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Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a meadow and pasture species in natural habitats and also a cultivated species used for animal nutrition. The aim of this research was the assessment of the diversity of 46 red clover accessions based on morpho-productive traits. The traits were investigated according to the UPOV descriptors for red clover-number of internodes, number of branches, stem length, stem thickness, middle leaflet length, middle leaflet width, green matter yield and dry matter yield. The principal components analysis (PCA) explained 74% of the variance of the standardized data and showed relationships between 46 red clover accessions and eight morpho-productive traits, associations among traits and performance of accessions. Among the determined Euclidean distances, the smallest value was obtained for the accessions Rotra and Titus (0.048), the largest value was 1.099 for a pair of NCPGRU2 and Čortanovci accessions, and the average value was 0.380. Two clusters of 46 red clover accessions were separated in the dendrogram based upon UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic mean) for eight morpho-productive traits. The first cluster included two subclusters, while the second cluster contained four subclusters. The grouping of the accessions from the red clover collection by the UPGMA cluster analysis can be linked to the geographical origin of the accessions: central and Southern Europe for three subclusters and northeastern Europe for one subcluster.

Pšenica, je tijekom cijele ljudske civilizacije bila bazni i vitalni sastojak svakodnevne ishrane ljudi i domaćih životinja. U Republici Srbiji posljednjih nekoliko godina izražena je traženost sorti pšenice, koje pored visokog i stabilnog prinosa imaju i dobre parametre kvalitete brašna. U provedenim istraživanjima u 2019/2020. godini sorta s najstabilnijim prinosom i dobrom kvalitetom zrna pokazala se sorta Nogal. Ova sorta ima visok sadržaj kvalitetnih proteina, a analogno tome je i visok sadržaj glutena, ali i kvaliteta, što su potvrdila reološka mjerenja. Ostvareni visoki prinosi zrna ispitivanih sorata pšenice jesu rezultat interakcije genetičkog potencijala ispitivanih sorata pšenice i primjene dobre agrotehnike u uvjetima kada raspored padalina u tijeku vegetacijske sezone, od momenta sjetve, pa do žetve nije pogodovao proizvodnji pšenice. Istraživanja su pokazala da se sorte Talas, Pobeda i Nogal mogu svrstati u kvalitetnu grupu A2, odnosno to su sorte dobre kvalitete brašna i hljeba i kao takve spadaju u grupu poboljšivača. Sorte Merkur, Imperija, Ratarica i Vizantija svrstane su u kvalitetnu grupu B1 tj. one su dobre hljebne sorte. Sorta NS 40 S svrstana je u kvalitetnu grupu B2.

Prinos zrna i neke osobine, koje su bitne za kvalitetan prinos zrna pšenice kao i kemijsko-tehnološke osobine brašna i reološku kvalitetu ispitivanu na farinogramu i ekstenziogramu dominantno ovise o agroekološkim uvjetima područja uzgoja i primjenjenim agrotehničkim mjerama. Pokusi su postavljeni na šest lokaliteta i to: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac i Požarevac po blok sistemu sa četiri ponavljanja, a veličina parcele iznosila je 5 m2. Kao materijal istraživanja korišteno je 7 sorti koje se nalaze u širokoj proizvodnji više selekcijskih kuća, u Republici Srbiji u dvije godine proizvodnje. Najveći ukupan prinos zrna pšenice ostvaren je kod sorte NS 40S 8.824 kg ha-1, zatim kod sorte NS Renesansa 8.817 kg ha-1, odnosno kod sorte PKB Imperija 8.343 kg ha-1, dok je najniži prinos zrna pšenice 7.564 kg ha-1 konstatiran kod sorte PKB Talas. Prema farinografskim pokazateljima sorte PKB Talas i NS Pobeda svrstane su u A-2 kvalitetnu grupu (sorte dobre kakvoće brašna i kruha), sorte PKB Imperija, PKB Vizantija, NS Renesansa i Maurizio nalaze se u B-1 kvalitetnoj grupi, dok se sorta NS 40S nalazi u B-2 kvalitetnoj grupi. Prema utvrđenim vrijednostima kvalitete, analizirane sorte pripadaju grupi poboljšivača: PKB Talas, NS Pobeda, NS Renesansa i Maurizio, dok su u tehnološku grupu osnovne svrstane sorte: PKB Imperija, PKB Vizantija i NS 40S.

The effect of year on grain yield and certain yield components essential for wheat yield's quality depends on agro-ecological conditions of the growing area and applied agrotechnical measures. A two-year experiment was conducted at six locations: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac and Požarevac, using the block system, in four replications. In this study, seven winter wheat commercial varieties obtained from several seed companies were evaluated. The highest total wheat grain yield was achieved by the variety NS 40 S (8.824 kg ha-1), followed by NS Renesansa (8.817 kg ha-1), i.e. PKB Imperija (8.343 kg ha-1), while the lowest grain yield of 7.564 kg ha-1 was achieved by the variety PKB Talas. The highest average 1000 grain weight was found at Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), followed by Požarevac (35,09 g), i.e. Pančevo (34,98 g), while the lowest 1000 grain weight of 34,25 g was evidenced at the Kruševac experimental site. Uticaj godine na prinos zrna i neke osobine koje su bitne za kvalitetan prinos zrna pšenice zavise od agroekoloških uslova reona gajenja i primenjenih agrotehničkih mera. Kao materijal istraživanja korišćeno je sedam sorti iz više selekcionih kuća, a nalaze se u širokoj proizvodnji. Ogledi su postavljeni na šest lokaliteta: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac i Požarevac, u dve proizvodne godine, po blok sistemu sa četiri ponavljanja. Najveći ukupan prinos zrna pšenice od 8.824 kg ha-1ostvaren je kod sorte NS 40S, zatim 8.817 kg ha-1 kod sorte NS Renesansa, odnosno 8.343 kg ha-1 kod sorte PKB Imperija, dok je najniži prinos zrna pšenice od 7.564 kg ha-1 ostvaren kod sorte PKB Talas. Najveća prosečna masa 1000 zrna pšenice utvrđena je na lokalitetu Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), zatim na lokalitetu Požarevac (35,09 g), odnosno na lokalitetu Pančevo (34,98 g), dok je najniža vrednost mase 1000 zrna od 34,25 g ustanovljena na lokalitetu Kruševac.

