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In this paper, we explore how performers' embodied interactions with a Neural Audio Synthesis model allow the exploration of the latent space of such a model, mediated through movements sensed by e-textiles. We provide background and context for the performance, highlighting the potential of embodied practices to contribute to developing explainable AI systems. By integrating various artistic domains with explainable AI principles, our interdisciplinary exploration contributes to the discourse on art, embodiment, and AI, offering insights into intuitive approaches found through bodily expression., Comment: In Proceedings of Explainable AI for the Arts Workshop 2024 (XAIxArts 2024) arXiv:2406.14485

Excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, have been measured using a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter for the systems CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_{u-1}$OH ($u$ = 1,2,3,4,7,10) + cyclohexylamine at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values are large and negative, indicating the existence of strong interactions between unlike molecules, which is consistent with the also large and negative excess molar volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, of these solutions, previously measured by us. The contribution from the equation of state term to $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ has been evaluated for the 1-alkanol + cyclohexylamine, or + 1-hexylamine, or + aniline mixtures, and the corresponding excess molar internal energies at constant volume, $U_{\text{m,}V}^{\text{E}}$, have been determined. It is shown that such contribution is particularly important for the methanol + aniline system, in such a way that the excess functions $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and $U_{\text{m,}V}^{\text{E}}$ have different sign at $x_1$ = 0.5. The DISQUAC and ERAS models have been applied to the cyclohexylamine systems, and the interaction parameters have been reported. DISQUAC improves ERAS results on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$. The latter model describes correctly the $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ curves. The variation of of CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_{u-1}$OH + cyclohexylamine, or + 1-hexylamine, or + aniline mixtures with $u$ along a homologous series with a given amine, or with the amine in mixtures with a given 1-alkanol is discussed in terms of the different interactional contributions to $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$.

Excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa have been measured by means of a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter for the systems benzylamine (phenylmethanamine) + heptane, or + methanol, or + 1-propanol, or + 1-pentanol, or + 1-heptanol, or + 1-decanol. In addition, excess molar volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, at the same conditions have been also determined using a densimeter Anton Paar model DSA 5000 for the benzylamine + heptane mixture. The $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ of this solution is large and positive since at 298.15 K the system temperature is close to its upper critical solution temperature. Thus, systems with n-alkanes show positive deviations from the Raoult's law. The measured $|V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}|$ values are low, indicating the existence of large structural effects. $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values of mixtures involving 1-alkanols are large and negative. That is, interactions between unlike molecules are dominant and the systems are characterized by negative deviations from Raoult's law. It is shown that the enthalpy of the hydrogen bonding between molecules of 1-alkanol and benzyalmine are more negative than those between 1-alkanol molecules. The $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values of the systems with 1-alkanols are also large and negative, and are determined mainly by interactional effects since they increase in line with $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and with the alcohol size. The different contributions to $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ have been evaluated. The systems have been studied using the DISQUAC and ERAS models. ERAS describes correctly the $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ function. DISQUAC largely improves ERAS results on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ or on excess molar heat capacities at constant pressure for the mixtures with 1-alkanols, which underlines that physical interactions are very relevant in such solutions.

A differential scanning calorimetric technique has been used to obtain solid-liquid equilibrium temperatures for the mixtures naphthalene or biphenyl + 1-tetradecanol, or + 1-hexadecanol. All the systems show a simple eutectic point, whose final composition was determined by means of the Tamman's plots using the needed values of the eutectic heat and of the heat of melting, which are also reported. DISQUAC interaction parameters for the OH/aromatic contacts in the selected systems are given. The present experimental SLE phase diagrams are similarly described by DISQUAC and UNIFAC (Dortmund) models. However, the comparison of DISQUAC and UNIFAC results for systems involving naphthalene and shorter 1-alkanols (methanol-1-octanol) reveals that the temperature dependence of the interaction parameters is more suitable in DISQUAC. The systems are also investigated in terms of the concentration-concentration structure factor. It is shown that the positive deviations from the Raoult's law of the studied solutions become weaker when the homocoordination decreases.

