Search

Your search keyword '"Goodman, A"' showing total 235,210 results
Start Over Author "Goodman, A"
235,210 results on '"Goodman, A"'

9. Index

Author

Symes, Carol, Akbari, Suzanne Conklin, and Goodman, Amanda

Published
2023

11. Cover

Author

Symes, Carol, Akbari, Suzanne Conklin, and Goodman, Amanda

Published
2023

12. List of Illustrations

Author

Symes, Carol, Akbari, Suzanne Conklin, and Goodman, Amanda

Published
2023

20. IDRA Newsletter. Volume 51, No. 5

Author

Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA) and Christie L. Goodman

Abstract

The "IDRA Newsletter" serves as a vehicle for communication with educators, school board members, decision-makers, parents, and the general public concerning the educational needs of all children across the United States. The focus of this issue is "Welcoming School Climates." Contents include: (1) Welcoming and Safe Schools Require Authentic Relationship Building (Morgan Craven); (2) Texas School District Becomes First to Adopt Policy to Prevent Identity-based Bullying; (3) 70th Anniversary of "Brown v. Board of Education"; (4) The Value of Integrating STEM, the Arts and Ethnic Studies (Aurelio Montemayor, Stephanie Garcia, & Asaiah Puente); and (5) IDRA Valued Youth Partnership Tutors Win Reflection Contest Awards --Tutors Share Stories of the Program's Impact on Their Lives.

Published
2024

21. IDRA Newsletter. Volume 51, No. 4

Author

Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA) and Christie L. Goodman

Abstract

The "IDRA Newsletter" serves as a vehicle for communication with educators, school board members, decision-makers, parents, and the general public concerning the educational needs of all children across the United States. The focus of this issue is "Language Rights." Contents include: (1) Navigating Policy Landscapes for Linguistic and Cultural Equity (Morgan Craven & Lizdelia Piñón); (2) Language Rights are Civil Rights -- 50th Anniversary of the "Lau v. Nichols" Ruling (Paige Duggins-Clay); (3) AI as a Tool for Inclusive Bilingual Education (Lizdelia Piñón); and (4) Transnational Students Deserve a High-Quality Education on Both Sides of the Border (Rebekah Skelton).

Published
2024

22. IDRA Newsletter. Volume 51, No. 3

Author

Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA) and Christie L. Goodman

Abstract

The "IDRA Newsletter" serves as a vehicle for communication with educators, school board members, decision-makers, parents, and the general public concerning the educational needs of all children across the United States. The focus of this issue is "School Safety." Contents include: (1) Students Demand Safe, Supportive Schools: Student Authors Call for Ending Zero Tolerance and School-Based Policing (Paige Duggins-Clay); (2) Where Some Policymakers and School Leaders Get School Safety Wrong (Morgan Craven); (3) Thirty Years Later, the 1994 Gun-Free Schools Act Continues to Harm Students and Communities (Rebekah Skelton); and (4) IDRA Names Youth Advisory Board Members: Five High School Students Serve as Advisors for Education Equity Initiatives While Learning New Skills.

Published
2024

24. Receiver Noise in Axion Haloscopes

Author

Guzzetti, M., Zhang, D., Goodman, C., Hanretty, C., Sinnis, J., Rosenberg, L. J, Rybka, G., Clarke, John, Siddiqi, I., Chou, A. S., Hollister, M., Knirck, S., Sonnenschein, A., Caligiure, T. J., Gleason, J. R., Hipp, A. T., Sikivie, P., Solano, M. E., Sullivan, N. S., Tanner, D. B., Khatiwada, R., Carosi, G., Du, N., Cisneros, C., Robertson, N., Woollett, N., Duffy, L. D., Boutan, C., Braine, T., Oblath, N. S., Taubman, M. S., Lentz, E., Daw, E. J., Mostyn, C., Perry, M. G., Bartram, C., Dyson, T. A., Kuo, C. L., Ruppert, S., Withers, M. O., Yi, A. K., McAllister, B. T., Buckley, J. H., Gaikwad, C., Hoffman, J., Murch, K., Russell, J., Goryachev, M., Hartman, E., Quiskamp, A., and Tobar, M. E.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Axions are a well-motivated candidate for dark matter. The preeminent method to search for axion dark matter is known as the axion haloscope, which makes use of the conversion of axions to photons in a large magnetic field. Due to the weak coupling of axions to photons however, the expected signal strength is exceptionally small. To increase signal strength, many haloscopes make use of resonant enhancement and high gain amplifiers, while also taking measures to keep receiver noise as low as possible such as the use of dilution refrigerators and ultra low-noise electronics. In this paper we derive the theoretical noise model based on the sources of noise found within a typical axion haloscope receiver chain, using the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) as a case study. We present examples of different noise calibration measurements at 1280~MHz using a variable temperature stage with ADMX during its most recent data taking run. The consistency between the measurements and the detailed model provide suggestions for future improvements within ADMX and other axion haloscopes to reach a lower noise temperature and to simplify the receiver chain design.

Published
2024

25. CriticAL: Critic Automation with Language Models

Author

Li, Michael Y., Vajipey, Vivek, Goodman, Noah D., and Fox, Emily B.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Understanding the world through models is a fundamental goal of scientific research. While large language model (LLM) based approaches show promise in automating scientific discovery, they often overlook the importance of criticizing scientific models. Criticizing models deepens scientific understanding and drives the development of more accurate models. Automating model criticism is difficult because it traditionally requires a human expert to define how to compare a model with data and evaluate if the discrepancies are significant--both rely heavily on understanding the modeling assumptions and domain. Although LLM-based critic approaches are appealing, they introduce new challenges: LLMs might hallucinate the critiques themselves. Motivated by this, we introduce CriticAL (Critic Automation with Language Models). CriticAL uses LLMs to generate summary statistics that capture discrepancies between model predictions and data, and applies hypothesis tests to evaluate their significance. We can view CriticAL as a verifier that validates models and their critiques by embedding them in a hypothesis testing framework. In experiments, we evaluate CriticAL across key quantitative and qualitative dimensions. In settings where we synthesize discrepancies between models and datasets, CriticAL reliably generates correct critiques without hallucinating incorrect ones. We show that both human and LLM judges consistently prefer CriticAL's critiques over alternative approaches in terms of transparency and actionability. Finally, we show that CriticAL's critiques enable an LLM scientist to improve upon human-designed models on real-world datasets.

Published
2024

26. Concept Bottleneck Language Models For protein design

Author

Ismail, Aya Abdelsalam, Oikarinen, Tuomas, Wang, Amy, Adebayo, Julius, Stanton, Samuel, Joren, Taylor, Kleinhenz, Joseph, Goodman, Allen, Bravo, Héctor Corrada, Cho, Kyunghyun, and Frey, Nathan C.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Protein Language Models (CB-pLM), a generative masked language model with a layer where each neuron corresponds to an interpretable concept. Our architecture offers three key benefits: i) Control: We can intervene on concept values to precisely control the properties of generated proteins, achieving a 3 times larger change in desired concept values compared to baselines. ii) Interpretability: A linear mapping between concept values and predicted tokens allows transparent analysis of the model's decision-making process. iii) Debugging: This transparency facilitates easy debugging of trained models. Our models achieve pre-training perplexity and downstream task performance comparable to traditional masked protein language models, demonstrating that interpretability does not compromise performance. While adaptable to any language model, we focus on masked protein language models due to their importance in drug discovery and the ability to validate our model's capabilities through real-world experiments and expert knowledge. We scale our CB-pLM from 24 million to 3 billion parameters, making them the largest Concept Bottleneck Models trained and the first capable of generative language modeling.

Published
2024

27. Observation of nonaxisymmetric standard magnetorotational instability induced by a free-shear layer

Author

Wang, Yin, Ebrahimi, Fatima, Lu, Hongke, Goodman, Jeremy, Gilson, Erik P., and Ji, Hantao

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The standard magnetorotational instability (SMRI) is widely believed to be responsible for the observed accretion rates in astronomical disks. It is a linear instability triggered in the differentially rotating ionized disk flow by a magnetic field component parallel to the rotation axis. Most studies focus on axisymmetric SMRI in conventional base flows with a Keplerian profile for accretion disks or an ideal Couette profile for Taylor-Couette flows, since excitation of nonaxisymmetric SMRI in such flows requires a magnetic Reynolds number Rm more than an order of magnitude larger. Here, we report that in a magnetized Taylor-Couette flow, nonaxisymmetric SMRI can be destabilized in a free-shear layer in the base flow at Rm $\gtrsim$ 1, the same threshold as for axisymmetric SMRI. Global linear analysis reveals that the free-shear layer reduces the required Rm, possibly by introducing an extremum in the vorticity of the base flow. Nonlinear simulations validate the results from linear analysis and confirm that a novel instability recently discovered experimentally (Nat. Commun. 13, 4679 (2022)) is the nonaxisymmetric SMRI. Our finding has astronomical implications since free-shear layers are ubiquitous in celestial systems.

