their natural habitat but also for its large-scale production in Montenegro. Cultivation of gentian, as well as other medicinal plants, represents a safe way for their protection and conservation in the wild. For the purpose of choosing the best population, seed samples from 9 natural habitats were collected in the mountains of the northern part of Montenegro. The field trial in which dynamics of gentian seedlings growth was monitored in the first and the second year of vegetation was set up by sowing of seeds collected in natural conditions at the locality Korita.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of soil type and forage crops on the content of magnesium in soil and roughages, as well as forage quality regarding Mg content for the prevention of animal disease ‘tetany’. The trial was carried out on chernozem and humogley under alfalfa and red clover. Samples for determination of Mg content in plant and total Mg content in soil were digested using the apparatus Milestone Ethos 1. The content of Mg was determined using the apparatus ICP-OES Vista Pro -Axial Varian. The average total Mg content in soil of the tested sites was 0.64%. Total Mg content in chernozem was higher than in humogley. A higher total Mg content was in the deeper horizon. A significant positive correlation was found between total Mg content in soil and soil pH as well as the content of CaCO3. The average Mg content in forage crops was 0.28%. A higher Mg content in the dry matter was observed in crops grown on humogley. Mg content was significantly higher in red clover. There was no risk for the occurrence of animal disease ‘tetany’ regarding Mg content in crops, because the ratio K/(Ca+Mg) was below 2.2, and K and Mg content in the dry matter of crops was below the critical value. Cilj rada je da prikaže uticaj tipa zemljišta i krmnog useva na sadržaj magnezijuma u zemljištu i krmnim biljkama, kao i obezbeđenost krmiva magnezijumom sa aspekta prevencije bolesti “tetanije” kod životinja. Ispitivanja su izvedena na poljoprivrednim površinama černozema i humogleja, na kojima su zasnovane proizvodnje lucerke i crvene deteline. Za određivanje sadržaja Mg u biljnom materijalu, kao i ukupnog sadržaja u zemljištu primenjena je digestija uzoraka u zatvorenom mikrotalasnom sistemu pod visokim pritiskom na aparatu Milestone Ethos 1 i determinacija na aparatu ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. Prosečan ukupan sadržaj Mg u zemljištu ispitivanih lokaliteta iznosio je 0,64%. Ukupan sadržaj Mg u černozmu je bio viši u odnosu na humoglej. Sadržaj ukupnog Mg je rastao sa dubinom zemljišta. Konstatovana je značajna pozitivna korelaciona veza između ukupnog sadržaja Mg u zemljištu i pH vrednosti zemljišta, kao i sadržaja CaCO3. Prosečna vrednost sadržaja Mg u ispitivanim krmnim usevima iznosila je 0,28%. Viši sadržaj Mg u suvoj materiji biljaka je konstatovan na humogleju. Crvena detelina je, u proseku, imala značajno veći sadržaj Mg. Sa aspekta obezbeđenosti biljaka magnezijumom, može se smatrati da ne postoji potencijalna opasnost od pojave bolesti “tetanije” kod životinja, jer je odnos K/(Ca+Mg) ispod 2,2, a sadržaj K i Mg u suvoj materiji biljaka izvan kritičnih vrednosti.