Red clover is an important perennial forage legume and a rich source of highly nutritional voluminous forage for livestock feed, which is continuously improved by plant breeding efforts that rely significantly on trait correlation studies. A two-year field trial was conducted at Rimski Šančevi, Novi Sad, Serbia. The aim of this research was to assess correlations of important morpho-agronomic traits and forage quality properties of 46 red clover accessions of diverse origins. The highest Spearman’s correlation coefficient (0.97, p

Description of the subject. Red clover is an important forage legume and a rich source of high quality forage for livestock feed. This study assesses of a diverse red clover collection for agronomic value, forage quality and antioxidant activity in relation to status (cultivar vs natural population) and ploidy level (diploid or tetraploid) for the purpose of diversity study and for identification of potential heterotic groups and classification of accessions according to the results of analyses. Objectives. The aims of this research were to: i) explore agronomic traits, forage quality, and antioxidant activity in relation to status and ploidy level; ii) assess trait associations and the possibility of indirect selection; iii) cluster red clover accessions with regard to forage quality and antioxidant activity. Method. Red clover was represented by 46 accessions, the cultivars and natural populations of diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) ploidy levels from 17 countries, which were collected and preserved in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The following traits were determined from the two-year field trial at Rimski Šančevi, Serbia: plant height (PH), internodes number (IN), green mass yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV) and antioxidant activity. All accessions were characterized in the second cut of the second year of life when 20-25% of flowers appeared. Results. The cultivars had higher values for PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI, and RFV. The tetraploid accessions had higher values for IN, GMY, DMY, CP, NDF and DDM. The natural populations and diploid accessions had 39.9% and 21.9% smaller antioxidant capacity, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was positively associated with RFV, DDM, DMI, PH, IN, GMY and DMY, but negatively with ADF and NDF. Conclusions. The grouping of red clover accessions based on forage quality parameters and antioxidant activity was represented by five clusters. High-quality cultivars had a shorter length of internodes and a good leaf to stem ratio with a high leaf proportion. © 2022, University of Liege Faculty of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. All rights reserved.

This paper presents research of production possibilities of miscanthus (Mischantus × giganteus Greef et Deu) in agroecological conditions of Serbia. For that purpose, an experiment was set up in Srem on the site of Podunavlje village of Surduk. The soil on which the plantation was established in 2012 belongs to the type of carbonate chernozem on a loess plateau, at an altitude of 150 m. Stalk height in the panicle stage and yield of dry miscanthus stalks during five years, from 2015 to 2019, as well as the content of cellulose in dry stalks depending on agroecological conditions and variants of fertilization without top dressing and with spring top dressing of 30 kg ha1 of nitrogen fertilizer, were analysed. The highest recorded yield of dry stalks was in 2019 (34.525 kg ha1), and the lowest recorded yield was in the dry year of 2017 (17.980 kg ha1), both in the variant with top-dressing.

Proteins are important in determining the nutritional value of wheat, and among them gluten determines the baking quality of bread wheat and pasta-making technological properties of wheat. By assessing genetic parameters of wheat quality traits, it is possible to elucidate potential for improvement. The plant material consisted of 30 genotypes of bread and durum wheat of worldwide origin. The trials were sown at three locations in Serbia during two vegetation seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy were determined by near infrared spectrometry. The objectives of this investigation were to assess: i) variability, components of variance, heritability in a broad sense(h(b)(2))ected genetic advance for protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy; ii) associations between agronomic characteristics and protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy in order to determine indirect selection feasibility. In durum wheat, the highest coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation (CVg and CVph) were recorded for deformation energy in bread wheat (18% and 18.4%, respectively), whereas the lowest values of 4.1% and 4.6% were shown for protein content. The relation genetic component of variance (sigma(2)(g)) component of variance due to genotype x environment interaction (sigma(2)(g)) > 1 was observed for protein content (3.2), wet gluten content (2.9) and deformation energy (3.9), and equal to one for Zeleny sedimentation volume, in bread wheat. In durum wheat, sigma(2)(ge) /sigma(2)(g) > 1 was detected for protein content (1.4), wet gluten content (1.5), Zeleny sedimentation volume (2.1) and deformation energy (1.4). Considering very high and high h(b)(2) observed for deformation energy and Zeleny sedimentation volume (95.8% and 86.2%, respectively) in bread wheat, coupled with high genetic advance (36.3% and 28.1%, respectively), success from classical breeding can be anticipated. Grain thickness was strongly associated with Zeleny sedimentation volume, and to a lesser extent with protein content, wet gluten content and deformation energy in bread and durum wheat, and along with grain vitreousness in durum wheat, can serve for indirect selection.

Taking into account the better agro-ecological adaptations developed over time to climate changed conditions, cereal local populations (landraces) represent a valuable plant genetic resources with their perspective reflected in the creation of better quality commercial cereal genotypes. The objectives of this research were to explore: i) the genetic variability of nutritional properties of Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals-wheat, barley, oat, and rye; ii) associations among nutritional properties; iii) strength and weakness of landraces based on nutritional properties profiles. Collecting missions were carried out in 2013 year in different locations of rural areas at the territory of Republic of Macedonia. Ten sub-samples of 100 g seeds were extracted from each of regenerated landrace in order to obtain a well-balanced analytical sample. All samples were analysed for moisture content - MOI (%), protein content - PC (%), fat content - FC (%), crude fibre content - CF (%), wet gluten content - WG (%), and dry gluten content - DG (%). In regard to assessed nutritional properties the most perspective landraces proved to be: Okalesta bela (CF of x¯ = 2.62%) of bread wheat; Zimski (WG of x¯ = 9.24%), Dabilski nizok (DG of x¯ = 4.2%) and Ednoreden (CF of x¯= 5.18%) of barley; Sopski (PC of x¯= 14.62%), Gabarski (FC of x¯= 6.46%) and Sekuliĉki (CF of x¯ = 9.89%) of oat; Ĉalakliski (PC of x¯= 14.43%, CF of x¯ = 8.16%), Koselski (FC of x¯ = 4.19%), and Gabarski (DG of x¯ = 3.14%) of rye. The positive associations among nutritional properties of Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals were: all examined nutritional properties except PC and CF in bread wheat landraces; PC, WG, DG, MOI as one cluster, and FC and CF as another cluster in barley landraces; all examined nutritional properties except MOI and CF in oat landraces; PC, CF, FC as one cluster and DG and MOI as another cluster in rye landraces. The Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals proved to be new sources of genetic variability of nutritional properties which can be used in breeding, because they outperformed commercial check cultivar landraces with statistical significance (P < 0.05) for: MOI (4 landraces) and CF (4 landraces) for bread wheat; WG (Zimski), DG (3 landraces), CF (7 landraces) for barley; CF (5 landraces) for oat; DG (1 landrace), MOI (4 landraces), FC (4 landraces in rye).

Variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 have share in forming of grain yield of wheat. The aim of this study was estimation of variability of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 in 20 genetically divergent wheat cultivars grown in different environmental conditions. The experiment was set up as a randomised block design in three replications. Obtained results indicated differences in average values of length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1 among tested cultivars in both years of experiment. In average for all cultivars length of spike was higher in the second year than in first year of experiment. Also, average value of number of spikelets spike-1 was higher in second year at the analysed wheat cultivars. The wheat cultivar Dejana expressed the longest spike (12.50cm) in the second experimental year while the wheat cultivar Sumadinka had the shortest spike (8.91cm) in the first year. On the base of results were established variability of both analysed spike traits in wheat cultivars. Also, this results showed significant differences among wheat cultivars according to length of spike and number of spikelets spike-1, which are determined by genetic and environmental factors.

Small grain cereals in lower latitude areas usually mature under terminal drought conditions that affect their agronomic performance. An experiment was conducted to compare agronomic traits, grain yield, and protein content under control and terminal drought conditions of 15 two-row and 10 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. The experiment was set up at two locations for two growing seasons (2011, 2012) and two treatments. One treatment was terminal drought (D) simulated by the mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 d after the heading of each genotype, and a control (C) treatment in which plants were left intact. On average, defoliation caused a greater reduction in grain yield and protein content of the six-row genotypes (37.6% and 12.3%, respectively) than the two-row genotypes (28.8% and 7.1%, respectively). On the other hand, test weight of six-row genotypes showed better tolerance to terminal drought. According to the multivariate function analysis, the genotypes of both types of barley with a high test weight, a longer uppermost internode, and a longer grain filling period had high protein content under terminal drought stress. In contrast to six-row genotypes, it is possible to breed two-row genotypes that not only have high grain yield but also high protein content under both optimal and drought stress conditions. © 2019, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA. All rights reserved.

Fifteen genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fifteen genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were evaluated in the multi-environment trial during 2010-11. and 2011-12 vegetation seasons to investigate components of variance, heritability in a broad sense (h2), expected genetic advance (GA), and stability of phytic acid (PA), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), phytic phosphorus (Pp)/Pi relation, yellow pigment (YP), water soluble phenolics (WSPH) and free protein sulfhydryl groups (PSH) content. The field trials were carried out at three locations in Serbia, as randomized complete block design with four replications. The genetic component of variance (σ2g) predominated the genotype × environment interaction (σ2ge) component for: Pi in bread wheat (3.0 times higher), Pp/Pi in bread wheat (2.1 times higher) and in durum wheat (1.2 times higher), YP content in bread wheat (2.2 times higher) and in durum wheat (1.7 times higher), and WSPH content in bread wheat (1.4 times higher). The relation σ2g/σ2ge for Pi content in durum wheat was equal to one. The σ2ge prevailed σ2g for: PA in bread wheat (1.7 times higher) and in durum wheat (5.7 times higher), PSH in durum wheat (3.7 times higher), and WSPH in durum wheat (5.2 times higher). High h2 coupled with high expected genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) were observed for: Pi (93.7% and 26.1%, respectively) in bread wheat, Pp/Pi relation in bread wheat (92.4% and 20.7%, respectively) and in durum wheat (87.2% and 20.8%, respectively), YP content in bread wheat (92.6% and 28.0%, respectively) and in durum wheat (90.7% and 28.1%, respectively), and WSPH content (88.9% and 25.8%, respectively) in bread wheat. PA content in bread and durum wheat had medium to medium high h2 (50.5% and 77.9%, respectively), and low expected GAM (9.9% and 3.7%, respectively). GGE biplots with average-environment coordination (AEC) indicated less stability of durum wheat for PA, WSPH and PSH content. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31092]

High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) proteins deposited inendosperm of wheat seed which have significant impact on bread quality. TheHMW-GS encoded by genes located at the long arm of chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D.The aim of this work was study allele polymorphysms at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus and loaf volume, grain protein content, sedimentation volume of eightwheat genotypes (G-3130, G-35183, G-3501, G3512, G-3574, G-3027, G-3075, G-3097) harvested in two years with various weather condition. For each genotypes,flour used for extraction of glutenin which separated by method of electrophoresison SDS gel (11.8%). Electrophoregrams used for determining Glu-1 alleles.Technological quality parameters analyzed by standard laboratory methods. Thethree alleles alleles (a, b, c) at the Glu-A1, three alleles (b, c, d) at the Glu-B1 and 2alleles (a, d) at the Glu-D1 were identified. The highest protein sedimentationvolume had wheat genotype G-3075 in the both years (54.0ml; 58.0ml) while thelowest sedimentation volume had G-3512 (34.0ml; 36.0ml). Grain protein content(GPC) was the highest in G-3075 in both years (14.20%; 15.40%) while the lowestGPC had G-3097 (11.60%) in first and G-3512 (12.60%) in the second year. Loafvolume was the highest in G-3075 in both year (520ml; 540ml) while the lowestwas in G-3512 (400ml) in both years of experiment. The estimated quality traitsvaried depending on genotype and year. The better quality, in average, had thewheat genotypes which carried Glu-D1d allele.