Published
2024

28. Spectral study of very high energy gamma rays from SS 433 with HAWC

Author

Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Babu, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Cotzomi, J., De la Fuente, E., Depaoli, D., Di Lalla, N., Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L ., DuVernois, M. A., Engel, K., Ergin, T., Espinoza, C ., Fan, K. L., Fang, K., Fraija, N., Fraija, S., García-González, J. A., Muñoz, A. González, González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Groetsch, S., Harding, J. P., Hernández-Cadena, S., Herzog, I., Huang, D., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Kaufmann, S., Lara, A ., Lee, W. H., Lee, J., de León, C., Vargas, H. León, Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Malone, K., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Montes, J. A., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nellen, L., Nisa, M. U ., Noriega-Papaqui, R ., Araujo, Y. Pérez, Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Rho, C. D., Rosa-González, D., Ruiz-Velasco, E ., Salazar, H., Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Serna-Franco, J., Smith, A. J., Son, Y., Springer, R. W ., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Torres-Escobedo, R., Turner, R., Ureña-Mena, F., Varela, E ., Villaseñor, L., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Watson, I. J., Yu, S ., Yun-Cárcamo, S., and Zhou, H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Very-high-energy (0.1-100 TeV) gamma-ray emission was observed in HAWC data from the lobes of the microquasar SS 433, making them the first set of astrophysical jets that were resolved at TeV energies. In this work, we update the analysis of SS 433 using 2,565 days of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory. Our analysis reports the detection of a point-like source in the east lobe at a significance of $6.6\,\sigma$ and in the west lobe at a significance of $8.2\,\sigma$. For each jet lobe, we localize the gamma-ray emission and identify a best-fit position. The locations are close to the X-ray emission sites "e1" and "w1" for the east and west lobes, respectively. We analyze the spectral energy distributions and find that the energy spectra of the lobes are consistent with a simple power-law $\text{d}N/\text{d}E\propto E^{\alpha}$ with $\alpha = -2.44^{+0.13+0.04}_{-0.12-0.04}$ and $\alpha = -2.35^{+0.12+0.03}_{-0.11-0.03}$ for the east and west lobes, respectively. The maximum energy of photons from the east and west lobes reaches 56 TeV and 123 TeV, respectively. We compare our observations to various models and conclude that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission can be produced by a population of electrons that were efficiently accelerated.

Published
2024

29. A 3D Model of the Local Bubble's Magnetic Field: Insights from Dust and Starlight Polarization

Author

O'Neill, Theo J., Goodman, Alyssa A., Soler, Juan D., Zucker, Catherine, and Han, Jiwon Jesse

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Clustered stellar feedback creates expanding voids in the magnetized interstellar medium known as superbubbles. Although theory suggests that superbubble expansion is influenced by interstellar magnetic fields, direct observational data on 3D superbubble magnetic field geometry is limited. The Sun's location inside the Local Bubble provides a unique opportunity to infer a superbubble's 3D magnetic field orientation, under the assumptions that: $\mathrm{I}$) the Local Bubble's surface is the primary contributor to plane-of-the-sky polarization observations across much of the sky, and $\mathrm{II}$) the Local Bubble's magnetic field is tangent to its dust-traced shell. In this work, we validate these assumptions and construct a model of the Local Bubble's 3D B-field orientation from $\textit{Planck}$ 353 GHz polarization observations and a 3D-dust-derived model of the Local Bubble's shell. We test Assumption $\mathrm{I}$ by examining correlations between the Local Bubble's 3D geometry, dust polarization, and starlight polarization. We find that the Local Bubble likely dominates the polarized signal in the majority of lines of sight. We jointly test Assumptions $\mathrm{I}$ and $\mathrm{II}$ by applying our reconstruction method to a simulated superbubble, where we successfully reconstruct the 3D magnetic field orientation over the bulk of its surface. Finally, we use our 3D B-field model to infer the initial magnetic field orientation in the solar neighborhood prior to the Local Bubble's formation, and derive an orientation parallel to the present-day Local Arm of the galaxy. These findings provide new insights into the co-evolution of superbubbles and the magnetized interstellar medium., Comment: 29 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to ApJ

Published
2024

30. Bayesian scaling laws for in-context learning

Author

Arora, Aryaman, Jurafsky, Dan, Potts, Christopher, and Goodman, Noah D.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Formal Languages and Automata Theory, Computer Science - Machine Learning, I.2.7
Abstract

In-context learning (ICL) is a powerful technique for getting language models to perform complex tasks with no training updates. Prior work has established strong correlations between the number of in-context examples provided and the accuracy of the model's predictions. In this paper, we seek to explain this correlation by showing that ICL approximates a Bayesian learner. This perspective gives rise to a family of novel Bayesian scaling laws for ICL. In experiments with \mbox{GPT-2} models of different sizes, our scaling laws exceed or match existing scaling laws in accuracy while also offering interpretable terms for task priors, learning efficiency, and per-example probabilities. To illustrate the analytic power that such interpretable scaling laws provide, we report on controlled synthetic dataset experiments designed to inform real-world studies of safety alignment. In our experimental protocol, we use SFT to suppress an unwanted existing model capability and then use ICL to try to bring that capability back (many-shot jailbreaking). We then experiment on real-world instruction-tuned LLMs using capabilities benchmarks as well as a new many-shot jailbreaking dataset. In all cases, Bayesian scaling laws accurately predict the conditions under which ICL will cause the suppressed behavior to reemerge, which sheds light on the ineffectiveness of post-training at increasing LLM safety., Comment: 10 pages main text, 26 pages total

Published
2024

31. Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Bubble around Microquasar V4641 Sgr

Author

Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Babu, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. Coutiño, De la Fuente, E., Depaoli, D., Di Lalla, N., Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., Durocher, M., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Engel, K., Espinoza, C., Fan, K. L., Fang, K., Fraija, N., Fraija, S., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., Muñoz, A. Gonzalez, González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Groetsch, S., Harding, J. P., Herzog, I., Hinton, J., Huang, D., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Kieda, D., de León, C., Lee, J., Vargas, H. León, Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Malone, K., Martinez, O., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Morales-Soto, J. A., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nayerhoda, A., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Olivera-Nieto, L., Omodei, N., Osorio, M., Araujo, Y. Pérez, Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Rho, C. D., Rosa-González, D., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salazar, H., Salazar-Gallegos, D., Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Serna-Franco, J., Smith, A. J., Son, Y., Springer, R. W., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Torres-Escobedo, R., Turner, R., Ureña-Mena, F., Varela, E., Villaseñor, L., Wang, X., Watson, I. J., Willox, E., Yun-Cárcamo, S., and Zhou, H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Microquasars are laboratories for the study of jets of relativistic particles produced by accretion onto a spinning black hole. Microquasars are near enough to allow detailed imaging of spatial features across the multiwavelength spectrum. The recent extension of the spatial morphology of a microquasar, SS 433, to TeV gamma rays \cite{abeysekara2018very} localizes the acceleration of electrons at shocks in the jet far from the black hole \cite{hess2024ss433}. Here we report TeV gamma-ray emission from another microquasar, V4641~Sgr, which reveals particle acceleration at similar distances from the black hole as SS~433. Additionally, the gamma-ray spectrum of V4641 is among the hardest TeV spectra observed from any known gamma-ray source and is detected up to 200 TeV. Gamma rays are produced by particles, either electrons or hadrons, of higher energies. Because electrons lose energy more quickly the higher their energy, such a spectrum either very strongly constrains the electron production mechanism or points to the acceleration of high-energy hadrons. This observation suggests that large-scale jets from microquasars could be more common than previously expected and that microquasars could be a significant source of Galactic cosmic rays. high energy gamma-rays also provide unique constraints on the acceleration mechanisms of extra-Galactic cosmic rays postulated to be produced by the supermassive black holes and relativistic jets of quasars. The distance to quasars limits imaging studies due to insufficient angular resolution of gamma-rays and due to attenuation of the highest energy gamma-rays by the extragalactic background light.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

32. Measurement of the double-differential cross section of muon-neutrino charged-current interactions with low hadronic energy in the NOvA Near Detector

