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Objective: With the rapid improvements in drone technology, there is an increasing interest in distal pointing to diffuse drones. This study investigated the effect of depth on distal pointing when the hand does not traverse the entire distance from start to target so that the most suitable mathematical model can be assessed. Background: Starting from the Fitts paradigm, researchers have proposed different models to predict movement time when the distance to the target is variable. They do consider distance, but they are based on statistical modeling rather than the underlying control mechanisms. Methods: Twenty-four participants volunteered for an experiment in a full-factorial Fitts' paradigm task (3 levels of movement amplitude *7 levels of target width *3 levels of distance from participant to screen). Movement time and the number of errors were the dependent variables. Results: Depth has a significant effect when the target width is small, but depth has no effect when the target width is large. The angular version of the two-part model is superior to the one-part Fitts' model at larger distances. Besides, Index of difficulty for distal pointing, I D DP with adjustable k achieves the best fit even though the model is very sensitive to the value of k and the complexity of the model could be resulting in an overfitting. The result implies that the effects of movement amplitude and target width are not comparable and grouping them to form a dependent index of difficulty can be misleading especially when distance is an added variable. Conclusion: The angular version of the two-part model is a viable and meaningful description for distal pointing. Even though the I D DP with adjustable k is the best predictor for movement time when depth is an added variable, there is no physical interpretation for it. Application: A reasonable predictive model for performance assessments and predictions in distal pointing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceived differences between comfortable and uncomfortable shoes and the fit preferences in the different regions of ladies' shoes were explored. Twenty Hong Kong Chinese females participated in the study. Each participant wore and rated the different aspects of their own comfortable and uncomfortable shoes. The Wilcoxon signed rank tests showed significant differences in ten perceived characteristics between the comfortable and uncomfortable shoes. Among the ten were tactile, auditory and olfactory sensations. The ten items reliably (Cronbach alpha > 0.9) distinguished between comfortable and uncomfortable shoes. There were no significant differences between comfortable and uncomfortable shoes for aesthetic-related characteristics. Further analysis on the fit ratings showed a significant impact on the fit preferences in the Toe region (p < 0.0001), Metatarsophalangeal (MPJ) region (p < 0.0001), Arch region (p = 0.002) and Ingress/eggress opening (p < 0.001). Knowing the preferred type of fit can help establish a specification for comfortable shoes and also brings out the criteria that a comfortable shoe does not necessarily have the same perceived fit in every region of a shoe. Keywords: Footwear; Fit; Comfort; Perception

Two methods were proposed to generate three-dimensional (3D) the foot shape from two-dimensional (2D) information. Results show that each individual foot shape can be predicted within a mean absolute error of 1.36 mm for the left foot and 1.37 mm for the right foot using the first method, and within a mean absolute error of 1.02 mm for the left foot and 1.02 mm for the right foot using the second method.

In this paper we present a scale model for fitting an ideal shape to an object. The measurements of the object are taken corresponding to a fixed coordinate system at a set of well-defined locations on the surface of the object. We propose an algorithm to estimate the model parameters and hypothesis tests to make statistical inferences about several possible special cases of the general model. The model is tested with an example that analyzes data on the feet of people in Hong Kong., 1. Model and interpretation Shape and size have tremendous influence when designing objects, equipment, and tools to fit people. Some consumer products can be bought in different sizes. When these [...]

INTRODUCTION The foot is a flexible structure, as 26 bones give its shape. Large deformations from its neutral posture, however, can place excessive stress and sometimes strain, giving rise to [...], This study is an attempt to show how a 'standard' foot can be parameterized using foot length, foot width, foot height, and a measure of foot curvature so that foot shape can be predicted using these simple anthropometric measures. The prediction model was generated using 40 Hong Kong Chinese men, and the model was validated using a different group of 25 Hong Kong Chinese men. The results show that each individual foot shape may be predicted to a mean accuracy of 2.1 mm for the left foot and 2.4 mm for the right foot. Application of this research includes the potential design and development of custom footwear without the necessity of expensive 3-D scanning of feet.

INTRODUCTION In the past two decades user interface design methodology has evolved and developed primarily in English-speaking countries, such as the United States and parts of Europe. The result has [...], Graphical user interface guidelines have been developed predominantly in English-speaking countries, but aspects related to culture (e.g., local metaphors, symbols, color, and flow) are not universal and have received little or no attention. Even though the reading and writing flow of languages such as English, Japanese, and Chinese differ widely, most software interfaces do not take account of this. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of menu flow or menu orientation in both the Chinese and English languages for Chinese users. The experimental results indicate that for the Chinese population, a horizontal menu in either language is more effective than the vertical orientation. Thus item differentiation in menus is best performed when the natural flow of the user's native language is broken through a transformation process similar to a matrix transpose. Even though we did not investigate search strategies explicitly, we hypothesize that the primary reason for the difference lies in the scanning patterns adopted by the Chinese population in search tasks so that there is no mismatch in the reading metaphors. Applications of this research include the design of culturally and linguistically adapted human-computer interfaces for Chinese users.

A study was conducted to determine the importance of constructing shoes to suit the shape of the foot keeping the midfoot region in mind. Results showed that foot shape and midfoot region did not play a significant role in construction of the shoes but could have an effect of a better fit in relevance to height dimension.

Two-dimensional foot outlines were used to evaluate the quality of footwear fit with the participation of 20 Hong Kong Chinese students. The perceived differences were further analyzed after matching the 2D outlines of both last and foot and the dimensional difference plots showed the critical locations effecting footwear fit.