Razvijeno i dobro organizirano sjemenarstvo podrazumijeva stalnu proizvodnju sjemena svih kategorija i na taj način održavanja nivoa genetske čistoće sorti pšenice. Ispitivane su tri sorte ozime pšenice Instituta PKB Agroekonomik različitih vrijednosti morfoloških osobina biljaka, rodnosti i osobina kvalitete zrna: PKB Kristina, PKB Roksanda i PKB Rodika. Svaka sorta pšenice uzgajana je u tri različite varijante agrotehničkih uvjeta, prilagođenih dobivanju tri kategorije sjemenskih usjeva: predosnovno sjeme, osnovno sjeme i certificiranono sjeme I. generacije. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme imala je najveće prosječne vrijednosti za obje godine istraživanja za ispitivane osobine: broj sekundarnih izdanaka, broj klasića u klasu i broj zrna u klasu. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme ima najveći broj klasića u klasu, što pokazuje da se oni razvijaju na dužim klasovima nego ostale kategorije sjemena. Kategorija sjemena predosnovno sjeme na osnovi ove kara-kteristike ima potencijal za formiranje većeg broja zrna u klasu nego ostale ispitivane kategorije sjemena. Kategorija sjemena certificirano sjeme I. generacije ima najmanji broj i najsitnija zrna, jer se ova kategorija sjemena proizvodi u najvećoj gustoći., Developed and well organized seed production implies constant production of seeds of all categories and thus maintaining the level of genetic purity of wheat varieties. Three varieties of the Institute PKB Agroekonomik winter wheat, PKB Kristina, PKB Roksanda and PKB Rodika, of different value morphological characteristics of plants, level of fertility and grain quality characteristics were investigated. Each wheat variety was grown in three different variants of agritehnical conditions, adapted for obtaining three categories of seed plants: prebasic seed, basic seed and 1st generation certified seed. The prebasic seed category had the highest average values in both years of the experiment in the following examined traits: number of secondary shoots, number of spikelets in the spike and number of seeds per spike. The prebasic seed category had the highest number of spikelets in the spike which indicates that they develop on longer spikes than the other categories of seeds. Based on this characteristic, the prebasic seed category has the potential to form more seeds per spike than other investigated seed categories. The 1st generation certified seed category had the lowest number of seeds and the smallest seeds, because this seed category is produced in the highest density.

Sunflower mega-environment analysis was conducted for the grain yield data of 20 hybrids and 19 test locations during 2006, and 20 hybrids and 16 test locations during 2007. Combined data included 15 hybrids and 9 test locations common for both years and it was analyzed as balanced experiment. The analysis of variance components showed that hybrid by location interaction explained 2.74, 5.8, and 3.72 times more variation than hybrid, for grain yield, for 2006, 2007, combined data, respectively, and indicated potential mega-environment existence. Our results showed the existence of two mega-environments in Serbia sunflower growing region: (1) Kula Vitovnica, Aleksa Šantić, Sombor and (2) Rimski Šančevi, Kikinda. It has been concluded that if we want promising sunflower hybrids to be optimally used, they should be cropped differently for the two determined mega-environments. Analiza mega-sredina suncokreta sprovedena je prema podacima prinosa zrna 20 hibrida i 19 test lokaliteta tokom 2006. i 20 hibrida i 16 test lokaliteta tokom 2007. Kombinovani podaci obuhvatili su 15 hibrida i 9 test lokaliteta, zajedničkih za obe godine istraživanja, pri čemu je analizirano kao izbalansirani eksperiment. Analiza komponenti varijanse pokazala je da interakcija hibrid puta lokalitet objašnjava 2,74, 5,8 i 3,72 puta više varijacija nego hibrid na prinos zrna za 2006. i 2007. u kombinovanim podacima, tim redom, i ukazuje na potencijalno postojanje mega-sredina. Naši rezultati su pokazali postojanje dve mega-sredine u reonima gajenja suncokreta u Srbiji: (1) Kula Vitovnica, Aleksa Šantić, Sombor i (2) Rimski Šančevi, Kikinda. Zaključeno je da ako želimo da perspektivni hibridi suncokreta budu optimalno iskorišćeni, moraju biti drugačije obrađeni za dve utvrđene mega-sredine.

Unlocking resistance genes in genbank collections are of prime importance for securing sustainable crop production. In this regard, the Serbian GenBank barley collection, comprising 93 local landraces and 36 commercial cultivars and elite barley breeding lines, was screened for novel resistances to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) using a set of 28 isolates with a wide spectrum of virulences/avirulences. No line was resistant to all the isolates, but one and three accessions showed resis- tance to 27 and 26 isolates, respectively. Twenty landraces (21.51 %) and ten cultivars (27.78 %) exhibited resistance to 50 % of the isolates. Infection type 2 was most frequent among resistant accessions. Nine B. graminis isolates were sufficient for gene postulation in 73 barley lines. In total, thirty-five different resistance spectra were recorded and the following known resistance genes were postulated namely, Mlra, Mlh, Mla12, Mla7(Mlu), Mlg, MlLa, Mla6, Mla7, Mlt, Mla22, Mlat, Mla1, Mlk. The majority of resistance profiles was constituted by only one line. Unidentified genes alone or in combination were proposed for twenty landraces and six cultivars. This report demonstrated that the barley collection held at the Serbian GenBank could be exploited as a new source for powdery mildew resistance.

U istraživanju su korištene tri sorte ozime pšenice, Instituta PKB Agroekonomik (PKB Talas, PKB Vizeljka i PKB Arena), ispitivane tijekom dvije proizvodne godine 2014 i 2015. Proučavane su korelacije produktivih osobina biljaka: broj izdanaka, broj klasića u klasu, broj zrna u klasu, masa 1000 zrna i masa zrna u klasu. Način postavke podataka za izračunavanje korelacija utječe na dobivene vrijednosti korelacija i te se vrijednosti mogu bitno razlikovati. Korelacije izračunate na bazi agregiranih podataka su veće nego na bazi svih podataka. Korelacije nisu iste kod različitih sorti, što je i logično, jer svaka sorta ima drugačiji genotip i specifične gene koji se nalaze u različitim interakcijama. Uzimajući u obzir sve tri sorte, visoke i pozitivne korelacije su nađene između: broja zrna u klasu i mase zrna u klasu (>0,79), broja klasića u klasu i broja zrna u klasu (>0,80) i između broja klasića u klasu i mase zrna u klasu (>0,74)., Research was done on three Institute PKB Agroekonomik wheat varieties (PKB Talas, PKB Vizeljka and PKB Arena), during production years 2014 and 2015. Correlations between production traits of plants: number of shoots, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain weight per spike, were studied. The manner of preparing data for calculating correlations influences obtained correlation values, and these values can differ substantially. Correlations calculated based on aggregated data are higher than those based on all data. Correlations differ for different varieties, which is logical, because each variety has a different genotype and specific genes forming various interactions. Taking into account all three varieties, high and positive correlations were found between: number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike (>0.79), number of spikelets per spike and number of grains per spike (>0.80), and number of spikelets per spike and grain weight per spike (>0.74).