Author

Acero, M. A., Acharya, B., Adamson, P., Aliaga, L., Anfimov, N., Antoshkin, A., Arrieta-Diaz, E., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Back, A., Balashov, N., Baldi, P., Bambah, B. A., Bannister, E., Barros, A., Bashar, S., Bat, A., Bays, K., Bernstein, R., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattarai, D., Bhuyan, B., Bian, J., Booth, A. C., Bowles, R., Brahma, B., Bromberg, C., Buchanan, N., Butkevich, A., Calvez, S., Carroll, T. J., Catano-Mur, E., Cesar, J. P., Chatla, A., Chirco, R., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Cicala, M. F., Coan, T. E., Cooleybeck, A., Cortes-Parra, C., Coveyou, D., Cremonesi, L., Davies, G. S., Derwent, P. F., Ding, P., Djurcic, Z., Dobbs, K., Dolce, M., Doyle, D., Tonguino, D. Dueñas, Dukes, E. C., Dye, A., Ehrlich, R., Ewart, E., Filip, P., Frank, M. J., Gallagher, H. R., Gao, F., Giri, A., Gomes, R. A., Goodman, M. C., Groh, M., Group, R., Habig, A., Hakl, F., Hartnell, J., Hatcher, R., He, M., Heller, K., Hewes, V, Himmel, A., Horoho, T., Ivaneev, Y., Ivanova, A., Jargowsky, B., Jarosz, J., Johnson, C., Judah, M., Kakorin, I., Kaplan, D. M., Kalitkina, A., Kirezli-Ozdemir, B., Kleykamp, J., Klimov, O., Koerner, L. W., Kolupaeva, L., Kralik, R., Kumar, A., Kus, V., Lackey, T., Lang, K., Lesmeister, J., Lister, A., Liu, J., Lock, J. A., Lokajicek, M., MacMahon, M., Magill, S., Mann, W. A., Manoharan, M. T., Plata, M. Manrique, Marshak, M. L., Martinez-Casales, M., Matveev, V., Mehta, B., Messier, M. D., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Miller, W. H., Mishra, S., Mishra, S. R., Mislivec, A., Mohanta, R., Moren, A., Morozova, A., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Muether, M., Mulder, K., Myers, D., Naples, D., Nath, A., Nelleri, S., Nelson, J. K., Nichol, R., Niner, E., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Nosek, T., Oh, H., Olshevskiy, A., Olson, T., Ozkaynak, M., Pal, A., Paley, J., Panda, L., Patterson, R. B., Pawloski, G., Petti, R., Porter, J. C. C., Prais, L. R., Rabelhofer, M., Rafique, A., Raj, V., Rajaoalisoa, M., Ramson, B., Rebel, B., Roy, P., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Falero, S. Sanchez, Shanahan, P., Sharma, P., Sheshukov, A., Shivam, Shmakov, A., Shorrock, W., Shukla, S., Singha, D. K., Singh, I., Singh, P., Singh, V., Smith, E., Smolik, J., Snopok, P., Solomey, N., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Strait, M., Suter, L., Sutton, A., Sutton, K., Swain, S., Sweeney, C., Sztuc, A., Talukdar, N., Oregui, B. Tapia, Tas, P., Thakore, T., Thomas, J., Tiras, E., Titus, M., Torun, Y., Tran, D., Trokan-Tenorio, J., Urheim, J., Vahle, P., Vallari, Z., Villamil, J. D., Vockerodt, K. J., Wallbank, M., Weber, C., Wetstein, M., Whittington, D., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wieber, T., Wolcott, J., Wrobel, M., Wu, S., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Yaeggy, B., Yahaya, A., Yankelevich, A., Yonehara, K., Yu, Y., Zadorozhnyy, S., Zalesak, J., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The NOvA collaboration reports cross-section measurements for $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current interactions with low hadronic energy (maximum kinetic energy of 250 MeV for protons and 175 MeV for pions) in the NOvA Near Detector. The results are presented as a double-differential cross section as a function of the direct observables of the final-state muon kinematics. Results are also presented as a single-differential cross section as a function of the derived square of the four-momentum transfer, $Q^{2}$, and as a function of the derived neutrino energy. The data correspond to an accumulated 8.09$\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the neutrino mode of the NuMI beam, with a narrow band of neutrino energies peaked at 1.8 GeV. The analysis provides a sample of neutrino-nucleus interactions with an enhanced fraction of quasi-elastic and two-particle-two-hole (2p2h) interactions. This enhancement allows quantitative comparisons with various nuclear models. We find strong disagreement between data and theory-based models in various regions of the muon kinematic phase space, especially in the forward muon direction., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. The second version includes an additional citation and adds four previously missing authors

Published
2024

33. Search for non-virialized axions with 3.3-4.2 $\mu$eV mass at selected resolving powers

Author

Hipp, A. T., Quiskamp, A., Caligiure, T. J., Gleason, J. R., Han, Y., Jois, S., Sikivie, P., Solano, M. E., Sullivan, N. S., Tanner, D. B., Goryachev, M., Hartman, E., Tobar, M. E., McAllister, B. T., Duffy, L. D., Braine, T., Burns, E., Cervantes, R., Crisosto, N., Goodman, C., Guzzetti, M., Hanretty, C., Lee, S., Korandla, H., Leum, G., Mohapatra, P., Nitta, T., Rosenberg, L. J, Rybka, G., Sinnis, J., Zhang, D., Bartram, C., Dyson, T. A., Kuo, C. L., Ruppert, S., Withers, M. O., Awida, M. H., Bowring, D., Chou, A. S., Hollister, M., Knirck, S., Sonnenschein, A., Wester, W., Brodsky, J., Carosi, G., Du, N., Roberston, N., Woollett, N., Boutan, C., Jones, A. M., LaRoque, B. H., Lentz, E., Man, N. E., Oblath, N. S., Taubman, M. S., Yang, J., Khatiwada, R., Clarke, John, Siddiqi, I., Agrawal, A., Dixit, A. V., Daw, E. J., Perry, M. G., Buckley, J. H., Gaikwad, C., Hoffman, J., Murch, K. W., and Russell, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment is sensitive to narrow axion flows, given axions compose a fraction of the dark matter with a non-negligible local density. Detecting these low-velocity dispersion flows requires a high spectral resolution and careful attention to the expected signal modulation due to Earth's motion. We report an exclusion on the local axion dark matter density in narrow flows of $\rho_a \gtrsim 0.03\,\mathrm{GeV/cm^3}$ and $\rho_a \gtrsim 0.004\,\mathrm{GeV/cm^3}$ for Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitski and Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov axion-photon couplings, respectively, over the mass range $3.3-4.2\,\mu\text{eV}$. Measurements were made at selected resolving powers to allow for a range of possible velocity dispersions., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

Published
2024

34. Improved Condensers for Chor-Goldreich Sources

Author

Goodman, Jesse, Li, Xin, and Zuckerman, David

Subjects
Computer Science - Computational Complexity
Abstract

One of the earliest models of weak randomness is the Chor-Goldreich (CG) source. A $(t,n,k)$-CG source is a sequence of random variables $X=(X_1,\dots,X_t)\sim(\{0,1\}^n)^t$, where each $X_i$ has min-entropy $k$ conditioned on any fixing of $X_1,\dots,X_{i-1}$. Chor and Goldreich proved that there is no deterministic way to extract randomness from such a source. Nevertheless, Doron, Moshkovitz, Oh, and Zuckerman showed that there is a deterministic way to condense a CG source into a string with small entropy gap. They gave applications of such a condenser to simulating randomized algorithms with small error and to certain cryptographic tasks. They studied the case where the block length $n$ and entropy rate $k/n$ are both constant. We study the much more general setting where the block length can be arbitrarily large, and the entropy rate can be arbitrarily small. We construct the first explicit condenser for CG sources in this setting, and it can be instantiated in a number of different ways. When the entropy rate of the CG source is constant, our condenser requires just a constant number of blocks $t$ to produce an output with entropy rate $0.9$, say. In the low entropy regime, using $t=$ poly$(n)$ blocks, our condenser can achieve output entropy rate $0.9$ even if each block has just $1$ bit of min-entropy. Moreover, these condensers have exponentially small error. Finally, we provide strong existential and impossibility results. For our existential result, we show that a random function is a seedless condenser (with surprisingly strong parameters) for any small family of sources. As a corollary, we get new existential results for seeded condensers and condensers for CG sources. For our impossibility result, we show the latter result is nearly tight, by giving a simple proof that the output of any condenser for CG sources must inherit the entropy gap of (one block of) its input., Comment: 66 pages

Published
2024

35. Measurement of d2sigma/d|q|dEavail in charged current neutrino-nucleus interactions at <Ev> = 1.86 GeV using the NOvA Near Detector

