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Esenbeckia ( Esenbeckia ) auribrunnea n. sp. (Figs. 1–11) Diagnosis. A large orange brown species (length 14–15.5 mm) with orange yellow hairs and gray smoky wings; abdomen banded; tergites 1 and 2 yellowish, semi translucent; sternites bright yellow with the last sternites darker, dark brown larger lateral spots on sternites 3 and 4 and small sublateral spots on sternite 2; legs, pleura and ventral abdomen yellow-orange. Female. Holotype measurements: body length 15.2 mm; thoracic width 4.9 mm; abdominal width 6.1 mm; wing length 14.3 mm; wing width 4.8 mm; frons height 2.6 mm; frons width at base 0.7 mm; frons width at vertex 0.5 mm; frontal index 3.7; divergent index 0.7; distance between antennae 0.2 mm; basal callus at base 0.3 mm; basal callus at median 0.3 mm; palpi length 2.2 mm; head height 3.7 mm; proboscis length 2.8 mm; ratio proboscis length/head height 0.8; ratio proboscis length/palpi length 1.3. Head (Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5). Eyes without hairs. Frons (Fig. 5) brown with yellow pruinosity and sparse short brown hairs. Frontal callus shiny brown, ridge-like, approximately half as wide as the frons at the base, not touching the subcallus, reaching the ocellar tubercle. Ocellar tubercle black, not prominent, with three brown ocelli. Vertex with brown and yellow hairs. Subcallus yellowish brown, yellow pruinose marks at the margin of eyes and the base of the antennae, with two weak transverse grooves above the antennal base and a sclerotic midline in a slight depression. Antennae (Figs. 4–6) with yellow scape and pedicel, yellow pruinosity and orange-yellow hairs. Flagellum orange, darkening gradually in the last three flagellomeres. Frontoclypeal cone brown with yellow pruinosity; parafacials and upper surface near to antennal base with yellow hairs. Gena with yellow hairs. Occiput with yellowish white pruinosity, pale yellow hairs in the center and orange-yellow on the upper edge of the eye. Palpus (Fig. 4) yelloworange, first segment with yellow hairs, second segment with yellow and brown hairs scattered on the margin, and some in the central area. Palpi 2/3 of proboscis length. Proboscis dark brown, slightly shorter than height of the head, pale brown labella with a sclerotized dark brown longitudinal stripe. Thorax (Figs. 1–4). Scutum brown with orange yellow pruinosity and bright orange hairs, lateral borders and posterior area with more concentrated yellow pruinosity. Postpronotal lobe pale yellow with pale yellow hairs. Notopleuron orange with orange hairs and pruinosity. Postalar callus orange brown with orange hairs. Scutellum pale brown at the apex with orange hairs and some brown hairs on the sides. Pleura dark brown with orange yellow hairs. Halter dark brown with yellow apex. Calypter brown with orange yellow hairs. Wing (Figs. 1, 2, 7). Tegula with orange and brown yellow hairs. Smoky wing with yellow costal and subcostal cells, long appendix on the R 4+5 vein fork. Cell r 5 closed with petiole approximately as long as the appendix of the fork of vein R 4+5. Legs. Coxa dark brown with yellowish white pruinosity and orange yellow hairs. Femora brown with orange yellow pruinosity and hairs, mid and hind femur slightly darker. Tibiae and tarsi brown with orange yellow hairs. Abdomen (Figs. 1–3). Tergites 1 and 2 semitranslucent yellowish, tergite 1 with orange yellow hairs, tergite 2 with orange hairs on the lateral margin and black hairs in the middle area. Tergite 3 with anterior third dark brown and the rest yellow, covered with black hairs on the anterior margin of the middle third, and orange hairs on the posterior third of tergite 3. Tergite 4 similar to tergite 3, but the dark brown area is wider. Tergites 5 and 6 light brown with black and brownish hairs on the anterior border and yellow hairs on the lateral border. Tergite 7 brown with black hairs and some yellow hairs laterally. Sternites bright yellow with the posterior sternites darker; dark brown lateral spots larger on the sternites 3 and 4, appearing like an extension of the dark brown areas of tergites 3 and 4. Sternite 2 with small fainted sublateral spots. Sternites 4 and 5 with irregular spots in the central and posterior area. Sternites covered with orange yellow hairs, dark hairs only in the central area of the sternite 7. Terminalia (Figs. 8–11). Tergite 9 not separated, wide, two times wider than tergite 10, with large hairs, denser on the lateral border and in the median area. Tergite 10 divided into two lateral pieces, narrow, with short hairs scattered over the entire surface. Cercus (Fig. 8) longer than wide; with large hairs, denser on the distal margin; irregular distal margin, presenting a blunt point at the end of the inner margin and a medial invagination. Hypoproct acute with large hairs on the posterior margin; reaching the third fourth of cercus length. Hypopygium (Fig. 9) longer than wide with large hairs scattered over the entire surface, hairs denser on distal margin, with rounded apices separated by large slit. Genital fork (Fig. 10) concave, lateral extremities of the base with projections, arms short (with relation to width of the base) with small sclerotized expansions. Spermathecal ducts wide, short and sclerotized; spermatheca (Fig. 11) heavily pigmented, elongated, with rounded apex; wider than spermathecal ducts, and large in relation to size of the genital fork. Male. Unknown. Variations. The holotype and paratypes 3 and 4 present the palpi with rounded apex, the paratypes 1 and 2 present square apex. The paratype 1 presents a narrower dark brown area on the tergite 4. Spots on sternite 2 vary in size and visibility; the spots are small and weak in the Holotype, darker in the paratypes 2 and 4, and are absent in the paratypes 1 and 3. The paratype 3 shows dark brown spots covering the medial area of sternites 2 and 3 and the posterior border of sternites 3 and 4. The paratypes 2 and 3 present paler scutellum in contrast to the orange-brown scutum. The paratypes 2, 3 and 4 present a light brown proboscis. Variations in body size are shown in the following measurements (n=5): Body length, mean = 14.9 mm, ranging from 14.0 to 15.5 mm; Thoracic width, mean = 4.8 mm (4.4–4.9 mm); Abdominal width, mean = 5.9 mm (5.1–6.1 mm); Wing length, mean = 14.8 mm (14.0–16.0 mm); Wing width, mean = 4.8 mm (4.3–5.4 mm); Frontal height, mean = 2.5 mm (2.4–2.6 mm); Width frontal at base, mean = 0.7 mm (0.7–0.8 mm); Width at vertex, mean = 0.5 mm (0.4–0.6 mm); Frontal index, mean = 3.5 (3.1–3.7); Divergent index, mean = 0.7 (0.6–0.9); Distance between antennae, mean = 0.2 mm (0.1–0.2 mm); Width frontal at middle, mean = 0.4 mm (0.3–0.5 mm); Callus width, mean = 0.3 mm (0.3– 0.3 mm); Proboscis length, mean = 2.7 mm (2.4–2.8 mm); Head height, mean = 3.6 mm (3.6–3.7 mm); Palpi length, mean = 2.1 mm (2.0– 2.2 mm). Ratio proboscis length to head height, mean = 0.7 (0.7–0.8); Ratio proboscis length to palp length, mean = 1.2 (1.2–1.3). Etymology. The name auribrunnea comes from the Latin, in reference to the orange-yellow and brown colors presents in the species. Type material. Holotype. Female, Brazil, Rondônia Ji-Paraná, Line 12B km 12. 17-20.xi.1984. Col. F.F. Ramos, Malaise Trap. (MPEG). Paratypes. 4 females. Brazil, Rondônia Ji-Paraná, Line 12B km 12, 17-20.xi. 1984, Col.: F.F. Ramos, Suspended Trap 1.6m. (Paratype 1, 1 female MPEG, Paratype 2, 1 female MZUSP); Brazil, Rondônia Ouro Preto de Oeste, Line 62B km16, Rio Paraiso, 14.xi.1984, Col.: F.F. Ramos, Bait man (Paratype 3, 1 female INPA); Colombia, Vaupés: E.B. [Estación Biológica] Mosiro-Itajura Caparú, Centro Ambiental, 1°4’S, 69°31’W, 60m, 20.i–1.ii.2003, M. Sharkey & D. Arias Leg, Malaise (Paratype 4, 1 female IAvH).

Identification key for females of the Neotropical species of Esenbeckia (Esenbeckia) 1. Wings bicolored, tricolored or deep black; if otherwise, then first four abdominal segments with prominent pale hind margins and frons broad and often without a callus. Legs unicolorous black or brown except E. neglecta....................... 2 - Wings uniformly colored to hyaline, at most the base and anterior margin darkened; abdomen and frons not as above. Legs otherwise........................................................................................... 18 2. Wings semitransparent to smoky brown. Abdominal tergites 1 to 4 with pale hind margins, 1 and 2 pale and translucent with prominent median dark subtriangular patches. Frons without median bare callus in not worn off specimens.............. 3 - Wing particolored or dark smoky brown to deep black.Abdomen various, if tergites 1 and 2 as above, then tergites 3 and 4 dark, without distinct pale margins. Frons with or without bare callus................................................. 4 3. Palpi slender and threadlike, distal 2/3 about as wide as last antennal annulus. Frontal index about 3.0. Antennae yellow to orange...................................................................................... E. filipalpis - Palpi not threadlike, most of palp nearly as wide as first antennal annulus. Frontal index about 2.4. Antennae dark brown to black........................................................................... E. esenbeckii biscutellata 4. Wing dark smoky brown to deep black, at most some cells with clear fenestrae.................................... 5 - Wing with contrasting dark and clear or dark and yellow areas.................................................. 7 5. Frontal callus absent; frons completely pruinose in not worn off specimens, though an irregular shiny area may be evident along a median raised area in worn off specimens. Gena hairs and all body hairs dark brown to black.... E. erebea - Frontal callus distinct, shiny, dark brown to black contrasting with paler yellow to gray pruinosity of frons. Silvery white hairs at least on meso-anepisternum and postero-lateral borders of most abdominal segments.............................. 6 6. At least anterior 1/2 of abdominal tergites 1 and 2 black, the remainder translucent pale yellow. Rest of abdomen black with black hairs except for more or less complete posterior white hairs fringes on all tergites. Scutum and scutellum clothed with dense short coppery to dark golden hairs.......................................................... E. perspicua - Abdomen wholly black with black hairs, except for some white hairs on the first segment and on the posterolateral borders of most tergites and sternites. Scutum and scutellum with black hairs...................................... E. lugubris 7. Wings basally black, at least the basal cells heavily infuscated.................................................. 8 - Wing basally bright yellow or with a contrasting yellow discal patch (only extreme base of wing yellow in E. fenestrata)... 9 8. Tibiae and tarsi paler than femora, yellowish, the femora reddish. Abdomen wholly shiny, mahogany-red above, and black below. Gena hairs orange. Wings with a brown fore margin to apex and a brown spur along R 5 to wing margin....... E. bella - All legs black to dark brown, at most the fore tibiae and tarsi reddish-yellow. Gena hairs white. Pleura with mostly snow-white hairs. Wings largely black, without yellow. Abdominal tergite 3 black. Abdomen below mostly with black hairs................................................................................................. E. tetragoniphora 9. Wing with small cell at base of wing (first M) and costal cell proximal to humeral cross vein yellow, contrasting with darker smoky remainder of wing. Thorax and legs brown. Abdomen shiny reddish-brown, with black hairs except for pale hairs on sides of tergite 1 and tufts of pale hairs at postero-lateral corners of tergites and sternites.................... E. fenestrata - Wing base all yellow at least into base of discal cell, or a yellow discal patch present............................... 10 10. A yellow discal patch present, but basal cells dark brown infuscated. Scutum with rufous hairs. Legs bicolored, the femora black, tibiae yellow to orange. Fontoclypeal cone bare and shiny in middle................................ E. neglecta - Wing otherwise. Legs unicolorous black. Frontoclypeal cone pruinose.......................................... 11 11. Frontal callus weak, pruinose or absent................................................................... 12 - Frontal callus bare, prominent........................................................................... 13 12. Wings vividly yellow basally to apex of discal cell, apex and posterior border densely black. Frons unusually narrow, index about 4.7. Palpi black, broad and apically bluntly rounded. Thorax blackish with 2 short anterior longitudinal grey pruinosity streaks. Abdomen black, the first and narrow hind border of second segment translucent whitish. Pleura with prominent tufts of silvery hairs below notopleural lobe, below wing bases and on pronotum before anterior spiracle.... E. tinctipennis - Wings weakly colored, the yellow basal patch covering only basal or less of discal cell, the apex and hind border dilute, brownish. Frons broader, index about 3.0, silvery pruinose. Palpi slender, tapered. Thorax abundantly beset with yellowish hairs. Abdomen brown, all tergites with broad pale hind marginal bands and second tergite with a black inverted triangle as well. Pleura as in E. tinctipennis, but browner and the hairs tufts less prominent..................................... E. esenbeckii 13. Basal yellow patch of wing includes both basal radial and basal medial cells, basal 1/3 of r 1, r 2+3, r 5 and discal cells, and basal half of posterior cubital cell and axillary lobe. Remainder of wing blackish. Palpi square tipped. Abdomen mahogany brown to black, shiny above and below, with sparsely hairs. Scutum black, with orange hairs dorsally and laterally but with tufts of longer silvery hairs above wing bases.... E. mattogrossensis - Basal yellow patch confined to basal cells, adjoining costal cell and bases of cup cell and axillary lobe................. 14 14. Outer margin of wing including r 5, m 1, m 2, m 3 and anterior cubital cell, more or less hyaline, contrasting with dark anterior areas. Mesonotal hairs mostly brown to black or rufous. Tergites 1���3 yellow with a broad and lateral black margin, remains usually black.................................................................................... E. clari - Outer margin of the wing not paler, uniformly brown to black................................................... 15 15. Abdomen entirely dark above, black to mahogany brown..................................................... 16 - Abdomen with at least the first and often tergite 2 contrastingly paler, semitranslucent whitish or yellowish, with or without dark median markings................................................................................ 17 16. Antennae reddish, unusually slender. Scutum yellowish to orange pruinose and orange hairs. Wings pale brownish, the basal cells yellow. Abdomen nearly black to bright mahogany brown, glossy shiny above and below.............. E. fuscipennis - Antennae black, not unusually slender. Scutum black, faintly greyish striped. Wings deep yellow and black, the yellow slightly exceeding apices of basal cells. Abdomen black, pruinose, the lateral borders of all tergites pale hairs......... E. nigricorpus 17. Wings as in E. nigricorpus. Palpi broad and flattened, the proboscis thick and heavy. First 2 tergites semitranslucent, yellow, with a median inverted dark triangle in the middle of the second. Sternites 2 to 4 with bare lateral dark spots, and sternites 3 and 4 with median dark triangles..................................................................... E. insignis - Wings with basal yellow dull, confined to basal and cup cells. Palpi slender, curved, sharply pointed, the proboscis slender. Tergite 1 pale, semitransparent, tergite 2 to last largely or wholly dark, with hind margin of second pale........... E. dubia 18(1). All legs bicolored, at least all femora dark and/or densely dark hairs at base, the tibiae also contrastingly paler, though the hind pair may be extensively dark hairs. Wings moderately to strongly infuscated. Tergite 2 all dark or with at least a large median dark mark. Proboscis seldom greatly exceeding head height, often shorter........................................ 19 - Different combination of characters on proboscis, legs, wings and abdomen...................................... 26 19. Thoracic hairs distinctly rufous or reddish brown dorsally, contrasting with white, grey and black hairs pleura........... 20 - Thoracic hairs brown or black dorsally, pleura yellow, brown, or grey hairs....................................... 21 20. Tergite 2 dull yellowish with a mid-dorsal inverted dark triangle; remaining tergites blackish.Antennae and palpi broad, yellow. Frontal callus black and shiny, club-shaped.......................................................... E. bassleri - Tergite 2 shiny dark reddish brown without mid-dorsal inverted dark triangle. Pleura with black hairs. Fore femora dark. Frontal callus narrow and irregular..................................................................... E. peruviana 21. Abdomen unicolorous blackish or tergite 1 and/or tergite 2 slightly paler......................................... 22 - Abdomen dark reddish, orange or yellow, with median dark spots and anterior borders of tergite 3 dark................ 24 22. Scutum, pleura and genae densely yellow hairs, contrasting with nearly wholly black abdomen....................... 23 - Scutum blackish hairs. Abdomen paler, yellow to orange on first few sternites in the middle......................... 25 23. Palpi deeply grooved outwardly. Proboscis stout, less than head height. Wings faintly yellowish fumose.... E. melanogaster - Palpi moderately broad, flat and bare outwardly, otherwise as in melanogaster........................... E. nigriventris 24. Tergite 2 translucent yellow to orange with an inverted dark median triangle whose apex does not reach the hind border of the tergite. Tergite 3 with the anterior half reddish to black, darker at the sides; posterior half yellowish; remaining tergites dark.............................................................................................. E. tigrina - Tergite 2 dark reddish to yellow with a median black mark which may be parallel sided or an inverted triangle. Tergite 3 with a median dark mark reaching hind border and the anterior part with a wide, narrow or broken dark border.... E. testaceiventris 25. Gena with white hairs; pleura extensively white hairs. Tergites 1 and 2 dark, reddish, slightly paler than rest of abdomen. Wings yellowish fumose............................................................................. E. accincta - Gena with black hairs; pleura entirely dark hairs. Only tergite 1 paler, greyish. Wings blackish fumose.......... E. dressleri 26(18). Abdomen with at least first 2 tergites semitranslucent yellowish, contrasting with predominantly blackish remainder of abdomen. Fore legs unicolor; hind legs sometimes bicolored...................................................... 27 - Abdomen unicolorous or nearly so, at least segment 2 not contrastingly paler than remainder of abdomen, though there may be a median dark stripe or row of mid dorsal dark triangles...................................................... 37 27. Legs entirely dark, blackish............................................................................ 28 - At least the fore legs yellow with pale hairs................................................................ 29 28. Frontal callus absent, frons entirely pruinose. Scutum gray. Wings pale yellowish brown tinted. First 2 tergites whitish translucent with large median black inverted triangles, remaining tergites black with prominent pale hind margins. Palpi brown, sharply pointed.... E. esenbeckii biscutellata - Frontal callus dark brown to black, shiny. Scutum orange. Wings blackish infuscated. First 2 tergites translucent yellow with a small dark streak on tergite 2; remaining tergites black with at most pale hind margins on tergite 3. Palpi black, blunt tipped.... E. translucens 29. Third, and sometimes second, sternites with a well demarcated median dark triangle or broad streak in addition to round lateral dark spots. Hairs of scutum and pleura not notably contrasting. Proboscis short, less than twice palpal length and not exceeding head height.......................................................................................... 30 - Without a median dark spot on sternite 3. Hairsof scutum and pleura often contrasting. Proboscis variable.............. 31 30. Sternites 2 to 5, each with a median and pair of lateral dark integumental spots. Frontal callus black, shiny, nearly width of frons at base and nearly reaching to ocelli. Dorsal abdominal dark integumental markings consisting of paired lateral triangles on tergites 3 and 4............................................................................ E. notabilis - Sternite 2 without dark median mark. Frontal callus yellow to brown, narrower and less extensive. Tergite 3 without lateral black triangles............................................................................... E. subvaria 31. Labium (theca) and labella unusually slender, brown to yellow, the latter but little wider than labium................... 32 - Labium stout and labella broad, both dark brown to black, the labella clearly wider than labium...................... 33 32. Frons narrow, frontal index greater than 6.0, nearly parallel-sided, the callus black, shiny, ridge-like. Stylets of proboscis clearly longer than head height. Tergite 2 translucent with a small mid-dorsal dark spot diamond-shape; tergite 3 with anterior half dark, posterior pale in unfed specimens. Fore and mid legs pale, hind legs black.... E. pechumani - Frons broader, frontal index less than 4.0. Stylets of proboscis equal to or less than head height. Tergite 2 entirely pale, rarely a slender faint brown median streak and others combinations of characters........................................ 34 33. Pleuron whitish, contrasting with mesonotum yellowish brown. Wings lightly brown tinted. Abdomen with tergite 3 nearly wholly black. Sternite 3 only slightly infuscated anteriorly. Sternite 3 and often 2 with round dark sublateral integumental spots sometimes faint. Palpus slender but blunt....................................................... E. xanthoskela - Pleuron yellow, as is that of scutum. Wings deeply infuscated blackish brown. Abdomen with tergite 3 nearly wholly black. Sternite 3 with large round dark integumental lateral spots; Sternite 2 with small dark lateral triangles. Palpi slender, curved, sharply pointed............................................................................... E. balteata 34. Pleuron orange yellow or yellowish brown, concolorous with that of scutum. Legs wholly dull orange to yellowish. Tergite 2 pale with a small dark median oval spot on fore border. Tergite 3 with anterior 1/3 black, posterior 2/3 orange........... 35 - Pleuron mainly white or gray, contrasting with yellow to brown dorsal. At least hind femora infuscated................. 36 35. Sternite 2 without sublateral dark spot, 3 with lateral dark comma-shaped spots, remainder blackish. Frontal index 3.1, scutellum red, coxae with black hairs, wing smoky brown with yellow tint in cells costal, base of r 2+3, Basal radial and Basal medial......................................................................................... E. wygodzinskyi - Sternite 2 with sublateral dark spot, sternites 3 and 4 with lateral dark larger spots. Frontal index 3.2 to 4.0, scutellum pale brown, coxae with orange yellow hairs, wing smoky with yellow costal and subcostal cells.......... E. auribrunnea n. sp. 36. Hairs tuft beneath wing base bright yellow, contrasting with remainder of pleuron. Fore and mid legs yellow, hind legs dusky to black, densely black hairs. Second abdominal tergite translucent with a small faint brown median streak, third and succeeding tergites blackish brown. No lateral or sublateral spots on sternite 2........................................ E. gracilis - Hairs tuft beneath wing bases gray, like rest of pleura. Either a large triangular spot on tergite 2 or posterior half of tergite 3 pale. Sternite 2 with sublateral dark spots............................................................. E. cisandeana 37(26). Abdomen green, bright to dull, sometimes blackish in fed specimens........................................... 38 - Abdomen pale to dark yellowish or brownish; if rarely with a greenish tinge, then hind tibiae with pale hairs............ 39 38. Abdomen light to dark jade green, without any integumental dark markings. Thorax brown, gray to orange hairs laterally. Legs yellow, hind tibiae black hairs. Wings smoky. Frons narrow with brown ridge-like callus (male similar).... E. prasiniventris - Abdomen dull light green with a narrow faint brown median stripe its full length. (Male with a row of dark median triangles)........................................................................................ E. balzapambana 39. Abdomen with a dark median stripe or series of triangles above................................................ 40 - Abdomen immaculate above........................................................................... 43 40. Abdomen with a continuous dark median stripe on tergites 1 to 7.............................................. 41 - Abdomen with mid dorsal markings not a continuous stripe................................................... 42 41. Abdomen with a well-defined parallel-sided dorsal median brown stripe its full length, with a width of about 1/3 of the width of the scutellum. Sternites predominantly dark, except 1 and 2 light yellow. Legs with femora dusky, tibiae paler. Frons broad, callus black, shiny and prominent............................................................... E. laticlava - Abdomen with a well-defined parallel-sided dorsal median brown stripe its full length, with a width of about 2/3 of the width of the scutellum. Sternites yellow with lateral margin dark. Frontal callus inconspicuous...................... E. rafaeli 42. Mid abdominal markings a series of broad unconnected dark triangles most developed on tergites 2 and 3. Abdomen immaculate beneath.... E. bitriangulata - Mid abdominal markings a row of 2 small slender brown dashes, sometimes barely visible, rarely als, Published as part of Gualdr��n-D��az, Juliette Cristina & Gorayeb, Inoc��ncio De Sousa, 2020, Esenbeckia (Esenbeckia) auribrunnea n. sp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) from theAmazon with a key to the Neotropical species of the subgenus, pp. 67-76 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on pages 72-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3751904