Razvijeno i dobro organizirano sjemenarstvo podrazumijeva stalnu proizvodnju sjemena svih kategorija i na taj način održavanja nivoa genetske čistoće sorti pšenice. Ispitivane su tri sorte ozime pšenice Instituta PKB Agroekonomik različitih vrijednosti morfoloških osobina biljaka, rodnosti i osobina kvalitete zrna: PKB Kristina, PKB Roksanda i PKB Rodika. Svaka sorta pšenice uzgajana je u tri različite varijante agrotehničkih uvjeta, prilagođenih dobivanju tri kategorije sjemenskih usjeva: predosnovno sjeme, osnovno sjeme i certificiranono sjeme I. generacije. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme imala je najveće prosječne vrijednosti za obje godine istraživanja za ispitivane osobine: broj sekundarnih izdanaka, broj klasića u klasu i broj zrna u klasu. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme ima najveći broj klasića u klasu, što pokazuje da se oni razvijaju na dužim klasovima nego ostale kategorije sjemena. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme na osnovi ove kara-kteristike ima potencijal za formiranje većeg broja zrna u klasu nego ostale ispitivane kategorije sjemena. Kategorija sjemena certificirano sjeme I. generacije ima najmanji broj i najsitnija zrna, jer se ova kategorija sjemena proizvodi u najvećoj gustoći., Developed and well organized seed production implies constant production of seeds of all categories and thus maintaining the level of genetic purity of wheat varieties. Three varieties of the Institute PKB Agroekonomik winter wheat, PKB Kristina, PKB Roksanda and PKB Rodika, of different value morphological characteristics of plants, level of fertility and grain quality characteristics were investigated. Each wheat variety was grown in three different variants of agritehnical conditions, adapted for obtaining three categories of seed plants: prebasic seed, basic seed and 1st generation certified seed. The prebasic seed category had the highest average values in both years of the experiment in the following examined traits: number of secondary shoots, number of spikelets in the spike and number of seeds per spike. The prebasic seed category had the highest number of spikelets in the spike which indicates that they develop on longer spikes than the other categories of seeds. Based on this characteristic, the prebasic seed category has the potential to form more seeds per spike than other investigated seed categories. The 1st generation certified seed category had the lowest number of seeds and the smallest seeds, because this seed category is produced in the highest density.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of soil type and forage crops on the content of manganese (Mn) in roughages, and forage quality regarding Mn content. The trial was carried out on chernozem and humogley under alfalfa and red clover. Samples for determination of Mn content in plant and total Mn content in soil were digested using the apparatus Milestone Ethos 1 and for Mn determination on ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. Average total Mn content in soil of the tested sites was 473.1 mg/kg. Total Mn content in chernozem was higher than in humogley. Average Mn content in forage crops was 28.7 mg/kg. Dry matter Mn content was lower in crops grown on humogley. Mn content was significantly higher in red clover. Significant positive correlation was found between total Mn content in soil and Mn content in crops. Mn concentration in crops was below critical and toxic value. Cilj rada je da prikaže uticaj tipa zemljišta i krmnog useva na sadržaj mangana u kabastoj stočnoj hrani, kao i kvalitet krmiva sa aspekta obezbeđenosti manganom. Ispitivanja su izvedena na černozemu i humogleju, na kojima je zasnovana proizvodnja lucerke i crvene deteline. Za određivanje sadržaja Mn u biljkama, kao i ukupnog sadržaja u zemljištu primenjena je digestija uzoraka na aparatu Milestone Ethos 1 i determinacija na ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. Prosečan ukupan sadržaj Mn u zemljištu iznosio je 473,1 mg/kg. Ukupan sadržaj Mn u černozmu je bio viši u odnosu na humoglej. Prosečna vrednost sadržaja Mn u ispitivanim biljkama iznosila je 28,74 mg/kg. Niži sadržaj Mn u suvoj materiji biljaka je konstatovan na humogleju. Crvena detelina je imala značajno veći sadržaj Mn. Konstatovana je značajna pozitivna korelaciona veza između ukupnog sadržaja Mn u zemljištu i njegovog sadržaja u biljkama. Koncentracija Mn u biljkama je ispod kritične i toksične vrednosti.