Author

Acero, M. A., Acharya, B., Adamson, P., Aliaga, L., Anfimov, N., Antoshkin, A., Arrieta-Diaz, E., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Back, A., Balashov, N., Baldi, P., Bambah, B. A., Bannister, E., Barros, A., Bashar, S., Bat, A., Bays, K., Bernstein, R., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattarai, D., Bhuyan, B., Bian, J., Booth, A. C., Bowles, R., Brahma, B., Bromberg, C., Buchanan, N., Butkevich, A., Calvez, S., Carroll, T. J., Catano-Mur, E., Cesar, J. P., Chatla, A., Chirco, R., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Cicala, M. F., Coan, T. E., Cooleybeck, A., Cortes-Parra, C., Coveyou, D., Cremonesi, L., Davies, G. S., Derwent, P. F., Ding, P., Djurcic, Z., Dobbs, K., Dolce, M., Doyle, D., Tonguino, D. Duenas, Dukes, E. C., Dye, A., Ehrlich, R., Ewart, E., Filip, P., Frank, M. J., Gallagher, H. R., Gao, F., Giri, A., Gomes, R. A., Goodman, M. C., Groh, M., Group, R., Habig, A., Hakl, F., Hartnell, J., Hatcher, R., He, M., Heller, K., Hewes, V, Himmel, A., Horoho, T., Ivaneev, Y., Ivanova, A., Jargowsky, B., Jarosz, J., Johnson, C., Judah, M., Kakorin, I., Kaplan, D. M., Kalitkina, A., Kirezli-Ozdemir, B., Kleykamp, J., Klimov, O., Koerner, L. W., Kolupaeva, L., Kralik, R., Kumar, A., Kuruppu, C. D., Kus, V., Lackey, T., Lang, K., Lesmeister, J., Lister, A., Liu, J., Lock, J. A., Lokajicek, M., MacMahon, M., Magill, S., Mann, W. A., Manoharan, M. T., Plata, M. Manrique, Marshak, M. L., Martinez-Casales, M., Matveev, V., Mehta, B., Messier, M. D., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Miller, W. H., Mishra, S., Mishra, S. R., Mohanta, R., Moren, A., Morozova, A., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Muether, M., Mulder, K., Myers, D., Naples, D., Nath, A., Nelleri, S., Nelson, J. K., Nichol, R., Niner, E., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Nosek, T., Oh, H., Olshevskiy, A., Olson, T., Ozkaynak, M., Pal, A., Paley, J., Panda, L., Patterson, R. B., Pawloski, G., Petti, R., Plunkett, R. K., Prais, L. R., Rabelhofer, M., Rafique, A., Raj, V., Rajaoalisoa, M., Ramson, B., Rebel, B., Roy, P., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Falero, S. Sanchez, Shanahan, P., Sharma, P., Sheshukov, A., Shivam, Shmakov, A., Shorrock, W., Shukla, S., Singha, D. K., Singh, I., Singh, P., Singh, V., Smith, E., Smolik, J., Snopok, P., Solomey, N., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Strait, M., Suter, L., Sutton, A., Sutton, K., Swain, S., Sweeney, C., Sztuc, A., Oregui, B. Tapia, Tas, P., Thakore, T., Thomas, J., Tiras, E., Torun, Y., Tran, D., Trokan-Tenorio, J., Urheim, J., Vahle, P., Vallari, Z., Villamil, J. D., Vockerodt, K. J., Wallbank, M., Wetstein, M., Whittington, D., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wieber, T., Wolcott, J., Wrobel, M., Wu, S., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Yaeggy, B., Yahaya, A., Yankelevich, A., Yonehara, K., Yu, Y., Zadorozhnyy, S., Zalesak, J., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Double- and single-differential cross sections for inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering are reported for the kinematic domain 0 to 2 GeV/c in three-momentum transfer and 0 to 2 GeV in available energy, at a mean muon-neutrino energy of 1.86 GeV. The measurements are based on an estimated 995,760 muon-neutrino CC interactions in the scintillator medium of the NOvA Near Detector. The subdomain populated by 2-particle-2-hole reactions is identified by the cross-section excess relative to predictions for neutrino-nucleus scattering that are constrained by a data control sample. Models for 2-particle-2- hole processes are rated by chi-square comparisons of the predicted-versus-measured muon-neutrino CC inclusive cross section over the full phase space and in the restricted subdomain. Shortfalls are observed in neutrino generator predictions obtained using the theory-based Val`encia and SuSAv2 2p2h models., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures

Published
2024

36. Surprising Spin-orbit Resonances of Rocky Planets

Author

Yuan, Henry, Su, Yubo, and Goodman, Jeremy

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Recent works suggest that, in multiplanetary systems, a close-in exoplanet can sometimes avoid becoming tidally locked to its host star if it is captured into a secular spin-orbit resonance with a companion planet. In such a resonance, the planet remains at a sub-synchronous spin rate and an appreciable obliquity (the planet's spin-orbit misalignment angle). However, many of these works have only considered planets with fluid-like rheologies. Recent observations suggest that planets up to a few Earth masses may be rocky and thus may have an appreciable rigidity. In this work, we study the spin-orbit dynamics of such rigid planets using a linear dissipative tidal model and not enforcing principal axis rotation about the body's shortest principal axis. We identify a new class of spin-orbit resonances when the planet spins at twice its orbital frequency. These resonances exist at nonzero obliquity and spontaneously excite non-principal-axis rotation upon resonance capture. While these resonances eventually disappear as tidal dissipation damps the obliquity to zero (and the body returns to principal-axis rotation), they still modify the spin evolutionary history of the planet. Such resonances may enhance the prevalence of secular spin-orbit resonances in exoplanetary systems., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome!

