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The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) has a very specific body construction. It is built in such a way that the mutual relationship of individual body regions enables great work endurance. The fact that this breed of domestic animal originates from wild ancestors, originated and developed in Africa, clearly shows that the breed developed in harsh climatic and ecological conditions that conditioned the appropriate biological response. The biostatic model causes the biodynamic effect, i.e., the production of biokinetic energy. Movement forwards occurs as a consequence of the creation of biokinetic energy and its transfer from the back part of the body, where it originates, to the front part of the body. The most efficient transfer of biokinetic energy is enabled by the existence of an appropriate biostatic model, i.e., body structure, and this leads to a biodynamic effect that is defined as a movement. For the process of movement, the muscles must be well developed. Two muscle groups are distinguished; a) pelvic muscles, b) external hip and croup joint muscles. The basic lever for the transfer of biokinetic energy is the femur. The generated energy is transferred from the hip joint to the thigh muscles, which shortening leads to the movement of the hind leg forward, its leaning against the ground and pushing the whole body forward. The generated biokinetic energy cause the bio kinematic effect, which is characterized as a movement., Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) ima specifičnu konstrukciju tijela. Građen je tako da međusobni odnos pojedinih dijelova tijela omogućava veliku radnu izdržljivost. Činjenica je da ova vrsta domaćih životinja potječe od divljih predaka nastalih i razvijenih u Africi, jasno ukazuje da se vrsta razvila u surovim klimatskim i ekološkim uvjetima koji su uvjetovali odgovarajući biološki odgovor. Biostatički model uvjetuje biodinamički efekt, odnosno produkciju biokinetičke energije. Kretanje, odnosno pomicanje tijela prema naprijed nastaje kao posljedica stvaranja biokinetičke energije i njezinog prenošenja od zadnjeg dijela tijela gdje i nastaje, prema prednjem dijelu tijela. Najefikasnije prenošenje biokinetičke energije omogućeno je postojanjem odgovarajućeg biostatičkog modela, odnosno građe tijela, što dovodi do biodinamičkog efekta, koji definiramo kao kretanje. Da bi se odvijao proces kretanja nužni su dobro razvijeni mišići. Razlikuju se dvije skupine mišića; a) mišići zdjeličnog područja, b) vanjski mišići zgloba kuka i sapi. Osnovna poluga za prijenos biokinetičke energije je bedrena kost. Generirana energija se iz zgloba kuka prenosi na bedrene mišiće čijim skraćivanjem dolazi do kretanja zadnje noge prema naprijed, njezino oslanjanje o tlo i guranje cijelog tijela prema naprijed. Generirana biokinetička energija uvjetuje biokinematički efekt koji nazivamo kretanjem.

The donkey, as a work animal, is gradually losing its value. Agriculture industrialization, mechanization of many processes on mountain and valley farms have lead to a reduction of donkey livestock. This reduction gives cause for concern, and is good reason to study all aspects of these domestic animals in order to revive its role, to restart livestock growth in its familiar habitats, and to introduce it into new environments. This study focuses on these aspects. The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) originated from Africa, and there are two kinds of African donkeys: Nubian and Somali. Their enormous, almost mystical, endurance is well known. There is no place in the world where a donkey is not able to perform the most difficult work, above all in transporting goods. A donkey has an amazing capability of stable movement through the most difficult places. For study sample consisted of 44 donkeys (28 males and 16 females) from Austria. The following morphometric parameters were analysed: height at the withers, height at the back, height of the croup, body length, chest depth, chest width, chest