The trial was carried out in the period 2007-2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. Study was based on applied different fertilizer doses (mineral fertilizers and harvest residues of the previous crop). Trial variants were arranged in a randomized block design and they included: 0 kg N ha-1 without ploughing under crop residues; 0 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 50 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 150 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 250 kg N ha-1 + crop residues. There were two trial sub-variants with and without soybean seed inoculation within each variant. Seed of soybean cultivar Proteinka (maturity group 0) was inoculated directly before planting, using microbial fertilizer NS-Nitragin containing a mixture of selected highly effective Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains. Seed inoculation produced statistically highly significant yield increases in all four trial years, while the variants with higher doses of nitrogen applied under a preceding crop showed increases in mineral nitrogen uptake from the soil without adequate increases in soybean yield. The application of microbial fertilizers and ploughing under crop residues evidently ensured high yields of soybean, even with reduced doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied to a preceding crop. Eksperiment je izveden u periodu 2007-2010. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Studija je zasnovana na primenjenim različitim varijantama đubriva (mineralna đubriva i biljni ostaci prethodnog useva). Varijante ogleda su raspoređene po slučajnom blok sistemu: 0 kg N ha-1 bez zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka; 0 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 50 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 150 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 250 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci. U okviru svake varijante postojale su dve pod-varijante sa i bez inokulacije semena soje. Seme soje sorte Proteinka (0 grupa zrenja) je neposredno pre setve inokulisano mikrobiološkim đubrivom NS-Nitragin koje sadrži mešavinu odabranih visoko efikasnih sojeva bakterija Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Inokulacija semena dovela je do statistički veoma značajnog povećanja prinosa u sve četiri godine istraživanja, dok su varijante sa visokim dozama azota primenjene pod predusev dovele do povećanja usvajanja mineralnog azota iz zemljišta bez odgovarajućeg povećanja prinosa soje. Primena mikrobioloških đubriva i zaoravanje biljnih ostataka može da obezbedi visoke prinose soje, čak i pri smanjenim dozama azotnih đubriva koje su primenjene u prethodnom usevu.

Coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease of broiler chickens caused by single-celled protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which are commonly referred to as coccidian. This is an infective disease of the digestive tract which is most frequent with poultry, causing a decrease in daily increment, prolonged fattening, poorer skin pigmentation, slower feed conversion and increased mortality. The disease is caused by Protozoas from the genera of Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptospora, and it is manifested by damaging the intestine epithelial cells, less frequently the bile duct and renal tubuli. Coccidiosis is traditionally controlled by chemotherapy. There are many anticoccidial preparations which are used in the prevention of coccidiosis. We are chose a polyether monocarboxylic acid - salinomycine. Salinomycin is monovalent carboxyl-polyether ionophores. Salinomycin, produced by Streptomyces albus, destroys the cell membranes and causes their lysis. Salinomycin and other ionophoric antibiotics combine with a number of mono and divalent cations and in the form of bi-complexes make it possible to transfer metal ions through lipid hydrophobic membrane, and when they are added to diet, they change bioavailability, gut uptake and absorption and reserves of nutrient tissues. In this paper has been developed and validated process of Liquid chromatography determination of ionophoric coccidiostat salinomycin with UV spectrophotometric detection and post-column derivatisation with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). The method is based on extraction of salinomycin in animal feed samples using mixture acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v) and purification of extracts obtained by the filter 0,2 μm Acrodisc® PSF. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for reproducibility and accuracy varied from 2,4 to 8,8% and from 2,6% to 8,8%, respectively and the values for the relative recovery rate ranged from 89 to 98%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be below 47 μg/kg and 71 μg/kg, respectively. Based on this results, it is concluded that the described method is accurate, precise, selective and reproducible and can be applied for determination of salinomycine in feeds and premixes for poultry.

This paper presents the results of the study on the analysis of the stimulative and biopesticide effects of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum T-22 on germination, sprouting and early development of two pepper varieties (Amfora and Buketna 1) in organic production. The results show the significant effect of the applied T-22 strain on ger­mination, sprouting, growth and early development of both aboveground and underground parts of plants, either used as soil or seed inoculum, in comparison to controls. It was concluded that T. harzianum T-22 proved its efficiency in promoting growth and development of pepper, and preventing the development of mycoses. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31031: Promotion of sustainability and competitiveness in organic plant and stock production using new technologies and inputs]