Published
2024

37. The hypothetical track-length fitting algorithm for energy measurement in liquid argon TPCs

Author

DUNE Collaboration, Abud, A. Abed, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adames, M. R., Adamov, G., Adamowski, M., Adams, D., Adinolfi, M., Adriano, C., Aduszkiewicz, A., Aguilar, J., Akbar, F., Alex, N. S., Allison, K., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alton, A., Alvarez, R., Alves, T., Amar, H., Amedo, P., Anderson, J., Andreopoulos, C., Andreotti, M., Andrews, M. P., Andrianala, F., Andringa, S., Anfimov, N., Ankowski, A., Antic, D., Antoniassi, M., Antonova, M., Antoshkin, A., Aranda-Fernandez, A., Arellano, L., Diaz, E. Arrieta, Arroyave, M. A., Asaadi, J., Ashkenazi, A., Asner, D., Asquith, L., Atkin, E., Auguste, D., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Azam, M. B., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J. J., Bagaturia, I., Bagby, L., Balashov, N., Balasubramanian, S., Baldi, P., Baldini, W., Baldonedo, J., Baller, B., Bambah, B., Banerjee, R., Barao, F., Barbu, D., Barenboim, G., Alzás, P. Barham, Barker, G. J., Barkhouse, W., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, A., Barros, N., Barrow, D., Barrow, J. L., Basharina-Freshville, A., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Batchelor, C., Bathe-Peters, L., Battat, J. B. R., Battisti, F., Bay, F., Bazetto, M. C. Q., Alba, J. L. L. Bazo, Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Belchior, E., Bell, G., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Benekos, N., Montiel, C. Benitez, Benjamin, D., Neves, F. Bento, Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernal, J., Bernardini, P., Bersani, A., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Rodríguez, A. Betancur, Bevan, A., Bezawada, Y., Bezerra, A. T., Bezerra, T. J., Bhat, A., Bhatnagar, V., Bhatt, J., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhattacharya, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F. D., Blazey, G. C., Blucher, E., Bodek, A., Bogenschuetz, J., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bonilla-Diaz, C., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Merlo, R. Borges, Borkum, A., Bostan, N., Bouet, R., Boza, J., Bracinik, J., Brahma, B., Brailsford, D., Bramati, F., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brice, S. J., Brio, V., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Buergi, J., Bundock, A., Burgardt, D., Butchart, S., V., G. Caceres, Cagnoli, I., Cai, T., Calabrese, R., Calcutt, J., Calivers, L., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Camino, A. F., Campanelli, W., Campani, A., Benitez, A. Campos, Canci, N., Capó, J., Caracas, I., Caratelli, D., Carber, D., Carceller, J. M., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M. F., Carniti, P., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carranza, H., Carrara, N., Carroll, L., Carroll, T., Carter, A., Casarejos, E., Casazza, D., Forero, J. F. Castaño, Castaño, F. A., Castillo, A., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cattadori, C., Cavalier, F., Cavanna, F., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cerna, C., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Chakraborty, K., Chalifour, M., Chappell, A., Charitonidis, N., Chatterjee, A., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chen, W. C., Chen, Y., Chen-Wishart, Z., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Chiapponi, F., Chirco, R., Chitirasreemadam, N., Cho, K., Choate, S., Choi, G., Chokheli, D., Chong, P. S., Chowdhury, B., Christian, D., Chukanov, A., Chung, M., Church, E., Cicala, M. F., Cicerchia, M., Cicero, V., Ciolini, R., Clarke, P., Cline, G., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A. G., Coelho, J. A. B., Cohen, A., Collazo, J., Collot, J., Conley, E., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Copello, S., Cova, P., Cox, C., Cremaldi, L., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Crisler, M., Cristaldo, E., Crnkovic, J., Crone, G., Cross, R., Cudd, A., Cuesta, C., Cui, Y., Curciarello, F., Cussans, D., Dai, J., Dalager, O., Dallavalle, R., Dallaway, W., D'Amico, R., da Motta, H., Dar, Z. A., Darby, R., Peres, L. Da Silva, David, Q., Davies, G. S., Davini, S., Dawson, J., De Aguiar, R., De Almeida, P., Debbins, P., De Bonis, I., Decowski, M. P., de Gouvêa, A., De Holanda, P. C., Astiz, I. L. De Icaza, De Jong, P., Sanchez, P. Del Amo, De la Torre, A., De Lauretis, G., Delbart, A., Delepine, D., Delgado, M., Dell'Acqua, A., Monache, G. Delle, Delmonte, N., De Lurgio, P., Demario, R., De Matteis, G., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, DeMuth, D. M., Dennis, S., Densham, C., Denton, P., Deptuch, G. W., De Roeck, A., De Romeri, V., Detje, J. P., Devine, J., Dharmapalan, R., Dias, M., Diaz, A., Díaz, J. S., Díaz, F., Di Capua, F., Di Domenico, A., Di Domizio, S., Di Falco, S., Di Giulio, L., Ding, P., Di Noto, L., Diociaiuti, E., Distefano, C., Diurba, R., Diwan, M., Djurcic, Z., Doering, D., Dolan, S., Dolek, F., Dolinski, M. J., Domenici, D., Domine, L., Donati, S., Donon, Y., Doran, S., Douglas, D., Doyle, T. A., Dragone, A., Drielsma, F., Duarte, L., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dugas, K., Dunne, P., Dutta, B., Duyang, H., Dwyer, D. A., Dyshkant, A. S., Dytman, S., Eads, M., Earle, A., Edayath, S., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Englezos, P., Ereditato, A., Erjavec, T., Escobar, C. O., Evans, J. J., Ewart, E., Ezeribe, A. C., Fahey, K., Fajt, L., Falcone, A., Fani', M., Farnese, C., Farrell, S., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Ferry, G., Fialova, E., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filkins, A., Filthaut, F., Fine, R., Fiorillo, G., Fiorini, M., Fogarty, S., Foreman, W., Fowler, J., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Franklin, J., Freeman, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Fuess, S., Furic, I. K., Furman, K., Furmanski, A. P., Gaba, R., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A. M., Galizzi, F., Gallagher, H., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Ganguly, S., Gao, F., Gao, S., Garcia-Gamez, D., García-Peris, M. Á., Gardim, F., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauch, A., Gauvreau, J., Gauzzi, P., Gazzana, S., Ge, G., Geffroy, N., Gelli, B., Gent, S., Gerlach, L., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Gioiosa, A., Giovannella, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Giugliano, C., Giusti, V., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. A., Bermeo, L. V. Gomez, Fajardo, L. S. Gomez, Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Gonzalez-Lopez, M., Goodman, M. C., Goswami, S., Gotti, C., Goudeau, J., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Gramellini, E., Gran, R., Granados, E., Granger, P., Grant, C., Gratieri, D. R., Grauso, G., Green, P., Greenberg, S., Greer, J., Griffith, W. C., Groetschla, F. T., Grzelak, K., Gu, L., Gu, W., Guarino, V., Guarise, M., Guenette, R., Guerzoni, M., Guffanti, D., Guglielmi, A., Guo, B., Guo, F. Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, V., Gurung, G., Gutierrez, D., Guzowski, P., Guzzo, M. M., Gwon, S., Habig, A., Hadavand, H., Haegel, L., Haenni, R., Hagaman, L., Hahn, A., Haiston, J., Hakenmüller, J., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Hancock, J., Happacher, F., Harris, D. A., Hart, A. L., Hartnell, J., Hartnett, T., Harton, J., Hasegawa, T., Hasnip, C. M., Hatcher, R., Hayrapetyan, K., Hays, J., Hazen, E., He, M., Heavey, A., Heeger, K. M., Heise, J., Hellmuth, P., Henry, S., Herner, K., Hewes, V., Higuera, A., Hilgenberg, C., Hillier, S. J., Himmel, A., Hinkle, E., Hirsch, L. R., Ho, J., Hoff, J., Holin, A., Holvey, T., Hoppe, E., Horiuchi, S., Horton-Smith, G. A., Houdy, T., Howard, B., Howell, R., Hristova, I., Hronek, M. S., Huang, J., Huang, R. G., Hulcher, Z., Ibrahim, M., Iles, G., Ilic, N., Iliescu, A. M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Irwin, B., Isenhower, L., Oliveira, M. Ismerio, Itay, R., Jackson, C. M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jena, D., Jentz, I., Ji, X., Jiang, C., Jiang, J., Jiang, L., Jipa, A., Jo, J. H., Joaquim, F. R., Johnson, W., Jollet, C., Jones, B., Jones, R., Jovancevic, N., Judah, M., Jung, C. K., Jung, K. Y., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A. C., Kadenko, I., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kalra, D., Kandemir, M., Kaplan, D. M., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashur, L., Katsioulas, I., Kauther, A., Kazaryan, N., Ke, L., Kearns, E., Keener, P. T., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Kermaidic, Y., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khan, N., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., Kim, J., Kim, M. J., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Kish, A., Klein, J., Kleykamp, J., Klustova, A., Kobilarcik, T., Koch, L., Koehler, K., Koerner, L. W., Koh, D. H., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V. A., Kothekar, K., Kotler, I., Kovalcuk, M., Kozhukalov, V., Krah, W., Kralik, R., Kramer, M., Kreczko, L., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kroupova, T., Kubota, S., Kubu, M., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kufatty, G., Kuhlmann, S., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kumaran, S., Kunzmann, J., Kuravi, R., Kurita, N., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., Kvasnicka, J., Labree, T., Lackey, T., Lalău, I., Lambert, A., Land, B. J., Lane, C. E., Lane, N., Lang, K., Langford, T., Langstaff, M., Lanni, F., Lantwin, O., Larkin, J., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Laudrain, A., Laundrie, A., Laurenti, G., Lavaut, E., Laycock, P., Lazanu, I., LaZur, R., Lazzaroni, M., Le, T., Leardini, S., Learned, J., LeCompte, T., Legin, V., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Lehnert, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Leitner, M., Silverio, D. Leon, Lepin, L. M., Li, J. -Y, Li, S. W., Li, Y., Liao, H., Lin, C. S., Lindebaum, D., Linden, S., Lineros, R. A., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Lockwitz, S., Lokajicek, M., Lomidze, I., Long, K., Lopes, T. V., Lopez, J., de