Objective: To determine the nutritional composition including the health benefitial dietary component β-glucan of different cereals grown by organic and conventional farming, and to find out the influence of the cereal kind and farming method on their values, as well as the possible associations between particular nutritive components in cereal samples and farming type. Material and Methods: 27 different cereal samples grown at three locations were analysed by standard AOAC methods of analysis for their nutritional composition. A mixed-linkage β-glucan assay kit (Megazyme Ireland) was used for determination of the health benefit dietary component β-glucan value. Cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot analysis was done within R 2.9.0 program environment for investigation of associations between average value of cereal nutrients and farming type. Results: A significant increase in the content of ash, dry matter, protein and fat in organically produced cereals was noticed in comparisson with those which were produced either by conventional or in conversion method. Cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot revealed existance of positive and negative associations between the average value of particular cereal nutrient and farming type. Conclusion: Based on the cereal kind-farming method by chemical-technological trait biplot the possibilities are derived that could be used for agronomic practice, breeding and food processing industry at improving the important properties-dry matter, protein, fat, ash, moisture and β-D-glucan in cereal crops. Organic farming method proved to be effective for oat for the all examined chemical–technological traits except moisture and ash, and for barley for dry matter, beta-glucan, ash and protein contents.

The aim of this research was to examine variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic advance of plant height (PH), spike length (SL) and productive tillering (PTC) of 30 genotypes of bread and durum wheat, and correlations between them. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons at the three sites: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that genotype was the most significant source of variation for SL in bread and durum wheat with 67.1% and 54.4% of explained sum of squares (SS) and for PH in bread wheat with the 66% of SS. Environment represented the most important source of variation for PTC in bread and durum wheat wheat with 68% and 35.9% of SS and also for PH in durum wheat with 51.6% of SS. The ratio of genetic and genotype × environment interaction (σ² g / σ² ge )components of variance indicated more stability in bread wheat for PH and SL and less for PTC in both wheat species. Broad-sense heritability (h²) was very high (>90%) for PH and SL in bread and durum wheat, but smaller for PTC (80.7% and 75.6%, respectively). Considering the high obtained values of h² and high expected genetic advance as percent of mean for PH and SL of bread wheat and for PTC of durum wheat the success of selection for desired trait values can be predicted. PH proved to be correlated with PTC at three environments(0.538, 0.532, P lt 0.05, 0.708, P lt 0.01). Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se prouči varijabilnost, heritabilnost u širem smislu, genetička dobit za visinu biljke (PH), dužinu klasa (SL) i koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja (PTC) 30 genotipova hlebne i durum pšenice, kao i korelacije među njima. Poljski ogledi su bili postavljeni tokom 2010-2011. i 2011-2012 vegetacione sezone na tri lokaliteta: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje i Padinska Skela. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali da je genotip bio najznačajniji izvor variranja za SL hlebne i durum pšenice sa 67,1% i 54,4% objašnjene sume kvadrata (SS) i za PH hlebne pšenice sa 66% SS. Ekološki faktori su predstavljali najznačajniji izvor variranja za PTC hlebne i durum pšenice sa 68% i 35,9% SS, kao i za PH durum pšenice sa 51,6% SS. Odnos komponenti varijanse-genetičke i interakcije genotip × sredina (σ² g / σ² ge ) je ukazala na veću stabilnost hlebne pšenice za PH i SL, i manju za PTC, za obe vrste pšenice. Heritabilnost u širem smislu (h²) je bila veoma visoka (> 90%) za PH i SL hlebne i durum pšenice, dok je za PTC bila niža (80,7% i 75,6%). Uzimajući u obzir dobijene visoke vrednosti za h² i očekivanu genetička dobit izraženu u procentima proseka za PH i SL hlebne pšenice i za PTC durum pšenice, može se očekivati uspeh selekcije za očekivane vrednosti proučavanih osobina. PH je bila korelisana sa PTC u tri sredine (0,538 i 0,532, P lt 0,05, 0,708, P lt 0,01).

The aim of this work was to examine variability and broad-sense heritability of grain morphometric traits of 30 selected genotypes of bread wheat and durum wheat, in regard to their significant impact on yield and traits of milling, baking and processing quality. Trials with selected wheat assortment were set during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 years at the three locations: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that the genotype was the most significant source of variation of grain length for bread and durum wheat with 91.1% and 46.3% of explained sum of squares, while the environment was the most important source of variation of grain width and grain thickness for bread wheat (44% and 41.2% of sum of squares) and durum wheat (42% and 44% of sum of squares). Broad-sense heritability was very high (> 90%) for grain length of bread and durum wheat, grain width of durum wheat and grain thickness of durum wheat. Broad-sense heritability was high for grain width and grain thickness of bread wheat, with the values of 83% and 88.8%, respectively. Considering the high obtained values of broad-sense heritability and dominance of the genetic component of variance of grain length, grain width and grain thickness of bread and durum wheat, the success of selection for increased values of these traits can be predicted. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita varijabilnost i heritabilnost u širem smislu morfometrijskih osobina zrna 30 odabranih genotipova hlebne pšenice i durum pšenice s obzirom na njihov značajan uticaj na prinos i osobine mlinskog, pekarskog i procesnog kvaliteta. Ogledi sa izabranim sortimentom pšenice su izvedeni tokom 2010-2011. i 2011-2012. godine na tri lokaliteta: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje i Padinska Skela. Rezultati analize varijanse su pokazali da je genotip bio najvažniji izvor variranja dužine zrna hlebne pšenice i durum pšenice sa 91,1% i 46,3% sume kvadrata, dok su ekološki faktori bili najznačajniji izvor variranja širine zrna i debljine zrna hlebne pšenice (44% i 41,2% sume kvadrata) i durum pšenice (42% i 44% sume kvadrata). Heritabilnost u širem smislu je bila veoma visoka sa vrednostima većim od 90% za dužinu zrna hlebne pšenice i durum pšenice, širinu zrna durum pšenice i debljinu zrna durum pšenice. Visoka heritabilnost u širem smislu je dobijena za širinu zrna i debljinu zrna hlebne pšenice sa vrednostima od 83% i 88,8%. S obzirom na visoke vrednosti dobijene heritabilnosti u širem smislu i dominaciju genetičke komponente varijanse u ukupnoj varijansi dužine, širine i debljine zrna hlebne i durum pšenice možemo predvideti uspeh selekcije na povećanu vrednost ovih osobina pšenice.