U istraživanju su korištene tri sorte ozime pšenice, Instituta PKB Agroekonomik (PKB Talas, PKB Vizeljka i PKB Arena), ispitivane tijekom dvije proizvodne godine 2014 i 2015. Proučavane su korelacije produktivih osobina biljaka: broj izdanaka, broj klasića u klasu, broj zrna u klasu, masa 1000 zrna i masa zrna u klasu. Način postavke podataka za izračunavanje korelacija utječe na dobivene vrijednosti korelacija i te se vrijednosti mogu bitno razlikovati. Korelacije izračunate na bazi agregiranih podataka su veće nego na bazi svih podataka. Korelacije nisu iste kod različitih sorti, što je i logično, jer svaka sorta ima drugačiji genotip i specifične gene koji se nalaze u različitim interakcijama. Uzimajući u obzir sve tri sorte, visoke i pozitivne korelacije su nađene između: broja zrna u klasu i mase zrna u klasu (>0,79), broja klasića u klasu i broja zrna u klasu (>0,80) i između broja klasića u klasu i mase zrna u klasu (>0,74)., Research was done on three Institute PKB Agroekonomik wheat varieties (PKB Talas, PKB Vizeljka and PKB Arena), during production years 2014 and 2015. Correlations between production traits of plants: number of shoots, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain weight per spike, were studied. The manner of preparing data for calculating correlations influences obtained correlation values, and these values can differ substantially. Correlations calculated based on aggregated data are higher than those based on all data. Correlations differ for different varieties, which is logical, because each variety has a different genotype and specific genes forming various interactions. Taking into account all three varieties, high and positive correlations were found between: number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike (>0.79), number of spikelets per spike and number of grains per spike (>0.80), and number of spikelets per spike and grain weight per spike (>0.74).

This three-year study examines the effect of previous crop fertilization with nitrogen and seed treatment with micronutrients cobalt and molybdenum on the morphological characteristics of soybean. Data were processed using analysis of variance by two factorial split-plot experiment with influence of year, where examination factors were: year, different doses of nitrogen fertiliser (main plot) and seed treatment (subplot). Significance of differences between treatments was tested by LSD test. Examined morphological characteristics were significantly dependent upon the year, which had a statistically significant effect. Other examined factors and interactions were not significant, except for the interaction of year x fertilization x seed treatment (AxBxC) that was statistically significant for plant height up to the first fertile node. U trogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj đubrenja preduseva azotom i tretmana semena sa mikroelementima kobaltom i molibdenom na morfološke osobine soje. Podaci su obrađeni analizom varijanse po metodi dvofaktorijalnog split-plot ogleda sa uticajem godine, gde su faktori ispitivanja: godina, različite doze N-đubriva (velika parcela) i tretman semena (potparcela). Značajnost razlike između tretmana testirane su LSD testom. Ispitivane morfološke osobine značajno su zavisile samo od godine, koja je imala statistički vrlo značajan uticaj. Ostali ispitivani faktori i interakcije nisu bile značajne, izuzev interakcije godine x đubrenje x tretman semena (AxBxC) koja je bila statistički značajna kod visine biljke do prvog plodnog nodija.