Metopia fofo sp. nov. (Figs 22–26) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MPEG), labeled as follows: BRASIL-PARÁ, BR-422 / Km 11, sul de Cametá [= south of Cametá City], Campina [= white-sand vegetation] / 2°15’12”S 49°36’12”W / Arm. Suspensa [= suspended trap], 0 5 a [= to] 20.vii.2015 [printed on white label] // BRASIL-PARÁ, Cametá/ Cols: [= collectors] F.S. Carvalho Fh., B.F. dos Anjos, L./ A. Quaresma, D.R. Guimarães/ 0 5 a [= to] 20.xi.2015 [printed on white label; holotype with left fore leg and right mid leg missing, and with segment 5 of abdomen and terminalia cleared and placed in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Diagnosis. Palpus black and reduced to stubs. Male fore tarsomeres 3–5 with elongate hair-like setae dorsally (Fig. 22). Veins R 1 and CuA 1 bare. Pregonite elongate and narrow, with pointed apex (Fig. 25). Phallus elongate and gently curved ventrally (Fig. 26). Acrophallus elongate and without spines (Fig. 26). Description. Male. Body length: 4.6 mm (n = 1). Head. Frons distinctly protruding giving the head a trapezoidal profile. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates covered with silver microtrichia. Fronto-orbital plate with some small scattered setulae in addition to 9 frontal setae continuing on to parafacial plate to below level of aristal insertion in lateral view. Frontal vitta black, narrowing towards lunule. Inner vertical setae differentiated, outer vertical setae developed [but both broken]. Ocellar setae of about the same length as frontal setae; 2 reclinate and 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae arranged in partly overlapping rows with anterior reclinate orbital seta positioned anterior to posterior proclinate seta (see Pape & Dahlem 2010: fig. 6). Antenna dark brown, first flagellomere with gray microtrichia; arista thickened in proximal half and as long as first flagellomere. Palpus black, reduced to a rudimentary stub. Thorax. Black, with silvery microtrichia. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 2+3, intra-alars 1+2, supra-alars 2+3, postpronotals 2, postalars 2, notopleurals 2, anepisternals 4–5, katepisternals 3, merals 10, scutellum with 1 pair of basal setae, 1 pair of lateral setae, 1 pair of apical setae and no discal setae. Legs. Fore femur with row of setae on posterodorsal and posteroventral surfaces. Fore tarsomere 3 with two long, hair-like setae dorsally (Fig. 22). Fore tarsomere 4 with one long, hair-like seta dorsally (Fig. 22). Fore tarsomere 5 with one long dorsally seta (Fig. 22). Mid tibia without anterodorsal and anteroventral setae. Hind femur with row of setae on posterodorsal and posteroventral surfaces. Wing. Hyaline. Tegula dark brown. Basicosta yellowish. Vein R 1 bare. Vein R 4+5 with setae dorsally. Vein CuA 1 bare. Costal spine not differentiated. Third costal section without ventral setae. Abdomen. Black with silvery-gray microtrichia in about anterior half of each tergite. Microtrichia on tergites 3 and 4 interrupted by a median black stripe. Syntergite 1+2 without marginal setae. Tergites 3 and 4 with a pair of median marginal setae. Tergite 5 with a row of marginal setae. Terminalia. Tergite 6, syntergosternite 7+8 and epandrium brown. Cercus dark brown, shorter than epandrium in lateral view, with distal portion abruptly narrowing towards apex in lateral view (Fig. 23). Basal portion of cercus covered with many long setae (Fig. 24). Ventral margin of cercal prong slightly curved; cercal apex rounded (Fig. 23). Cercal prongs, in dorsal view, narrow and parallel (Fig. 24). Surstylus dark brown, about half the length of cercus, with distal half narrowing toward apex and curved dorsally; with microtrichia restricted to basal half (Fig. 23). Pregonite elongate, longer than postgonite, narrowed and curved ventrally (Fig. 25). Postgonite longer than wide, with a long pre-apical seta and a row of small setae along ventral margin (Fig. 25). Phallus elongate, gently curved ventrally, with ventral and dorsal plates well developed (Fig. 26). Distiphallus with a distinct ventral swelling, with many membranous cuticular spines (Fig. 26). Acrophallus elongate and rounded apically, with some wrinkles and without cuticular spines (Fig. 26). Female. Unknown. Remarks. Metopia fofo sp. nov. runs to Metopia krombeini Sabrosky in the most recent key to the American species of Metopia Meigen (Pape 1987a), but differs from this species in having phallus gently curved ventrally (Fig. 26), acrophallus without spines and rounded apically (Fig. 26), and cercal prong narrowed in dorsal view (Fig. 24). In M. krombeini the phallus is almost straight, the acrophallus has small cuticular spines and is subrectangular apically, and the cercal prong has an enlarged base and narrow tip (Pape 1987a: figs 27, 30, 33). The phallus of M. fofo sp. nov. is very similar to that of M. lateropili Allen, since both share a distinct ventral swelling with many membranous cuticular spines. Metopia lateropili differs from M. fofo sp. nov. in having palpus elongate, not reduced to a stub. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the word “fofó”, which is a famous popular festival that takes place before the carnival in the streets of Cametá (the type-locality).

Helicobia domquixote sp. nov. (Figs 17–21) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MPEG), labelled as follows: BRASIL-PARÁ, BR-422 / Km 11, sul de Cametá [= south of Cametá City], Campina [= white-sand vegetation] / 2°15’12”S 49°36’12”W / Armadilha de moscas [= fly trap] / 0 7 a [= to] 15.iv.2015 [printed on white label] // BRASIL-PARÁ-Cametá / Cols: [= collectors] F.S. Carvalho Fh., Jazon / Quaresma, A. Quaresma / D. Guimarães, K. Monteiro [printed on white label; holotype in good condition, with extended terminalia]. PARATYPE. 1 ♂ (MPEG): Brazil, Pará, Cametá City, white-sand vegetation, Malaise trap, 8–21.iv.2015 [printed on white label; specimen in good condition with abdomen and terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Diagnosis. Phallus black. Distiphallus with an ear-like, membranous, laterally-directed rounded projection (Figs 19, 21). Capitis sclerotized and very long, about two-thirds of distiphallus length (Figs 19–21). Description. Male. Body length: 5.5–8.0 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates covered with yellowish-silver microtrichia. Parafacial plate with setulae sparsely distributed along inner eye margin. Frontal vitta velvet black, with row of 8 frontal setae reaching end of pedicel. Inner vertical setae not differentiated. Outer vertical setae developed. Ocellar setae shorter than frontal setae. One pair of postocellar setae, no proclinate setae and 1 reclinate fronto-orbital seta. Pedicel reddish, first flagellomere with gray microtrichia; arista short plumose on basal 2/3. Palpus black. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1 (reduced), dorsocentrals 2+3, intra-alars 2+2, supra-alars 2+3, postpronotals 3, postalars 2, notopleurals 4 (2 strong primary setae and 2 short subprimary setae), anepisternals 8, katepisternals 3, merals 6, scutellum with 1 pair of basal setae, 1 pair of lateral setae, 1 pair of apical setae and 1 pair of small discal setae. Legs. Black. Fore femur with row of setae on posterodorsal and posteroventral margins. Fore tibia with 1 posteroventral seta. Mid femur with 3 median anterior setae, 1 row of posteroventral setae, 2 preapical posterior setae, and without a ctenidium on posteroventral surface. Mid tibia with 2 median anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal, 1 median ventral, and 1 posterior setae. Hind femur with rows of anteroventral and anterodorsal setae, and 1 preapical posterodorsal seta. Hind tibia with 1 subapical anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 posterior and 1 posteroventral setae. Wing. Hyaline. Costal spine absent. Vein R 1 with setae on proximal half. Third costal section bare ventrally. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown in ground color. Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 to 5 with a band of silvery-gray microtrichia on anterior 4/5 on dorsal and lateral surfaces; posterior margin of tergite 5 reddish. Sternites light brown, covered with black setulae and without differentiated marginal setae. Tergites 3 and 4 with one lateral seta. Tergite 4 with one pair of median marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 light brown with posterior margin Vshaped. Inner margin of arms of sternite 5 with a patch of short and thick black setae anteriorly. Syntergosternite 7+8 and epandrium orange, covered with yellowish microtrichia. Cercus shorter than epandrium in lateral view, dark brown, progressively narrowing towards apex in lateral view (Fig. 17). Distal portion of cercus curved ventrally and cercal apex rounded (Fig. 17). Surstylus orange, elliptical, with long setae near apical margin (Fig. 17). Pregonite elongate, longer than postgonite, gently curved ventrally, with a small seta apically (Fig. 18). Postgonite claw-shaped, with a strong median seta and some small pointed setae near ventral margin (Fig. 18). Phallus black (Fig. 19). Basiphallus small, shorter than distiphallus (Fig. 21). Phallic tube saddle-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 21). Juxta elongate, membranous distally (Figs 20–21). Distiphallus with a membranous rounded plate, smoother and of lighter color and more transparent than rest of distiphallus, laterally-directed and perpendicular to vesica (Figs 20–21). Harpes membranous, covered with many small pigmented projections (Figs 19–20). Capitis very long, about two-thirds length of distiphallus, pigmented and tubular, tapering toward apex (Figs 19–20). Apical fourth of capitis bifid, with tips converging in ventral view (Fig. 20). Lateral styli elongate and thin (Figs 20–21). Sheath of lateral styli elongate and pigmented, flattened and desclerotized distally (Figs 20–21). Vesica rounded in ventral view, not visible in lateral view (Fig. 20). Female. Unknown. Remarks. This new species differs from the others in the genus in having distiphallus with a membranous, laterally-directed rounded projection and in the shape of the capitis, which is very long (about two-thirds of distiphallus length) and sclerotized (Figs 19–20). Helicobia surrubea (Wulp) also shows a very long capitis; however, this species differs from H. domquixote sp. nov. in having juxta very long and ventral portion of distiphallus with many pin-like membranous projections. Helicobia stellata (Wulp) and H. penai Tibana, 1976b also have distiphallus with a laterally-directed membranous projection, but in these species this projection is glossiform (Tibana 1976a: figs 14–15; Tibana 1976b: figs 17–18), whereas in H. domquixote sp. nov. this projection is ear-shaped (Fig. 21). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Etymology. The specific epithet “domquixote”, which should be treated as a noun in apposition, refers to the shape of the distiphallus of this species, which resembles the spear of Miguel de Cervantes’s famous character Don Quixote.

Dexosarcophaga (Dexosarcophaga) campina sp. nov. (Figs 9–12) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MPEG): BRASIL-PARÁ, BR-422 / Km 11, sul de Cametá [= south of Cametá City], Campina [= white-sand vegetation] / 2°15’12”S 49°36’12”W / Arm. suspensa [= suspended trap] / 13 a [= to] 23.i.2015 [printed on white label] // BRASIL-PARÁ-Cametá / Cols [= collectors]: I.S. Gorayeb, J. Borges / C.A.C. Favacho, W. Carvalho / Luís Lopes, J.A. Rodrigues [printed on white label; holotype in good condition, with extended terminalia]. PARATYPES. 1 ♂ (MPEG): same data as holotype except 7–21.iv.2015 [in good condition with abdomen glued to a card triangle and terminalia extended]; 1 ♂ (MNRJ), same data as holotype except 15–21.iv.2015, Malaise trap, F. S. Carvalho-Filho, J. Quaresma, A. Quaresma, D. Guimarães & K. Monteiro leg. [printed on white label; specimen with both hind legs missing]; 2 ♂♂ (MPEG, MNRJ): same data as holotype except 6–14.vii. 2015, yellow pan trap, F. S. Carvalho-Filho, J. Soares, L.A. Quaresma, C. Souza, M. Tavares, J. Gracia & B. Anjos leg. [printed on white label; one specimen (MPEG) in good condition, with terminalia cleared and placed in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen; other specimen (MNRJ) with terminalia glued on a card triangle and with right fore leg missing]; 1 ♂ (MPEG), same data as holotype except 6–14.vii.2015, Malaise trap, M. F. Ribeiro, L. Lopes, D.D.R. Guimarães, W. Carvalho, C.A.C. Favacho, K. Monteiro & F. Costa leg. [printed on white label; specimen in good condition]. Diagnosis. Wing vein R 1 bare. Phallic tube without an elongate, dorsally-curved margin (Fig. 12). Distiphallus with serrated membranous plates on ventral margin (Figs 11–12). Juxta elongate and curved ventrally (Fig. 12). Vesica subrectangular in ventral view (Fig. 11). Description. Male. Body length: 4.5–6.0 mm (n = 6). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates covered with silver-yellowish microtrichia. Parafacial plate with setulae sparsely distributed along inner eye margin. Frontal vitta black, with a row of 8 frontal setae. One reclinate fronto-orbital seta. Proclinate fronto-orbital setae absent. Outer vertical seta not differentiated from postocular setae. Gena and postgena with silver-yellowish microtrichia and black setae. Antenna dark brown, arista long plumose on basal 2/3. Palpus black. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 2+2, intra-alars 2+2 (anterior one shorter), supra-alars 2+3, postpronotals 3, postalars 2, notopleurals 4 (2 strong primary setae and 2 short subprimary setae), anepisternals 6, katepisternals 3, scutellum with 1 pair of basal setae, 1 pair of lateral setae, no apical setae and 1 pair of discal setae. Legs. Black. Mid femur with a ctenidium of rounded spines on posteroventral surface. Mid tibia with 1 median seta on ventral surface and 2 median setae on posterodorsal surface. Hind tibia with 1 median anteroventral seta. Wing. Hyaline. Costal spine absent. Vein R 1 bare. Third costal section bare ventrally. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown in ground color. Tergites 3 to 5 with a band of silvery-gray microtrichia on anterior 4/5 on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Syntergite 1+2 without median marginal setae. Tergites 3 and 4 with a pair of median marginal setae. Tergite 5 with a complete row of marginal setae. Sternites 2 to 4 dark brown, with long, black, hair-like setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 V-shaped, posterior arms slender, with setae in posterior region. Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus black. Cercus slightly curved ventrally in lateral view, with truncate apex and long setae restricted to cercal base (Fig. 9). Surstylus subtriangular (Fig. 9). Pregonite elongate, slightly longer than postgonite, curved ventrally, with small setae on dorsal margin (Fig. 10). Postgonite elongate, with tip curved ventrally and with a long seta and some small setae distally on anterior margin (Fig. 10). Phallus light brown, with membranous area between basi- and distiphallus. Basiphallus elongate. Distal portion of distiphallus, including juxta, membranous, ventral margin with membranous areas with serrated plates (Figs 11–12). Juxta elongate and curved ventrally (Fig. 12). Vesica sclerotized, elongate, with rounded ventral margin in lateral view (Fig. 12). Vesica in ventral view with subrectangular apical margin and rounded proximal margin (Fig. 11). Lateral styli long and tubular, with proximal portion situated close to vesica. Median stylus small and tubular. Female. Unknown. Remarks. This species is similar to Dexosarcophaga wyatti Mello-Patiu & Pape in having ventral margin of distiphallus with serrated membranous plates. It differs from D. wyatti in having vesica subrectangular in ventral view (Fig. 11), pregonite not narrow and strongly curved ventrally (Fig. 10), and dorsal surface of distiphallus without a small lobe (Fig. 12). In D. wyatti the vesica is horseshoe-shaped in ventral view, the pregonite is narrow and strongly curved ventrally, and the dorsal surface of the distiphallus has a small lobe (Mello-Patiu & Pape 2000). Many species of the subgenus Dexosarcophaga Townsend have distiphallus with a ventral concavity that is formed by the elongate, ventrally-curved juxta and the elongate and distally-curled paraphallic distal expansion. However, as the paraphallic distal expansion of D. campina sp. nov. is not elongate, the ventral concavity is absent. The ventral concavity is also absent in D. wyatti, D. varenna (Dodge) and D. pusilla Lopes. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Etymology. The specific epithet “campina”, which should be treated as a noun in apposition, refers to the Brazilian denomination of the white-sand habitat of the type locality.

Helicobia cametaensis sp. nov. (Figs 13–16) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ (MPEG), labelled as follows: BRASIL–PARÁ, BR-422 / Km 11, sul de Cametá [= south of Cametá City], Campina [= white-sand vegetation] / 2°15’12”S 49°36’12”W / Armadilha Pratos [= yellow pan trap] / 13 a [= to] 23.I.2015 [printed on white label] // BRASIL-PARÁ-Cametá / Cols [= collectors]: F. Carvalho, Jazon / Quaresma, A. Quaresma / P. Guimarães, K. Monteiro [printed on white label; holotype in good condition except that the head is missing; terminalia cleared and placed in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Diagnosis. Juxtal lateral plate composed of elongate projections the apical fourth of which is curved inwards. Harpes with many short, pointed, sclerotized projections (Figs 15–16). Description. Male. Body length (without head): 5.0 mm (n = 1). Head. [The only examined specimen (holotype) has no head]. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 2+3, intra-alars 1+2 (anterior one shorter), supra-alars 2+3, postpronotals 3, postalars 2, notopleurals 4 (2 strong primary setae and 2 short subprimary setae), anepisternals 4, katepisternals 3, scutellum with 1 pair of basal setae, 1 pair of lateral setae, 1 pair of apical setae and no discal setae. Legs. Black. Mid femur with 3 median anterior, 2 median anteroventral, 2 preapical and 2 posteroventral setae; without a ctenidium on posteroventral surface. Hind femur with rows of setae on anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral surfaces, and 1 preapical seta. Mid tibia with no anteroventral, 2 posterior and 1 posterodorsal setae. Hind tibia with 1 subapical anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 posterior and 1 posteroventral setae. Wing. Hyaline. Costal spine absent. Vein R 1 with setae in basal half on dorsal surface. Third costal section bare ventrally. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown in ground color. Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3–5 with bands of silvery-gray microtrichia on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites light brown, covered with black, hair-like setae. Tergites 3 and 4 with one lateral seta. Tergite 4 with one pair of median marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 longer than wide, light brown with posterior margin V-shaped. Inner margin of arms of sternite 5 with short and thick black setae anteriorly. Epandrium orange. Cercus dark brown, progressively narrowing towards apex in lateral view (Fig. 13). Ventral margin of distal portion of cercus curved and cercal apex rounded (Fig. 13). Surstylus orange, clavate, with setae restricted to distal half (Fig. 13). Pregonite elongate, slightly longer than postgonite, gently curved ventrally, with margin undulated ventrally and three small setae antero-dorsally (Fig. 14). Postgonite claw-shaped, gently curved ventrally and with a strong median seta on ventral margin (Fig. 14). Basiphallus elongate. Phallic tube saddle-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 16). Harpes rounded and membranous, with many short, pointed, sclerotized projections (Figs 15–16). Juxta composed of an elongate sinuous projection and a pair of elongate juxtal lateral plates (Figs 15–16). Juxtal lateral plate curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 16). Juxtal lateral plate with inward-curved tip in ventral view (Fig. 15). Capitis membranous distally and elongate, with bifid tip (Fig. 15). Lateral styli elongate, thin and tubular, not visible in lateral view, with serrated distal half (Fig. 15). Vesica short and rounded, not visible in lateral view (Figs 15–16). Female. Unknown. Remarks. The terminalia of this new species are very similar to those of species of Helicobia originally described in the genus Punaphyto Townsend, mainly H. lopesi (Tibana), H. serrata (Tibana) and H. tulcana (Tibana), since they have juxta composed of an elongate projection and a pair of elongate juxtal lateral plates. However, H. cametaensis sp. nov. differs from these species in having juxtal lateral plate with only the apical fourth slightly curved inwards, while in the above-listed species the distal half is strongly curved inwards. The species of Helicobia treated under Punaphyto were characterized by the microtrichose arista and by the presence of proclinate fronto-orbital setae in the male (Tibana 1988). However, these features are absent in H. lopesi (Tibana 1989). As the holotype is without its head, it is not possible to assess these features in H. cametaensis sp. nov. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Etymology. The species epithet is an adjective in the nominative singular derived from the name of the type locality, the municipality of Cametá.