Rego, I. López, López-March, N., Lord, T., LoSecco, J. M., Louis, W. C., Sanchez, A. Lozano, Lu, X. -G., Luk, K. B., Lunday, B., Luo, X., Luppi, E., MacFarlane, D., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Macias, C. T., Macier, J. R., MacMahon, M., Maddalena, A., Madera, A., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Magueur, C., Mahn, K., Maio, A., Major, A., Majumdar, K., Mameli, S., Man, M., Mandujano, R. C., Maneira, J., Manly, S., Mann, A., Manolopoulos, K., Plata, M. Manrique, Corchado, S. Manthey, Manyam, V. N., Marchan, M., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marinho, F., Marino, A. D., Markiewicz, T., Marques, F. Das Chagas, Marquet, C., Marshak, M., Marshall, C. M., Marshall, J., Martina, L., Martín-Albo, J., Martinez, N., Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, López, F. Martínez, Miravé, P. Martínez, Martynenko, S., Mascagna, V., Massari, C., Mastbaum, A., Matichard, F., Matsuno, S., Matteucci, G., Matthews, J., Mauger, C., Mauri, N., Mavrokoridis, K., Mawby, I., Mazza, R., McAskill, T., McConkey, N., McFarland, K. S., McGrew, C., McNab, A., Meazza, L., Meddage, V. C. N., Mefodiev, A., Mehta, B., Mehta, P., Melas, P., Mena, O., Mendez, H., Mendez, P., Méndez, D. P., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Mercuri, A. C. E. A., Meregaglia, A., Messier, M. D., Metallo, S., Metcalf, W., Mewes, M., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Micallef, J., Miccoli, A., Michna, G., Milincic, R., Miller, F., Miller, G., Miller, W., Mineev, O., Minotti, A., Miralles, L., Mironov, C., Miryala, S., Miscetti, S., Mishra, C. S., Mishra, P., Mishra, S. R., Mislivec, A., Mitchell, M., Mladenov, D., Mocioiu, I., Mogan, A., Moggi, N., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T. A., Mokhov, N., Molina, J., Bueno, L. Molina, Montagna, E., Montanari, A., Montanari, C., Montanari, D., Montanino, D., Zetina, L. M. Montaño, Mooney, M., Moor, A. F., Moore, Z., Moreno, D., Moreno-Palacios, O., Morescalchi, L., Moretti, D., Moretti, R., Morris, C., Mossey, C., Moura, C. A., Mouster, G., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Mueller, J., Muether, M., Muheim, F., Muir, A., Mukhamejanov, Y., Mulhearn, M., Munford, D., Munteanu, L. J., Muramatsu, H., Muraz, J., Murphy, M., Murphy, T., Muse, J., Mytilinaki, A., Nachtman, J., Nagai, Y., Nagu, S., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Navrer-Agasson, A., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nehm, A., Nelson, J. K., Neogi, O., Nesbit, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Nichol, R., Nicolas-Arnaldos, F., Nikolica, A., Nikolov, J., Niner, E., Nishimura, K., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Novella, P., Nowak, A., Nowak, J. A., Oberling, M., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., Oh, S., Oh, S. B., Olivier, A., Olshevskiy, A., Olson, T., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Oranday, A., Osbiston, M., Vélez, J. A. Osorio, O'Sullivan, L., Ormachea, L. Otiniano, Ott, J., Pagani, L., Palacio, G., Palamara, O., Palestini, S., Paley, J. M., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Pan, S., Panda, P., Vazquez, W. Panduro, Pantic, E., Paolone, V., Papaleo, R., Papanestis, A., Papoulias, D., Paramesvaran, S., Paris, A., Parke, S., Parozzi, E., Parsa, S., Parsa, Z., Parveen, S., Parvu, M., Pasciuto, D., Pascoli, S., Pasqualini, L., Pasternak, J., Patrick, C., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patzak, T., Paudel, A., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Pawloski, G., Payne, D., Pec, V., Pedreschi, E., Peeters, S. J. M., Pellico, W., Perez, A. Pena, Pennacchio, E., Penzo, A., Peres, O. L. G., Gonzalez, Y. F. Perez, Pérez-Molina, L., Pernas, C., Perry, J., Pershey, D., Pessina, G., Petrillo, G., Petta, C., Petti, R., Pfaff, M., Pia, V., Pickering, L., Pietropaolo, F., Pimentel, V. L., Pinaroli, G., Pincha, S., Pinchault, J., Pitts, K., Plows, K., Pollack, C., Pollman, T., Pompa, F., Pons, X., Poonthottathil, N., Popov, V., Poppi, F., Porter, J., Paixão, L. G. Porto, Potekhin, M., Potenza, R., Pozzato, M., Prakash, T., Pratt, C., Prest, M., Psihas, F., Pugnere, D., Qian, X., Queen, J., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rademacker, J., Radics, B., Raffaelli, F., Rafique, A., Raguzin, E., Rahaman, U., Rai, M., Rajagopalan, S., Rajaoalisoa, M., Rakhno, I., Rakotondravohitra, L., Ralte, L., Delgado, M. A. Ramirez, Ramson, B., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G., Ratoff, P., Ray, R., Razafinime, H., Razakamiandra, R. F., Rea, E. M., Real, J. S., Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Reichenbacher, J., Reitzner, S. D., Sfar, H. Rejeb, Renner, E., Renshaw, A., Rescia, S., Resnati, F., Restrepo, Diego, Reynolds, C., Ribas, M., Riboldi, S., Riccio, C., Riccobene, G., Ricol, J. S., Rigan, M., Rincón, E. V., Ritchie-Yates, A., Ritter, S., Rivera, D., Rivera, R., Robert, A., Rocha, J. L. Rocabado, Rochester, L., Roda, M., Rodrigues, P., Alonso, M. J. Rodriguez, Rondon, J. Rodriguez, Rosauro-Alcaraz, S., Rosier, P., Ross, D., Rossella, M., Rossi, M., Ross-Lonergan, M., Roy, N., Roy, P., Rubbia, C., Ruggeri, A., Ferreira, G. Ruiz, Russell, B., Ruterbories, D., Rybnikov, A., Sacerdoti, S., Saha, S., Sahoo, S. K., Sahu, N., Sala, P., Samios, N., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Bravo, A. Sánchez, Sánchez-Castillo, A., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Sandberg, V., Sanders, D. A., Sanfilippo, S., Sankey, D., Santoro, D., Saoulidou, N., Sapienza, P., Sarasty, C., Sarcevic, I., Sarra, I., Savage, G., Savinov, V., Scanavini, G., Scaramelli, A., Scarff, A., Schefke, T., Schellman, H., Schifano, S., Schlabach, P., Schmitz, D., Schneider, A. W., Scholberg, K., Schukraft, A., Schuld, B., Segade, A., Segreto, E., Selyunin, A., Senadheera, D., Senise, C. R., Sensenig, J., Shaevitz, M. H., Shanahan, P., Sharma, P., Kumar, R., Poudel, S. Sharma, Shaw, K., Shaw, T., Shchablo, K., Shen, J., Shepherd-Themistocleous, C., Sheshukov, A., Shi, J., Shi, W., Shin, S., Shivakoti, S., Shoemaker, I., Shooltz, D., Shrock, R., Siddi, B., Siden, M., Silber, J., Simard, L., Sinclair, J., Sinev, G., Singh, Jaydip, Singh, J., Singh, L., Singh, P., Singh, V., Chauhan, S. Singh, Sipos, R., Sironneau, C., Sirri, G., Siyeon, K., Skarpaas, K., Smedley, J., Smith, E., Smith, J., Smith, P., Smolik, J., Smy, M., Snape, M., Snider, E. L., Snopok, P., Snowden-Ifft, D., Nunes, M. Soares, Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Sokolov, S., Salinas, C. J. Solano, Söldner-Rembold, S., Solomey, N., Solovov, V., Sondheim, W. E., Sorel, M., Sotnikov, A., Soto-Oton, J., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Spinella, F., Spitz, J., Spooner, N. J. C., Spurgeon, K., Stalder, D., Stancari, M., Stanco, L., Steenis, J., Stein, R., Steiner, H. M., Lisbôa, A. F. Steklain, Stepanova, A., Stewart, J., Stillwell, B., Stock, J., Stocker, F., Stokes, T., Strait, M., Strauss, T., Strigari, L., Stuart, A., Suarez, J. G., Subash, J., Surdo, A., Suter, L., Sutera, C. M., Sutton, K., Suvorov, Y., Svoboda, R., Swain, S. K., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A. M., Sztuc, A., Taffara, A., Talukdar, N., Tamara, J., Tanaka, H. A., Tang, S., Taniuchi, N., Casanova, A. M. Tapia, Oregui, B. Tapia, Tapper, A., Tariq, S., Tarpara, E., Tatar, E., Tayloe, R., Tedeschi, D., Teklu, A. M., Vidal, J. Tena, Tennessen, P., Tenti, M., Terao, K., Terranova, F., Testera, G., Thakore, T., Thea, A., Thomas, S., Thompson, A., Thorn, C., Timm, S. C., Tiras, E., Tishchenko, V., Tiwari, S., Todorović, N., Tomassetti, L., Tonazzo, A., Torbunov, D., Torti, M., Tortola, M., Tortorici, F., Tosi, N., Totani, D., Toups, M., Touramanis, C., Tran, D., Travaglini, R., Trevor, J., Triller, E., Trilov, S., Truchon, J., Truncali, D., Trzaska, W. H., Tsai, Y., Tsai, Y. -T., Tsamalaidze, Z., Tsang, K. V., Tsverava, N., Tu, S. Z., Tufanli, S., Tunnell, C., Turnberg, S., Turner, J., Tuzi, M., Tyler, J., Tyley, E., Tzanov, M., Uchida, M. A., González, J. Ureña, Urheim, J., Usher, T., Utaegbulam, H., Uzunyan, S., Vagins, M. R., Vahle, P., Valder, S., Valdiviesso, G. A., Valencia, E., Valentim, R., Vallari, Z., Vallazza, E., Valle, J. W. F., Van Berg, R., Van de Water, R. G., Forero, D. V., Vannozzi, A., Van Nuland-Troost, M., Varanini, F., Oliva, D. Vargas, Vasina, S., Vaughan, N., Vaziri, K., Vázquez-Ramos, A., Vega, J., Ventura, S., Verdugo, A., Vergani, S., Verzocchi, M., Vetter, K., Vicenzi, M., de Souza, H. Vieira, Vignoli, C., Vilela, C., Villa, E., Viola, S., Viren, B., Vizarreta, R., Hernandez, A. P. Vizcaya, Vuong, Q., Waldron, A. V., Wallbank, M., Walsh, J., Walton, T., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M. H. L. S., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Warburton, K., Warner, D., Warsame, L., Wascko, M. O., Waters, D., Watson, A., Wawrowska, K., Weber, A., Weber, C. M., Weber, M., Wei, H., Weinstein, A., Westerdale, S., Wetstein, M., Whalen, K., White, A., Whitehead, L. H., Whittington, D., Wilhlemi, J., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, A., Wilkinson, C., Wilson, F., Wilson, R. J., Winter, P., Wisniewski, W., Wolcott, J., Wolfs, J., Wongjirad, T., Wood, A., Wood, K., Worcester, E., Worcester, M., Wospakrik, M., Wresilo, K., Wret, C., Wu, S., Wu, W., Wurm, M., Wyenberg, J., Xiao, Y., Xiotidis, I., Yaeggy, B., Yahlali, N., Yandel, E., Yang, J., Yang, K., Yang, T., Yankelevich, A., Yershov, N., Yonehara, K., Young, T., Yu, B., Yu, H., Yu, J., Yu, Y., Yuan, W., Zaki, R., Zalesak, J., Zambelli, L., Zamorano, B., Zani, A., Zapata, O., Zazueta, L., Zeller, G. P., Zennamo, J., Zeug, K., Zhang, C., Zhang, S., Zhao, M., Zhivun, E., Zimmerman, E. D., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