This report describes the effects of therapeutic doses of coccidiocid sulphachloropyrazine on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative systems in haemolysed blood and liver homogenate from broilers (glutathione, glutathione-reductase, glutathione-peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxidedismutase, xantine-oxidase and lipid peroxidation). The in vivo investigation was carried out on 120 heavy-line broilers (Arbor acres) of both sexes. One-day-old broilers were randomly distributed into 2 groups, each numbering 60 individuals of both sexes: Group 1 - control group; Group 2 - group of broilers inoculated with laboratory derived coccidia species on the 21st day-ofage. When symptoms of coccidiosis appeared (30 th day-of-age), blood sampling and decapitation of 20 chickens were carried out (Group 2a). The remaining broilers were treated with therapeutic doses of sulphachloropyrazine (60 ppm). Decapitation of 20 chickens was carried out after the therapy was concluded (38th day-of-age – Group 2b). Infection of broilers with coccidia intensified free radical processing in haemolysed blood and liver homogenate. This was evident from the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and the catalytic activity of almost all examined enzymes (SOD, GSHPx and Px). Therapeutic doses of sulphachloropyrazine inhibited free-radical activity induced by disease and establishing of physiological values of lipid peroxidation and catalase activity of examined enzymes. Coccidiocid, Eimeria, enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidative systems, therapy Coccidiosis is an infectious disease of the digestive tract which is most frequent in poultry, causing prolonged fattening, slower feed conversion and increased mortality (Jenkins et al. 2008). The disease is caused by protozoas from the genera of Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptospora, and it is manifested by damage of the intestinal epithelial cells, less frequently the bile duct and renal tubuli (Perry and Long 1987). If coccidiosis is manifested in its clinical form, the sulphonamide-based derivatives, i.e. the derivatives of p-aminobenzolsulphonic acid are used for treatment (Arakawa et al. 1991; Katzung 1995). Sulphachloropyrazine-4-amino-N(choropyrazinyl)-monosodium monohydrate (active substance of the drug “Esb 3 30%”) is a sulphonamide of a wide spectrum of action, (Bevill 1988). For the diagnostics of blood and organ diseases, catalytic activity of enzymes in erythrocytes and liver is most commonly monitored. Erythrocytes are directly exposed to molecular oxygen; their plasma membrane has high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and an anionic channel specific for single oxygen. Furthermore, erythrocytes contain a high concentration of haemoglobin that is exposed to antioxidation. Erythrocytes have a highly effective system of protection from free radicals: they contain all the enzymes of antioxidative protection and a high level of glutathion (Jovanovic 1993). The liver is an organ with a central metabolic role in the organism, often referred to as “the main laboratory” since it performs major detoxification functions. For this reason the liver is the prime target for the study of the metabolism of xenobiotics (Popovic 1988). Antioxidant enzymes counteract exessive formation and harmful effects of reactive oxygen

Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.

Examination of the impact of electromagnetic fields on function of biological systems is more recent direction in agriculture. Application of electromagnetic waves on seed activates the enzyme complex which results in better germination and growing. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of different groups of microorganisms and low-frequency electromagnetic waves to achieve high yields. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Valjevka soybean variety was used. Necessary nutrients were provided by use of poultry manure in amount of: control, 750 and 1300 kg.ha-1 and incorporated mixture of useful microorganisms. Sub-plots include treatment of seeds with electromagnetic waves (15 Hz frequencies of exposure for 30 minutes) and the foliar treatment of plants with mixture of beneficial microorganisms in two growth stages of development. In the stage of development R3 were defined the basic parameters of the biological value of the soil, and achieved a high yield in the harvest. The results showed significant increase of soybean yield (21.4%) in the version with electromagnetic waves. The highest yield of 3179 kg.ha-1 was achieved in fertilization with 750 kg.ha-1 and use of electromagnetic waves, which was also in 4.44%, or 124 kg.ha-1 higher yield compared to the version without radiation. The results of investigated biogeny parameters of soil were compatible with soybean yield.

Recently, heavy metals concentrations increased in some agricultural areas due to the consequences of anthropogenic impacts. The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni and Pb) in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. grown on fluvisol, in order to obtain information on safety of these nutrients. The total content of Pb, As, Cr and Ni in the samples of fluvisol was above the maximum allowable amount. The content of heavy metals in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. was below the critical and toxic concentrations in all samples originating from contaminated soil. It was concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals in plants did not depend only on the total content in soil, but also the affinity of the plant, and individual and interactive effects of various soil properties. No statistically significant differences in the accumulation of heavy metals between Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L were observed. It is necessary to further control of heavy metals in the investigated area, in order to prevent their entry into the food chain and provide healthy food. U poslednje vreme povećana je koncentracija teških metala na nekim poljoprivrednim površinama usled antropogenog uticaja. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi nivo teških metala (As, Cr, Ni i Pb) u nekarbonatnom aluvijalnom (fluvijanom) zemljištu, te njihova akumulacija u Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L., radi dobijanja informacije o zdravstvenoj ispravnostinosti ovih hraniva. Ukupan sadržaj ispitivanih teških metala u uzorcima zemljišta bio je iznad maksimalno dozvoljene količine, što znači da svi uzorci analiziranih lokaliteta pripadaju kategoriji kontaminiranog zemljišta. Sadržaj teških metala u Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L. bio je ispod kritičnih i toksičnih koncentracija, kao i maksimalno dozvoljenih količina u hrani za životinje u svim uzorcima poreklom sa kontaminiranog zemljišta. Konstatovano je da akumulacija teških metala u biljkama nije zavisila samo od ukupnog sadržaja u zemljištu, nego i afiniteta biljke, te individualnog ili interaktivnog dejstva raznih zemljišnih svojstava. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u akumulaciji teških metala izmeću Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L.