Key to Plecoptera nymphs of the Brazilian Amazon The following key includes eight species whose nymphs have been associated with their adults and 14 morphospecies known only from their nymphs. 1 Two ocelli...........................................................................................2 - Three ocelli (Enderleina)............................................................................. 21 2 Body ranging from light yellow to brown. Spot present on head contouring or not the ecdysial suture, reaching the base of ocelli or not, and extending to the area between the ocelli or not. Post-frontal line not curved between ocelli (Figs. 2, 3, 6, 7). Distance between ocelli 0.2 mm. Lacinia with groups of 5 to 7 bristles below the lower tooth. Presence of groups of bristles on the femur. Gills with the following disposition: ASC1, PSC 1 with two trunks, AT2, AT3, PT3, A1 dual trunks; ASC, PSC (2.3) and SL absent (Anacroneuria)...........................................................................3 - Body ranging from light yellow to dark yellow. Spots absent in the head. Post-frontal line curved between the eyespots (Figs. 5, 8). Distance between the eyespots at least 0.3 mm; Lacinia groups with 6 to 8 bristles below the lower tooth. Absence of bristles on the femur. Gills with the following provision: ASC and PSC [1,2,3] AT [2,3] PT [3] all with simple trunk; and SL with multiple trunks (Macrogynoplax)....................................................................18 3 Body light yellow.................................................................................... 4 - Body yellow-orange to dark brown........................................................................ 5 4 Body light yellow with little pilosity. Head pale yellow, without spots. Pronotum without spots. Meso- and metanotum without medians spots [AM, PA]....................................................... Anacroneuria minuta (Fig. 13) - Body brown......................................................................................... 9 5 Head spot exceeding ecdysial suture and ocelli (Fig. 2)....................................................... 6 - Head spot not exceeding ecdysial suture and ocelli (Figs. 3, 6, 7)............................................. 10 6 Body light to dark brown...............................................................................7 - Body yellow-orange to dark yellow...................................................................... 8 7 Body dark brown. M-line inconspicuous. Pronotum with a median area without spots and with posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with medial and lateral spots forming circles or discs, borders pale yellow. [AM, AP, PA, MA, MT, RR]............................................................................ Anacroneuria marlieri (Fig. 14) - Body light brown. M-line conspicuous. Pronotum with median area pale yellow without median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with inconspicuous spots, lateral borders whitish [AM, PA, MA, AC]........... Anacroneuria manauensis (Fig. 15) 8 Head with M-line inconspicuous. Pronotum with short longitudinal spots, without posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with large median whitish spots [AM]................................... Anacroneuria sp. AB1 (Fig. 16) - Head with M-line conspicuous. Pronotum without median spots, with slight posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with small median yellowish spots [AM]......................................... Anacroneuria sp. AB2 (Fig. 17) 9 Pronotum with long longitudinal median spots, lateral spots small and whitish, with posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with large, medium and small whitish spots spots [PA, MT]................ Anacroneuria singularis (Fig. 18) - Pronotum without longitudinal and lateral spots with median area lighter, without posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with small spots forming whitish circles [PA]............................ Anacroneuria sp. AB3 (Fig. 19) 10 Head spot not reaching the ecdysial suture, reaching halfway to the frontal area, not reaching the area behind the ocelli [PA, AP]........................................................................ Anacroneuria sp. AB4 (Fig. 20) - Head spot passing half of the frontal area, reaching the area behind the ocelli (Fig. 2)............................... 11 11 Head spot extending to the area between the ocelli (Figs. 3, 6).................................................12 - Head spot not extending to the area between the ocelli (Fig. 7)................................................17 12 Head spot narrow in the area between the ocelli (Fig. 3)......................................................13 - Head spot wide in the area between the ocelli (Fig. 6)....................................................... 14 13 Body dark yellow to light brown. Head light yellow with the post-frontal area brown. Pronotum without spots, lighter yellow medially. Meso- and metanotum with circular dark yellow or whitish spots [PA]........... Anacroneuria sp. AB5 (Fig. 21) - Body yellow-orange. Head orangish. Pronotum with median and longitudinal yellowish spots. Meso- and metanotum with orange yellow spots medially [AM]............................................. Anacroneuria sp. AB6 (Fig. 22) 14 Head with yellow-orange spot on post-frontal area and between ocelli.......................................... 15 - Head with light brown spot on post-frontal area and between ocelli............................................ 16 15 Pronotum without spots, without posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with a set of bright spots semicircular, not elongated, in the anterior median area [PA, MT].................................... Anacroneuria sp. AB7 (Fig. 23) - Pronotum with spots circular whitish, with slight posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with spots in the shape of elongated handles that extend from to the upper side to the median area [PA, MT]........ Anacroneuria sp. AB8 (Fig. 24) 16 Body brown. Head with M-line conspicuous, with spot slightly reaching and not passing ocelli, bordering the ecdysial suture. Pronotum with elongated median and longitudinal spots, laterally forming small ellipses and semi-circles, with slight posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with wide anterolateral and posterolateral whitish spots, slightly ovoid, uniform or in the form of semi-circles[PA]................................................... Anacroneuria sp. AB9 (Fig. 25) - Body light brown. Head with M-line inconspicuous, spot passing ocelli and not bordering ecdysial line. Pronotum with two large spots forming whitish semirectangles, without posterior median concavity. Meso- and metanotum with lateral whitish spots in the form of parentheses “()”, forming elongated “handles” extending from the anterior median area [PA]................................................................................... Anacroneuria sp. AB10 (Fig. 26) 17 Body yellow-orange with ferruginous hue. Head orange with the postfrontal area brown. Pronotum with elongated and uniform median ferruginous spot extending to the lateral, distal and apical borders, contrasting with the surrounding dark brown coloring. Meso- and metanotum with large and uniform median ferruginous spot [PA].... Anacroneuria sp. AB11 (Fig. 27) - Body light yellow. Head yellow with postfrontal area, dark orange. Pronotum with spots inconspicuous. Meso- and metanotum with uniform yellowish median spot, inconspicuous, of orange color hues [AM].......... Anacroneuria sp. AB12 (Fig. 28) 18 Body light to dark yellow with light brown color hues........................................................ 19 - Body dark yellow with greenish and reddish color hues......................................................20 19 Body light yellow. Head light yellow with conspicuous M-line. Pronotum with anterior circular spots and two wide longitudinal median whitish markings of dark brown color hues on the lateral margins. Meso- and metanotum with large whitish median circular spots, with two short and thin dark markings on the lateral margins. [AM]....... Macrogynoplax sp. AB1 (Fig. 29) - Body dark brown. Head light brown with inconspicuous M-line. Pronotum without markings. Meso- and metanotum with light yellow semicircular median spots, with two dark markings anteriorly slightly wider and posteriorly longer and thinner on the lateral margins [AM, AP, PA]................................................. Macrogynoplax delicata (Fig. 30) 20 Body dark yellow with greenish color hues. Head dark yellow without spots. Pronotum without spots. Meso- and metanotum with large uniform dark yellow medial spot with greenish color hues [AM, AP, PA]...... Macrogynoplax pulchra (Fig. 31) - Body orange with reddish color hues. Head with elongated triangular spots with reddish color hues lateral to each ocellus, and two inverted U-shaped sinuous markings just below the antero-lateral ecdisyal suture to the compound eyes. Pronotum with dark reddish spots. Meso- and metanotum with light yellow median and lateral markings with reddish borders [AP]................................................................................. Macrogynoplax sp. AB2 (Fig. 32) 21 Body light to dark yellow. Head dark yellow without spots, M-line inconspicuous. Pronotum without spots. Meso- and metanotum without spots [AM, AP, PA]................................................ Enderleina froehlichi (Fig. 33) - Body pale brow. Head light brown with conspicuous M-line. Pronotum with inconspicuous spots, with two dark marking longer and larger on the lateral margins. Meso- and metanotum with small inconspicuous spots [AM, RR].................................................................................................. Enderleina flinti (Fig. 34)

Enderleina froehlichi Ribeiro-Ferreira, 1996 (Figs. 23–33) Enderleina froehlichi Ribeiro-Ferreira, 1996: 145, figs. 1–6; Ribeiro & Rafael, 2005: 62, Figs. 1–5, 8– 15; Ribeiro et al., 2009: 34; Stark et al., 2009: 120; Froehlich, 2010: 178 (catalogue). Diagnosis of nymph. Body dark yellow. Frons dark yellow and labrum light yellow with anterior margins light. Parietália dark yellow more pronounced at epicranial line. Pronotum light yellow medially, whitish yellow laterally. Meso-and metanotum dark yellow with faint muscle scars but without laterally elongated spots. Description of nymph. Female: Body length 6.0 mm–11.0 mm (not including cerci, n= 10). Body robust and shiny light yellow (Fig. 23). Antennae light yellow, basally with darker margin; scape longer then wide. Occiput dorsally without spots. Frons light yellow to dark yellow; M-line not distinct, without small yellow spots laterally to ocelli. Parietalia dark yellow, more distinct at coronal line and post-frontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.3 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.6 mm (Fig. 24). Mouthparts dark yellow. Labrum light yellow ventrally, dorsum dark yellow with small bristles forming fringe (Fig. 25). Maxillae dark yellow; sclerotized outer part, cardo and stipes dark yellow; medial margin of stipes sclerotized the same color with groups of long, thin setae; lacinia dark yellow, with two dark brown teeth and a row of five robust long bristles below inferior tooth and eight short bristles near the base (Fig. 26). Mandible light brown with five acute teeth on distal margin, decreasing in size to base, but 4 th tooth larger than the 2 nd, 3 rd and 5 th, 2 nd and 4 th tooth subequal. Two rows of bristles on the ventral margin forming fringe from first row starting at the base of 2 nd tooth, 2 nd row beginning at base of the 4 th tooth with long bristles; a group of fine long bristles occurs on the anterolateral margin of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the region (Figs. 27, 28). Pronotum dark yellow, without median spots; posterior margin with median concavity; pronotal sulcus narrow and lateral band wide; ventrally dark yellow with sulcus well marked; angle between the anterior arms of Y-line narrow and without groups of setae on anterior edge and lateral of the Y-line (Figs. 24, 30). Meso- and metanotum dark yellow; mesonotum with median area yellowish, with milky white yellow bands lateral borders; mesonotum covered with thin brown pilosity, lateral border yellowish without spots; metanotum similar to mesonotum but, with more bristles laterally (Fig. 29, 30). Gills present on ASC and PSC [1, 2, 3], AT [2, 3], PT [3] all of with simple branches and SL with multiple branches (Fig. 30). Prothoracic leg light yellow dorsally, unpigmented ventrally; coxa with bristles long and robust; trochanter with bristles stronger and dense; femur with a long fringe of distal whitish bristles along anterodorsal margin; ventral margin with bristles long and robust distally and without lobular distal projection; ventral sulcus extending from apex to near base. Tibiae with band of bristles short and robust on the posterior margin and with a long fringe of fine and dense whitish bristles along entire segment, posterior margin with four large, strong spines distally. Tarsus pale yellow with fine, long bristles (Figs. 31, 32). Abdomen dark yellow dorsally, intersegmental membranes darker brown; segments with complete dorsal row of bristles at posterior margin, more distinct on sterna 3–10. Ventrally, bristles extend to median gap equal to of sternum width on the segments 1–3, 1 / 5 of sternum 4–5, and bristle row complete on sterna 6–10. Sterna with long and short bristles; sternite 8, with a shallow median U-shaped notch. Cerci dark brown to light brown (Fig. 33). ♂. Unknown. Variations. Not observed. Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus (Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, stream, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tup) Rio Negro and Amapá (Serra Lombard, Limão). Remarks. The nymphal-adult association was confirmed by rearing. The nymph differs from E. flinti by general color with the body being light yellow and the head dark yellow. The M-line inconspicuous, the lacinia has a slightly rounded base; the presence of a large and deep median concavity occurs on the pronotum. The angle of the anterior arms of the Y-line of mesosternum is longer; femora are uniformly dark yellow with a ventral sulcus extending from apex to near the base and with short and dense bristles and a long fringe in dorsal view. Spots are absent on the wing pads. Four species of Enderleina are recorded for northern Brazil and Brazilian Amazon (E. flinti, E. yano, E. preclara and E. froehlichi). However, only the nymph of E. flinti has been provisionally described by Stark (1989) collected in the Serra da Neblina. This association was based solely on distribution, without nymph-adult association. Enderleina froehlichi is considered a rare species with a restricted distribution to the Brazilian Amazon. Two nymphs collected by E. Fittkau with the locality of Rio Negro, Amazonas were identified from the collection of Aquatic Insects of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) through courtesy of the curator, Dra. Sônia Casari. One adult collected by J. Bechyné from Serra Lombard, Limão, Amapá was identified from the collection of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. The remainder of the material examined was borrowed from INPA collected in Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke and in the vicinity of the city of Manaus. Material examined. BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), (reared), 09.ix. 2008, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke (RFAD), Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], 18.vii. 2003, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Parque Municipal do Mindú stream I, 05.x. 1993 (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé (RDST), in leaf litter, 14.x. 2002, (4 nymphs, INPA); same location, in riffles with leaf litter, 18.v. 2002 (6 nymphs, INPA); same location, (RFAD), Barro Branco stream, (reared), 18.vii. 2008, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia, INPA); same location, Projeto de Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF), ZF 3 Km- 7, Fazenda Porto Alegre, stream in river Urub, (2 o 21 ’ 11 ’’S – 59 o 19 ’ 1 ’’W), 08.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, stream in UFAM, rearing in tank, 10.xi. 2008, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, rearing in tank, 05.ii. 2008, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.M. Silva (1 nymph, 1, adult, 1 exuvia, INPA); same location, stream in UFAM, 20.vi. 2008, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, (RFAD), Barro Branco stream, 15.vii. 2008, rearing in tank, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.M. Silva (1 nymph, 1 adult, 1 exuvia, INPA). [Brasil, Amazonas], Rio Negro, E. Fittkau, (2 nymph, MZUSP). Amapá State, Serra Lombard, Limão, J. Bechyné, 03.ix. 1961 (1 female, adult, MPEG). Ecological notes. Nymphs of E. froehlichi were collected from sandy and rocky substrates and leaf litter from relatively pristine streams with intact riparian zones. Adult are rarely observed in the field, but can be collected by using light traps. Physico-chemical parameters associated with E. froehlichi are presented in Table 3. Parameters BB Water temperature (o C) 24.8 pH 6.1 Specific conductance (uS/cm) 13.5 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 46.0 Width (m) 3.0 Depth (cm) 0.60 Velocity (m/s) 1.15 Discharge (m 3 /s) 2.07 BB = Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Barro Branco Stream.

Pityocera (Pityocera) festai Giglio-Tos, 1896 (figures 3 A���F) Type locality: Panama, Darien, Rio Lara, Laguna Pita. Pityocera festae Giglio-Tos, 1896: 3, fig. 1. Kert��sz, 1900: 5 (catalog); Ricardo, 1900: 99; Hunter, 1901: 135 (catalog); Ricardo, 1904: 90; Aldrich, 1905: 200 (catalog); Kert��sz, 1908: 147 (catalog); Surcouf & Gonz��lez-Rincones, 1912: 86; Surcouf, 1921: 100, pl. 3, figs. 11 a���b; Kr��ber, 1930: 310, fig. 5, 1934: 235 (catalog); Fairchild, 1942: 183, figs. 7, 7a, 7 b; Bequaert & Renjifo-Salcedo, 1946: 60; Fairchild & Le��n, 1986: 104. Pityocera (Pityocera) festai, Coscar��n & Papavero, 2009 b: 46. festae, authors in error (named for Enrico Festa cf. Papavero, 1973: 352 ���353). Pityocera (Pityocera) festae, Fairchild, 1971: 27 (catalog); Moucha, 1976: 41 (catalog); Wilkerson, 1979: 179; Fairchild, 1986: 35; Henriques & Gorayeb, 1993: 5 (MPEG collection); Fairchild & Burger, 1994: 51 (catalog); Henriques, 1997: 62 (INPA collection); Lessard et al., 2013: 517 (molecular Scionini); Lessard, 2014: 231 (revision Scionini). Diagnosis. Species brown with wing fumose and yellow legs (fig. 3 A); face (upper half) and clypeus shiny (fig. 3 B). Easily recognizable by its bipectinate flagellum (fig. 3 C), flagellomeres 1���6 with long dorsal and ventral projections, which are larger in the first flagellomere and progressively smaller until to apex. Morphology. for female external characters, see Wilkerson (1979: 179). Terminalia Description ♀ (figs. 3 D���F): tergites IX and X, cercus and hypoproct as in figure 3 D. Tergite IX fused, clearly narrower than tergite X. Tergite X divided into two pieces closely united by a membrane. Cercus rounded, but with apex almost straight, covered with yellow hairs. Hypoproct with apex rounded, reaching less than half the cercus length. Hypogynium + hypogynial valve (fig. 3 E). Hypogynium subtriangular with lateral margins straight; apex with long slit reaching the hypogynial valve. Genital fork (fig. 3 F) with arms thin, without distal expansions; anterior margin heavily excavated, with lateral margins pointed; spermathecal ducts long and little sclerotized. Spermatheca (fig. 3 F) heavily pigmented, rounded with apex slightly narrowed. Male: unknown. Distribution. Panama, western Colombia and Ecuador. Type material. Holotype ♀ IEAUT, not examined. Examined material. PANAMA: Panama, Rio Pequen, viii. 1940 (♀ AMNH, ♀ CAS, ♀ MZUSP, 2 ♀ USNM); idem, vii. 1941 (♀ AMNH); idem, Canal Zone, Gatua, vii. 1931, Curry (♀ USNM); idem, Army School, Malar., without date, R. H. Arnett (2 ♀ LACM-ENT 286997, 286998); idem, C.Z. Ancon, viii. 1937, L. Cook (♀ CAS); Col��n, Chagres, 04.viii. 1944, W.W. Middlekauff (♀ CAS); idem, Santa Rosa, viii. 1936 (♀ CAS, 3 ♀ USNM); Darien, Rio Paya, Yellow Fever Camp, 06.vii. 1958 (♀ INPA); idem, Rio Bayaro, Piutujos, Human bait Sta., 13.ix. 1957, det. G. B. Fairchild, 1983 (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006432); idem, Maj, Rio Bayaro, Shannon trap, 18.viii. 1952, det. G.B. Fairchild 1976 (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006433)., Published as part of Krolow, Tiago K��tter, Henriques, Augusto Loureiro, Gorayeb, Inoc��ncio De Sousa, Limeira-De-Oliveira, Francisco & Buest��n, Jaime, 2015, Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos, 1896 (Diptera: Tabanidae: Scionini), pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 3904 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3904.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/253414, {"references":["Giglio-Tos, E. (1896) Un nuovo genere di Tabanidi raccolto nel Darien dal Dott. E. Festa. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 11 (224), 1 - 5.","Kertesz, K. (1900) Catalogus tabanidorum orbis terrarum universi. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 1 - 69.","Ricardo, G. (1900) Notes on the Pangoninae of the family Tabanidae in the British Museum Collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 5, 97 - 121, 167 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678264","Hunter, W. D. (1901) A catalogue of the Diptera of South America, Pt. 2. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 27, 136 - 147.","Ricardo, G. (1904) Notes on the smaller genera of the Tabaninae of the family Tabanidae in the British Museum collection. Annals and magazine of natural history, Series 7, 14, 349 - 373. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745480409443020","Aldrich, J. M. (1905) A catalog of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections, 46 (2), 1 - 680. [Series: Publication (Smithsonian Institution); 1444]","Kertesz, K. (1908) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Lipsiae & Budapestini [= Leipzig and Budapest], 367 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Surcouf, J. M. R. & Gonzalez-Rincones, R. (1912) Essai sur les dipteres vulnerants de Venezuela. Materiaux pour servir a 1 ' etude des dipteres piqueurs et suceurs de sang de l'Amerique intertropicale. Deuxieme partie. Dipteres brachyceres vulnerants. A. Maloine, Paris, 240 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11832","Surcouf, J. M. R. (1921) Fam. Tabanidae. Genera Insectorum, 175, 1 - 182.","Krober, O. (1930) Die Pityocerini der neotropische Region. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 88, 305 - 312.","Fairchild, G. B. (1942) Notes on Tabanidae (Dipt.) from Panama. VIII. The genera Pityocera, Scione and Esenbeckia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 35 (2), 183 - 199.","Bequaert, J. & Renjifo-Salcedo, S. (1946) The Tabanidae of Colombia (Diptera). Psyche, 53 (3 - 4), 52 - 86.","Fairchild, G. B. & Leon, L. A. (1986) Lista provisional de Tabanidae (Diptera) del Ecuador. Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, 5, 97 - 122.","Coscaron, S. & Papavero, N. (2009 b) Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera, 16, 1 - 199.","Papavero, N. (1973) Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. 2. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, iii + 230 pp. [pp. 217 - 446]","Fairchild, G. B. (1971) Family Tabanidae, In: Papavero, N., (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 28, 1 - 163.","Moucha, J. (1976) Horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the World. Synoptic Catalogue. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae Supplementum, 7, 1 - 319.","Wilkerson, R. C. (1979) Horse flies (Dipt. Taban.) of the Colombian Departments of Choco, Valle and Cauca. Cespedesia, 8 (31 - 35), 87 - 433.","Henriques, A. L. & Gorayeb, I. S. (1993) A colecao de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Belem, Para, Brasil. Goeldiana Zoologia, 20, 1 - 23.","Fairchild, G. B. & Burger, J. F. (1994) A catalog of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Americas south of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 55, 1 - 249.","Henriques, A. L. (1997) A colecao de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, serie Zoologia, 11 (1), 57 - 99. [1995]","Lessard, B. D., Cameron, S. L., Bayless, K. M., Wiegmann, B. M. & Yeates, D. K. (2013) The evolution and biogeography of the austral horse fly tribe Scionini (Diptera: Tabanidae: Pangoniinae) inferred from multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68, 516 - 540. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.04.030","Lessard, B. D. (2014) Revision of the austral horse fly tribe Scionini (Diptera: Tabanidae). Austral Entomology, 53, 203 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12076"]}

Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana (Walker, 1850) (figures 4 A���F) Type locality. ��� Brazil. Pangonia nana Walker, 1850: 11; Kert��sz, 1900: 22. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana, Fairchild, 1967 b: 332 (types of Kr��ber); 1969: 204 (classification); 1971: 28 (catalog); Moucha, 1976: 41 (catalog); Chainey, 1990: 288 (types of BMNH); Fairchild & Burger, 1994: 52 (catalog); Coscar��n & Papavero, 2009 b: 46 (catalog); Lessard 2014: 231 (revision Scionini). Erephrosis nana, Ricardo 1900: 178. Pangonia (Erephopsis) nana, Kert��sz, 1908: 166 (catalog). Erephopsis (Pangonia) nana, Lutz, 1909: 659; Surcouf, 1921: 120. Fidena nana, Enderlein, 1925: 292; Mackerras, 1955: 488. Pseudelaphella nana, Kr��ber, 1930: 306, fig. 1 (misidentification for female); 1934: 235 (catalog, misidentification for female); Fairchild, 1956: 23. Erephopsis (Pangonia) nana Walker of Lutz, 1911: 81 ���83, 85; plate 4, Fig. 2, misidentification. Pseudelaphella nana Walker of Fairchild & Le��n, 1986: 104, misidentification. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana Walker of Henriques & Gorayeb, 1993: 5, misidentification. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana Walker of Chainey et al., 1994: 32, misidentification. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana Walker of Henriques, 1997: 62, misidentification. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana Walker of Buest��n et al., 2007: 36, misidentification. Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana Walker of C��rdenas et al., 2009: 526, misidentification. Holotype ♂: deposited at BMNH, examined by photos (fig. 4 A���F). Female: Here treated as unknown (see discussion). Distribution. Brazil. Discussion. Female described by Lutz (1911: 82���83) from a series of four specimens, which according to the author were poorly conserved. Collected in the margins of Guapor River, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, near the border with Bolivia. The description of the female does not match well with several characters of the male holotype (figs. 4 A���E), which has: upper half of the face pruinose; lower half of the face shiny; face strongly projected; beard white; antenna with first flagellomere modified, elongated with a small, sharp dorso-apical projection; six free flagellomeres (not fused) besides the first one. The antenna of the P. nana Holotype is very different from the other (Pseudelaphella) species, and does not match any female specimen examined in this study, nor other female specimens identified as P. nana in previous studies (Lutz 1911; Henriques & Gorayeb 1993; Henriques 1997). Therefore, P. nana is known only from the holotype. The combination Heteroscena nana (Walker) is assigned to Campos (1953) in a list of species from Ecuador. According to Fairchild (1961 a), that happened because the identification of the species was done by Lutz, who probably annexed labels with this combination. Although H. nana has been found in Lutz���s material, this name was never published by Lutz (Fairchild 1961 a). Coincidently, the original drawing of H. nana (figs. 5 A���B) was published in a recent book about Lutz���s work (Benchimol & S�� 2005: 609���610) and treated as an unpublished illustration by the authors. This illustration matches Lutz���s illustration (1911: picture 4, fig. 2) for Erephopsis nana (Walker). In light of this, it is possible that the material cited by Campos (1953) for Ecuador refers to an unknown species, in which Lutz���s females does not match the P. nana male. Furthermore, no other P. nana specimen has been collected in Ecuador since Campos���s original series (1953), which has probably been destroyed (Buest��n, unpublished)., Published as part of Krolow, Tiago K��tter, Henriques, Augusto Loureiro, Gorayeb, Inoc��ncio De Sousa, Limeira-De-Oliveira, Francisco & Buest��n, Jaime, 2015, Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos, 1896 (Diptera: Tabanidae: Scionini), pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 3904 (3) on page 310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3904.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/253414, {"references":["Walker, F. (1850) Insecta Saundersiana, or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of W. W. Saunders. Diptera. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, 76 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66010","Kertesz, K. (1900) Catalogus tabanidorum orbis terrarum universi. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 1 - 69.","Fairchild, G. B. (1967 b) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). IX. The species described by Otto Krober. Studia Entomologica, 9 (1 - 4), 329 - 379.","Moucha, J. (1976) Horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the World. Synoptic Catalogue. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae Supplementum, 7, 1 - 319.","Chainey, J. E. (1990) Tabanidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Lowry, C. A. (Eds.), A Catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 7, 1 - 371. [The Natural History Museum, London]","Fairchild, G. B. & Burger, J. F. (1994) A catalog of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Americas south of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 55, 1 - 249.","Coscaron, S. & Papavero, N. (2009 b) Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera, 16, 1 - 199.","Lessard, B. D. (2014) Revision of the austral horse fly tribe Scionini (Diptera: Tabanidae). Austral Entomology, 53, 203 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12076","Ricardo, G. (1900) Notes on the Pangoninae of the family Tabanidae in the British Museum Collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 5, 97 - 121, 167 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678264","Kertesz, K. (1908) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Lipsiae & Budapestini [= Leipzig and Budapest], 367 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Lutz, A. (1909) Tabaniden Brasiliens und einiger Nachbarstaaten. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 4 (Supplement 10), 619 - 692.","Surcouf, J. M. R. (1921) Fam. Tabanidae. Genera Insectorum, 175, 1 - 182.","Enderlein, G. (1925) Studien an blutsaugenden Insekten. I. Grundlagen eines neuen Systems der Tabaniden. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 11 (2), 255 - 409.","Mackerras, I. M. (1955) The classification and distribution of Tabanidae. II. History: morphology: classification: subfamily Pangoniinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, 3 (3), 439 - 511.","Krober, O. (1930) Die Pityocerini der neotropische Region. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 88, 305 - 312.","Lutz, A. (1911) Novas contribuicoes para o conhecimento das pangoninas e chrysopinas do Brasil. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pangoninen und Chrysopinen Brasiliens. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 3 (1), 65 - 85.","Fairchild, G. B. & Leon, L. A. (1986) Lista provisional de Tabanidae (Diptera) del Ecuador. Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, 5, 97 - 122.","Henriques, A. L. & Gorayeb, I. S. (1993) A colecao de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Belem, Para, Brasil. Goeldiana Zoologia, 20, 1 - 23.","Chainey, J. E., Hall, M. J. R., Amayo, J. L. & Bettella, P. (1994) A preliminary checklist and key to the genera and subgenera of Tabanidae (Diptera) of Bolivia with particular reference to Santa Cruz Department. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89, 321 - 345. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761994000300007","Henriques, A. L. (1997) A colecao de Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, serie Zoologia, 11 (1), 57 - 99. [1995]","Buestan J. A., Navarrete, R. A. & Mejia, M. T. (2007) Lista actualizada de tabanos (Diptera: Tabanidae) del Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical, 44 (1), 23 - 78.","Cardenas, R. E., Buestan, J. A. & Dangles, O. (2009) Diversity and distribution models of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Ecuador. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (Nouvelle Serie), 45 (4), 511 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2009.10697633","Campos, F. (1953) Las moscas (Brachycera) del Ecuador. Revista Ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical, 8 - 9 (1 - 4), 99 - 106. (\" 1952 \")","Fairchild, G. B. (1961 a) The Adolfo Lutz collection of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. The described genera and species, condition of the collection, and selection of lectotypes. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 59 (2), 185 - 249. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761961000200006","Benchimol, J. L. & Sa, M. R. (2005) Adolpho Lutz. Obra completa. 2 (2). Entomologia - Tabanideos. Entomology - Tabanidae. Editora FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 699 pp."]}

Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) rhinolissa Krolow & Henriques sp. nov. (figures 13 A–H, 14 A–F) Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) patellicornis, Henriques & Gorayeb, 1993: 5; Henriques, 1997: 62. Type locality. Brazil, Pará, Conceição do Araguaia. Diagnosis. size varying from 9.3 to 13.8 mm; frons parallel sides; gena and parafacial pruinose, face and clypeus smooth and shiny light brown; beard white; antennal flagellum orange, with five free flagellomeres darkened; femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi more darkened. Description, Holotype ♀. based on a specimen from Conceição do Araguaia, Pará. Body length 12.8 mm (fig. 13 A); wing length 11.2 mm; wing width 3.7 mm. Head (fig. 13 B): eyes without color pattern when dry, densely pilose. Occiput with yellowish white hair. Frons parallel, D.I. 1.0, F.I. 3.2; with yellowish brown pruinosity and black pilosity. Subcallus glabrous, with pruinosity identical to frons. Face smooth and shiny (translucent yellow) with some sparse black hairs; clypeus smooth and shiny, light brown; parafacial and gena with whitish pruinosity and white beard. Antenna (fig. 13 C) scape and pedicel with yellowish brown pruinosity and dark hairs; flagellum orange, without pruinosity; eight flagellomeres, flagellomeres 1–3 fused, 4–8 free (darker); first flagellomere (although hard to see due to the almost complete fusion with the second) higher than long, with tuft of dorsal hairs; apical flagellomere with black hair. Palpus with first segment tubular and short, less than half of the second; second segment with basal and median enlargements, occupying more than half of the length, hairs only on external margins; central area yellowish and bare remainder narrow and completely pilose; proboscis slender and very long, over twice the length of the head. Thorax: scutum dark brown, with black hairs and three longitudinal bands of brown pruinosity; post-pronotal lobe, notopleura, post-alar callus and scutellum apex with brown pruinosity. Notopleura with tuft of black hairs (dorso-lateral view). Pleura with dark integument covered by greyish brown pruinosity and predominantly white hairs. Legs slender; coxae with pruinosity and pilosity similar to pleura; trochanters and femora yellow with sparse black and white pilosity; tibiae and tarsi yellow, darker due to black pilosity in dorsal view. Wing infuscated; r 5 cell closed with petiole very long; appendix of R 4 vein very short; venation dark brown. Abdomen: tergites 1–2 bright yellow with dark spot in the middle; tergites 3–7 dark brown with bright posterior transverse bands; pilosity predominantly black, with some white hairs. Terminalia (paratype). Tergites IX and X, cercus and hypoproct as in figure (fig. 13 F). Tergite IX fused, a little narrower than tergite X. Tergite X rectangular, divided into two pieces. Cercus with margins rounded and apex slightly acuminate. Hypoproct rounded, reaching the first third of the cercus length. Hypogynium + hypogynial valve (fig. 13 G). Hypogynium subtriangular with lateral margins straight from the second basal third to the apex, and slightly rounded on the first third; apex with a v-shaped slit reaching the hypogynial valve. Genital fork (fig. 13 H) with arms slender, but with great distal expansions heavily sclerotized; anterior margin with sharp median indentation; lateral extremities pointed; spermathecal ducts long and little sclerotized; spermatheca (fig. 13 H) heavily pigmented, thin, with apex narrowed. Paratypes variation. Body length 9.3–13.8 mm; wing length 9.0– 11.8 mm; wing width 2.9–3.9 mm; F.I. 2.7–3.2; D.I. 1.0; Male (figs. 14 A–F): similar to the female in terms of pruinosity and pilosity patterns. Differs in the following characters: head holoptic (fig. 14 A); ommatidia equally sized; first flagellomere more elongated (fig. 14 B); palpus porrect, with first segment a little shorter than the second; second segment of the palpus without distal narrowing, with central area bare. Terminalia. (figs. 14 C–F). Epandrium, cercus and hypoproct as in figure 14 E–F. Epandrium fused, with lateral margins rounded slightly excavated in the apex (dorsal view). Cercus subrectangular. Hypoproct elongated and acuminate, exceeding the apex of the cercus. Hypandrium + gonocoxite, gonostylus and aedeagus as in figure 14 C–D. Hypandrium + gonocoxite robust, with anterior margin straight; gonocoxite hollow (dorsal view) developed reaching approximately half of its length. Gonostylus elongate with slightly proximal-posterior indentation and apex pointed (beak shaped); aedeagus slender without anterior enlargement; slightly more robust than the gonocoxal apodemes; length subequal to the gonocoxal apodemes. Distribution. Brazil (Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Tocantins, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul), Bolivia (Santa Cruz). Type material. Holotype ♀. “ BRAZIL, Pará\ C.[onceição do] Araguaia\J.A.Rafael\ 19–31.i. 1983 ” (INPA). Paratypes 25 ♀, 11 ♂. “ BRASIL, Pará\ C.[onceição do] Araguaia\ J.A.Rafael\ 19–31.i. 1983 ” (2 ♀ 3 ♂ INPA); “ Brasil, MA, Caxias\ Fazenda Bode\ Isca: Eqüina ” “ 22.vi. 1997 \ M.M. Ramos & R.\ P. Meneses” (♀ INPA, ♀ CEUFT); “ Brasil, MA, Caxias\F. Bode, 17–22.v. 1999 \F.L. Oliveira, Malaise” (♀ INPA); “ Brasil, MA, Caxias\F. Bode, 01–08.vi. 1999 \F.L. Oliveira, Malaise” (♂ INPA); “Est. Goyas\Campinas [município extinto, incorporado a Goiania], 1935 \R. Spitz” (2 ♀ MZUSP); “Vianópolis\Goyaz\R. Spitz\ iii. 1930 ” “Pseudelaphella\ patellicornis \Krb [Kröber] det.” (♂ MZUSP); “Est. Goyaz\Corumbá\F. Monjolinho\ii.[1] 945 \Barretto col.” (♀ MZUSP); “Fazenda Guaicurus\Mun. Miranda, MS\NZI. Ac., 23.ii. 2002 \Col., W.W. Koller” (♀ MPEG); “Faz. Guaicurus\Miranda, MS\Ca. Po. 15.iii. 2002 \W.V. Koller” (♀ MPEG); “Faz. Guaicurus\Miranda, MS\Nzi P. 20.ii. 2003 \W. Koller” (♀ MPEG); “Roboré, S.[anta] Cruz\feb[ii]. 1958, BOL [ívia]\Juan Foerster” “Pity. (Pseudelaphella)\ patellicornis Krob. \ det. 1979 \ G. B. FAIRCHILD” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006438); “ BRASIL, Maranhão \ Caxias, Pov. [oado] Caxirimbú\ Primeiro Distrito\ Rede Entomológica\ 08.vi. 2009 \ S. M. Santos” (♂ CZMA); “Mirador\ Parque Est. do Mirador\ Base da Geraldina\ 06° 37 ’ 25 ”S / 45 ° 52 ’08”W \ Armadilha suspensa\ 08– 14.iii. 2013 \ F. Limeira-de- Oliveira, L. L.\ M. Santos & L. S. Santos” (4 ♂ CZMA); “Bom Jardim\ REBIO-Res[erva]. Biol.[ógica] Gurupi\ Armadilha Malaise\ 05– 15.vi. 2010, F. Limeira-\de-Oliveira, J. C. Silva &\ D. W. A. Marques” (4 ♀ CZMA); “ BRASIL, Piaui Piracuruca\ P. N. Sete Cidades\ Posto ICMBIO\ 04°05’ 57 S/ 41 ° 42 ’ 34 ”W \ Armadilha suspensa\ 19–24.vi. 2012, J. A.\ Rafael & F. Limeira-de-\Oliveira” (4 ♀, ♂ CZMA); “ BRASIL, Ceará Ubajara\ Parque Nac.[ional] de Ubajara\ Cachoeira do Cafundó\ 03° 50 ’ 13 ”S / 40 ° 54 ’ 35 ”W \, Armadilha Malaise\ 21–24.iv. 2012, J. A.\ Rafael & F. Limeira-de-\ Oliveira” (♀ CZMA); “ BRASIL, Ceará Ubajara\ Parque Nac.[ional] de Ubajara\ Cachoeira do Cafundó\ 03° 50 ’ 13 ”S / 40 ° 54 ’ 35 ”W \, Amadilha Suspensa\ 21–24.iv. 2012, J. A.\ Rafael & F. Limeirade-\ Oliveira” (2 ♀ CZMA); “ BRASIL, Ceará Ubajara\ Parque Nac.[ional] de Ubajara\ Cachoeira do Cafundó\ 03° 50 ’ 13 ”S / 40 ° 54 ’ 35 ”W \, 10–25.iv. 2013, F.\ Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.\ T. A. Silva” (♀ CZMA). Additional material examined: BRAZIL, Maranhão, São Bernardo, Povoado Baixa Grande, 07–08.vi. 2001, F.L. Oliveira (♀ INPA); Tocantins, Arraias, vii. 2010, M.A. Bragança (2 ♀ CEUFT); idem, i. 2012, M.A. Bragança (♀ CEUFT); idem, Porto Alegre [do Tocantins], 11.ii. 2002, A.R.S. Filho & H.S. Morais (♀ CEUFT); idem, São Valério da Natividade, 25–30.xi. 2009, M.A. Bragança (4 ♀ CEUFT); idem, Taguatinga, iv. 2010, M.A. Bragança (9 ♀ CEUFT); Rondônia, Ouro Preto do Oeste, linha 212, 06.iv. 1985, F.F Ramos (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006435); idem, J. Dias (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006436); Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, Fazenda Guaicurus, 19.ii. 2002 (♀ MPEG); idem, 18.iii. 2003, W. Koller (♀ MPEG); idem, 12.iv. 2003, W. Koller (♀ MPEG); idem, 16.vi. 2003, W. Koller (♀ MPEG). Etymology. “ rhinos ” = nose and “ lissos ” = smooth, both from Greek. Discussion. similar instance to P. pernaquila sp. nov. here described as a new species, but formerly treated as P. patellicornis in Henriques & Gorayeb (1993) and Henriques (1997). Mistake associated with a specimen from Bolivia, deposited at MPEG, which was identified by Fairchild in 1979 as P. patellicornis (figs. 13 D–E). This specimen has face completely smooth and shiny, clearly differing from the Lectotype of P. patellicornis, which has the face completely pruinose.

