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This article describes the objectives of the Space Trajectory Analysis (STA) project. The article also details the birth of STA, and its present configuration. STA is a project to develop an open source astrodynamics software suite involving university science departments and space research institutions. It was initiated by ESA as internal activity in 2005 and now it involves 16 partners. The article explains the partnership into the STA Steering Board. The main purpose of the STA is to allow advanced simulation for the analysis of space trajectories in an open and free environment under the premises of innovation and reliability.Further, the article explains that the STA development is open source and is based on the state of the art astrodynamics routines that are grouped into modules. Finally, the article concludes about the benefits of the STA initiative: the STA project allows a strong link among applied mathematics, space engineering, and informatics disciplines by reinforcing the academic community with requirements and needs coming from real missions.

The development of side-branching in solidifying dendrites in a regime of large values of the Peclet number is studied by means of a phase-field model. We have compared our numerical results with experiments of the preceding paper and we obtain good qualitative agreement. The growth rate of each side branch shows a power-law behavior from the early stages of its life. From their birth, branches which finally succeed in the competition process of side-branching development have a greater growth exponent than branches which are stopped. Coarsening of branches is entirely defined by their geometrical position relative to their dominant neighbors. The winner branches escape from the diffusive field of the main dendrite and become independent dendrites.

Due to the increasing interest in space exploration, management of two-phase flows in the absence of gravity has become a key aspect in improving the efficiency of technological applications for space missions. Understanding of two-phase flows is essential in the development of future applications and for the improvement of existing ones, not only in microgravity, but also in hypergravity conditions. In this thesis, the effects of external factors such as high and low frequency vibrations, or rotations on two-phase flows are addressed, when these systems are at different gravity levels. A series of experimental setups were developed in order to explore a wide range of phenomena occurring at different gravity levels. The effects of pressure fields on micron-sized particles in the levitation plane of an acoustic field are discussed. Furthermore, an analysis of the motions of two isolated particles is provided and a method to determine the forces between them is presented. The method allows us to experimentally obtain the order of magnitude of the forces, as well as indirectly provide a measurement of the acoustic pressure inside a micro-channel. Two microgravity experiments adapted to a sub-orbital vehicle were designed and built in order to examine the effects of low frequency vibrations and rotation in two-phase flows. This thesis will further analyse the effects observed in bubbles in different liquids. Bubble shape oscillations have been observed at low vibration frequencies, even though bubble dynamics are affected by the walls of the cell. After vibrations were turned off, the aspect ratio of a bubble in high viscosity fluid decays exponentially. Bubble break-up has been observed in the case of lower surface tension and lower viscosity. Focusing on the distribution of the air bubbles during high and low rotation rates, an analysis is presented on the effects on a low surface tension fluid. An investigation is presented on the injection trajectory of bubbles during rotation showing a reasonable agreement with analytical predictions. The detachment and rise of bubbles and bubble trains while an acoustic field is applied in hypergravity conditions are also addressed. Different effects have been observed in this experiment. Focusing on detachment, we provide an expression for estimating the detachment diameter when an acoustic field is applied. In addition, the effect of bubble trains on terminal velocity is discussed. A numerical analysis is also presented and compared to the experimental data., Degut a l'increment en l'interès per l'exploració espacial, la gestió de fluids bifàsics en absència de gravetat ha esdevingut un tema clau per la millora de l'eficiència d'aplicacions tecnològiques per a missions espacials. Arribar a entendre els fluids bifàsics és important per al desenvolupament de futures aplicacions i per la millora de les ja existents, no només en condicions de microgravetat sinó també en condicions d'hipergravetat. En aquesta tesi es tracten els efectes que tenen factors externs com vibracions d'alta i baixa freqüència o rotacions, sobre fluids bifàsics, quan aquests es troben en diferents nivells de gravetat. S'han desenvolupat una sèrie de muntatges experimentals per a explorar els diferents fenòmens que succeeixen a diferents nivells de gravetat. S'analitzen els efectes que tenen els camps de pressió sobre partícules micromètriques en el pla de levitació d'un camp acústic. A més, s'analitza el moviment de dues partícules aïllades i es presenta un mètode per a determinar les forces entre elles. Aquest mètode permet obtenir experimentalment l'ordre de magnitud de les forces, així com obtenir indirectament la mesura de la pressió del camp acústic dins del micro canal. S'han dissenyat i muntat dos experiments de microgravetat adaptats a un vehicle suborbital, per estudiar els efectes de vibracions de baixa freqüència i rotació sobre fluid bifàsics. Es presenta una anàlisi dels efectes observats sobre les bombolles. S'han observat oscil·lacions de forma de les bombolles amb vibracions de baixa freqüència, tot i que la dinàmica es veu afectada per les parets de la cavitat. Després d'aturar la relació d'aspecte d'un fluid d'alta viscositat decreix exponencialment. També s'ha observat trencament de la bombolla, en el cas de baixa tensió superficial i baixa viscositat. Pel que fa a rotació, es fa un anàlisis dels efectes que té sobre un fluid de baixa tensió superficial, centrant-nos en la distribució de bombolles d'aire quan la velocitat de rotació és més alta o més baixa. S'estudia la trajectòria de les bombolles injectades durant la rotació, mostrant concordança amb prediccions analítiques. Per últim, abordem el desenganxament i l'ascens de bombolles i trens de bombolles, mentre apliquem un camp acústic en condicions d'hipergravetat. Durant els experiments s'han observat diferents efectes. Mirant el desenganxament, donem una expressió per estimar el diàmetre de la bombolla quan es desenganxa quan s'està aplicant un camp acústic. A més, es discuteixen els efectes sobre trens de bombolles. També es presenta una anàlisi numèric i es compara amb les dades obtingudes experimentalment.