Molecular diversity of 145 barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) accessions from the Serbian GenBank was assessed by single sequence repeats (SSR) markers. A set of 15 SSRs, covering all chromosomes of the diploid barley genome with 2-3 SSR markers per chromosome, with a range of 4-18 alleles per locus were used. In total, 15 loci and 119 alleles were detected, with an average of 7.93 alleles per locus. The Polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.220 to 0.782 with a mean value of 0.534. Regarding the growth habit and row type groups, gene diversity was comparatively higher for the spring (0.616) and six-rowed accessions (0.616) than for the winter and two- rowed accessions (0.322 and 0.478, respectively). Analysis of molecular variance showed that all sources of variation were significant (P lt 0.01), but the between-group component was predominant (76.85%) for growth habit and 89.45% for row type. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on the shared allele distance (DSA) matrix estimated on the SSR data assigned the genotypes into two clusters - the first smaller consisting of the six 6-rowed spring cultivars and the second comprising six subclusters. Genotype MBR1012 was separated from all other genotypes that constitute UPGMA tree. The associations of genotypes belonging to different growth habit and row type groups were assessed using Principal Coordinate Analysis revealing separation of winter growth habit group from facultative one. The use of the STRUCTURE clustering algorithm allowed the identification of 2 subpopulations of genotypes. Molekularni diverzitet 145 genotipova ječma (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) iz Gen Banke Srbije je procenjen SSR markerima. Korišćeno je SSR markera sa svih hromozoma diploidnog genoma ječma u proseku 2-3 markera po hromozomu i sa 4-18 alela po lokusu. Utvrđeno je 15 lokusa i 119 alela sa prosekom od 7.93 alela po lokusu. PIC je bio u opsegu od 0.220 do 0.782 sa prosekom 0.534. Genski diverzitet je bio veći za jare (0.616) i šestorede genotipove (0.616) u odnosu na ozime i dvorede (0.322 i 0.478). Analizom molekularne varijanse utvrđena je značajnost svih izvora variranja (P lt 0.01), ali je međugrupna komponenta dominirala. Primenom metoda UPGMA analize zasnovane na zajedničkoj distanci alela (DSA) na osnovu SSR podataka dobijeno je grupisanje genotipove u dva klastera-jedan manji koji sadrži šest šestoredih jarih genotipova ječma i drugi koji je obuhvatao šest podklastera. Genotip MBR1012 je bio odvojen od svih ostalih genotipova. Korišćenjem metoda Osnovna Analiza Koordinata dobijeno je razdvajanje ozimih genotipova ječma od fakultativnih. Utvrđeno je postojanje dve podpopulacije genotipova primenom algoritma grupisanja STRUCTURE.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume in Libya. The genetic diversity of nine alfalfa domesticated varietal populations was studied using thirteen RAPD primer combinations. The number of polymorphic fragments detected per primer combination ranged from 8 to 46 bands with an average of 24 bands. The number of polymorphic bands detected was from 6 (Atalia population) to 37 (Gabsia population). The lowest genetic distance was 0.058 and the highest was 0.655. The average genetic distance was (0.356). The dendrogram based on Ward’s minimum variance clustering method grouped the nine populations into the two main clusters. The first group included Fazania, Atalia, Masratia, Zawia, Denamo Ferade and Arezona. The second group was composed of Tagoria, Gabsia and Wade Alrabeh. The simplicity of RAPD assays for detection of genetic polymorphisms is confirmed in our study, and results can be utilized in breeding practice.

A little knowledge exists about the probability that recombination in the parental maize populations will enhance the chances to select more stable genotypes. The synthetic parent maize population ((1601/5 × ZPL913)F2 = R0) with 25% of exotic germplasm was used to assess: (i) genotype × environment interaction and estimate stability of genotypes using nonparametric statistics; (ii) the effect of three (R3) and five (R5) gene recombination cycles on yield stability of genotypes; (iii) relationship among different nonparametric stability measures. The increase of mean grain yield was significant (P

a b s t r a c t Due to the presence of an interaction, it is often difficult to recommend which sunflower hybrids should be planted based on specific sowing dates or production regions. Through this study, the hybrid × sowing date (H × SD) interaction for sunflower oil content and oil yield was investigated in field trials by a multivariate and multiplicative statistic approach such as site regression (SREG) and partial least squares (PLS) regression model. For the environmental dissection of the H × SD interaction for oil content and oil yield, six climatic variables (minimum, maximum and mean temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours and relative air humidity) in four sunflower developmental stages (V4-6 leaves, R1-budding, R5.8- flowering, and R9-physiological maturity) were used. The three-way ANOVA for both traits indicated that all main effects and first order interactions were highly significant (P < 0.01) except H × SD interaction for oil content which was significant (P < 0.05). The second order interaction for both traits was non- significant. The oil content was predominantly influenced by the hybrid (69.6%) followed by the year (10.3%) and sowing date (6.8%), while the oil yield was predominantly influenced by the year (58.8%), followed by the sowing date (12.9%) and hybrid (10.7%). Statistical models revealed that the relative air humidity in flowering and physiological maturity stage, maximum temperature and mean temperature in the budding and flowering stage are the most important causes of the H × SD interaction for the oil content. The most important causes of the interaction for oil yield were relative air humidity in flowering and physiological maturity, maximum temperature, mean temperature, sunshine hours and precipitation in flowering stage.