Macrogynoplax delicata Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich, 1999 (Figs. 1–11) Macrogynoplax delicata Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich 1999: 134, Figs. 1–5; Ribeiro & Rafael 2007: 19, Figs. 1, 4–5, 9– 17; Froehlich 2003: 133 (key); Ribeiro et al. 2009: 34 (catalogue); Froehlich 2010: 184 (catalogue). Macrogynoplax marauia Froehlich, 2003: 133, p. 132, figs. 15–18. synonym of M. delicata, Ribeiro & Rafael 2007: 19. Diagnosis of nymph. Body light brown. Frons light brown, labrum light yellow; parietália yellowish, light brown at epicranial line. Pronotum light brown, yellowish laterally. Description of nymph. Female: Body robust, length 9.0–10.0 mm (not including cerci, n= 20), general color shiny dark brown to slightly yellowish; body robust (Fig. 1). Head: Antennae dark yellow, basally with dark margin, scape as wide as long. Occiput in dorsal view without spots; frons dark brown, M-line distinct, with small yellow spots lateral to ocelli. Parietalia dark yellow, brown at coronal line and post-frontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.4 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.6 mm (Fig. 2). Mouthparts whitish yellow. Labrum light yellow ventrally, and dark yellow on dorsum with thin setae (Fig. 3). Maxillae greenish-yellow, cardo and stipes sclerotized, light yellow, medial margin of stipes sclerotized, dark yellow, and with groups of short subequal robust setae; lacinia with two light brown teeth and a row of six robust, long bristles below teeth (Fig. 4). Mandible whitish yellow with five acute teeth on distal margin, decreasing in size to base, but 4 th tooth larger than the 3 rd, 5 th and 2 nd and 4 th tooth subequal; two rows of bristles on the ventral margin; first row starting at the base of the 2 nd tooth and other at base of the 4 th tooth (Figs. 5, 6). Pronotum dark brown, without median spots, posterior margin with median concavity, pronotal sulcus narrow and band lateral wide; ventral side whitish yellow, with sulcus well-marked; angle between the anterior arms of Y-line narrow, without groups of setae on the anterior side or lateral of the Y-line (Figs. 2, 8). Meso- and metanotum light brown, mesonotum with median light yellow area, with yellowish bands laterally, covered with thin dark pilosity; lateral border, light yellow, spots narrow and long, dark brown pigment extends laterally from apex to base; metanotum similar to mesonotum with variably sized medial spots (Fig. 7). Gills present on ASC [1, 2, 3], PSC [1, 2] with simple branches; PSC [3] with double branches; AT [2, 3] with triple branches and SL with multiple branches (Fig. 8). Prothoracic leg raptorial, light yellow, unpigmented ventrally; coxa with few bristles; trochanter with stout bristles stronger and dense in posterior region; femur light yellow without transverse bristles apically; with bristle short and strong and a fringe of bristle on the dorsoanterior margin; ventral margin with long and sparse bristles and a lobular projection at the distal third, short in dorsal view; tibiae without short band of bristles on anterior and posterior margins; a cluster of fine and dense whitish bristles along of entire segment, posterior margin with three large, strong spines distally; tarsus pale yellow dorsally and ventrally, with bristles fine and long (Figs. 9, 10). Abdomen dorsally light brown, similar to head and thorax; intersegmental membranes darker; segments with complete dorsal row of bristles that at posterior margin becoming more distinct on sterna 8–10. Ventrally, bristles extend to a median gap equal to of sternum width on segments 1–4; bristle row complete on sterna 8–10, eight sternite, with a median U-shaped, short notch; sterna with sparse bristles, posterior three sterna with long bristles distally. Cerci dark to light yellow (Fig. 11). Male. Unknown. Variation: Female. Body color ranging from light brown to light yellow with a greenish cast; head with line epicranial well defined and distinct; head without spots and pronotum, meso- and metanotum with light yellow spots; median area with anterior and posterior brown bands; lateral spots variable in length; sterna whitish yellow. Long bristles present on lateral margins of terga 5–10 and on median-lateral margins of sterna 6–10. Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus Municipality, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke; Amapá, Macapá Municpality, Floresta Nacional do Amapá (new record); Pará, Peixe-Boi Municipality, Peixe-Boi River Basin, Nova Timboteua Municipality (new record) and São Geraldo do Araguaia Municipality, Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas (new record). Remarks. The association with the adult was confirmed by rearing. The nymph differs from M. pulchra by the shiny dark brown color and more robust habitus, the head dark brown, M-line conspicuous, the presence of a slight median concavity on the pronotum, the angle of the anterior arms of the Y-line of mesosternum long, femur uniformly dark yellow to dark brown with a short lobular projection in dorsal and ventral view, and the welldefined dark spots on the wing pads. Macrogynoplax delicata was the frequently collected species during this study from two river basins of the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke Manaus, Amazonas, two streams in the Floresta Nacional do Amapá, two streams of the Peixe-Boi River Basin, and a stream of Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas, northeastern and southern of state of Pará. We identified additional adults from the following localities, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (Manaus, Amazonas, several adults, males and females) INPA and Fazenda Candiru, adult male MPEG. Material examined. BRASIL, Amazonas State Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (RFAD), Am-010, Km 30, Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], 14.vi. 1989, L.C. Machado & R.S. Rocha (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (SIGS), Km 28, Branquinho stream, [aquatic net], 16.vi. 1993, A.C. [Ribeiro-Ferreira] (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 16.vi. 1993, A. Celeste (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, (RFAD), Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], 1995, [A. Celeste] (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 02.vii. 1995, A. Celeste (13 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 11.ix. 1995, [A. Celeste] (1 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], v. 1995, [A. Celeste] (10 nymphs, INPA); same location, Bons Amigos stream, [aquatic net], 24.iii. 1995, (reared in laboratory), A. Celeste (1 exuvia, 1 adult, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 06.vi. 1995, A. Celeste (1 exúvia, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 24.iv. 1996, S. Cleto (8 nymphs, INPA); same location, Am-010, Km 26, aquatic net, 01.iii. 2000, E.C. Litaiff (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF), Fazenda Dimona, (Rio Cuieiras), leaf litter [aquatic net], 06.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, Fazenda Dimona, (Rio Cuieiras), leaf litter in riffles, [aquatic net], 07.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, PDBFF, Fazenda Porto Alegre, (Rio Urubu), leaf litter in riffles, [aquatic net], 08.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Fazenda Esteio, leaf litter in riffles, [aquatic net], 10.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, (Rio Urubu), [aquatic net], 11.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, in riffles [aquatic net], 11.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Km- 41, [aquatic net], 11.ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, ZF 3, Km 23, Fazenda Esteio/Colosso, (Rio Urubu), 12. ii. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, (Rio Preto da Eva), leaf litter in riffles, 12. ii. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Fazenda Esteio/Gavião, J.L. Nessimian (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 12. ii. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Acar stream, 13.x. 2001, [aquatic net], Ribeiro, J.M.F. (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, PDBFF, Fazenda Esteio/Gavião, (Rio Urubu), leaf litter in riffles, 20.x. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (10 nymphs, INPA); same location, Fazenda Esteio/Dimona, (Rio Cuieiras), 21.x. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, 22.x. 2001, in riffles, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Fazenda Esteio/C. Powell, 23.x. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, Reserva do Gavião, 25.x. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Br- 174, km- 7, Fazenda Dimona, in riffles, 07.ii. 2002, J.L. [aquatic net], Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Ipiranga stream, [aquatic net], 13.ix. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro & J. Vidal (1 nymph, INPA); same location, stream of ounce, [aquatic net], 21.v. 2002, Ribeiro, J.M.F. Ribeiro & F.P. Gouveia (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Ipiranga stream, [aquatic net], 12.x. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro (4 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 15.ix. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro & J. Vidal (4 nymphs, INPA); same location, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé stream of riffles, leaf litter [aquatic net], 17.viii. 2002, (1 nymph, INPA); same location, ZF 3, Fazenda Esteio, Ponta Verde stream, 12.vi. 2006, leaf litter of S. bifida, J.D. Paula (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Ipiranga stream, [aquatic net], 19.iv. 2003, Ribeiro, J.M.F (1 exuvia, INPA); same location, PDBFP, [aquatic net], 18–24.ii. 2003 (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) stream (reared), 12.xi. 2007, F.M. Silva & J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph in transition of adult, INPA); same location, UFAM stream (reared), 26.v. 2007, F.M. Silva (1 nymph, 1 adult, INPA); same location, Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], 31.xi. 2007, F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, UFAM stream (reared), 21.v. 2008, F.M. Silva (3 nymphs, INPA); same location, [aquatic net], 26.v. 2008, F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location (reared), [aquatic net], 05.ix. 2008, F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Acará stream, [aquatic net], 17.viii. 2011, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, INPA); Pará State, Nova Timboteua Municipality, Burrinho stream, 12.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro & M.J. Candido (3 nymphs, MPEG); same location, Peixe-Boi, Municipality, sieve, dragnet, 17.iii. 2011, 2 BIS stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro & Monteiro-Junior (3 nymphs, MPEG); same location, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Municipality, Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas, 30.x. 2011, [aquatic net, sieve, dragnet], Água Verde stream, 0 6 0539,6´´S 48 2919,9 ´´W, J.M.F Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 nymph, MPEG). Amapá, Macapá, Municipality, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, PPBio, Japiim stream, between the trails I e II, (00o 58 ’ 37,5 ’’S 51 o 36 ’ 50 W), [aquatic net, sieve, dragnet], 22–30.x. 2009, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (5 nymphs, MPEG). Ecological notes. Nymphs of M. delicata were collected from rocky substrates with leaf packs, most commonly associated with leaf litter, but sometimes found on submerged logs in riffle reaches. Nymphs could be collected from substrates as described above from pristine streams with little sedimentation to those that have been impacted by deforestation. Adults of this species were rarely collected even when using light traps. Physicochemical parameters of selected streams are presented in Table 1. BB = Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Barro Branco Stream; 2 BIS = Pará, Peixe-Boi River basin, second BIS Stream; AV = Pará, Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas, Água Verde Stream, JA = Amapá, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, Japiim Stream.

Ribeiro, José Moacir Ferreira, Gorayeb, Inocêncio De Sousa, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição (2015): Description of the nymph of Anacroneuria singularis Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and a new locality record for northern Brazil. Zootaxa 4057 (2): 295-300, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4057.2.11

Krolow, Tiago Kütter, Henriques, Augusto Loureiro, Gorayeb, Inocêncio De Sousa, Limeira-De-Oliveira, Francisco, Buestán, Jaime (2015): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos, 1896 (Diptera: Tabanidae: Scionini). Zootaxa 3904 (3): 301-333, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3904.3.1

Anacroneuria singularis Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci (Figs. 1–11) Anacroneuria singularis Righi Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010: 42, figs. 13–18 Material examined. BRASIL, Pará, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas, Sucupira stream, 24.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (4 nymphs, MPEG); Santa Cruz stream, 24.x. 2011, light trap, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 adult female, MPEG); stream near the bridge over the river Sucupira, 24.x. 2011, reared in stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 adult female, 1 exuvia, MPEG); Sucupira stream (near the bridge), 24.x. 2011, reared in stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 adult female, 1 exuvia, UNESP); Água Bonita stream, 06º 13´36,8´´S; 48 º 30´05,4´´W, 26.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (18 nymphs, MPEG); Água Bonita stream, 26.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 nymph, 1 exuvia, MPEG); Água Bonita stream, 26.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (10 nymphs, MPEG); Brejão stream, 26.x. 2011, reared in stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 adult males, MPEG); Jatobá stream, 27.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (4 nymphs, MPEG); Gamelerinha stream, 27.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (23 nymphs, MPEG); tributary of Sucupira stream, 6 º 17´59 ´´S; 48 º 25´20 ´´W, 28.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (8 nymphs, MPEG); Água Verde stream, 06º04´16,5´´S; 48 º 50´15,5´´W, 30.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (5 nymphs, 2 exuvias, MPEG); Água Verde stream, 30.x. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (3 nymphs, MPEG); Água Bonita stream, 29.x. 2011, reared in stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro, & C.R.M. Santos (1 female, 1 exuvia, MPEG); Água Verde stream, 06º04´16,5´´S; 48 º 50´15,5´´W, 30.x. 2011, reared in stream, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (1 adult female, MPEG); Sucupira stream (near the bridge), 07– 12.xii. 2013, Malaise trap, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 adult males, MPEG); Água Bonita stream, 07– 12.xii. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R.M. Santos (5 nymphs, MPEG); 07.xii. 2013, light trap, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult male, MPEG); Água Bonita stream, 07– 12.xii. 2013, J.M.F. Ribeiro (29 nymphs, 3 exuvias). Description of nymph. General color dark brown (Fig. 1). Head, antennae brownish, basally light yellow; two ocelli; frons uniformly dark brown with M-line indistinct and with small lateral spots near the ocelli; parietalia whitish, brown on coronal and postfrontal lines; compound eyes black; postfrontal line U-shaped (Fig. 2); labrum brown with fine bristles; labium as in Fig. 3 and with ochraceous palpi; maxilla as in Fig. 4 and also with ochraceous palpi; mandible robust with the 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th teeth subequal (Figs. 5, 6); in molar area, two rows of bristles, one starting at the base of the 2 nd tooth and the other at the base of the 4 th tooth (Figs. 5, 6). Thorax, pronotum dorsally brown with ochraceous spots, lateral margins light brown, anterior and posterior margins dark brown (Fig. 2); ventrally pale yellow with sulci well marked (Figs. 8); mesonotum and metanotum dark brown with ochraceous spots (Fig. 7). Gills ASC 1, PSC 1 with two branches, AT 2, AT 3, PT 3, A 1 with double trunk; ASC, PSC (2,3) and SL absent. Fore leg dorsally ochraceous (Fig. 9), whitish ventrally (Fig. 10); coxa with few bristles; trochanter with few robust bristles; femur with two transverse dorsal rows of long robust bristles (Fig. 9), ventral face with few bristles (Fig. 10); base of the tibia dark yellow; tibia apically with rows of short fine bristles, a group of dense fine white long bristles form a fringe, in posterior margin (barely visible in Figs. 9 and 10); tarsus ochraceous. Abdomen brown, intersegmental membranes ochraceous; rows of bristles around the posterior margin are complete on segments 8 to 10; in females, presence of a median sulcus on sternite 8. Cerci brownish (Fig. 11). Variation. General body color varies from dark to light brown. Younger nymphs have additional and stouter bristles, appearing more pilose. Markings on the pronotum vary in color, shape, and size. Discussion. A. singularis has been collected mainly in central Brazil and this is the first report of the species from the municipality of São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas, Pará State. The nymph of this species (Figs. 1–11) resembles those of A. debilis (Pictet, 1841) (Silva et al. 2011) and A. marlieri Froehlich 2001 (Ribeiro & Gorayeb 2014), principally in general body form and coloration. It differs from A. debilis in the color of anterior dorsal portion of the head, which in A. singularis is uniformly dark brown to the postfrontal line; in A. debilis it becomes lighter near ocelli (Silva et al. 2011). Anacroneuria singularis differs from A. marlieri by the presence of ochraceous spots on the brown pronotum (in A. marlieri, uniformly brown, Ribeiro & Gorayeb 2014). Ecological notes. Nymphs of A. singularis were collected from five relative pristine streams in a protected natural area in southern Pará State in northern Brazil. The physical and chemical parameters of the sampled streams were: water temperature (24–29 o C); pH (6.0– 6.7); specific conductance (9.1–86.8 uS /cm); dissolved oxygen (11,0– 20,0 mg/l); width of stream (2.7–6.6 m); depth of stream (0.17–0.60 cm); velocity of flow (0.06– 0.31 m /s), and stream discharge (0.10–0.77 m 3 /s). Nymphs were always collected from riffle areas with from sandy and loose rocky substrates.

Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) pernaquila Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (figures 12 A–F) Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) nana, Henriques & Gorayeb, 1993: 5; Henriques, 1997: 62. Type locality. Brazil, Pará, Serra Norte. Diagnosis. size varying from 9.2–11.6mm; frons parallel sides; face, gena and parafacial pruinose, only clypeus smooth and shiny; beard white; antennal flagellum orange; first flagellomere as wide as long; legs dark brown. Description, Holotype ♀: body length 10.5 mm (fig. 12 A); wing length 10.1 mm; wing width 3.2 mm. Head (fig. 12 B): eyes without color pattern when dry, densely pilose. Occiput with white hairs. Frons parallel, slightly convergent at base, D.I. 1.1, F.I. 2.8; with yellowish brown pruinosity and brown pilosity. Subcallus glabrous, with pruinosity identical to frons. Face with pruinosity same as frons, and sparse light-brown hair. Parafacial and gena with greyish pruinosity and white beard. Clypeus smooth and shiny. Antenna (fig. 12 C), scape and pedicel with yellowish brown pruinosity and black hairs; flagellum dark orange, without pruinosity; first flagellomere as high as long, with tuft of dorsal hairs; flagellomeres 1–3 fused, 4–7 free; apical flagellomere with black hairs. Palpus with first segment tubular and a little smaller than second; second segment with enlargement occupying more than half of the length and hairs only on external margins, central area dark orange and bare; distal half narrowed and completely pilose; proboscis slender and very long, over twice the length of the head; theca membranous; labella slender (without expansion) and partially sclerotized; Thorax: scutum dark brown, with black hair and three very distinct longitudinal bands of greyish white pruinosity; post-pronotal lobe, notopleura, post-alar callus and scutellum apex with greyish-white pruinosity. Notopleura with tuft of black hair (dorso-lateral view). Pleura with dark integument covered by greyish white pruinosity and predominantly white hair. Legs slender; coxae with pruinosity and pilosity similar to pleura; trochanters, tibiae, femora and tarsi dark brown with predominantly black pilosity, with some sparse brown hairs; tibiae with black hair in dorsal view. Wing fumose; r 5 cell closed with very long petiole; appendix of R 4 very short; venation dark-brown. Abdomen: dark brown, tergites with posterior transverse bands bright; tergites 1–2 bright (yellowish) with dark spot in the middle; tergites 3–7 dark brown with light posterior transverse bands; pilosity predominantly black, with white hairs starting from the fourth tergite. Terminalia (paratype). Tergites IX and X, cercus and hypoproct as in figure (fig. 12 D). Tergite IX fused, narrowed in center. Tergite X divided into two pieces with a membranous space between the contact area of the internal lateral margins and the tergite IX. Cercus with margins rounded and apex slightly acuminate. Hypoproct rounded, reaching the first third of the cercus length. Hypogynium + hypogynial valve (fig. 12 E). Hypogynium subtriangular with lateral margins straight from middle to apex and slightly rounded from middle to basis; apex with a v-shaped slit reaching the hypogynial valve. Genital fork (fig. 12 F) with arms slender, but with distal expansions sclerotized; anterior margin straight with slight median indentation; lateral extremities rounded; spermathecal ducts long and little sclerotized; spermatheca (fig. 12 F) heavily pigmented, elongated, with apex narrowed. Paratypes variations. Body length 9.2–11.6 mm; wing length 9.6–10.6 mm; wing width 3.0– 3.2 mm; F.I. 2.7–2.9; D.I. 1.0– 1.1. Male: unknown. Distribution. Brazil (Pará, Rondônia). Type material. Holotype ♀. “ BRAZIL, Pará\Serra Norte\ 3 alfa\ 26.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M F Torres” (MPEG DIP 12001513). Paratypes 18 ♀. “Pará, Tucuruí\ 08.7[vii]. 1978 ” “ Brasil Pará\W. França ” “ Pityocera \ (Pseudelaphella)\ nana Wlk \ det. G.B. Fairchild, 1981 ” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12006434); “ Brasil, Pará\ Serra Norte\ 3 Alfa\ 26.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M F Torres” (3 ♀ MPEG-DIP 12001511, 12001514, 12001515); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 15.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M. F. Torres” (♀ CZMA); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 22.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M. Zanuto” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001518); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 27.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\W. França ” (2 ♀ MPEG-DIP 12001522, 12001525); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 20–24.vi. 1985 \Arm. Malaise” “ Brasil, Pará\F. Ramos” (2 ♀ MPEG-DIP 12001520, 12001526); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 29.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\H. Andrade” (♀ CZMA); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Serraria\ 01–03.viii. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M. Zanuto” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001510); “ Brasil Pará\Serra Norte\Pojuca\ 20–24.vi. 1985 \Arm. Malaise” “ Brasil, Pará\ F. Ramos” (2 ♀ MPEG-DIP 12001516, 12001519); “ Brasil, Pará\Serra Norte\Fofoca\ 22.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\N. Bittencourt” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001517); “ Brasil, Pará\Serra Norte\Salobo\ 05.viii. 1984 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M. Zanuto” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001524); “ Brasil, Pará\Serra Norte\N.I.C Rupestre\ 20.vi. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\M. Torres” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001512); “ Brasil, Pará\Serra Norte, N 1 \Arm. Suspensa 1–6 m \ 12–15.vii. 1985 ” “ Brasil, Pará\R. D. Thomas” (♀ MPEG-DIP 12001523). Additional material examined: BRAZIL, Rondônia, Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rio Boa Vista, 06– 12.vii. 1995, J.A. Rafael & J. Vidal (5 ♀ INPA, ♀ CZMA). Etymology. the name derives from Latin and is named for its dark legs; perna = legs + aquilus = dark colored. Discussion. here described as a new species, but previously treated as the female of P. nana in Henriques & Gorayeb (1993) and Henriques (1997). This mistake is possibly related to the fact that a specimen from the MPEG was identified as such by Fairchild in 1981. Such occurrence raises the possibility that P. nana may also have been misidentified in other works (Fairchild & León 1986; Chainey et al. 1994; Buestán et al. 2007; Cárdenas et al. 2009). This species can be differentiated from the others by its habitus characteristically darker than other Pseudelaphella, associated with dark brown legs with predominantly black pilosity. It shows substantial color variation, in that the abdomens of specimens collected in Pará have the two first tergites yellow with a black spot in the center, while specimens from Rondônia have all tergites dark brown. Legs and antenna are also darker in the specimens from Rondônia. Therefore, specimens from Rondônia were left out of the type series, given that the addition of new material and/or males can define the unification or separation of these two groups.

Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) barrosi Gorayeb & Krolow sp. nov. (figures 9 A���G, 10 A���E) Type locality. Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda. Diagnosis. Medium-sized (11.0��� 12.5 mm); frons with parallel sides; face, gena and parafacial pruinose; only clypeus smooth and shiny; beard yellowish-brown; antennal flagellum yellow, except for the last flagellomere with black apex; legs yellow with trochanters concolorous, posterior tibiae with few sparse black hairs in dorsal view. Description, Holotype ♀: body length 12.0 mm (fig. 9 A); wing length 11.3 mm; wing width 3.7 mm. Head (fig. 9 B): eyes without color pattern when dry, densely pilose. Occiput with orangish yellow hairs. Frons parallel, D.I. 1.0, F.I. 2.8; with yellowish brown pruinosity and black pilosity. Subcallus glabrous, with pruinosity identical to frons. Parafacial and face with pruinosity identical to frons, with sparse black and yellow hairs. Gena with pruinosity and beard yellowish brown. Clypeus smooth and shiny. Antenna (fig. 9 C) scape and pedicel with yellowish-brown pruinosity and brown hairs; flagellum yellow without pruinosity; first flagellomere longer than wide, with tuft of dorsal hairs; flagellomeres 1���3 fused, 4���7 free; apical flagellomere with black apex and black hairs. Palpus with first segment tubular, shorter than the second, with long yellowish brown hairs and some short black hairs; second segment with enlargement occupying more than half of the length, hair only on external margins, central area yellow and bare, distal half narrow and completely pilose; proboscis slender and very long, over twice the length of the head. Thorax: scutum brown, with black and yellowish brown hairs, longitudinal bands indistinct; post-pronotal lobe, notopleura, post-alar callus and scutellum apex with pruinosity slightly brighter. Notopleura with a tuft of black hair (dorso-lateral view). Pleura with bright integument, covered with light brown pruinosity and predominantly yellowish brown hair, except for some sparse black hair. Legs slender; coxae and trochanters with pruinosity and pilosity similar to pleura; tibiae, femora and tarsi yellow with light yellow pilosity, except for some sparse black hairs; hind tibiae with sparse black hair in dorsal view. Wing fumose; r 5 cell closed with petiole very long; appendix of R 4 vein present, long; venation yellowish brown. Abdomen: yellowish brown (dorsal view); tergites 1���4 with black hairs, tergites 5���7 with predominantly white hair; sternites yellow covered with white pruinosity and white hairs. Terminalia (Paratype). Tergites IX and X, cercus and hypoproct as in figure (fig. 9 D). Tergite IX fused, narrow in center. Tergite X divided into two pieces with internal lateral margins widened, creating a membranous space between the contact area of the internal lateral margins and tergite IX. Cercus with margins rounded and apex subtriangular. Hypoproct rounded, reaching one third of the cercus length. Hypogynium + hypogynial valve (fig. 9 E). Hypogynium subtriangular with lateral margins straight from middle to apex and slightly rounded from middle to base; apex with a v-shaped slit reaching the hypogynial valve. Genital fork (fig. 9 F) with slender arms, bearing poorly sclerotized distal expansions; anterior margin straight with slight median indentation; lateral extremities slightly acuminate; spermathecal ducts long and little sclerotized; spermatheca (fig. 9 G) heavily pigmented, elongated and with apex narrowed. Paratypes variation. body length 11.0��� 12.5 mm; wing length 10.5���11.2 mm; wing width 3.4���3.7 mm; F.I. 2.6���2.8; D.I. 1.0. Male (fig. 10 A���B): similar to the female in patterns of pruinosity and pilosity. Differs in the following characters: head holoptic; upper ommatidia larger than lower ones; first flagellomere more elongated; palpus porrect with subequal segments; second segment of the palpus without distal narrowing, with broader glabrous central area. Terminalia (paratype) (figs. 10 C���E). Epandrium, cercus and hypoproct as in figure 10 E. Epandrium fused with lateral margins rounded; slightly excavated on apex (dorsal view). Cercus with apex subrectangular. Hypoproct elongated, exceeding the cercus apex. Hypandrium + gonocoxite, gonostylus and aedeagus as in figures 10 C���D. Hypandrium + gonocoxite robust with anterior margin rounded; gonocoxite hollow (dorsal view) developed, reaching half of its length. Gonostylus elongated, digitiform with apex pointed. Aedeagus slender without anterior enlargement, more robust than gonocoxal apodemes; length subequal to gonocoxal apodemes. Distribution. Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul). Type material. Holotype ♀. ���[BRAZIL] Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi Po 18 / 3 /[20]02\ Col. W. V. Koller (MPEG), part of the fore left leg is lost, with only coxa remaining. Paratypes 4 ♀ 2 ♂. ���Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi Po 19 / 3 /[20]02\ Col. W. V. Koller (♀ INPA); ���Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi P 16 /03/ [20]03\ W. Koller (♀ MPEG); ���Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi P 17 /03/[20]03\ W. Koller (♂♀ MPEG); ���Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi P 14 /04/[20]03\ W. Koller (♀ MPEG); ���Faz. Guaicurus\ Miranda ��� MS\ Nzi P 15 / 04/[20]03\ W. Koller (♂ INPA). Additional material examined. BRAZIL, Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, Faz.[enda] Guaicurus 17 /iii/ 2002, W. V. Koller (♀ MPEG); idem, 18.iii. 2002, W. V. Koller (♀ MPEG). Etymology. the specific epithet honors the dipterist Dr. Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros, currently in the Pantanal region. Discussion. this species has yellowish brown beard and is easily differentiated from P. nana, P. patellicornis, P. gorayebi sp. nov. and P. pernaquila sp. nov., which have a white beard. P. rhinolissa sp. nov. and P. ecuadorensis sp. nov. have a predominantly shiny face, while in P. barrosi sp. nov. the face is pruinose., Published as part of Krolow, Tiago K��tter, Henriques, Augusto Loureiro, Gorayeb, Inoc��ncio De Sousa, Limeira-De-Oliveira, Francisco & Buest��n, Jaime, 2015, Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Pityocera Giglio-Tos, 1896 (Diptera: Tabanidae: Scionini), pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 3904 (3) on pages 317-319, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3904.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/253414

Ribeiro, José Moacir Ferreira, Gorayeb, Inocêncio De Sousa (2015): Description of immatures associated with adults of two species of Macrogynoplax Enderlein and one species of Enderleina Jewett (Plecoptera: Perlidae) of the Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa 3948 (1): 109-124, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.7

Macrogynoplax pulchra Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich, 1999 (Figs. 12–22) Macrogynoplax pulchra Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich, 1999: 136, figs. 7–10; Ribeiro & Rafael, 2007: 23, Figs. 2, 3, 7, 26 –34; Ribeiro et al., 2009: 35 (catalogue); Froehlich, 2010 (catalogue). Diagnosis of nymph. Body dark yellow, slightly greenish. Frons dark brown and labrum, light brown; parietália dark yellow, light brown at epicranial line. Pronotum light brown, yellowish laterally. Mesonotum and metanotum brown without yellowish muscle scars; lateral spots not elongated. Description of nymph. Female: Body length 9.0 mm (not including the cerci, n= 10), general color dark yellow (Fig. 12). Antennae dark yellow, basally with yellowish margin; scape longer then wide. Occiput in dorsal view without spots. Frons dark brown to dark yellow; M-line distinct, with small yellow spots lateral to ocelli. Parietalia dark yellow, more distinct at coronal line and post-frontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.4 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.7 mm (Fig. 13). Mouthparts dark yellow. Labrum ventrally light yellow, dorsum light brown with small bristles at edge (Fig. 14). Maxillae light brown; sclerotized outer part, cardo and stipes, light brown, medial margin of stipes sclerotized the same color, with groups of long, robust setae; lacinia pale with two light brown teeth; a row of, nine robust long bristles below inferior tooth (Figs. 15). Mandible, pale with five acute teeth on distal margin; teeth decreasing in size to base, but the 4 th tooth larger than the 2 nd and 5 th, 2 nd and 4 th teeth subequal; two rows of long bristles on ventral mandibular margin, first row starting at base of 2 nd tooth and 2 nd row beginning at base of 4 th tooth (Figs. 16, 17). Pronotum dark brown, without medial spots; posterior margin with median concavity; pronotal sulcus narrow, lateral band wide and posterior margin yellowish, ventrally dark yellow with sulcus well-marked; angle between the anterior arms of Y-line narrow, without groups of setae anteriorly and laterally of Y-line (Figs. 13, 19). Meso-and metanotum dark yellow to light brown; mesonotum with median area dark yellow, laterally with whitish yellow bands, covered laterally with thin dark pilosity; lateral border light yellow without spots; Metanotum similar to mesonotum but with fewer lateral bristles (Fig. 18). Gills present on ASC [1, 2, 3], PSC [1, 2] with simple branches; PSC [3], with double branches; AT [2, 3], with branches triple and SL with multiple branches (Fig. 19). Prothoracic leg raptorial, dark yellow, unpigmented ventrally; coxa with few bristles, trochanter with bristles stronger and dense posteriorly; femur dark yellow, without transverse bristles but with long anterodorsal fringe of whitish bristles and a lobular projection at the distal ⅓; projection long in dorsal view. Tibiae without band of short bristles on anterior and posterior margin but with a long fringe of fine and dense whitish bristles along entire segment, posterior margin with three large, strong spines distally; tarsus pale yellow, with fine and long bristles (Figs. 20, 21). Abdomen dark yellow dorsally, intersegmental membranes darker brown; segments with complete dorsal row of bristles at posterior margin, more distinct on sterna 8–10; ventrally, bristles extend to a median gap equal to of sternum width on the segments 1–4, 1 / 5 of sternum 5–6, and bristle row complete on sterna 7–10; sterna 8–10 with dense, short bristles; sternite 8 with a median short U-shaped notch. Cerci dark brown to light brown (Fig. 22). Male: Male nymph differs from female nymph by lack of the median U-shaped notch on sternite 8. Body length 7.5 mm, head 0.9 mm long and 2.0 mm wide. Distance between ocelli 0.4 mm; from each ocelli to inner margin of eye 0.7 mm. Pronotum light yellow to yellow-orange, 1.1 mm long, 2.6 mm wide; mesonotum (wing pad I) 1.2 mm long, 2.1 mm wide; metanotum (wing pad II) 1.2 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Variation. Females: Body color ranging from dark yellow to light brown (with greenish cast). Pronotum lacking spots. Dense short bristles sometimes present on lateral margins of terga 3–10 and along median-lateral margins of sterna 2–10. In some immature nymphs M-line and epicranial suture on posterior portion the head evident. Immature nymphs have denser pilosity. Male. Body more shiny and robust. Color varies from light yellow in smaller nymphs to yellow orange in mature nymphs. Without spots in posterior portion of the head. Pro-, meso-, and metanotum with spots evident (muscle scars) but these are less conspicuous in immature nymphs. More bristles occur on smaller nymphs, mainly on the pronotum, mesonotum, and legs. Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus (Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke). Amapá State (Floresta Nacional do Amapá), (new record) and Pará State (Capanema), (new record). Remarks. The association with the adult was confirmed by rearing. The nymph differs from M. delicata by the more robust body slightly more shiny dark yellow to yellow-greenish (light yellow to orange in male nymphs) coloration. Head dark brown in front and dark yellow medially; M-line conspicuous. A deep medial concavity occurs on the pronotum. The angle of the anterior arms of the Y-line of mesosternum is longer. The femur is uniformly dark yellow to light brown and the long lobular projection in dorsal and ventral view has a pattern of dense bristles and a long fringe. Spots on the wing pad uniform, without laterally elongated dark brown spots. Macrogynoplax pulchra is a species that has been collected not as frequently as M. delicata. Specimens were collected from two river basins in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas State and from a tributary of the Rio Negro, Amazonas (by E. Fittkau), two streams in the Floresta Nacional do Amapá, two streams of the Peixe-Boi River Basin, and Capanema in northeastern Pará State. We identified additional male and female adults from localities that included Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas State (INPA) and four male adults and four female adults (MPEG). Material examined. BRASIL, Amazonas State, 23.ii. 1987, W.L.S. Costa (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva [Florestal Adolpho] Ducke (RFAD), Am-010, km- 30, 14.vi. 1989, Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], L.C. Machado & R.S. Rocha (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Bons Amigos stream, [aquatic net], vii. 1994, A. Celeste, (7 nymphs, INPA); same location, Barro Branco stream, [aquatic net], 02.vii. 1995, A.C. Celeste (1 nymph, INPA); same location, (reared), 11.vii. 1995, A.C. Ferreira (1 exuvia, 1 adult, INPA); same location, (reared), 24.iv. 1995, A.C. Ferreira (1 exuvia, 1 adult, INPA); same location, Projeto de Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF), ZF 3, Km- 23, Fazenda Esteio (022355 S- 595242 W), leaf litter [aquatic net], 23.x. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (2 nymphs, INPA); same location, (River Urubu), J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, in riffles [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, in riffles, 11.ii. 2001, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, 21.x. 2001, in riffles, [aquatic net], J.L. Nessimian (1 nymph, INPA); same location, (RFAD), Ipiranga stream, [aquatic net], 15.ix. 2002, J.M.F Ribeiro & J. Vidal (1 nymph, INPA); same location, 12.x. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro, (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Tinga stream, aquatic net, 08– 11.xi. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, INPA); same location, aquatic net, 28.vi. 2003, J.M.F. Ribeiro, (1 nymph, INPA); same location, River Negro, E. Fittkau, (1 nymph, INPA); same location, E. Fittkau (1 nymph, INPA); Amapá S tate, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, plote-PPBio, Japiim stream, between the trails I e II, (00o 58 ’ 37,5 ’’S 51 o 36 ’ 50 W), [sieve and trawl], 22– 30.x. 2009, Ribeiro, J.M.F. & C.R.M. Santos (2 nymphs, MPEG). Pará State, Capanema municipality, Piranguinha streams, in riffles, [aquatic net], 14.xii. 2011, J.M.F. Ribeiro, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (3 nymphs, MPEG); same location, leaf litter, 22.viii. 2011, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (3 nymphs, MPEG). Ecological notes. Nymphs of M. pulchra were usually associated with leaf litter in riffles with gravel substrate mixed with small stones. Nymphs have also been collected from submerged wood along riffle areas. This species apparently is restricted to relatively pristine streams in areas that have not been impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. However, stream in areas of subsistence agriculture still support this species. Physico-chemical parameters associated with M. pulchra are given in Table 2. BB = Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Barro Branco Stream; JA = Amapá, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, Japiim Stream; PI =Pará, Capanema, Piranguinha stream.

Pityocera (Pseudelaphella) ecuadorensis Buestán & Krolow sp. nov. (figures 15 A–F, 16 A–F) Type locality. Ecuador, Guayas, Prosperina. Diagnosis. Size small to medium (9.0– 11.1 mm), yellowish brown; Eyes green with light green median band; gena and parafacial pruinose; face and clypeus smooth and shiny, dark brown; beard with white and yellowish hairs; antennal flagellum light yellow, with five to six free flagellomeres; legs yellow, with tibiae dorsally covered with black hairs. Description, Holotype ♀. based on a specimen from Prosperina, Ecuador. Body length 12.1 mm (fig. 15 A); wing length 10.5 mm. Head: eyes dark green with a light green median band, densely pilose (fig. 15 B, paratype). Occiput with yellowish white hair. Frons parallel, D.I. 1.0; F.I. 2.6; with yellowish brown pruinosity and black pilosity. Subcallus glabrous, with pruinosity identical to frons. Face smooth and shiny (dark brown to black) with some sparse black hair; clypeus smooth and shiny, dark brown; parafacial and gena yellowish brown with whitish pruinosity and yellowish white beard. Antenna (fig. 15 C, Paratype), scape and pedicel with yellowish brown pruinosity and black hairs; flagellum yellow; flagellomeres 1–2 fused, 3–8 free (slightly darkened); first flagellomere longer than high and with a tuft of dorsal hairs, although difficult to see due to the partial or total fusion with the second flagellomere; apical flagellomere with tuft of long black hairs. Palpus with first segment tubular and short, approximately half of the second; second segment yellow with basal and median enlargements occupying more than half of its length, hairs only on external margins, central area pale yellow and bare remainder (apex) narrow and completely pilose; proboscis slender and very long, over twice the length of the head. Thorax: scutum brown, with yellowish brown pruinosity and black and yellow hairs; post-pronotal lobe, notopleura, post-alar callus and scutellum apex with greyish brown pruinosity. Notopleura with tuft of black hairs (dorso-lateral view). Pleura with brown integument covered by yellowish grey pruinosity and by predominantly greyish white hair. Legs slender, light yellow; coxae with pruinosity and pilosity similar to pleura; trochanters yellowish with sparse black pilosity; femora yellow with sparse white and yellow hair; tibiae and tarsi yellow, darkened due to black pilosity in dorsal view. Wing infuscated; venation light brown; without appendix on R 4; r 5 closed with very long petiole. Abdomen: tergites 1–2 light yellow; tergites 3–5 with proximal transverse bands of pruinosity and dark hairs (almost black), and distal transverse bands with yellow pruinosity and lighter hairs; tergites 6–7 with distal transverse bands and greyish yellow pruinosity and bright hairs. Sternites concolorous with tergites. Terminalia (paratype). Tergites IX and X, cercus and hypoproct as in figure (fig. 15 D). Tergite IX fused, a little shorter than tergite X. Tergite X rectangular, divided into two pieces. Cercus rounded; Hypoproct rounded, exceeding the first third of the cercus length. Hypogynium + hypogynial valve (fig. 15 E). Hypogynium subtriangular with lateral margins slightly rounded; apex slightly acuminate with a v-shaped slit reaching the hipoginal valve. Genital fork (fig. 15 F) with arms slender, but with distal expansions slightly sclerotized; anterior margin straight with lateral extremities pointed; spermathecal ducts long and little sclerotized; spermatheca (fig. 15 F) heavily pigmented, slender with apex narrowed. Paratypes variation. body length 9.0– 12.1 mm (fig. 15 A); wing length 8.5–10.7 mm. D.I. 1.0; F.I. 2.5–2.8; seven or eight visible flagellomeres; flagellomeres 1–2 or 1–3 fused, 3–8 or 4–8 free (slightly darkened); appendix of R 4 usually absent, when present very short. Male (figs. 16 A–F): head holoptic, upper ommatidia apparently larger than lower ones (fig. 16 A); Antenna very similar to the female (fig. 16 B); palpus porrect, with the first segment a little shorter than the second; second segment of the palpus with proximal half tubular, distal half widened and slightly narrowed at the apex, with central area bare; pruinosity and pilosity dorsally similar to the female; pleura with denser and longer hair, predominantly brown; face and clypeus smooth and shiny brownish yellow. Terminalia (paratype, figs. 16 C–F). Epandrium, cercus and hypoproct as in figures 16 E–F. Epandrium fused with lateral margins slightly rounded; excavated at the apex (dorsal view). Cercus subrectangular with lateral margins ventrally curved. Hypoproct very long and acuminate, almost twice the cercus length. Hypandrium + gonocoxite, gonostylus and aedeagus as in figures 16 C–D. Hypandrium + gonocoxite robust with anterior margin straight; gonocoxite hollow (dorsal view) developed, reaching approximately half of the length. Gonostylus elongated, with apex pointed (beak shaped). Aedeagus slender without anterior enlargement; slightly more robust than the gonocoxal apodemes a little longer than the gonocoxal apodemes. Distribution. Ecuador (Manabí, Guayas, Santa Elena, Loja). Type material. Holotype ♀. “[ECUADOR] Prosperina\ 10 may 2012 \J. Buestán” (CJB). Paratypes 92 ♀, 6 ♂.“ Ecuador Loja\ Sta. Rufina 550 m. \ 3 ° 50.51 S. 79 °\ 43.47 ’W.\ Jun. 26 1986 J.\ Buestán” (1 ♀, ♂ 2 CJB 1709, 1737, 1738); “ Ecuador Loja\ Sta. Rufina 550 m. \ 3 ° 50.51 S. 79 °\ 43.47 ’W.\ May. 16 1987 ” (26 ♀ CJB 1710 -1735, 1♂ CJB 1739); “ Ecuador Loja\ Sta. Rufina 550 m. \ 3 ° 50.51 S. 79 °\ 43.47 ’W.\ Jul. 2 1988 (1 ♂ CJB - 1740); “ Ecuador \ Manabí\Julcuy 50 m. \ 1 ° 30.00S. 80 ° 37.30 W \ May. 28–29 2005 J. Buestán” (48 ♀ CJB 7206-7253); “ Ecuador \ Sta. Elena\ Zapotal 46 m. \ 2 ° 19600 S. 80 ° 32522 W\ Abr. 2009 J. Buestán” (6 ♀ CJB 10190 -10195); “ Ecuador \ Guayas\ Prosperina 210 m. \ 2 ° 09.24S. 79 ° 57.53 W \ May. 29 2012 J. Buestán” (4 ♀ CJB); “Prosperina\ 5 may 2012 \J. Buestán” (♀ INPA); “ Ecuador, Manabi\Julcuy\ 28–29 Mayo 2005 -09-\ 28 J.Buestán” (CJB — 7242 ♂, 7250 ♀, 7251 ♀); “ Ecuador Sta\Elena\Zapotal 46 m. \ 2 ° 19.600 S. 80 °\ 32.522 ’W\Abr. 0 9 J.\Buestán” (CJB— 10190 ♀, CZMA 10192 ♀); “Sta. Rufina 550 m. \Loja Prov.\ 16.v. 1987 J. Buestán” (MPEG 1717 ♀, CEUFT 1716 ♀); “Chipiango 550 m. \Sta. Rufina —Loja Prov. J. Buestán, col. 26.vi. 1986 ” “CJB – 1737 ” (INPA ♂). Etymology. the specific epithet refers to the country where this species was collected. Discussion. with the exclusion of the P. nana records for Ecuador, this species becomes the only representative of Pseudelaphella for this country. This species is found in areas of shrubby savannah, and dry tropical woods. It can be easily differentiated from the others due to its dark, smooth shiny face, and the dark green eye with a light green band.