Two-phase flows are encountered in a wide range of applications both on-ground and in space. The dynamics of such flows in the absence of gravity is completely different from that in normal gravity due to the absence of buoyancy forces. A deeper understanding of the behavior of multiphase flows is essential in order to improve the operation of devices which require the use of two-phase systems. Analytical and experimental work is still needed for enhancing the control of two-phase flows, due to the theoretical complexity and the lack of experimental data for certain configurations. In this work, the behavior of two-phase flows has been studied experimentally in normal gravity and in microgravity conditions. In particular, the single-jet configuration has been investigated for bubbly jets and droplet jets. Dynamics of individual bubbles and droplets as well as the global structure of the jets has been considered. The opposed-jet configuration has been investigated for bubbly flows. Different separation between jets and orientation angles have been studied in normal gravity, and the obtained results have been compared to the microgravity case. A numerical model has been implemented to study single-phase jet impingement and opposed bubbly jets at different gravity levels. Good qualitative agreement between the simulations and the experiments has been obtained. The bubble bouncing process, prior to coalescence, after collision with a flat free surface has been also studied experimentally in normal gravity conditions. The results presented in this work will help to improve the general understanding of two-phase flows in normal gravity and in microgravity conditions, with general applications on mixing devices, environmental and propulsion systems.

Promising technological applications of two-phase flows in space have captured the increasing interest of the space sector, provoking a strong demand for more fundamental knowledge. Great efforts have been made in recent decades to study the behavior of two-phase flows in low-gravity environments, which is expected to be different than the behavior observed in the presence of gravitational forces. Nevertheless, many phenomena are still poorly understood. The development of any of these new technologies demands a better knowledge of two-phase flows. In this manuscript we address questions regarding the generation of gas-liquid flows and their behavior in conditions relevant for a microgravity environment. In particular, we focus on an air-water mixture formed in a capillary T-junction. To this end, an experimental setup has been designed to accurately control both gas and liquid flow rates. We performed a quantitative characterization on ground of the T-junction, whose operation is robust to changes in gravity level. Its main performance is the generation of bubbles at a regular frequency with small size dispersion. We obtained two working regimes of the T-junction and identified the crossover region between them. Bubble, slug, churn and annular flow regimes have been observed during the experiments and a flow pattern map has been plotted. We present an experimental study on the bubble-slug transition in microgravity-related conditions. In addition, we address questions regarding the existence of a critical void fraction in order for the bubble-slug transition to occur. The gas-liquid flow has been characterized by measuring the bubble generation frequency as well as the bubble and liquid slug sizes. Since bubble dynamics is also expected to be different in the absence of buoyancy, the bubble velocity has also been studied. The mean void fraction appears as one relevant parameter that allows for the prediction of frequency, bubble velocity, and lengths. We propose curves obtained empirically for the behavior of generation frequency, the bubble velocity and the lengths. The dependence of the frequency on the Strouhal dimensionless number has been analyzed. A numerical study of the formation of mini-bubbles in a 2D T-junction by means of the fluid dynamics numerical code JADIM is also presented. Simulations were carried out for different flow conditions, giving rise to results on the bubble generation frequency, bubble velocity, void fraction and characteristic lengths. Numerical results have been then compared with experimental data.