The aim of the study was to determine specifically adapted sunflower hybrids based on 2007 testing network grain yield results, and also to show economic gain obtained by minimizing crossover interaction (COI) and utililising specific adaptation. Twenty commercial sunflower hybrids and 16 locations were included in testing. SREG (sites regression) analyses were done for the set of all tested locations, set of locations with aboveaverage mean yield and set of locations with below-average mean yield, to obtain GGL biplot with “which-won-where” patterns. When giving recommendations for growing sunflower hybrids, their adaptability examined in past years via GGL biplot methodology must be taken into account. Based on the results of GGL biplot comparative analyses, the specifically adapted hybrids identified were: Duško for Rimski Šančevi, Kikinda, Bačko Gradište, Bačka Topola set of above-average mean yield („better“) locations, and for Neuzina, Neštin, Vršac set of below-average mean yield („poorer“) locations; Bačvanin for Kula Vitovnica, Đurđin, Zaječar, Zrenjanin set of „poorer“ locations; Branko for Kula location. Significant economic gain was obtained when cropping these three specifically adapted hybrids, in comparison to cropping those not adapted to particular locations.

Diallel mating design experiment with reciprocal crosses was used to determine combining abilities of five maize inbred lines and their hybrid combinations for grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row in 2005. and 2006. year. GCA and SCA significant values were observed for all traits under study in both years. GCA/SCA relation showed that dominant gene effect had prevalent influence in the inheritance of grain yield, ear length and ear diameter. Additive gene effect had larger importance in the inheritance of number of kernel rows per ear. NS-1445 inbred line showed best GCA effect for grain yield, ear length and number of kernels per row, but worst GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear. Best GCA effect for ear diameter achieved inbred line F-7R. Line BL-47 showed best GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear in both years, but also the worst GCA effect for grain yield and number of kernels per row. Hybrid combination NS-1445 x BL-47 showed largest SCA effect for grain yield in both years and also showed, like hybrid combination F-7R x NS-1445, significant SCA effects for all other traits, except ear diameter. This cross also proved that hybrid combinations that include one parent with good GCA effect and the other parent with bad GCA effect can have very successful performance. It will be useful during selection material testing, to keep also genotypes which show bad GCA effect, but have phenotypic favorable trait values. Reciprocity effect was significant for SCA effects of all traits but ear diameter. It is the conformation of involvement of plasmagenes in maize quantitative traits inheritance. The largest reciprocity effect for grain yield achieved F-7R x BL-47 in both years. Significantly higher grain yield in this hybrid combination was achieved when line F-7R was used as a female parent and significantly higher number of kernel rows per ear was achieved when line BL-47 was used as a female parent. Metodom dialelnog recipročnog ukrštanja utvrđene su kombinacione sposobnosti pet inbred linija kukuruza i njihovih hibridnih kombinacija za prinos zrna, dužinu klipa, prečnik klipa, broj redova zrna i broj zrna u redu u 2005. i 2006. godini. Ustanovljene su značajne vrednosti OKS i PKS za sve ispitivane osobine u obe proučavane godine. Odnos između OKS i PKS, pokazuje da dominantno delovanje gena ima preovlađujuću ulogu u nasleđivanju prinosa zrna, dužine klipa i prečnika klipa, dok aditivno delovanje gena ima veći značaj u nasleđivanju broja redova zrna. Najbolju OKS za prinos zrna, dužinu klipa i broj zrna u redu pokazala je linija NS-1445, koja je ujedno imala i najslabiju OKS za broj redova zrna. Najbolju OKS za prečnik klipa pokazala je linija F-7R. Najbolju OKS za broj redova zrna pokazala je linija BL-47 u obe proučavane godine, a ujedno je imala i najslabiju OKS za prinos zrna i za broj zrna u redu. Najveću vrednost PKS za prinos zrna pokazao je hibrid NS-1445 x BL-47 u obe proučavane godine, koji je osim toga, kao i hibrid F-7R x NS-1445, pokazao značajne vrednosti PKS i za sve ostale osobine, osim prečnika klipa. To je dokaz da pojedine hibridne kombinacije koje uključuju jednog roditelja sa dobrim OKS i drugog roditelja sa lošim OKS, mogu imati izuzetno dobre performanse. Zbog toga bi prilikom testiranja selekcionog materijala, korisno bilo zadržati i one genotipove koji pokazuju loše OKS, a ujedno imaju fenotipski poželjne osobine. Ustanovljeno je da recipročno ukrštanje utiče na efekat PKS za sve ispitivane osobine, osim prečnika klipa. To ukazuje, da osim nuklearnih gena i plazma geni imaju važnu ulogu u nasleđivanju kvantitativnih osobina kukuruza. Najveću razliku u vrednosti PKS za prinos zrna između direktnog i recipročnog ukrštanja ostvario je hibrid F-7R x BL-47 u obe proučavane godine. Pri tome su značajno veći prinosi zrna ostvareni korišćenjem linije F-7R kao ženskog roditelja. Suprotno prinosu, ovaj hibrid je imao značajno veći broj redova zrna sa linijom BL-47 na poziciji ženskog roditelja.