Soya bean has a great importance in the organic production due to its ability to coexist with nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium. The soya bean seed inoculated with the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum and with a mixture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was observed in this study. The following highly efficient strains of free nitrogen-fixing bacteria were in the liquid inoculum:Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Beijerinckia Derx and Klebsiella planticola. Beside bacterization, different rates of pure nitrogen per hectare were applied (0, 40, 60, 80 kg N/ha). The effect of nitrogen-fixing bacteria at different levels of mineral nitrogen on the abundance of those groups of soil microorganisms and on the amounts of (NO3+NH4)- N/ha at the end of the growing season was determined. Three-year bacterization resulted in the significant increase of the observed parameters. The highest values when inoculation was done with mixed nitrogen-fixing bacteria were obtained with the application of 40 kg N/ha. The application of both types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soya bean production is a very beneficial activity from ecological and economical aspects. Therefore, this measure should be accepted, especially in relation to soils contaminated with excess use of mineral nitrogen fertilisers. Key words: Fertilising, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, soya bean.

Inoculation is the best way to ensure good nodulation with the proper strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for increased yield in an environmentally safe manner. This investigation was conducted on three-year experiment which was set up in four replications with three-crop rotation (maize-soybean-wheat) at experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Effects of application of microbiological fertilizer (with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on root mass, number and mass of nodes per plant, soil biogeneity (number of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, actinomycetes), as well as the effect on soybean yield were studied. Obtained results indicated positive impact of inoculation on nitrogen fixation parameters. The higher amounts of mineral nitrogen had negative impact on atmospheric nitrogen fixation, i.e. by increasing preplanting mineral nitrogen amount in the soil by 1 kg, the amount of calculated nitrogen from the air was decreased by 1.72 kg. Increasing abundance of studied microorganisms in the rhizosphere, as well as soybean yield using microbiological fertilizer was stimulated by plowing under crop residues. The impact of meteorogical conditions on the effects of inoclutaion was very significant. Key words: Inoculation, fertilizing, nitrogen fixation, soybean, microorganisms, yield.

During the two-year study on the influence of presowing fertilization on growth and development of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) in three different experimental setups, five genotypes of peas were used, two of Dutch origin and three that were created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which different genotypes and complex NPK fertilizer influence the yield per plant. The average yield per plant for both years was 16.86 g. The influence of genotype on grain yield per plant was statistically significant (p lt 0.01). Tamish cultivar showed significantly lower yields during both study years, in comparison with other genotypes tested, except when compared with the Danube cultivar in year 2007. There was no regularity in the influence of pre-sowing fertilization on grain yield per plant. Regression analysis of the pea genotypes, revealed a slight reduction in yield per plant as a function of increased use of complex fertilizer. Grain yield per plant was in high positive correlation (p lt 0.01) with yield components, and with the length of the stem. The number of pods was in strong correlation with grain numbers and weight of pods. Number of grains and the absolute weight were in highly statistically significant correlation with the mass of pods. U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj predsetvenog đubrenja u tri različite varijante na rast i razviće kod baštenskog graška (Pisum sativum L.). U radu je korišćeno 5 genotipova graška, od kojih su 3 stvorena na Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, a 2 su holandskog porekla. Cilj je bio da se ustanovi u kojoj meri različiti genotipovi i kompleksno đubrivo NPK utiče na prinos po biljci kod konzumnog graška. Prosečan prinos po biljci za obe istraživane godine iznosio je 16.86 g. Uticaj genotipa graška na prinos zrna po biljci bio je na nivou statističke značajnosti (p lt 0.01). Sorta Tamish imala je vrlo značajno manji prinos u obe istraživačke godine u poređenju sa ostalim ispitivanim genotipovima, izuzev u odnosu na sortu Danube u 2007. godini. Nije zabeležena pravilnost kod uticaja predsetvenog đubrenja graška na prinos zrna po biljci. Regresiona analiza kod ispitivanih genotipova graška pokazala je da sa povećanjem primenjenog komplesnog đubriva dolazi do neznatnog smanjenja prinosa po biljci. Prinos zrna po biljci bio je u visoko pozitivnoj korelaciji (p lt 0.01) sa komponentama prinosa, kao i sa dužinom stabljike. Broj mahuna je u jakoj korelaciji sa brojem zrna i masom mahuna. Broj zrna i apsolutna masa su u visoko statistički značajnoj korelaciji sa masom mahuna.