circumference anterior, chest circumference posterior, shin circumference, head length, skull length, face length, skull width, face width, length of ears. Measurements were performed using a ruler, tape measure and vernier callipers. The average height at the withers of males was 116.40 cm, ranging from 99.60 to 140.60 cm, while for females, the average was 102.38 cm, ranging from 90.50 to 125.70 cm. Body length of males was on average 121.85 cm with a standard deviation of 11.79, while the mean body length for females is 115.80 cm, with a range of 101.00 to 131.00 cm. Male head length ranged from 48.00 to 71.00 cm, with an average of 55.60 cm, while in females, head length was on average 50.06 cm, ranging from 43.00 to 56.00 cm. Using the Pearson correlation, a very significant or significant positive statistical correlation was observed between almost all parameters of males, while for females, Pearson correlation values had slightly different values than for males. There was no statistically significant correlation between chest width and anterior chest circumference with nearly any other parameters. For females, a negative correlation between the skull width and all other parameters was also observed., Posljednjih desetljeća polako, ali stalno, magarac gubi mjesto kao svugdje prisutna radna snaga. Industrijalizacija poljoprivrede, mehanizacija mnogih poslova u brdskim i planinskim predjelima prouzročili su smanjenje broja magaradi. Intenzitet smanjenja prešao je granicu alarmantnosti. Da bi se uspješno vodila akcija revitalizacije magaradi u njihovim uobičajenim, a i novim arealima neophodno je ovu domaću životinju upoznati s različitih aspekata. U tom je smislu obavljeno i ovo istraživanje. Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) potječe iz Afrike. Razlikuju se nubijski i somalijski magarci. Poznata je velika radna izdržljivost magaradi, koja je pomalo i mistična. Ne postoje geografski predjeli gdje magarad ne obavljaju najteže oblike rada, prije svega transporta. Za svako čuđenje je njihova mogućnost kretanja i stabilnost po nepristupačnim terenima. Za potrebe ovog rada korištena je ukupno 44 magaradi (28 mužjaka i 16 ženki). Proučavane jedinke su s područja Republike Austrije. Analizirani su sljedeći morfometrijski parametri: visina grebena, visina leđa, visina križa, dužina trupa, dubina prsa, širina prsa, obujam prsa prednji, obujam prsa zadnji, obujam cjevanice, dužina glave, dužina lubanje, dužina facijalnog dijela, širina lubanje, širina facijalnog dijela, dužina ušiju. Mjerenje je obavljeno pomoću Litinovog štapa, pantljike i pomičnog mjerila s nonijusem. Prosječna visina grebena iznosila je 116,40 cm, a interval variranja od 99,60 cm do 140,60 cm. Visina grebena ženki varira od 90.50 cm do 125.70 cm. U prosjeku ženke su visoke 102,38 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 8,28 i standardnom grješkom od 2,07. Dužina trupa u mužjaka u prosjeku je iznosila 121,85 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 11,79. Dužina trupa ženki iznosila je od 101,00 cm do 131,00 cm. Srednja vrijednost dužine trupa u ženki bila je 115,80 cm. Dužina glave mužjaka bila je od 48,00 do 71,00 cm, s prosječnom vrjednošću od 55,60 cm. Dužina glave u ženskih jedinki varira od 43,00 do 56,00 cm. Glava je prosječno bila duga 50,06 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 3,23. Primjenom Personove korelacije zabilježena je vrlo značajna ili značajna pozitivna statistička korelacija između gotovo svih parametara u mužjaka. U ženki vrijednosti Personove korelacije imaju nešto drugačije vrijednosti nego u mužjaka. Između širine prsa i prednjeg obujma prsa nije bilo statistički značajne korelacije s gotovo svim ostalim parametrima. Za ove parametre jedino je pozitivna vrlo značajna statistička korelacija zabilježena između dužine trupa i širine prsa, kao i prednjeg obujma prsa; zatim između prednjeg i zadnjeg obujma prsa i dubine prsa ova dva parametra. U ženki je zabilježena i negativna korelacija između širine lubanjskog dijela i svih ostalih parametra.

