Search

El objetivo principal es el desarrollo de materiales educativos y pedagógicos contra el estigma, que abordan la problemática de la salud mental y el malestar emocional, a través del análisis y el trabajo sobre obras artísticas (fotografías, esculturas, partituras, textos escritos, etc) elaboradas por estudiantes universitarios que han sufrido o sufren experiencias y procesos de depresión, ansiedad y/o malestar emocional. El material desarrollado servirá para un aprendizaje profundo y significativo de distintas formas de abordar los problemas de salud mental, desde una perspectiva no estigmatizante, por parte del alumnado que pueda beneficiarse del proyecto presentado. Se han desarrollado los siguientes materiales: 1. Módulo “¿Qué es la salud mental?”; 2. Módulo “Salud, bienestar e Inclusión social a través del Arte y la Cultura”; 3. Módulo “Análisis sociológico del discurso”; 4. Módulo “Ejercicios prácticos: Mitos y realidades en salud mental”; 5. Guion de trabajo durante las sesiones; 6. Guía “Análisis para el trabajo con las obras seleccionadas”. Este material se ha incluido como contenido interactivo en la herramienta online Genially y puede ser consultado en el siguiente enlace: https://view.genially.com/661cff2010ced40014bdbc09

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a significant effect on our mental health. In this research, we aim to analyse gender-related differences in the psychological impact of the Covid-19 lockdown in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (n = 1041) with two measurements: at two and five weeks after the declaration of the state of emergency and stay-at-home order in Spain. The presence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived loneliness and spiritual well-being were evaluated. Linear mixed models with random slopes were calculated for each variable in the study in order to analyse the effect of longitudinal measures and interaction with gender. Women showed more symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD, more feelings of loneliness and less spiritual well-being compared to men. The psychological impact caused by the pandemic is maintained over time and increases for depression. Covid-19 appears to be having a greater psychological impact on women than men. More attention needs to be paid to this issue to establish the causes and reduce these differences., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Mental health stigma is a relevant phenomenon with implications for the people who suffer from it. Despite its importance, no studies have been carried out in Spain at national level with a representative sample of the population. Aims: The aim of this research is to analyze the stigma associated with MHPs in a representative sample of the Spanish population for the first time. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive study was carried out with a representative sample of the population (N = 2746). Descriptive analyses and regressions are carried out on the different dimensions of stigma such as attitude, attribution and intention of social distance. Results: Medium levels of stigma are obtained in stigmatizing attitudes and attributions, and medium-low levels in the intention of social distance. The best predictors of stigma in its different dimensions are attitudes, attributions and intention of social distance themselves. Progressive political ideology is related to less stigma in all dimensions. Knowing someone with mental health problems and talking openly about it together with higher education are also relevant protectors. Mixed results are obtained regarding age, gender and help-seeking. Conclusion: National programs and campaigns focused on attitudes, attributions and behavioral intentions are necessary to reduce the stigma still present in Spanish society., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Background: Mental health stigma is a relevant phenomenon with implications for the people who suffer from it. Despite its importance, no studies have been carried out in Spain at national level with a representative sample of the population. Aims: The aim of this research is to analyze the stigma associated with MHPs in a representative sample of the Spanish population for the first time. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive study was carried out with a representative sample of the population (N = 2746). Descriptive analyses and regressions are carried out on the different dimensions of stigma such as attitude, attribution and intention of social distance. Results: Medium levels of stigma are obtained in stigmatizing attitudes and attributions, and medium-low levels in the intention of social distance. The best predictors of stigma in its different dimensions are attitudes, attributions and intention of social distance themselves. Progressive political ideology is related to less stigma in all dimensions. Knowing someone with mental health problems and talking openly about it together with higher education are also relevant protectors. Mixed results are obtained regarding age, gender and help-seeking. Conclusion: National programs and campaigns focused on attitudes, attributions and behavioral intentions are necessary to reduce the stigma still present in Spanish society., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Depto. de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Background: This study aims to longitudinally assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general Spanish population. It uses four assessment points: two weeks after the start of confinement, one month after, two months after, and one year after the first evaluation. Methods: Evaluations were conducted through an online survey, with a sample of 3,480 people at the first data collection and 1,041, 569, and 550 people at successive evaluation points. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), post-traumatic stress (PCL-C-2), social support (EMAS), loneliness (UCLA-3), and discrimination (InDI-d) were evaluated. Results: Significant changes were found in the variables depression and anxiety with a greater presence of this kind of symptomatology after one year (p < .01). There were also significant changes in the variable social support, which showed a substantial reduction after one year (p < .001). Similarly, there were significant variations in the variable intersectional discrimination (p < .001), with greater levels of discrimination. The temporal models show no significant differences in terms of post-traumatic symptomatology (p = .12) or loneliness (p = .19). Conclusions: The pandemic had a negative impact on mental health and these effects were further exacerbated one year later., Antecedentes: el objetivo es evaluar el impacto psicológico de la pandemia generada por la COVID-19 en la población general española longitudinalmente en cuatro momentos: tras dos semanas del inicio del confinamiento, al mes, a los dos meses y al año. Método: las evaluaciones se realizaron mediante una encuesta online, se siguió a una muestra de 3.480 personas en la primera recogida de datos y de 1.041, 569 y 550 personas en los sucesivos momentos de evaluación. Se evaluó la presencia de síntomas depresivos (PHQ-2), de ansiedad (GAD-2), de estrés postraumático (PCL-C-2), el apoyo social (EMAS), la soledad (UCLA-3) y la discriminación (InDI-D). Resultados: se han producido cambios significativos en las variables de depresión y ansiedad con una presencia mayor de dicha sintomatología al año (p < .01), así como en la variable de apoyo social, que muestra una reducción significativa un año después (p < .001), y en la discriminación interseccional, con una mayor discriminación (p < .001). Los modelos temporales no muestran diferencias significativas en cuanto a sintomatología postraumática (p = .12) ni soledad (p = .19). Conclusiones: la pandemia ha tenido un impacto negativo en la salud mental y estos efectos son todavía peores un año después., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Psychopathology networks consist of aspects (e.g., symptoms) of mental disorders (nodes) and the connections between those aspects (edges). This article aims to analyze the research literature on network analysis in psychopathology and mental health for the last ten years. Statistical descriptive analysis was complemented with two bibliometric techniques: performance analysis and co-word analysis. There is an increase in publications that has passed from 1 article published in 2010 to 172 papers published in 2020. The 398 articles in the sample have 1,910 authors in total, being most of them occasional contributors. The Journal of Affective Disorders is the one with the highest number of publications on network analysis in psychopathology and mental health, followed by the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Psychological Medicine stand out. The present study shows that this perspective in psychopathology and mental health is a recent field of study, but with solid advances in recent years from a wide variety of researchers, mainly from USA and Europe, who have extensively studied symptom networks in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. However, gaps are identified in other psychological behaviors such as suicide, populations such as the elderly, and gender studies., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Background: Stigma and discrimination have been associated with different diseases and pandemics, with negative consequences for the people who suffered them and for their communities. Currently, COVID-19 has become a new source of stigmatization. Aims: The aim of the present study is to analyze longitudinally the evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma among the general population of Spain, at three points in time throughout the confinement. Method: Participants completed an online survey. Results: Results show an increase in both variables from the first to the second evaluation, and a slight decrease from the second to the third evaluation. Moreover, these changes are explained by depression, anxiety and family support. Conclusions: These findings indicate the factors that need to be considered to reduce the perception of discrimination and the internalization of stigma, and their detrimental consequences, during an especially stressful event such as the current pandemic outbreak., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Introduction: Women have been shown to be a vulnerable group in relation to mental health problems over time. Despite this, gender-focused studies are uncommon. The aim of this research is to study mental health in a sample of people with mental health problems and to analyze the differences and predictors focusing on gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study is conducted in a heterogeneous clinical sample in terms of mental health problems (N = 160). Interviews with hetero-reported standardized questionnaires to collect the data are conducted. Descriptive analyses, mean difference and a regression analysis on mental health are carried out taking into account different sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial variables. Results: Women in the study present worse levels of mental health and subjective severity of the disorder. The main predictors of mental health are being female, followed by severity, shorter time with the diagnosis and internalized stigma. Conclusion: Being female is the most robust predictor of worse mental health and symptomatology. Recommendations according to the results found proposing a gender perspective are suggested., Real Colegio Complutense, Banco Santander, Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

Background: Mental health stigma is a relevant phenomenon with implications for the people who suffer from it. Despite its importance, no studies have been carried out in Spain at national level with a representative sample of the population. Aims: The aim of this research is to analyze the stigma associated with MHPs in a representative sample of the Spanish population for the first time. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive study was carried out with a representative sample of the population (N = 2746). Descriptive analyses and regressions are carried out on the different dimensions of stigma such as attitude, attribution and intention of social distance. Results: Medium levels of stigma are obtained in stigmatizing attitudes and attributions, and medium-low levels in the intention of social distance. The best predictors of stigma in its different dimensions are attitudes, attributions and intention of social distance themselves. Progressive political ideology is related to less stigma in all dimensions. Knowing someone with mental health problems and talking openly about it together with higher education are also relevant protectors. Mixed results are obtained regarding age, gender and help-seeking. Conclusion: National programs and campaigns focused on attitudes, attributions and behavioral intentions are necessary to reduce the stigma still present in Spanish society.