This paper introduces the hypothetical track-length fitting algorithm, a novel method for measuring the kinetic energies of ionizing particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.

Published
2024

38. Explaining Explaining

Author

Nirenburg, Sergei, McShane, Marjorie, Goodman, Kenneth W., and Oruganti, Sanjay

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Multiagent Systems, Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

Explanation is key to people having confidence in high-stakes AI systems. However, machine-learning-based systems -- which account for almost all current AI -- can't explain because they are usually black boxes. The explainable AI (XAI) movement hedges this problem by redefining "explanation". The human-centered explainable AI (HCXAI) movement identifies the explanation-oriented needs of users but can't fulfill them because of its commitment to machine learning. In order to achieve the kinds of explanations needed by real people operating in critical domains, we must rethink how to approach AI. We describe a hybrid approach to developing cognitive agents that uses a knowledge-based infrastructure supplemented by data obtained through machine learning when applicable. These agents will serve as assistants to humans who will bear ultimate responsibility for the decisions and actions of the human-robot team. We illustrate the explanatory potential of such agents using the under-the-hood panels of a demonstration system in which a team of simulated robots collaborate on a search task assigned by a human.

Published
2024

39. Human-like Affective Cognition in Foundation Models

Author

Gandhi, Kanishk, Lynch, Zoe, Fränken, Jan-Philipp, Patterson, Kayla, Wambu, Sharon, Gerstenberg, Tobias, Ong, Desmond C., and Goodman, Noah D.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Understanding emotions is fundamental to human interaction and experience. Humans easily infer emotions from situations or facial expressions, situations from emotions, and do a variety of other affective cognition. How adept is modern AI at these inferences? We introduce an evaluation framework for testing affective cognition in foundation models. Starting from psychological theory, we generate 1,280 diverse scenarios exploring relationships between appraisals, emotions, expressions, and outcomes. We evaluate the abilities of foundation models (GPT-4, Claude-3, Gemini-1.5-Pro) and humans (N = 567) across carefully selected conditions. Our results show foundation models tend to agree with human intuitions, matching or exceeding interparticipant agreement. In some conditions, models are ``superhuman'' -- they better predict modal human judgements than the average human. All models benefit from chain-of-thought reasoning. This suggests foundation models have acquired a human-like understanding of emotions and their influence on beliefs and behavior.

Published
2024

40. What Makes a Maze Look Like a Maze?

Author

Hsu, Joy, Mao, Jiayuan, Tenenbaum, Joshua B., Goodman, Noah D., and Wu, Jiajun

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

A unique aspect of human visual understanding is the ability to flexibly interpret abstract concepts: acquiring lifted rules explaining what they symbolize, grounding them across familiar and unfamiliar contexts, and making predictions or reasoning about them. While off-the-shelf vision-language models excel at making literal interpretations of images (e.g., recognizing object categories such as tree branches), they still struggle to make sense of such visual abstractions (e.g., how an arrangement of tree branches may form the walls of a maze). To address this challenge, we introduce Deep Schema Grounding (DSG), a framework that leverages explicit structured representations of visual abstractions for grounding and reasoning. At the core of DSG are schemas--dependency graph descriptions of abstract concepts that decompose them into more primitive-level symbols. DSG uses large language models to extract schemas, then hierarchically grounds concrete to abstract components of the schema onto images with vision-language models. The grounded schema is used to augment visual abstraction understanding. We systematically evaluate DSG and different methods in reasoning on our new Visual Abstractions Dataset, which consists of diverse, real-world images of abstract concepts and corresponding question-answer pairs labeled by humans. We show that DSG significantly improves the abstract visual reasoning performance of vision-language models, and is a step toward human-aligned understanding of visual abstractions.

Published
2024

41. IDRA Newsletter. Volume 51, No. 2

Author

Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA) and Christie L. Goodman

Abstract

The "IDRA Newsletter" serves as a vehicle for communication with educators, school board members, decision-makers, parents, and the general public concerning the educational needs of all children across the United States. The focus of this issue is "Education Research." Contents include: (1) Mexican American Studies -- A Deep Look by High School Students (Marcela Hernández, Jonas Lokensgard & Hannah Rosales); (2) Embedding Social-Emotional Learning into Student-Serving Programs (Stephanie García); (3) IDRA Youth Advisory Board Members Study Culturally Responsive Teaching and School Discipline (Christina Quintanilla-Muñoz); and (4) New Texas School Finance Data Maps.

Published
2024

42. Occupational Therapy Practitioners' Expectations of Entry-Level Doctorate versus Master's Graduates

Author

Monique C. Chabot, Sara Kate Frye, Nakia Lynn, Kristy Meyer, LaRonda Lockhart-Keene, Lydia Navarro-Walker, Susan M. Persia, Wendy Watcher-Schutz, Kevin Wegner, Michelle Gorenberg, and Catherine Goodman

Abstract

The dual-entry nature of occupational therapy has been a point of discussion for many years with explorations into the profession's support for the different degree programs and definitions of entry-level practice being the primary foci in the literature. There has been no comparison of the expectations of occupational therapy educators and practitioners of entry-level doctorate and master's students upon graduation despite differences in curricula and emphasis on advanced skills. This study utilized a descriptive quantitative survey to ask current educators and practitioners (n=124) to indicate their level of expectations of the two types of graduates for sixteen different clinical and professional skills and the level of expected mentorship upon graduation. Practitioners held the two groups of new graduates to the same expectations in all categories and anticipated they would need the same level of mentorship upon graduation. Despite equal expectations in all categories, there were six categories where at least 30% of participants indicated they held higher expectations of entry-level doctorate new graduates. These categories aligned with the doctoral capstone areas of foci. These results can set the foundation for further studies examining the congruence between expectations and new graduate readiness for the field and inform current curricula to prepare students to meet the professional expectations of their supervisors and colleagues.