A survey of the birth and mortality of European Bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L1758) conducted from 2000 to 2018 in two nurseries showed that the females in the first study group had the first mating at an average age of 42.54 months, with an interval from 23 to 84.5 months. The average age of the first mated females in the second study group was 31.67 months, with an interval from 39.5 to 66.93 months. The average time between calving for the first group females was 9.95 months, with an interval from 0.5 to 28.5 months. The calving interval for the second group was 8.53 months with variation from 1 to 32 months. The first group had a maximum of seven calves, while the maximum in the second group was 13.A total of 33 calves were born in the first group during the study period, 16 males (48.48%) and 17 females (51.51%), while 40 calves were born in the second group,16 males (40.0%) and 24 females (60.0%).The mortality rate in the first group ranged between 14.3 and 30.0%, with a mortality rate of males of 20 to 60% and for females of 16.66 to 50%. In the second group, the mortality rate was from 9.09 to 23.08%, for males 33.33% and from 11.11 to 25.0% for females. The results indicate that future studies should address greater attention to birth and mortality rates., Prateći natalitet i mortalitet, u dva stada, u razdoblju 2000.-2018., europskog bizona (Bison bonasus bonasus L. 1758) ustvrđeno je da se prvoj oglednoj skupini prvo parenje krava događa, u prosjeku, s uzrastom od 42,54 mjeseca, uz interval variranja od 23 do 84,5 mjeseci. U drugoj oglednoj skupini uzrast ženskih grla pri prvom parenju bila je prosječno, 31,67 mjeseci s intervalom variranja od 39,5 do 66,93 mjeseci. Međutelidbeni interval u ženskih grla u prvoj skupini bio je, prosječno, 9,95 mjeseci s intervalom 0,5-28,5 mjeseci. U drugoj skupini ovaj je interval prosječno iznosio 8,53 mjeseca uz variranje od 1-32 mjeseca. Kada je riječ o broju teljenja ustvrđeno je da je u prvoj skupini, maksimalan broj teljenja bio 7, a u drugoj skupini 13. Kada je riječ o odnosu spolova oteljene teladi u prvoj je skupini za promatrano razdoblje, oteljeno 33 teleta, 16 muških (48,48 %) i 17 ženskih (51,51%). U drugoj skupini oteljeno je 40 - 16 muških (40,0 %) i 24 ženska (60,0 %) teleta. Mortalitet grla, u promatranom razdoblju, u prvoj skupini kretao se od 14,29 % do 30,0 %. Promatrano po spolovima muških grla se kretalo u granicama od 20,0 % do 60,0 %, a u ženskih grla od 16,66 % do 50,0 %. U drugoj promatranoj skupini mortalitet se kretao u granicama od 9,09 % do 23,08 %. Smrtnost muških grla je bila 33,33 %, a ženskih od 11,11 % do 25,0%.Na osnovu analize dobivenih rezultata jasno je da se proučavanju nataliteta i mortaliteta u populaciji europskih bizona mora pristupiti organiziranije i temeljitije.

The basic way to prevent cerebral stroke in symptomatic 70–99% stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) is an open or endovascular surgical procedure. Psychological research done so far among ICA stenosis patients focused on cognitive functioning changes. The objective was to assess attitude to surgery in relation to self-efficacy, life quality perception, and health locus of control in ICA stenosis patients. Materials and Methods: The study involved 53 asymptomatic ICA stenosis patients, aged from 53 to 81. Four scales were applied: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), and a simple scale to examine the attitude to surgery, where “−10” stands for the maximally negative attitude, “0”—neutral, and “+10”—maximally positive. The obtained results were put to statistical analysis. Results: It was found that women and men assessed their attitude to the surgery as positive (M = 7.92, SD = 3.094), though the men estimated it slightly higher (M = 8.03, SD = 3.02) than the women (M = 7.67, SD = 3.37). The mean value of self-efficacy was high (M = 32.53, SD = 6.231), and slightly higher for the men (M = 32.79, SD = 5.576) compared to the women (M = 31.87, SD = 7.836). The patients generally tended to manifest the external personal health locus of control (M = 28.62, SD = 3.17). The runner-up was internal health locus of control (M = 26.02, SD = 3.775), and the next one—external impersonal aspect (chance/luck) (M = 23.57, SD = 4.457). The mean assessment of the patients’ own life quality proved to be above average (M = 23.60) but varied (SD = 5.95). The women perceived the quality of their lives as better (M = 24.33, SD = 6.422) than the men (M = 23.32, SD = 5.818). Very strong positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and life quality assessment (p &lt, 0.001) and between the internal and external personal aspects of health locus of control (p &lt, 0.007) in the women, and positive correlations were found between the attitude to surgery and internal health locus of control (p &lt, 0.021) in the men. Conclusions: When breaking the news of a need to have a surgical intervention due to ICA stenosis, the physician should strongly refer to the value of human life and health. The message should arise from external (in the case of women) or internal (in the case of men) motivation to undergo surgery, and enhance the patient’s conviction that the disease should be considered a challenge which must be taken to reverse their unfavorable situation and improve life quality.