Key to subgenera and species of Pityocera 1. Flagellomeres with digitiform projections (pectinate or bipectinate)............................................ 2 - First flagellomere with at most a small apical projection, or enlarged, other flagellomeres without projections............ \.................................................................................. P. (Pseudelaphella)... 3 2 Flagellum pectinate........................................................ P. (Elaphella) cervus (Wiedemann) - Flagellum bipectinate......................................................... P. (Pityocera) festai Giglio-Tos 3 Wing patterned, proximal third dark brown........................................... P. (Ps.) nigribasis Fairchild - Wing infuscated, without patterns or spots................................................................. 4 4 Face and clypeus shiny................................................................................ 5 - Face pruinose and clypeus shiny or partially pruinose....................................................... 6 5 Face and clypeus light brown, completely smooth and shiny, almost translucent; antenna with eight visible flagellomeres................................................................................... P. (Ps.) rhinolissa sp. nov. - Face and clypeus dark brown almost black, smooth and shiny, not translucent; antenna with seven or eight visible flagellom- eres........................................................................ P. (Ps.) ecuadorensis sp. nov. 6 Beard yellowish brown.............................................................. P. (Ps.) barrosi sp. nov. - Beard white......................................................................................... 7 7 Clypeus and inferior half of the face smooth and shiny; antenna with the first flagellomere modified, elongated, with a small dorso-apical projection........................................................... P. (Ps.) nana (Walker) (♂) - Clypeus smooth and shiny or partially pruinose, face pruinose; antenna with first flagellomere widened, without dorso-apical projection........................................................................................... 8 8 Thorax, abdomen and legs dark brown; occiput hairs predominantly white.................. P. (Ps.) pernaquila sp. nov. - Thorax and abdomen light brown; legs yellow; occiput hairs predominantly orange or brown........................ 9 9 First flagellomere higher than long; all flagellomeres orange; clypeus smooth and shiny......... P. (Ps.) gorayebi sp. nov. - First flagellomere longer than high or subequal; distal flagellomeres darkened; clypeus partially pruinose............................................................................................. P. (Ps.) patellicornis (Kröber)

Os insetos da família Tabanidae (Diptera), conhecidos vulgarmente como mutucas, são considerados potenciais pragas ao homem e animais domésticos pelo comportamento hematófago de suas fêmeas. São capazes de transportar mecanicamente vírus, bactérias e helmintos, pelo fato desses patógenos aderirem-se à estrutura da probóscide. As coletas dos insetos foram realizadas em áreas peri-urbanas e florestadas, utilizando-se armadilhas Malaise e cavalos como isca. Após a identificação dos tabanídeos, os exemplares foram dissecados e submetidos ao estudo bacteriológico, no corpo inteiro, superfície do corpo, aparelho bucal e intestino. Após o isolamento das bactérias nos meios Ágar sangue, Ágar MacConkey e Chapman, estas foram identificadas bioquimicamente. Foram coletados 400 tabanídeos de 18 espécies, destacando-se: Dichelacera bifacies, Leucotabanus exaestuans, Tabanus antarcticus, T. occidentalis var. dorsovittatus. Foram isoladas 24 espécies de bactérias, destacando-se: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae e Serratia marcescens. Este é um trabalho pioneiro sobre as espécies de bactérias encontradas em tabanídeos na América do Sul. Os resultados mostraram que as espécies Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus são consideradas as mais importantes no aspecto médico-sanitário e foram encontradas nas seguintes espécies de tabanídeos: T. occidentalis var. dorsovittatus, T. indecisus, T. trivittatus, T. sorbillans e T. olivaceiventris. Na superfície do corpo dos tabanídeos identificou-se o maior número de bactérias Insects of the family Tabanidae (Diptera), known as horseflies, are considered potential pests of man and domestic animals because of the hematophagic behavior of the females. They are capable of carrying virus, bacteria, and helminths, because these pathogens adhere to their piercing-sucking mouthparts. Horseflies were captured in peri-urban and forested areas, using Malaise traps and horses. After their identification, these horseflies were dissected and submitted to bacteriological study of the entire body, of the body surface, of mouth parts, and of the intestine. After isolation of bacterial colonies in cultures with blood agar, MacConkey, and Chapman, these were identified by biochemical tests. A total of 400 tabanid specimens of 18 species were collected, including: Dichelacera bifacies, Leucotabanus exaestuans, Tabanus antarcticus, T. occidentalis var. dorsovittatus. The 24 most frequently found bacterial species were: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens. This study is the first on species of bacteria found in South American tabanids. The species S. marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli are considered the most problematic in epidemiological terms, and these have been found in the following tabanid species: T. occidentalis var. dorsovittatus, T. olivaceiventris, T. indecisus, T. trivittatus, and T. sorbillans. The body surface of the tabanids was found to harbor more bacteria than other areas of the body.

Anacroneuria marlieri Froehlich, 2001 (Figs. 1–11) Anacroneuria marlieri Froehlich, in Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich 2001: 191, Figs. 11–16 (partim); Froehlich 2003: 130, Figs. 1–3; Ribeiro & Rafael 2009:8, 11, Figs. 11 –15, 36– 45 (key); Ribeiro et al. 2009: 34 (catalogue); Froehlich 2010: 161 (catalogue). Diagnosis of nymph. Body dark brown. Frons and labrum dark brown, parietalia mostly yellowish, brown at epicranial line. Pronotum brown, lighter laterally. Mesonotum and metanotum brown with Mesonotum and metanotum with whitish muscle insertions. Description of nymph. Female: Body length 8.0–11.0 mm (not including the cerci, n= 50), general color dark brown, body bright and robust. Head: Antennae dark yellow; basally with brown margin; scape larger than rest of antenna. Occiput with V-shaped dark spot, in dorsal view. Frons brown, M-line distinct, light spot lateral of ocellus. Parietalia yellow, brown at coronal line and part of postfrontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.3 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.6 mm (Fig. 2). Mouthparts dark yellow. Labrum brown with small anterodorsal spots lighter in color and anteromedian area dark yellow with fine setae. Maxillae dark yellow, sclerotized outer part of cardo and stipes brownish, margin medial of stipes sclerotized brown; lacinia with two dark brown teeth and a row of seven robust bristles (Fig. 4). Mandible: dark brown, median region lighter brown; five pointed teeth on distal margin, mostly decreasing in size toward base, but 4 th tooth larger than the 3 rd and 5 th. Two rows of bristles on the ventral margin, first row starting at the base of the 2 nd tooth and other at base of the 4 th tooth (Figs. 5, 6); labium typical of Perlidae (Fig. 3). Thorax: Pronotum dark brown, 1.3 mm long and 2.4 mm wide, without median spots, lateral margins yellow, posterior margin presenting median concavity, median pronotal sulcus and narrow side strip slightly, ventral side dark yellow to dark brown with sulcus well-marked, angle between the anterior arms of Y-line long, small groups of setae on the anterior side of the Y-line (Figs. 2, 8). Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown, mesonotum 1.1 mm long and 1.7 mm wide, median light area, with brown bands bordered laterally and covered with fine, dark pilosity contrasting with yellowish, hairless areas forming large circles or discs; lateral border of the wing pad lighter in color; metanotum 1.9 mm long and 1.3 mm wide, similar to mesonotum, with spots of various sizes and shapes (Fig. 7). Gills present on ASC 1, PSC 1 with two branches, AT 2, AT 3, PT 3, A 1 with two branches. Gills absent from ASC, PSC (2, 3) and SL (Fig. 8). Leg dorsally light yellow to slightly orange, unpigmented ventrally, trochanter with stout dense bristles, base of tibia dark brown, coxa with few bristles; femur with band of dorsal, heavy, transverse bristles apically, bristles absent from posterior surfaces; tibia with band of short, thick bristles anteriorly, a cluster of fine, dense, whitish bristles along entire segment, posteroventral margin with three large, strong spines; tarsus pale brown without strong bristles; ventrally pale with fine bristles (Figs. 9, 10). Abdomen dorsally dark brown following the general pattern of body, becoming gradually darker in the last four segments; intersegmental membranes dark yellow, visible between anterior and posterior margins of each darker segment; segments with complete dorsal row of bristles that at posterior margin become more distinct from tergum 6 through 10. Ventrally, these bristles extend to a median gap equal to one-quarter of sternum width in the segments 1–7, bristle row complete on sterna of segments 7 and 9 to 10. The eigth sternite presents a median V-shaped notch with margin cleary sclerotized; the sterna were covered by fine, short, sparse bristles, the three last sterna with long bristles distally (Fig. 11). Cerci dark to light yellow. Male: Male nymphs differ from female nymphs by: lacking the median shaped-V notch in 8 th sternum; body length 7.0 mm; head 1.5 mm long and 2.0 mm wide; distance between ocelli 0.1 mm, from ocellus to inner margin of eye 0.6 mm. Pronotum light brown, 1.0 mm long and 2.0 mm wide; mesonotum (wing pad I) 1.2 mm long and 2.0 mm wide; metanotum (wing pad II) 1.0 mm long and 1.7 mm wide. Variation. Females: Body color ranging from light to dark brown; spots often present on pronotum, but variable in size and shape. Often, sterna are darker posteriorly, especially in the last four segments. Long bristles may be present on the lateral margins of terga 6–10 and on the median-lateral margins of sterna 8–10. In some earlier instar nymphs the spots on the posterior portion the head are not evident, nor those on the pro-, meso-, and metanotum. Early instar nymphs often have denser pilosity than that found on penultimate instar nymphs. Male. Body color varies from light yellow in smaller nymphs to dark brown in later instars; posterior portion of the head are not evident on the pro-, meso-, and metanotum with conspicuous spots, these being less conspicuous in early instars. There are more bristles on smaller nymphs, distributed mainly on the pronotum, mesonotum, and legs. Distribution. Brazil, Amazonas: Manaus Municipality, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke; Presidente Figueiredo Municipality, Cachoeira da Onça RPPN [private preserve]; Amapá: Macapá municpality, Floresta Nacional do Amapá and Serra Lombardi, limão; Pará: Castanhal Municipality, Apeú River basin; Peixe-Boi Municipality, Peixe-Boi River basin, Altamira municipality, Primavera Municipality, Capanema Municipality. Maranhão: Imperatriz Municipality (adult); Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães Roraima: Amajari Municipality (adult). Remarks. The association with the adult was confirmed by rearing. The nymph of this species is similar to A. manauensis. It differs by the having a more robust body shape, the head being dark brown, the presence of a median concavity on the pronotum, the sternal sulcus being light brown, the angle of the anterior arms of the Y-line of mesosternum long, and the femur being uniformly light brown. It differs from A. minuta primarily by the uniformly dark brown body color, the light brown mandibles, light brown femur, and the presence of setae anterior to the arms of the Y-line. In A. manauensis, the body is usually lighter and less robust in general habitus In A. minuta, the spot on the head is inconspicuous, whereas in the other species, slightly U-shaped and extending past the ocelli. The distance between the ocelli is 0.2–0.3 mm. In A. marlieri the spots on the wing pads are large and well defined, whereas in A. minuta spots are inconspicuous and in A. manauensis these spots are small and poorly defined. Anacroneuria marlieri was the most frequently collected species during this study. We identified additional seven adults with the localities, “Serra do Tepequém (Amajari, Boa Vista, Roraima) deposited in the Museu Integrado de Roraima (MIRR) that is now part of the Instituto de Amparo Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de Roraima (IACT), two adults with the labels “Serra Lombard, Limão (Amapá), one adult with the label (Imperatriz, Maranhão, igarapé ribeirãozinho), one adult with the label (Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães, Colégio Agrícola), increasing the known distribution of the species. These records are in addition to nymphs collected in the Floresta Nacional do Amapá and nymphs and adults collected in southern and northeastern Pará. Material examined. BRASIL: Amazonas State: Manaus Municipality, Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF), “corentezas (rapids), ponto-15, 22.x. 2001 (1 nymph, INPA); same location, ponto-9, 21.x. 2001 (8 nymphs, INPA); same location, km 26, igarapé Bons Amigos (stream), 24.iii. 1995 (1 exuvium ♀, INPA); same location, PDBFF, rapids, ponto7, 20.x. 2001 (2 nymphs ♂, INPA); same location, 22.x. 2001 (1 nymph, INPA); same location, igarapé da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (stream) (UFAM), 17.x. 2007, F.M. Silva (1 nymph ♀, INPA); same location, 02.i. 2008, F.M. Silva (1 nymph ♀, INPA); same location, 19.ii. 2008, F.M. Silva (1 nymph, INPA); same location, km 26, igarapé Bons Amigos (stream), viii. 1994, A.C. Ferreira (1 nymph ♀, INPA); same location, 27.iv. 1995, A.C. Ferreira (2 nymphs ♀, INPA); same location, PDBFF, ZF 3, km 23, Fazenda Esteio, igarapé Urubu (stream), cap, Cecropia, 02: 23: 55 S 59: 52: 42 W, leaf litter in rapids, 23.x. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (17 nymphs, INPA); same location, PDBFF, BR- 174, km 72, Fazenda Dimona, rio Cuieiras, forest, leaf litter in rapids, 21.x. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (10 nymphs, INPA); same location, rapids, ponto7, 20.x. 2001 (8 nymphs, INPA); same location, [Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke], RFAD, igarapé Barro Branco (stream), 1995 (1 nymph ♀, INPA); same location, PDBFF, BR 174, Fazenda Porto Alegre, Rio Urubu, pasture, 02: 21: 11 S- 59: 59:05W, rapids, ponto11, 24.x. 2001, J.L. Nessimian (5 nymphs ♀, 3 nymphs ♂, INPA); same location, [RFAD], igarapé Bolívia (stream), 1824. ii. 2003, J.M.F. Ribeiro, (1 ninfa ♀, INPA); same location, ZF 3, Fazenda Esteio, igarapé Ponta Verde (stream), ponto1, 09.viii. 2006, “sort of sheet G. sessiliflora, J.D. Paula (1 nymph, INPA); [Amazonas state]; Presidente Figueiredo municipality, igarapé da Onça (stream), RPPN Cachoeira da Onça, BR 174 km 108, remanso (backwater) and rapids, 11.ix. 2012, F.B.P. Gouveia & G.Z. Donato-Lopez (5 nymphs, INPA); Amapá State Floresta Nacional do Amapá, igarapé Japiim (stream), between trails I and II in PPBio plot, (00o 58 ’ 37.5 ’’S 51 o 36 ’ 50 ”W), sieve and aquatic net, 22-30.x. 2009, J.M.F. Ribeiro & C.R. Santos (20 nymphs ♀, MPEG); Serra Lombard, Limão, 28.viii. 1961, J. Bechyn & B. Bechyn (1 adult, MPEG); Pará state, Altamira, Municipality, igarapé da Ladeira (stream), aquatic net, 19.x. 2012, (03o05’ 47.1 ’’S 51 o 51 ’ 0.50 ’’W) E. Monteiro (4 nymphs, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, igarapé Castanheira (stream), 19.x. 2012, E. Monteiro, S.C. Favacho, E.P. Ferro & M.S.E. Johnson (4 nymphs, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, igarapé Fonte Boa (stream), 18.x. 2012, (02o 62 ’ 12.7 ’’S 52 o05’10.0’’W), E. Monteiro, S.C. Favacho, E.P. Ferro (6 nymphs, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, igarapé balneário (stream), 18.x. 2012, E. Monteiro, S.C. Favacho, E.P. Ferro (1 nymph, MPEG); Capanema Municipality, igarapé Toca do índio (stream), aquatic net, 22.iii. 2011, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva, (3 nymphs, MPEG); same location, igarapé Piranguinha (stream), aquatic net, 02.x. 2011, P.L.F. Silva & J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, 20.vii. 2011, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, 13.vii. 2011, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (2 nymphs, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, 18.xi. 2011, Z.F. Costa, & I.M. Silva (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, reared in tank, 14.vii. 2011, P.L.F. Silva & J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult, female, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, reared in tank, 14.vii. 2011, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), aquatic net, 19.vii. 2011, P.L.F. Silva (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, igarapé Toca do índio (stream), 27.viii. 2011, D.A. Silva & M.L.S. Silva (1 nymph, MPEG); Castanhal, Municipality, rio Apeú River, Fazenda Buriti, 27.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, aquatic net igarapé Papuquara (stream), aquatic net, reared in tank, 12.ii. 2010 (3 nymphs ♀, MPEG); same location, reared in loco in (stream), 27.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult, 1 nymph ♂, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro & V. Trindade (2 nymphs ♂, 2 exuviae ♀, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, rearing in tank, 18.xi. 2009, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, without date (1 nymph ♂, MPEG); same location, without date (1 late instar nymph in transition to adult); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, rearing in tank, 12.ii. 2010 (4 nymphs ♀, 2 nymphs ♂, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♂, 1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♂, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 20.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♂, MPEG); same location, rearing in tank, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♂, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, rearing in tank, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph ♂, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult, 1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, aquatic net, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, aquatic net, rearing in tank, J.M.F. Ribeiro (4 exuviae ♀, MPEG); same location, (1 adult, 1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.xii. 2009, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♂, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvia, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph ♀, MPEG); same location, 20.i. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♂, MPEG); same location, 04.ii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♂, 1 exuvia); Peixe-Boi Municipality, Rio Peixe Boi River basin, igarapé Braço Grande (stream), downstream of bridge, aquatic net, sieve, dragnet 14.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro and team (2 nymphs, MPEG); same location, igarapé do Cupu (stream), aquatic net, 16.iii. 2011, J.M.F. Ribeiro, C.R. Monteiro & B.M. Mascarenhas (7 nymphs, MPEG); same location, light trap, 17.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 female adult, MPEG); same location, rearing in tank, 18.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, igarapé do Cupu (stream), aquatic net, rearing in tank, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (14 nymphs ♀, 3 nymphs ♂, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph ♀, MPEG); same location, rearing in tank, (2 adults female, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), 1 o 10 ’ 2,96’’S 47 o 18 ’ 52,911 ’’, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymphs ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (3 exuviae ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 nymphs ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 nymphs ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (9 nymphs, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (11 nymphs, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (11 nymphs, MPEG); same location, igarapé do Cupu (stream), 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 adults ♀, 2 exuviae, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), 05.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 adults, 2 exuviae ♀♂, MPEG); same location, Cupu (stream), 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♂, MPEG); same location, (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, Abaeté (stream), aquatic net, 19.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (2 exuviae ♂, MPEG); same location, igarapé do Cup (stream), 19.iv. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 nymph moulting to adult ♂, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, 1 exuvium, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 exuvia ♀, MPEG); same location, 19.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult ♀, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), aquatic net, 28.x. 2010, P.L.F. Silva (14 nymphs, MPEG); same location, light trap, 28.x. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro & B.M. Mascarenhas (1 adult male, MPEG); same location, aquatic net, P.L.F. Silva & J.M.F. Ribeiro (4 nymphs, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), aquatic net, 17.vii. 2011, P.L.F. Silva (5 nymphs, MPEG); Nova Timboteua Municipality, igarapé do Burrinho (stream), aquatic net, 12.iii. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro & E.R. Monteiro (2 nymphs, MPEG); Primavera Municipality, igarapé Caco (stream), sieve, 02.ix. 2013, J.L.S. Pereira & C.R.M Santos (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, igarapé Abaeté (stream), 10.v. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro & P.L.F. Silva (4 nymphs, MPEG); same location, igarapé da Fábrica (stream), sieve, 02.ix. 2013, J.L.S. Pereira & C.R.M. Santos (3 nymphs, MPEG); Maranhão State, Imperatriz Municipality, igarapé ribeirãozinho (stream), Suspended trap (1.6m), 02–05.viii. 1989, F.F. Ramos (1 adult, male), Mato Grosso state, Chapada dos Guimarães, Colégio Agrícola Buriti, suspended trap 1.6m, 13–17.ii. 1986, I.S. Gorayeb (1 adult male). Ecological notes. Nymphs of A. marlieri were collected from pristine streams or those with only moderate impacts by agriculture. This species was associated with leaf packs, but often at much more reduced densities in streams influenced by surrounding agricultural areas. Only one large population was found in Papuquara Stream, Castanhal, Pará, where the stream received runoff from cattle grazing or human wastewater. BB = Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Barro Branco Stream; PP = Pará, Castanhal, Apeú River basin, Papuquara Stream; CU = Pará, Peixe Boi, Peixe Boi River Basin, Cupu Stream; AB = Pará, Abaeté Stream; JA = Amapá, Floresta Nacional do Amapá, Japiim Stream.