Effect of environmental conditions (temperatures and precipitation) on soybean yield and seed quality was examined during two years. Trials with four replications were located at experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Šančevi. Environmental conditions had significant influence on examined traits, and higher yield and seed quality was achieved during beneficial year. There was a moderate positive relationship between yield and seed germination. U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj agrometeoroloških činilaca (temperatura i padavina) na prinos i semenske kvalitete zrna soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja na oglednim parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u 2009. i 2010. Vremenski uslovi značajno su uticali na ispitivana svojstva, odnosno u godini sa povoljnim meteorološkim uslovima (2010) ostvaren je veći prinos i kvalitet semena ispitivanih sorti soje. Uočena je umerena pozitivna korelacija između prinosa i klijavosti semena.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer applications on some quality components of wheat. For winter wheat genotypes (Ana Morava, Vizija, L-3027 and Perla) were grown at Small Grains Research Centre Kragujevac in three years (2005–2007) at three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N1 = 60 kg N ha−1, N2 = 90 kg N ha−1 and N3 = 120 kg N ha−1). Zeleny sedimentation value and wet gluten content in divergent wheat genotypes were analyzed in depending on the nitrogen nutrition and years. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased sedimentation value and wet gluten content. The highest increasing of both traits established in N3 variant when applied 120 kg ha−1 of nitrogen. Genotypes reacted differently to N level increasing. Cultivar Perla had the highest value of sedimentation and wet gluten content and this cultivar the best reacted to increasing N levels. Statistically significant differences for sedimentation value and wet gluten content were found among cultivars, years, N-doses and for all their interactions. The results have shown that the best quality of wheat was with nitrogen applied of 120 kg N ha−1. Correlation between nitrogen applications and sedimentation value was significant (r = 0.208*), while between N-doses and wet gluten content was high significant (r = 0.290**). Sedimentation value and wet gluten content positively correlated (r = 0.783**).

Dvogodišnje istraživanje je sprovedeno u uslovima organske i konvencionalne tehnologije gajenja na karbonatnom černozemu posle pšenice kao preduseva. Faktori ispitivanja bili su tri sorte soje različite grupe zrenja koje su sejane na tri različite gustine setve što je predstavljalo drugi faktor ispitivanja. Podaci su obrađeni analizom varijanse po metodi dvofaktorijalnog split – plot ogleda, gde su faktori ispitivanja: sorta i gustina setve, a razlike između tretmana testirane su LSD-testom. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi prinos i sadržaj ulja u zrnu soje u zavisnosti od genotipa i gustine setve kod organskog i konvencionalnog načina gajenja. Prosečan prinos u konvencionalnoj tehnologiji proizvodnje iznosio je 4,84 t ha-1 i bio je veći u poređenju sa ekološkim načinom proizvodnje gde je zabeležen prinos od 4,68 t ha-1. Utvrđen je veći procenat ulja u ekološkoj proizvodnji (21,88 %) u odnosu na konvencionalnu proizvodnju (21,68 %).