Introduction. It is a common unofficial perception of surgeons performing endovascular operations that patients living in the different social and economic environment assess pain differently during peripheral angioplasty procedures. The objective was to examine the differences in assessing pain experienced during endovascular arterial interventions on lower limbs, by Polish and German patients, and to analyse the psychological determinants of the assumed differences, by referring to mental dispositions such as optimism and satisfaction with own life quality. Material and methods. 101 patients were qualified for endovascular intervention on lower limbs arteries — 51 Germans (M = 67.31; SD = 9.82) and 50 Poles (age M = 67.88; SD = 8.4). 37 women and 64 men were classified as Rutherford category 2–3. Three scales were applied: 1. Life Orientation Test-Revised 2. Satisfaction With Life Scale 3. Pain Appraisal Scale which comprises emoticons showing subsequent degrees of sustained pain and the corresponding Visual Analogue Scale. Results. The patients from Poland graded their life quality lower than the German patients (M = 23.44; SD = 5.977 and M = 25.94; SD = 5.584). The Poles presented a lower level of optimism (M = 15.04; SD = 3.703 vs M = 15.8; SD = 3.516). The Polish patients classified the level of pain during lower limb angioplasty as higher than in German patients (M = 4.22; SD = 2.999 and M = 2.88; SD = 2.215) (p < 0.012). Conclusions. Resistance to pain experienced during endovascular procedures probably depends on the assessment of the patient’s current life situation, determined by satisfaction with own life quality and related optimism. With great caution, it might also be supposed that resistance to pain depends on the life standard typical of a given population

Whether or not the source of aortic pathology is Marfan syndrome (MFS) or other processes leading to development of abdominal aorta aneurysms (AAA), the awareness of pathology may lead to an emotional upset and low assessment of satisfaction with life.To assess, in regard to MFS patients with aortic pathology and to abdominal aortic aneurysm patients: 1) whether or not self-efficacy (SE) and health locus of control (HLoC) affect the patients' satisfaction with life; 2) whether the two groups of patients differ in terms of mental dispositions.The study population consisted of 16 MFS patients with aortic pathology and 16 AAA patients, 9 men and 7 women in each group. The mean age of the MFS patients was 28.5 ±8.214, and of the AAA patients 64.25 ±7.019. The following scales were applied: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale.Abdominal aorta aneurysms patients compared to MFS patients gave a higher rating for SE (In patients with aortic diseases, special attention must be paid to the state of personal resources (PR). Interactions made by medical professionals should focus on enhancing PR supporting the patients' self-knowledge on their SE. This will help to improve their satisfaction with life and form a positive attitude to the illness.Niezależnie od tego, czy źródłem choroby aorty jest zespół Marfana (MFS) lub inne procesy prowadzące do rozwoju tętniaków aorty brzusznej (AAA), świadomość choroby może prowadzić do zaburzeń emocjonalnych oraz niskiej oceny satysfakcji z życia.Ocena pacjentów z MFS z patologią aorty oraz pacjentów z tętniakiem aorty brzusznej: 1) czy skuteczność własna (SE) i umiejscowienie kontroli zdrowia (HLBadaniem objęto 16 chorych z MFS z patologią aortalną oraz 16 pacjentów z AAA. W każdej grupie było 9 mężczyzn i 7 kobiet. Średni wiek pacjentów z MFS wynosił 28,5 ±8,214 roku, a pacjentów z AAA – 64,25 ±7,019. Zastosowano następujące skale: Skalę uogólnionej własnej skuteczności, Wielowymiarową skalę umiejscowienia kontroli zdrowia oraz Skalę satysfakcji z życia.Pacjenci z AAA oceniali swoją SE wyżej niż pacjenci z MFS (U pacjentów z chorobami aorty należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na stan zasobów osobistych (PR). Działania prowadzone przez pracowników ochrony zdrowia powinny skupiać się na edukacji i wspieraniu pacjentów. Pomoże to zwiększyć satysfakcję pacjentów z życia oraz poprawi ich podejście do choroby.

