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We propose a “dominant currency paradigm” with three key features: dominant currency pricing, pricing complementarities, and imported inputs in production. We test this paradigm using a new dataset of bilateral price and volume indices for more than 2,500 country pairs that covers 91 percent of world trade, as well as detailed firm-product-country data for Colombian exports and imports. In strong support of the paradigm we find that (i) noncommodities terms-of-trade are uncorrelated with exchange rates; (ii) the dollar exchange rate quantitatively dominates the bilateral exchange rate in price pass-through and trade elasticity regressions, and this effect is increasing in the share of imports invoiced in dollars; (iii) US import volumes are significantly less sensitive to bilateral exchange rates, compared to other countries’ imports; (iv) a 1 percent US dollar appreciation against all other currencies predicts a 0.6 percent decline within a year in the volume of total trade between countries in the rest of the world, controlling for the global business cycle. We characterize the transmission of, and spillovers from, monetary policy shocks in this environment.

Thiruvallur District in Tamil Nadu is one such district, with groundwater levels reaching depths of 50m to 60m below the surface. Growing populations, variations in land use patterns, reduction in rainfall depth, and other factors all contributed to an increase in water demand and a decrease in water potential. This affects the quality of groundwater as well. In this study, the variation of both Groundwater potential and Groundwater Quality is analyzed. The collected data has undergone thorough processing to ensure its accuracy and relevance for the area to be studied. (Thiruvallur District). The base map for the place to be analyzed and the well-map are created in the QGIS software with the data. The processed data is imported into the QGIS to create a database. With the database, the spatial variation between the stations is mapped. The temporal variation of the stations is carried out. The spatial map is done for the groundwater level and Groundwater quality parameters like pH, TDS, Cl, etc. The temporal variation is shown in the graph for the GW level and GW quality parameters with respect to the well-points.

One of the important components of a car to control the temperature of a car's engine is the radiator. To increase the heat absorption capacity of the coolant/fluid used in the radiator with minimum pumping power, innovative fluids called nanofluids have become the main area of research these days. Therefore, with the development of new technologies in the field of "nano‐materials" and "nano‐fluids," the physical and chemical properties of coolant/fluid can be improved which in turn improves the radiator and engine efficiency, and reduces radiator weight and size. In this article, the heat transfer by forced convection in nanofluids based on Al2O3 and SiC was studied experimentally and compared to that of base fluid in an automotive radiator. The nanofluid is mixed with ethylene glycol and the fluid is prepared by the sonication method. The nanofluids were prepared by varying the nanomaterials and the amounts of nanomaterials in the base fluid and their heat transfer performance in the radiator was analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT software. Approximately 15% and 12% increase in radiator efficiency by using Al2O3 mixed nanofluid and SiC mixed nanofluid, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried-out at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru with the aim of evaluating thirty-two genotypes of ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] for growth and yield parameters under Bengaluru conditions during late Kharif 2020 and 2021 by adopting a randomized complete block design with three replications. Various growth and yield parameters, viz., days to 50 per cent germination, plant height, branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, length of main root, diameter of main root, dry weight of root plant-1 and dry root yield were recorded. Among all genotypes, DWS-319 taken minimum days to 50 per cent germination (11 days), whereas genotype DWS-132 taken maximum days to 50 per cent germination (25 days). Genotype DWS-09 was found as the superior genotype for plant height (74.25 cm), diameter of main root (2.82 cm), dry weight of root plant-1 (7.57 g), dry root yield plot-1 (416.35 g) and dry root yield ha-1 (16.01 q). Among the genotypes, DWS-280 and DWS-279 were superior in branches per plant (17.81) and length of main root (21.67 cm) respectively. The present study indicates that genotype DWS-09 recorded the highest mean performance for growth and yield character under Bengaluru conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]