Published
2024

43. Enhancing Elementary Students' Knowledge and Attitudes about STEM through a Student-Led STEM Fest

Author

Kalani Eggington, Andrew Goodman, and Krista Ruggles

Abstract

Nationwide, low numbers of students are entering STEM-related fields. This is especially true for underrepresented populations and students from rural areas where access to STEM enrichment programs is limited. This qualitative study researched the impact of Micro STEM Fests on 1st to 5th grade students and investigated participating teachers' attitudes toward STEM. The Micro STEM Fest kits used for this study include ten engineering and technology challenges. 5th graders studied and practiced these challenges and then led a Micro Stem Fest for 1st to 4th grade students. Survey and interview data were gathered from participating students and teachers in a rural district. Data was analyzed by grade levels and two themes were identified. Firstly, STEM knowledge was built through handling of materials, engaging in the engineering design process, and enjoying the challenge posed by the concept or activity. Secondly, positive attitudes towards STEM were developed because of their participation, evidenced by students' desire for harder challenges, and expressed enjoyment of autonomous creativity with STEM activities. This paper briefly reviews the literature, describes the methodology, defines and discusses the findings, and makes recommendations for future research.

Published
2024

44. IDRA Newsletter. Volume 51, No. 1

Author

Intercultural Development Research Association (IDRA) and Christie L. Goodman

Abstract

The "IDRA Newsletter" serves as a vehicle for communication with educators, school board members, decision-makers, parents, and the general public concerning the educational needs of all children across the United States. The focus of this issue is "College Readiness and Success." Contents include: (1) Texas School Counselors Point to Troubling State of College Advising: IDRA Studies the Role of Middle School Counselors in Supporting Students' College Readiness; (2) Texas' Ban on College Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Offices Takes Effect (Chloe Latham Sikes); (3) Encouraging STEM Pathways through Student and Teacher Experiences (Stephanie García); and (4) IDRA Priorities for the 2024 Georgia General Assembly Session.

Published
2024

46. Just as Long as It's Not an Essay: The Unessay as a Tool for Engagement in a Cognitive Psychology Course

Author

Sara G. Goodman

Abstract

Introduction: Cognitive psychology courses are rich in content that can be useful to broad audiences. Much of the foundational research presented in course texts is conducted in highly constrained laboratory settings, making the concepts difficult to apply or use in the real world. Statement of the Problem: Students in cognitive psychology classes may not readily notice practical applications for the content. Standard assessments (e.g. written research papers) fail to capture the real-world applications of cognitive phenomena. Literature Review: Using an applied framework can motivate engagement in cognition. The use of an Unessay project in undergraduate cognitive psychology courses requires students to present a key construct in any format except an essay. Unessay projects originated in the humanities, and are an excellent fit for psychology. Teaching Implications: The Unessay is a useful vehicle for identifying and presenting the application of a cognitive construct in the real world. Students are required to convey that information in a creative, non-essay format. Instructions, a rubric and examples are provided. Conclusion: The Unessay is a novel approach to a course project in cognitive psychology that can motivate student interest while aligning with several APA outcomes for psychology majors.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

47. Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Parent-Led, Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Youth with Emotional Problems Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

David B. Riddle, Andrew G. Guzick, Alison Salloum, Sarah Kennedy, Asim Shah, Wayne K. Goodman, David S. Mathai, Alicia W. Leong, Emily M. Dickinson, Daphne M. Ayton, Saira A. Weinzimmer, Jill Ehrenreich-May, and Eric A. Storch

Abstract

A brief, parent-led, transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach demonstrated utility among youth struggling with emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Homework completion between sessions is directly associated with psychotherapy treatment outcomes in non-parent-led CBT interventions. The present study sought to examine the relationship between homework completion and treatment response in a parent-led transdiagnostic CBT protocol. The first aim was to determine if completion of between session CBT homework was associated with change in symptom severity. The second aim was to determine if pre-treatment anxiety severity, social anxiety severity, and depressive symptoms were associated with treatment outcomes. One-hundred twenty-nine parents of youth (ages 5-13) with significant emotional problems received 6 sessions of telehealth parent-led CBT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on children's anxiety symptomology, clinical severity, homework compliance, depression, family relationships, perceptions on the impacts of the pandemic, treatment response, and therapists rating of symptom improvement were collected. Homework completion explained 9% of the variance in symptom improvement at post-treatment. Greater homework completion was associated with a significantly higher odds of treatment response (OR = 1.52, p = 0.001). Child anxiety severity, depressive symptoms, family relationships, and perceptions on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were not significantly related to treatment outcome. Completion of homework predicted treatment outcomes in parent-led, transdiagnostic CBT for youth with emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, while controlling for parent-rated anxiety, depression, family relationships, and COVID-related distress. Enhancing and targeting homework compliance between CBT sessions should be a central element of parent-led treatment.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

48. Bringing Mental Health Knowledge to Schools through Academic-Community Partnership: A City Year Tale of Equal Service to Training and Research

Author

Allison C. Goodman, Katherine N. Bryant, Cherie N. Cancio, and Stacy L. Frazier

Abstract

This article highlights an ongoing academic-community partnership between university researchers and City Year Miami, the local site of a national education non-profit serving the nation's third-largest school district. AmeriCorps Members (ACMs) serve as small-group interventionists and behavior/attendance coaches for the county's lowest performing students. Collaboration with City Year Miami supplemented their routine workforce support with trainings (n = 18) for City Year Miami Team Leaders (TLs) and ACMs focused on youth mental health. Trainings emphasized the Cognitive Triangle by highlighting how to bring compassion and intentionality to their work with students, school partners (e.g., teachers, teammates, and administrators), and their own self-care. We present our collaboration, the training model, and process data representing three layers of organizational voice that informed iterative revisions and refinement to the training model. Data sources (n = 45 TLs and ACMs) highlight what was learned from each group (TLs, ACMs, and leadership) and include: (1) pre-training survey data, (2) training-generated data such as attendance and exit slips, (3) post-training survey data measuring intent to use training content, and facilitators and barriers to use, and (4) meeting-generated data from formal (planned, agenda-driven) and informal (impromptu) partner discussions. Emphasis is placed on the role of City Year Miami organizational leaders and providers at all stages of research and implementation, as well as lessons learned in this community-partnered, school-engaged work, including takeaways related to positionality, partnership, and research.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

49. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system.

Author

Klein, Jessica, Predeus, Alexander, Greissl, Aimee, Clark-Herrera, Mattie, Cruz, Eddy, Cundiff, Jennifer, Haeberle, Amanda, Howell, Maya, Lele, Aaditi, Robinson, Donna, Westerman, Trina, Wrande, Marie, Wright, Sarah, Green, Nicole, Vallance, Bruce, Mcclelland, Michael, Mejia, Andres, Goodman, Alan, Elfenbein, Johanna, and Knodler, Leigh

Subjects
diarrhea, enteric bacteria, pathogenesis, type III secretion, virulence, Providencia, Type III Secretion Systems, Animals, Humans, Cattle, Virulence Factors, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Bacterial Proteins, Inflammasomes
Abstract

Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in various water and land environments and organisms, including insects and mammals. Some P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in pathogenic Enterobacterales members, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. In this study, we investigated P. alcalifaciens-host interactions at the cellular level, focusing on the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. A large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, primarily isolated from diarrheal patients, encodes for T3SS1a. We show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, lyses its internalization vacuole, and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4-dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS1a in entry, vacuole lysis, and cytosolic proliferation is host cell type-specific, playing a more prominent role in intestinal epithelial cells than in macrophages or insect cells. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa and induces mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation in a T3SS1a- and T3SS1b-independent manner. However, T3SS1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster. We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.

Published
2024

50. Validation study of risk-reduction activities after personalized breast cancer education tool in the WISDOM study.

Author

Wang, Tianyi, Che, Mandy, Huilgol, Yash, Keane, Holly, Goodman, Deborah, Soonavala, Rashna, Ozanne, Elissa, Shieh, Yiwey, Belkora, Jeffrey, Fiscalini, Allison, and Esserman, Laura

Abstract

Breast cancer risk reduction strategies have been well-validated, but barriers remain for high-risk individuals to adopt them. We performed a study among participants with high risk of breast cancer to validate whether a virtual breast health decision tool impacted a participants willingness to start risk-reducing activities, identify barriers to adopting these strategies, and understand if it affects breast cancer anxiety. The study sample was 318 participants in the personalized (investigational) arm of the Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of risk (WISDOM) clinical trial. After reviewing the tool, these participants completed a feedback survey. We demonstrated that 15 (4.7%) women were taking endocrine risk reduction, 123 (38.7%) were reducing alcohol intake, and 199 (62.6%) were exercising. In the three-month follow-up survey of 109 respondents, only 8 of 61 (13.1%) women who considered endocrine risk reduction pursued it. In contrast, 11 of 16 (68%) participants who considered alcohol reduction pursued the activity, and 14 of 24 (58%) women who considered exercise followed through. Participants listed fear of side effects as the most common barrier to endocrine risk reduction. We also present further steps to be taken to improve the effectiveness of the Breast Health Decisions tool.

Published
2024

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results