The revival of disputes on establishing eugenics as an independent scholarly discipline triggered current discussions on euthanasia, cloning and in vitro fertilisation. At the edge of the 19th and 20th centuries, people marked with eugenic risk were considered unproductive in terms of the state undisturbed functioning. Usually, such assumption was enough to have the stigmatised person forcibly sterilised. After WW I, Polish elites encountered the modern idea that the newly born Polish state had a chance of fast development thanks to eugenics. Soon, the negative one that applied much cheaper methods replaced positive eugenics. It was enough to legitimate sterilisation, giving consent to contracting marriages and having abortions in order to successively eliminate the factors contributing to ‘the deterioration of hereditary traits’. In 1930–1935, large efforts were made to pass a Polish eugenic law, which eased off a little following Hitler's signing the Nuremberg Laws. Negative consequences of eugenic laws were more and more explicit, and discussions with regard to passing a similar legislation in Poland were carried on until WW II. How is it possible that, despite considerable pressure supported with examples of smooth passing the eugenic laws by other states’ parliaments, the Polish eugenic law was never passed? It is hard to justify any form of accepting negative eugenics taking place after 1936. Regardless of the motives underlying the tacit attitude of the Polish psychologists towards eugenic projects, from the time perspective their silence should be assessed negatively.

Objectives The main purpose of this study was to document the radiation doses to patients during carotid stenting. Material and method Fluoroscopy and exposure time, air kerma and dose-area product during carotid artery stenting in 160 patients were retrospectively reviewed with regard to body mass index, degree of stenosis and use of cerebral protection devices. Results Total air kerma was lower than 0.5 Gy in 80%, 0.5–1 Gy in 17% and higher than 1 Gy (maximum 1.2) in 3% of patients. Mean total dose-area product value for carotid stenting was 54 Gy cm2. The mean air kerma (fluoroscopy), air kerma (exposure), total air kerma and dose-area product (fluoroscopy), dose-area product (exposure), total dose-area product of patients with body mass index within the range 25–29.9 and with body mass index >30 were significantly increased compared to that of patients with body mass index 18–24.9 (H = 40.2, df = 2; p = 0.0000001 and p = 0.000003, respectively). Conclusion Carotid artery stenting is a relatively safe radiological procedure in terms of the radiation dose acquired by the patient. The main factors contributing to possible radiation overdosing are body mass index value and complexity of the carotid lesion. Proper preoperative planning in obese and complicated patients may reduce the fluoroscopy time and contribute to reduced dose acquisition.

The most frequent causes for acute limb ischemia are arterial embolism, thrombosis (mainly in patients with atherosclerosis), and traumatic arterial injuries. Rarely, acute limb ischemia may be caused by the arterial spasm, when all other causes can be excluded. We present a case of a young woman with acute ischemia of her right lower extremity with diagnosed arterial hypoplasia in the calf. The suspected cause of the ischemia was a spasm of a single artery of the limb. Diagnostic procedures and treatment as well as differential diagnosis are discussed.