Psychopathology networks consist of aspects (e.g., symptoms) of mental disorders (nodes) and the connections between those aspects (edges). This article aims to analyze the research literature on network analysis in psychopathology and mental health for the last ten years. Statistical descriptive analysis was complemented with two bibliometric techniques: performance analysis and co-word analysis. There is an increase in publications that has passed from 1 article published in 2010 to 172 papers published in 2020. The 398 articles in the sample have 1,910 authors in total, being most of them occasional contributors. The Journal of Affective Disorders is the one with the highest number of publications on network analysis in psychopathology and mental health, followed by the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Psychological Medicine stand out. The present study shows that this perspective in psychopathology and mental health is a recent field of study, but with solid advances in recent years from a wide variety of researchers, mainly from USA and Europe, who have extensively studied symptom networks in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. However, gaps are identified in other psychological behaviors such as suicide, populations such as the elderly, and gender studies.

Aims The objective is to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the effects of the pandemic and alarm situation on the mental health of the general population at three points in time: two weeks after beginning the confinement, after a month, and after two months, when the lockdown was lifted and the country returned to the new normality. Methods The evaluations were carried out by means of an online survey, with a sample of 3480 persons in the first data collection and 1041 and 569 persons in the successive evaluation periods. The presence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated by means of screening tests. Sociodemographic data, Covid-19 variables, loneliness, psychological well-being, social support, discrimination and a sense of belonging, were collected. Results Depressive symptoms increased significantly throughout the confinement, decreasing at the last assessment but not dropping to previous levels. In anxiety, there are no significant changes between the three evaluations, but a downward trend can be seen over time. Regarding the symptomatology of PTSD, a downward trend is observed throughout the three evaluations, with significantly lower scores between the first and third assessments. The different regression models developed reveal the importance of perceived loneliness and spiritual well-being as the main predictors of mental health, as well as the importance of the lower age for depression and the female gender for anxiety and PSTD. Conclusions This research shows that the pandemic has had a negative impact on our mental health, which still does not seem to be at pre-crisis levels, although it has improved as the emergency situation subsides. These results underline the importance of paying greater attention to mental health, and reveal key variables such as spiritual well-being and perceived loneliness in which to intervene from different care services, as well as younger people and women as vulnerable groups, Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2021), In this study we intend to understand the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the subsequent stay-at-home orders, on the Spanish population's sense of belonging at three moments in time: at the beginning of the lockdown, after one month of lockdown and with the return to the “new normality”. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (N0 = 3480; N1 = 1041; N2 = 569). The sense of belonging was evaluated by means of four Likert-type items. These questions included membership in different groups: work/studies, friends, family and neighborhood or community. Sociodemographic and COVID-19-related data were collected. Additionally, mental health, spiritual well-being, loneliness, social support and discrimination were assessed. Descriptive analyses were carried out and linear regression models compiled. The sense of belonging increased significantly during confinement, dropping dramatically with the start of the return to the “new normality” process. The only variable that showed interaction with time and sense of belonging was discrimination. Work condition (not working providing the lowest sense of belonging scores), social support from friends and loneliness were the main predictors of the sense of belonging. The impact caused by the pandemic and the actions adopted during the first weeks regarding the sense of belonging is evident. It has been a key variable in dealing with COVID-19. Actions are now needed to increase our sense of belonging to face the post-epidemic crisis and avoid a greater impact in other areas., Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología Clínica, Depto. de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Depto. de Psicología Social, del Trabajo y Diferencial, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

This study aims to investigate the development and consequences of the internalized stigma (IS) explicitly and implicitly assessed, in relation to a longer time seeking professional help, avoidance of talking about the mental illness, self-esteem and general health perception. A structural equation model was developed in a clinical sample with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses (N = 160). Results show that not talking about the illness and taking longer to ask for professional help is related to a higher IS, leading to poorer self-esteem and general health. Time in asking for help also has impact on the self-esteem, with the IS as a mediator between both variables. The self-esteem also mediates the negative relationship between IS and general health. Additionally, implicit IS has direct negative effects over self-esteem. The research underlines the important relationship between these psychosocial variables and IS. More studies are needed about implicit IS in order to better understand its effects and relationship with explicit IS and other relevant variables. Efforts should be made to encourage professional help and talking about mental illness in order to prevent IS, as well as interventions focused on damaged self-esteem to reduce its impact.