Two-year grain yield and 1000-grains mass data of 24 maize hybrids of FAO maturity groups 400, 500, 600, 700 were analyzed. Investigations were performed at the two environments in two years. Nonparametric methods of the Kubinger and the van der Laan-de Kroon showed genotype x environment interaction for both investigated features, and method of Hildebrand showed interaction for 1000-grains mass. Maize hybrids stability was estimated with stability parameters: Si(1)- the mean of the absolute rank differences over environments, Si(2)- the common variance of the ranks, Si(3).and Si(6): the sum of the absolute deviations and sum of squares of rank for each genotype relative to the mean of ranks, respectively. On the basis of the stability parametar values, the most stable and the most unstable hybrids were estimated for each FAO maturity group, for both investigated features. Correlation coefficients between both investigated features and stability parameters and for all pairs of stability parameters were computed. In spite of the positive correlations estimated between all four stability parameters, we can make two groups: the first group formed: Si(1)- the mean of the absolute rank differences over environments and Si(2)- the common variance of the ranks and the second group formed: Si(3) and Si(6)- the sum of the absolute deviations and sum of squares of rank for each genotype relative to the mean of ranks respectively. Analizirani su dvogodišnji podaci prinosa i mase 1000 semena kod 24 hibrida kukuruza FAO grupe zrenja 400, 500, 600 i 700. Istraživanja su izvršena na dva lokaliteta tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda. Primenom neparametrijskih metoda: Kubingerove i van der Laana i de Kroona, utvrđeno je postojanje interakcije genotip × spoljašnja sredina za obe ispitivane osobine a metoda Hildebranda je utvrdila postojanje interakcije za masu 1000 zrna. Stabilnost hibrida procenjena je pomoću neparametrijskih parametara stabilnosti: Si(1)- prosečne razlike rangova u različitim sredinama; Si(2)- varijanse rangova; Si(3) i Si(6)- relativnog odstupanja u odnosu na prosečan rang. Na osnovu izračunatih vrednosti parametara stabilnosti utvrđeni su najstabilniji i najnestabilniji hibridi za svaku FAO grupu zrenja, kod obe ispitivane osobine. Izračunati su koeficijenti korelacije između obe ispitivane osobine i parametara stabilnosti kao i između samih parametara stabilnosti. Iako je između sva četiri parametra stabilnosti utvrđena jaka povezanost, ipak se može govoriti o dve grupe parametara stabilnosti: u prvu grupu spadaju prosečna razlika rangova u različitim sredinama i varijansa rangova, a u drugu grupu relativno odstupanje u odnosu na prosečan rang.

The phytic acid (PA), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), yellow pigment (YP), water soluble phenolics (WSPH) and free protein sulfhydryl groups (PSH) of 15 Triticum aestivum and 15 Triticum durum wheats grown at six different environments were evaluated for variability, intra- and inter- relations with agronomic traits. The most variable properties in bread wheat were YP and WSPH with coefficients of variation (CV) amounting to 14.59% and 14.10%, respectively, while in durum wheat those were PSH and YP with CV of 17.59% and 15.02%, respectively. PA in durum wheat showed the least variability (CV 3.61%). Among others, positive associations were obtained between WSPH and YP in bread and durum wheat, YP and PSH, WSPH and PSH, yield (YLD) and WSPH, YLD and PSH in durum wheat, while negative associations were recorded for PA and YP, PA and WSPH, YLD and antioxidants (YP and WSPH) in bread wheat, PA and antioxidants, PA and YLD in durum wheat.

The aim of this research was to examine variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic advance of plant height (PH), spike length (SL) and productive tillering (PTC) of 30 genotypes of bread and durum wheat, and correlations between them. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons at the three sites: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that genotype was the most significant source of variation for SL in bread and durum wheat with 67.1% and 54.4% of explained sum of squares (SS) and for PH in bread wheat with the 66% of SS. Environment represented the most important source of variation forPTC in bread and durum wheat wheat with 68% and 35.9% of SS and also for PH in durum wheat with 51.6% of SS. The ratio of genetic and genotype × environment interaction (σ2g / σ2ge)components of variance indicated more stability in bread wheat for PH and SL and less for PTC in both wheat species. Broad-sense heritability (h2) was very high (>90%) for PH and SL in bread and durum wheat, but smaller for PTC(80.7% and 75.6%, respectively). Considering the high obtained values of h2and high expected genetic advance as percent of mean for PH and SL of bread wheat and for PTC of durum wheat the success of selection for desired trait values can be predicted. PH proved to be correlated with PTC at three environments(0.538, 0.532, P < 0.05, 0.708, P < 0.01).

The cultivation wheat in past century influenced that varieties have acquired certain specific forms of adaptation and changed their hereditary basis. Farmers, have their priorities in selecting a variety for traits yield, lodging resistance, and protein content. Wheat breeders pay more attention to balance those traits with others, like nutritional quality, disease resistance into a combination going to be attractive to a grower. Aim of this study is estimation of share of old wheat varieties in improving yield, quality and adaptation of developed modern bread wheat varieties. İn this investigation analyzed diversity and fluctuation wheat varieties which grown in Serbia from 19 to 21 century. İn the end of 19th century farmers grown indigeneous population, introduced foreign genotypes, local populations, old varieties approved after period of Green Revolution and modern wheat varieties. Also in study presented work on collection old wheat genotypes and local population, and distribution genotypes on localities were collected as well İnstitution where collected genotypes deposited. The differences between old and modern wheat varieties were established for yield, protein content, quality, resistance to diseases, resistance and susceptibility to low temperature, lodging etc. On the base of analysis can be concluded that old varieties and local populations are valuable resources of desirable genes for further wheat breeding for improving yield, quality and adaptability of further varieties which will be create.

Crvena detelina (Trifolium pratense L.), izrazito stranooplodna biljna vrsta, koja se odlikuje gametofitskim sistemom inkompatibilnosti, a populacije su heterogene i sastoje se od heterozigotnih genotipova. Da bi biljni genetiĉki resursi mogli biti korišćeni u programima oplemenjivanja, neophodno je izvršiti prethodnu karakterizaciju i evaluaciju uzoraka, koji se nalaze u kolekcijama germplazme. Precizan i sveobuhvatan opis germplazme crvene deteline je jedan od osnovnih preduslova u ostvarivanju uspešnog oplemenjivanja. Cilj ovog istraţivanja je bio da se posredstvom analize homogenosti (HOMALS) oceni fenotipska varijabilnosti 46 genotipova crvene deteline koji su deo kolekcije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Analiza homogenosti ("Homogeneity analysis-HOMALS"), poznata i kao višestruka korespodentna analiza ("Multiple correspondence analysis-MCA"), omogućava prouĉavanje povezanosti većeg broja kvalitativnih varijabli, tj. kategoriĉkih, nominalnih podataka. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a cross-pollinated species characterized by gametophytic incompatibility system; its populations are heterogeneous and consist of heterozygous genotypes. Use of plant genetic resources in breeding programs implies pre-characterization and evaluation of germplasm collection samples. A precise and comprehensive description of red clover germplasm is one of the basic prerequisites for achieving successful breeding. The aim of the study was to evaluate phenotypic variability of 46 red clover genotypes using Homogeneity Analysis (HOMALS), which belong to Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad collection. Homogeneity analysis, also known as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), allows studying the connection of a number of qualitative variables, i.e. categorical, nominal data.