Ribeiro, José Moacir Ferreira, Gorayeb, Inocêncio De Sousa (2014): Description of immatures and association with adults of three species of Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) of the Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa 3881 (1): 17-32, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.1.2

Anacroneuria manauensis Ribeiro-Ferreira, 2001 (Figs. 23–33) Anacroneuria manauensis Ribeiro-Ferreira, in Ribeiro-Ferreira & Froehlich 2001: 189, Figs. 5–10; Froehlich 2003: 130. Anacroneuria manauensis Ribeiro-Ferreira, in RibeiroFerreira & Froehlich 2001: 189, Figs. 5–10; Froehlich 2003: 130, Figs. 15–18; Ribeiro & Rafael 2009: 5, Figs. 6 –10, 26 – 35 (key); Ribeiro et al. 2009: 34 (catalogue); Froehlich 2010: 161 (catalogue). Diagnosis of nymph. Female. Body light brown. Frons light brown and labrum dark yellow, parietalia mostly whitish, darker at epicranial line. Pronotum light brown, whitish laterally. Mesonotum and metanotum brown with whitish muscle insertions. Description of nymph. Female. Body length 10.5 mm (not including the cerci, n= 3), general color light brown, body bright and slender (Fig. 23). Head: Antennae light yellow slightly whitish, basally with light yellow margin; scape larger than rest Frons light brown, with M-line slightly distinct, light spot at sides of ocelli. Parietalia whitish, light brown at coronal line and part of postfrontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.2 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.6 mm. Mouthparts light yellow slightly whitish; Labrum light brown with small lighter anteroventral spots, a small anteromedian area whitish with fine setae (Figs. 24, 25). Maxillae light brown, sclerotized outer part of cardo and stipes brown, inner limit of stipital sclerotization brownish; lacinia with two light brown teeth and, basally to them, a row of six robust bristles (Fig. 26). Mandible: light brown, five pointed teeth on distal margin, decreasing in size towards base, but, the 3 rd and 5 th smaller and 2 nd and 4 th of same size, long bristles on posterolateral margin (Figs. 27, 28). Thorax: Pronotum light brown, 1.3 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, with light median spots, lateral margins whitish, posterior border without median concavity, median pronotal sulcus narrow and side strip wide, ventral side dark yellow with well-marked sulcus, angle of the anterior arms of the Yline large, without small groups of setae on the anterior side of the Y-line (Figs. 24, 30). Mesonotum and metanotum light brown, mesonotum 1.5 mm long by 2.5 mm wide, median area light, without brown bands, bordered laterally and covered with fine dark pilosity contrasting with yellowish areas without pilosity, forming slightly distinct spots lateral; margin of the wing pad whitish; metanotum 1.5 mm long and 2.1 mm wide, similar to mesonotum with spots varying in size and shape (Fig. 29). Gills with branches and filaments with the following provision: ASC 1, PSC 1 with two branches, AT 2, AT 3, PT 3, A 1 with double branches; ASC, PSC (2, 3) and SL absent (Fig. 29). Leg, dorsally and ventrally light brown, trochanter with bristles thin and long distally, and base of tibia dark brown, coxa with few bristle; femur with transverse rows of strong and long bristles on the upper and lower dorsal margin; absent in the anterior and posteroventral areas; dorsally tibiae with rows of short and thick bristles on the anterior margin, with a fringe of whitish fine and dense bristles on the entire segment, posteroventral margin with 3 strong long spines; tarsus light brown, without strong bristles; ventrally pale with fine bristles (Figs. 31, 32). Abdomen dorsally light to dark brown, following the general body pattern, membranous whitish areas are visible between the segments, anterior and posterior margins of each segment darker, poster dorsal margin of tergites with a complete row of bristles which are longer and more visible gradually from of segment 7, these rows of bristles extend ventrally on the side of the sternites, going one quarter on each sternite in segments 4 to 6, the rows of bristles are complete on sternites 7 to 10, the eighth presents a median v-shaped notch with margin clearly sclerotized; the integument of the abdominal segments covered by very fine and sparse bristles, the three last sternites with long bristles on the distal region (Fig. 33). Cerci light yellow to light brown. Male: Unknown. Variation. Not observed. Distribution. Brazil, Amazonas (Manaus), Pará (Marabá, Serra Norte and Castanhal: Apeú River basin, Acre (Rio Branco) and Maranhão (Imperatriz). Remarks. The nymphal association was confirmed by rearing nymphs in tanks at INPA and MPEG. The nymph of this species resembles A. marlieri, mostly in body coloration. It differs of A. marlieri by body not as darkly sclerotized, the angle of the anterior arms of the Y-line of mesosternum not as long; light brown head; angles of the anterior arms of Y-line narrow; the central area of the spots on the pronotum and mesonotum contrasting in color and differing in the shape and size from A. minuta and A. marlieri. This species and A. minuta are considered uncommon and difficult to collect, especially in streams that have been impacted by pollution. Several adult specimens were collected in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, but nymphs of A. manauensis apparently have a preference for pristine streams. Nymphs of A. minuta are especially sensitive to water quality changes. An adult male specimen collected in Castanhal, Pará And not, differs from specimens collected in Amazonas, and has a clearer coloration of body and wings. The penial armature has the ventral vesicles larger and with median keel inconspicuous. These differences could be only variation between populations. Material examined. BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus Municipality, PDBFF, rapids, 11.x. 2001 (3 nymphs, INPA); same locality, Malaise trap, 14–16.ix. 2002, J.M.F. Ribeiro & J. Vidal (3 adults, male, female, MPEG); same location, Malaise trap, 09.xii. 2002, J. Vidal & J.F. Vidal (4 adults, MPEG); Acre, Rio Branco Municipality, 25.x–08.xi. 1991, I.S. Gorayeb, N. Bittencourt, F.F. Ramos & A.L. Henriques (1 adult, female, MPEG); Pará, [Marabá, Municipality], Serra Norte, Serraria, suspended trap (1.6m), 26–28.vi. 1986, W. França (1 adult female, MPEG); Castanhal Municipality, Apeú River basin, Papuquara stream, aquatic net, 26.iv. 2010, J.M.F Ribeiro (1 nymph, MPEG); same location, Malaise trap, 09– 20.vii. 2013, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult male, MPEG). Maranhão, Imperatriz Municipality, Ribeirão, fazenda Bela Vista, suspended trap (1.6m), 17–19.vii. 1982, F.F. Ramos (2 adults, 1 male, MPEG). Ecological notes. Nymphs of this species were collected in low numbers in streams with sandy substrate mixed with small pebbles and leaf packs. Nymphs of A. manauensis occur in pristine streams, but occasionally found streams with some degree of degradation. Physicochemical parameters of the collection sites are given in Table 3. Parameter Values Water temperature (o C) 26.0 pH 5.0 Specific conductance (uS/cm) 19.4 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 4.0 Width (m) 3.0 Depth (cm) 1.0 Velocity (m/s) 0.1 Discharge (m 3 /s) 0.3

Anacroneuria minuta Klapálek, 1922 (Figs. 12–22) Anacroneuria minuta Klapálek 1922: 89; Kimmins 1970: 345; RibeiroFerreira & Froehlich 2001: 188, Figs. 1–4 (redescription); Froehlich 2002: 82, Figs. 18–21 (redescription); Ribeiro & Rafael 2009: 2, Figs. 1 –5, 16– 25 (key); Froehlich 2010: 162 (catalogue). Diagnosis of nymph. Female: Body light yellow. Frons and labrum dark yellow, parietalia mostly whitish, yellowish at epicranial line. Pronotum yellow, whitish laterally. Mesonotum and metanotum yellow with whitish muscle insertions. Description of nymph. Female: Body length 5.0– 10.4 mm. (not including the cerci, n= 4), general color light yellow, body slender (Fig. 12). Head: Antennae light yellow, basally dark yellow. Occiput with U-shaped spot in dorsal view indistinct. Frons light brown, M-line distinct, light spot at surrounding lateral ocelli. Parietalia light yellow, light brown at coronal line and part of postfrontal line. Eyes black; distance between ocelli 0.3 mm, from ocelli to inner margin of eye, 0.4 mm (Figs. 13, 14). Mouthparts light yellow. Labrum dark yellow, a small anteromedian area whitish with fine setae. Maxillae light yellow, sclerotized outer part of cardo and stipes yellowish, medial limit of stipital sclerotization brownish; lacinia with two dark brown teeth and, basally a row of four robust bristles (Fig. 15). Mandible: light yellow, five pointed teeth on distal margin, decreasing in size towards base, but with the 3 th and 5 th smaller and 2 th and 4 th of same size (Figs. 16, 17). Thorax: Pronotum wider than long (with 1.1 mm long and 2.7 mm wide), light yellow without medial spots, lateral margins pale, posterior border concave, median pronotal sulcus and narrow lateral strip paler. Prosternum margin pale yellow with sulci wellmarked, angle of the anterior arms of Y-line long, without small groups of setae anterolateral to Y-stem (Figs. 13, 19). Mesonotum and metanotum dark yellow, mesonotum 1.3 mm long by 2.3 mm wide, median light area, without lateral brown bands, mesonotum covered with fine, dark pilosity contrasting with yellowish background; lateral border the wing pad whitish; metanotum with 1.2 mm long and 2.0 mm wide, similar to mesonotum, with spots varying in size and shape (Fig. 18). Gills with filaments with the following configuration: ASC 1, PSC 1 with two branchiae, AT 2, AT 3, PT 3, A 1 with double branchiae; ASC, PSC (2, 3) and SL absent (Fig. 19). Leg dorsally light yellow, lighter ventrally, trochanter with bristles thin and long distally, and base of tibia dark yellow, coxa with few bristles; femur with transverse rows of strong bristles on the dorsal upper margin, but absent in the posterior ventral area; dorsally tibiae with rows of short and thick bristles on the anterior margin, with a fringe of whitish, fine and dense bristles on the entire segment, posteroventral margin with three strong large spines; tarsus whitish yellow, without strong bristles; ventrally pale with fine bristles (Figs. 20, 21). Abdomen dorsally light to dark yellow, following the general pattern of body, becoming gradually lighter in the last four segments, membranous areas dark brown, visible between the segments, margins anterior and posterior of each segment darker, posterior margin dorsally of terga with a complete row of bristles which are longer and more visible, gradually from of the second segment; these rows of bristles extend ventrally and laterally of the sterna to one-quarter of the width of each sternite of segments 4 to 7; the rows of bristles are complete on sternites 8 to 10, the eighth sternite presents a median V-shaped notch with margin clearly sclerotized; the integument of the abdominal segments covered with very fine and sparse bristles, the two last sternites with long bristles on the distal region (Fig. 22). Cerci dark to light yellow. Male: Unknown. Variation. Not observed. Distribution. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke and Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé; Pará: Castanhal, Apeú River basin). Remarks. Association with the adult was made by rearing nymphs in tanks in the laboratory at INPA. This species is easily separated from other known nymphal descriptions of the genus by the distinctive light yellow body coloration. It differs of A. marlieri and A. manauensis by the light yellow coloration of the body, head with indistinct M-line, mandible, maxilla, and lacinia, light to dark yellow, shape of base of lacinia rounded, form of external contour of posterior border of pronotum thickened, side of the Y-line without groups of bristles, and light yellow coloration of the femur. This species is recorded for the states of Amazon and Pará. Four additional adult specimens were identified from material collected in Roraima in the Serra do Tepequém and deposited in the Museu Integrado de Roraima (MIRR), now part of the Instituto de Amparo Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de Roraima (IACT). Two nymphs were collected in northeastern Pará with morphological characters similar to this species, but these were immature and were not associated with adults. Material examined. BRASIL, Amazonas State, Manaus Municipality, CEPLAC (Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira), Rodovia AM-010, Km 30, light trap, 25.viii. 1977, I.S. Gorayeb (2 adults female, MPEG); same location, 18.viii. 1977, I.S. Gorayeb (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, light trap, 1318. x. 1977, I.S. Gorayeb (4 adults female, MPEG); same location, 18.viii. 1987, I.S. Gorayeb (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, igarapé Tinga (stream), trap Malaise, 08– 11.xi. 2010, J.M.F. Ribeiro (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, 1017. iii. 2003, F. M. Silva (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, igarapé Uberê (stream), trap Malaise, 1727. xii. 2002, J. M. F. Ribeiro & J. Vidal (1 adult male, MPEG); same location, igarapé Bons Amigos (stream), rearing in tank, 18.vi. 1987, R.S. Rocha (1 exuvium, 1 adult ♀, INPA); same location, igarapé Barro branco (stream), 14.vi. 1989, L. C. Machado & R.S. Rocha (1 nymph, INPA); same location, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé, Igarapé Cachoeira (stream), (0302'03.2''S e 6016 ' 34.6 ''W), 13.iv. 2002, leaf litter, Ponto 2, (3 nymphs ♀, INPA); same location, Presidente Figueiredo, igarapé da Onça (stream), (RPPN Cachoeira da Onça), BR 174 km 108, backwaters and river rapids, 11.ix. 2012, F.B.P Gouveia & D.Z. Lopez (1 nymph, MPEG). Pará State, Peixe-Boi Municipality, 07.vii. 1982, I.S. Gorayeb (1 adult female, MPEG); Marabá, Municipality, Serra Norte, light trap, 22.ii. 1984, O. Silveira (1 male adult, MPEG); same location, 10.viii. 1984, P. Tadeu (1 adult male, MPEG); Ourém Municipality, Patauateua, light trap, 20.viii. 1992, B.M. Mascarenhas (1 adult female, MPEG); same location, light trap, 21.viii. 1992, B.M. Mascarenhas (2 adults male, female, MPEG); same location, Suspended trap, 1517. viii. 1992, B.M. Mascarenhas (1 adult female, MPEG). Ecological notes. This apparently uncommon species was collected from high quality, shallow, rapidly flowing streams such as Barro Branco Stream (Table 2). Parameter Value Water temperature (o C) 26.0 pH 4.5 Specific conductance (uS/cm) 13.5 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 4.6 Width (m) 3.0 Depth (cm) 0.8 Velocity (m/s) 0.6 Discharge (m 3 /s) 1.4

Tabanidae (Diptera) from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. III. Description of Philipotabanus (Mimotabanus) henriquesi, sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on 30 females and two males specimens collected in open vegetation of "Cerrado", in Carolina, Alto Parnaíba and Mirador municipalities, in southern Maranhão state, Brazil. This is the first record of species of the subgenus in Brazil.

Dichelacera (Dichelacera) gemmae sp.n. is described based on 28 females collected in open vegetation of "cerrado", in Carolina municipality, South of Maranhão state, Brazil.

Descreve-se o habitat do besouro Platymetopsis overali (Carabidae : Harpalini), onde , além dos 31 exemplares da série típica, outros 150 foram coletados pelo autor, em situação especial, sob o tapete de gramíneas dos campos de Santa Maria, Tracuateua, Pará, Brasil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as atividades horárias de ataque das espécies de maruins (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) que ocorrem em áreas costeiras do estado do Pará à procura do repasto sangüíneo no ser humano. comparando a fauna do estuánodo rio Pará com a do litoral. As coletas foram feitas em dOIS pontos da costa paraense um na região Nordeste(costa atlântica)e outro no estuário do no Pará. A metodologia de coleta foi a isca humana em dois períodos do dia com coletas realizadas de abril a outubro de 2003. Foram coletados 1395 espécimes. sendo 1375 espécimes de Culicoides Latreille e apenas 20 de Leptoconops Skuse totalizando 19 espécies das quais 18 são de Culicoides. Em Outeiro C. batesi e C. denisae foram as mais freqüentes por horas do dia enquanto que na praia do Crispim foram C. maruim e C. phlebotomus. A correlação das atividades antropomicas das espécies mais abundantes com a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar é significativa.

Considerando a grande importância dos simulídeos sob o ponto de vista biológico, ecológico, médico e veterinário, desenvolveu-se esse estudo em do município de Santo Antônio do Tauá, estado do Pará, Brasíl. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos pelas seguintes metodologias: observações dos criadouros nos igarapés; instalação de criadouros artificiais induzidos para colonização de simulídeos: coletas e amostragens da entomofauna associada; amostragem quali-quantitativa da nos criadouros; análises nsico-químicas dos e criadouros; e análises de fatores dimáticos locais. Estudaram-se a entomofauna aquática e a proporção de Simuliidae em dois igarapés. Foram coletadas as espéCies S. perflavum, S. quadrifidum. S. IIxnlstatum e 5, goeldii, As formas imaturas de S. perflavum foram as oredominantes em ambientes perturbados com águas daras, ricas em nutrientes. As formas imaturas de 5, quadrifidum ))redominaram em ambientes de águas pretas, com pouca alteração, baixos teores de nutrientes e ácidos. A espécie S. incrustatum foi mais abundante em ambientes arbustivos e águas daras. S. goeldii foi registrada apenas em áreas de matas primárias (com pouca alteração) e mais abundante em águas pretas. O fator que mais interferiu na colonização natural dos substratos artificiais foi a freqüente do nível d'água. A entomofauna aquática apresentou-se abundante no período seco. Novos registros de predadores de adultos de simulídeos foram realizados.

Estudos de deslocamento de diversas espécies de tabanídeos na procura de repasto sangüíneo foram desenvolvidos. Os experimen­ tos foram executados no Campus de Pesquisa do Museu Goeldi, Belém­ PA e na Fazenda Morelândia, município de Santa Bárbara-PA, Brasil, nos períodos de fevereiro de 1997 a junho de 1999 e setembro a dezem­bro de 2000. Foram utilizados 3 cavalos como isca, afastados de três pontos definidos para soltura. Foram marcados e soltos 3.934 tabanideos e recapturados 745. Apresentam-se dados sobre as espécies mais abundantes e os respectivos números e porcentagens de recaptura por distâncias. As espécies com maior importância no sentido de insistên­ cia ao repasto foram: Tabanus díscus, T. occídentalís, Leucotabanus exaestuans, T. importunus, T. antarctícus, T. glaucus, T. olivaceíventris, T. pungens, T. sorbillans, Díchelacera bifacies, Chlorotabanus inanis, T. indecisus e T. trivi ttatus. As espécies que apresentaram maior deslo­ camento foram: T. occidentalis, T. trivittatus e T. sorbillans. Um expe­ rimento adicional comprovou que os ventos não inteiferiram local­ mente, significativamente no deslocamento dos tabanídeos. Este trabalho apresenta informações novas e úteis para o manejo da pecu­ ária, sugerindo um afastamento mínimo de 200 m entre os rebanhos, como eficiente barreira para prevenir a transmissão de possíveis agentes etiológicos por tabanideos.

Estudou-se a fauna de Tabanidae de duas localidades em áreas de pastagens e de florestas da Amazônia oriental, utilizando-se um cavalo como atrativo para as coletas. Foram realizados estudos da atividade diurna das espécies das seguintes áreas: (1) Fazenda Morelândia, localizada na rodovia PA-408, km 6, Município de Santa Bárbara, Pará, no período de maio de 1980 a junho de 1981..onde 20.159 espécimes de 47 espécies foram coletados, sendo 14.419 (71,5%) na mata e 5.740 (28,5%) na área aberta. (2) Na Reserva Florestal APEG, às margens do rio Guamá Belém, Pará, onde 14.206 espécimes de 34espécies foram coletados na mata. A atividade horária das espécies mais abundantes foi correlacionada com a variação da temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e luminosidade. Este trabalho oferece dados básicos para futuras pesquisas e soluções de problemas causados por estas moscas de importância médica e veterinária, e para o implemento de medidas de proteção contra o estresse, debilidade e possível transmissão de doenças. The Tabanidae (Diptera; horseflies and deerflies) biting horses were studied in the eastern Amazon basin. Diurnal activity of horsefly species was observed in two areas: (1) Morelândia rancho at km 6 on PA-408 highway, Municipality of Santa Bárbara, monthly from May. 1980. 10 June. 1981. in both primary forest and planted pasture, where a total of 20.159 specimens of 47 tabanid species were collected. (2) APEG Forest Reserve near the Guamá River. in the city of Belém, from September 1982, to December 1983. where a total of 14.206 specimens of 34 tabanid species were collected. The correlation or selected climatic factors 10 the diurnal activity of the more common tabanid species was investigated, and statistically significant relations were found concerning air temperature, air relative humidity, and light intensity. This research provides a background for future studies and strategies for control on these medically important flies, as well as for the implementation of control measures to reduce stress, debility, and possible disease transmission.

São descritas duas especles novas do gênero Neotropical Catachlorops Lutz: C. (Psarochlorops) amazonicus, com larga distribuição na Amazônia e C. (Amphichlorops) mellosus, da Amazônia central. Diagnoses, discussões e figuras são apresentadas. Two new species of the Neotropical genus Catachlorops Lutz are described: C. (Psarochlorops) amazonicus, widely disrributed in rhe Amazon Basin and C. (Amphichlorops) mellosus, from Central Amazon. Diagnoses, discussions and illustrations are given.

Stenotabanus (Aegialomyia) geijskesi Fairchild, 1953, conhecida de um exemplar fêmea do Suriname, tem sua ocorrência registrada no litoral do Estado do Pará, por coleta de 170 fêmeas e 10 machos, capturados com armadilhas de luz, malaise e suspensa, e atacando humanos e cavalos. Descreve-se o macho, apresentam-se ilustrações e constata-se que a espécie é relativamente comum no litoral amazônico. Stenotabanus (Aegialomyia) geijskesi Fairchild, 1953 was described from one female specimen from Surinam. This species is reported for Pará state, Brazil by 170females and 10 males collected with Malaise light and suspended traps, bitting human and horse. during the day. The male is described, ilustrations are presented for male and female, and the species is considered common on the Pará coast.

Estudaram-se os imaturos de Conotrachelus imbecilus Fiedler (1954) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) em vagens de Inga heterophylla Willd. (Momosaceae), no Campus de Pesquisa do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil. Esta espécie de planta é apresentada pela primeira vez como hospedeira do gênero Conotrachelus. Algumas larvas e pupas foram criadas em laboratório para observação da biologia e outras foram fixadas em álcool 70% para estudos de biometria dos estágios imaturos. Apresenta-se a descrição do último estágio larval e da pupa de C. imbecilus. Descrevem-se as fases fenológicas das vagens de I. heterophylla, relacionando-as com os quatro estágios imaturos e com o ciclo de vida de C. imbecilus.