El estigma asociado a los problemas de salud mental supone una barrera más a la que las personas afectadas por estos problemas deben hacer frente. En relación a este concepto es posible encontrar tres niveles de estigma en constante interacción: estructural, social y personal. A nivel estructural el estigma implica normas, políticas y procedimientos de entidades públicas o privadas que restringen los derechos y oportunidades. El estigma social hace referencia a los pensamientos, emociones y conductas negativas hacia los problemas de salud mental que existen en todos los miembros de la sociedad. Mientras que, a nivel personal, es necesario destacar el estigma internalizado, que implica la asunción del estigma social y autoaplicación e internalización del mismo, con importantes repercusiones para la calidad de vida y bienestar de las personas que lo padecen. En esta investigación nos centraremos en el estigma social, y en mayor medida, en el estigma internalizado. En relación a la evaluación del estigma, cabe señalar que tradicionalmente se ha llevado a cabo con medidas de autoinforme explícitas, aunque desde el campo de las actitudes y cognición social, con el desarrollo del paradigma implícito, se ha sugerido el uso de medidas de tipo implícito o indirecto, como por ejemplo el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT). El uso de este tipo de herramientas en la evaluación del estigma puede ayudar a comprender mejor el fenómeno, aunque aún es necesaria más investigación en este ámbito, existiendo únicamente un par de estudios sobre estigma internalizado a nivel implícito. Por otro lado, también en relación con el estigma internalizado, es necesario comentar que la mayoría de las investigaciones y modelos teóricos desarrollados se han centrado únicamente en muestras formadas por personas con trastornos mentales graves (TMG), sin tener en cuenta otros problemas como la depresión o la ansiedad, en los cuales el estigma internalizado también está presente. Además, la mayoría de, Stigma associated with mental health is one more barrier that people affected by these problems must deal with. Three levels of stigma in constant interaction can be found in relation to this concept: structural, social and personal. At the structural level, the stigma involves rules, policies and procedures of public or private entities that restrict rights and opportunities. Social stigma refers to negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors toward mental health problems that exist in all members of society. Whereas, on a personal level, it is necessary to highlight internalized stigma, which implies the assumption of social stigma and its self-application and internalization, with important implications for the quality of life and well-being of those who suffer from it. In this research we will focus on social stigma, and to a greater extent, internalized stigma. Regarding the evaluation of stigma, it should be noted that traditionally it has been carried out with explicit self-report measures, although from the field of attitudes and social cognition, with the development of the implicit paradigm, the use of implicit type measures has been suggested, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The use of indirect measures in the assessment of stigma can help to better understand the phenomenon, although more research is still needed in this area, with only a couple of studies on internalized stigma at the implicit level. On the other hand, also in relation to internalized stigma, it is necessary to comment that most of the research and theoretical models developed have only been focused on samples composed of people with severe mental disorders (SMD), without taking into account other problems such as depression or anxiety, in which internalized stigma is also present. In addition, most of the theoretical models that have tried to explain the internalization and consequences of internalized stigma are limited by these two issues, being most of them developed onl

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la emergencia sanitaria y el confinamiento de la primera oleada de COVID-19 sobre las variables de soledad en la población española. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante una encuesta online a 3480 personas. Se evaluaron datos sociodemográficos y relacionados con la COVID-19 sobre la soledad, el apoyo social, la presencia de síntomas de salud mental, la discriminación y el bienestar espiritual mediante pruebas de detección a partir del 14 de marzo. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y se elaboraron modelos de regresión lineal. Pertenecer al grupo de mayor edad, vivir en pareja, tener hijos y estudios universitarios, estar jubilado o seguir trabajando, valorar bastante la religión, creer que se había proporcionado información adecuada sobre la pandemia, tener apoyo social y la autocompasión se relacionaron negativamente con la soledad. Son necesarias acciones que promuevan el apoyo social, así como un mayor estudio de la soledad en grupos de personas mayores, para evitar un mayor impacto de la pandemia en nuestra salud mental y bienestar., The study aim was to assess the effects of the health emergency and the stay at home restrictions on loneliness variables in the Spanish population during the initial stage of COVID-19. A cross sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 3480 people. From March 14, 2020, screening tests were used to evaluate sociodemographic and COVID-19- related data on loneliness, social support, the presence of mental health symptoms, discrimination, and spiritual well-being. Descriptive analyses were conducted and linear regression models were constructed. A negative association was found between loneliness and being older, being partnered, having children, being a university graduate, being retired or still working, having stronger religious beliefs, believing that information provided about the pandemic was adequate, having social support, and having self compassion. Actions that promote social support and further studies on loneliness in groups of older people are needed to prevent the pandemic having a stronger impact on mental health and well-being.