Densities ($\rho$), speeds of sound ($c$), relative permittivities at 1 MHz ($\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$) and refractive indices at the sodium D-line ($n_{\text{D}}$) at $T$ = (293.15 K to 303.15 K) and $p$ = 0.1 MPa are reported for binary liquid mixtures alkan-1-ol + benzylamine. Methanol, propan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol are the alkan-1-ols studied in this work. The values of the excess molar volume ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), excess isentropic compressibility ($\kappa_S^{\text{E}}$), excess speed of sound ($c^{\text{E}}$), excess refractive index ($n_{\text{D}}^{\text{E}}$), excess relative permittivity ($\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$) and its temperature derivative ${(\partial{\varepsilon_{\text{r}}}/\partial T)}_p$ are calculated, and they are adjusted to Redlich-Kister polynomials. The $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values are negative, indicating a predominance of the solvation between unlike molecules and structural effects. $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ values indicate a positive contribution from the creation of (alkan-1-ol)-benzylamine interactions, and the positive value for the methanol mixture emphasises the importance of solvation. Calculations on excess molar refractions point out to weaker dispersive interactions than in the ideal mixture, which may be explained by the mentioned solvation effects. The Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich model has been applied to the mixtures, and the Kirkwood correlation factors suggest an important relative weight, especially in the methanol system, of linear-like molecules in the solutions, which is in accordance with the positive contribution of the formed multimers to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ due to their good effective response to the electric field., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2409.17926

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$, at 0.1 MPa and (293.15-303.15) K and refractive indices, $n_{\text{D}}$, at similar conditions have been measured for the alkan-1-ol (methanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol or heptan-1-ol) + N,N-diethylethanamine (TEA) systems. Positive values of the excess permittivities, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ , are encountered for the methanol system at high alcohol concentrations. The remaining mixtures are characterized by negative $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ values over the whole composition range. At ${\phi}_1$ (volume fraction) = 0.5, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ changes in the order: methanol > propan-1-ol > butan-1-ol < pentan-1-ol < heptan-1-ol. Mixtures formed by alkan-1-ol and an isomeric amine, hexan-1-amine (HxA) or N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA) or cyclohexylamine, behave similarly. This has been explained in terms of the lower and weaker self-association of longer alkan-1-ols. From the permittivity data, it is shown that: (i) (alkan-1-ol)-TEA interactions contribute positively to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$; (ii) TEA is an effective breaker of the network of the alkan-1-ols; (iii) structural effects, which are very important for the volumetric and calorimetric data of alkan-1-ol + TEA systems, are also relevant when evaluating dielectric data. This is confirmed by the comparison of $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ measurements for alkan-1-ol + aliphatic amine mixtures; (iv) the aromaticity effect (i.e., the replacement of TEA by pyridine in systems with a given alkan-1-ol) leads to an increase of the mixture polarization. Calculations conducted in the framework of the Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich model are consistent with the previous statements., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2409.11801, arXiv:2409.17926

Systems of the type linear primary or secondary amine + cyclohexane, or + polar compound (namely, linear or cyclic monoether, + 1,4-dioxane, + N,N-dialkylamide, or + ethanitrile) have been investigated using literature data, and by means of DISQUAC. Interaction parameters for the contacts amine/ether, amine/amide and amine/nitrile are provided. For a given contact, the QUAC interchange coefficients remain practically constant along each homologous series. A similar trend has been encountered in other many previous studies. DISQUAC correctly describes excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, and vapour-liquid and solid-liquid equilibria of the studied mixtures and improves calculations on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ from the UNIFAC (Dortmund) model. The experimental data have been used to determine the enthalpy of the interactions between unlike molecules, which are stronger in systems with N,N-dialkylamides or ethanenitrile than in mixtures with ethers. On the other hand, it is shown that $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values of amine + C$_6$H$_{12}$ mixtures are closely related to the amine self-association, and that interactions between molecules of the polar compounds are determinant on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ results of the mixtures amine + fixed polar compound or of the systems fixed amine + polar compound (no linear monoether). Structural effects are relevant in the di-n-butylamine + linear ether systems. The application of the Flory model reveals that orientational effects are rather weak in the investigated solutions. This is in agreement with previous studies on this type of mixtures using the ERAS model.

Densities and speeds of sound at a temperature $T$ = 298.15 K, relative permittivities at 1 MHz and refractive indices at the sodium D-line at $T$ = (293.15 K to 303.15 K), all at a pressure p = 0.1 MPa, are reported for liquid mixtures methanol, propan-1-ol or pentan-1-ol + aniline. Excess molar volume ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), excess isentropic compressibility, excess speed of sound, excess refractive index, excess relative permittivity ($\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$) and its temperature derivative are calculated and fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomials. The agreement among the reported data and other literature sources is analysed by comparing $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, $n_{\text{D}}^{\text{E}}$, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ and the deviation of the speed of sound from mole-fraction linearity. The positive excess molar internal energies at constant volume ($U_{\text{m,}V}^{\text{E}}$) show the dominance of the breaking of interactions between like molecules in the energy balance on mixing, particularly the breaking of strong dipolar interactions between aniline molecules. This contribution is also dominant for the $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ values, as they are negative and decrease with the length of the alkan-1-ol chain. Calculations on the concentration-concentration structure factor are consistent with these statements, revealing homocoordination in the studied systems. The $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ are negative, which together with the positive $U_{\text{m,}V}^{\text{E}}$ indicate the existence of important structural effects in the studied mixtures. The application of the Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich model shows that the average relative orientation of neighbouring dipoles is similar in the mixtures methanol + aniline or + pyridine, in spite of the different character of the predominant interactions in the latter mixture (heterocoordination).

Excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, over the whole composition range have been determined for the liquid mixtures N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + butan-1-amine (BA), or + hexan-1-amine (HxA), or + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), or N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA) at 298.15 K and at 0.1 MPa using a BT2.15 calorimeter from Setaram adapted to work in dynamic mode at constant temperature and pressure. All the $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values are positive, indicating that interactions between like molecules are predominant. The replacement of DMF by DMA in systems with a given amine leads to lower $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ results, which have been ascribed to stronger amide-amide interactions in DMF mixtures. The replacement of HxA by DPA in systems with a given amide leads to slightly higher $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values, as interactions between unlike molecules are weaker for the latter. Structural effects in the investigated solutions are also present, since the corresponding excess molar volumes ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), previously determined, are negative or slightly positive. The systems have been characterized in terms of the ERAS model reporting the interaction parameters. The model correctly describes both $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$. The application of the model suggests that, in the systems under study, solvation effects are of minor importance and that physical interactions are dominant.

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$, and refractive indices at the sodium D-line, $n_{\text{D}}$, are reported at 0.1 MPa and at (293.15-303.15) K for the binary systems 1-alkanol + di-n-propylamine (DPA). Their corresponding excess functions are calculated and correlated. For the methanol mixture, positive values of the excess permittivities, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, are found. Except at high concentrations of the alcohol in the 1-propanol mixture, the remaining systems show negative values of this property. This fact reveals that the creation of (1-alkanol)-DPA interactions contributes positively to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, being this contribution dominant in the methanol mixture. At ${\phi}_1$ (volume fraction) = 0.5, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ changes in the sequence: methanol > 1-propanol > 1-butanol > 1-pentanol < 1-heptanol. An analogous variation with the chain length of the 1-alkanol is observed in mixtures such as 1-alkanol + heptane, + cyclohexylamine or + n-hexylamine (HxA). Moreover, for a given 1-alkanol, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ is larger for DPA than for HxA mixtures, suggesting that in DPA solutions multimers with parallel alignment of the molecular dipoles are favoured and cyclic multimers are disfavoured when compared to HxA mixtures. The ${(\partial{\varepsilon_{\text{r}}}/\partial T)}_p$ values are higher for the mixtures than for pure 1-alkanols, because (1-alkanol)-DPA interactions are stronger than those between 1-alkanol molecules. Molar refractions indicate that dispersive interactions in DPA systems increase with the chain length of the 1-alkanol and are practically identical to those in HxA solutions. The considered mixtures are treated by means of the Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich model, reporting the Kirkwood correlation factors and their excess values., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2409.11801

Densities, $\rho$, and kinematic viscosities, $\nu$, have been determined at atmospheric pressure and at (293.15-303.15) K for binary mixtures formed by methanol and one linear polyether of the type CH$_3$-O-(CH$_2$CH$_2$O)$_n$-CH$_3$ ($n$ = 2,3,4). The $\rho$ values are used to compute excess molar volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, and, together with $\nu$ results, dynamic viscosities ($\eta$). Deviations from linear dependence on mole fraction for viscosity, $\Delta \eta$, are also provided. Different semi-empirical equations have been employed to correlate viscosity data. Particularly, the equations used are: Grunberg-Nissan, Hind, Frenkel, Katti-Chaudhri, McAllister and Heric. Calculations show that better results are obtained from the Hind equation. The $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values are large and negative and contrast with the positive excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, available in the literature, for these systems. This indicates that structural effects are dominant. The $\Delta \eta$ results are positive and correlate well with the difference in volume of the mixture compounds confirming the importance of structural effects. The temperature dependences of $\eta$ and of the molar volume have been used to calculate enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies, $\Delta G^*$, of viscous flow. It is demonstrated that $\Delta G^*$ is essentially determined by enthalpic effects. Methanol + CH$_3$-O-(CH$_2$CH$_2$O)$_n$-CH$_3$ mixtures have been treated in the framework of the ERAS model. Results on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ are acceptable, while the composition dependence of the $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ curves is poorly represented. This has been ascribed to the existence of strong dipolar and structural effects in the present solutions.

Mixtures formed by 1-alkanol and one strongly polar compound (nitromethane (NM), ethanenitrile (EtN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sulfolane (SULF), nitrobenzene (NTBz) or benzonitrile (BzCN)) have been investigated on the basis of a set of thermophysical data, which includes: excess molar functions (enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, Gibbs energies, $G_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, entropies, $T S_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, isobaric heat capacities, $C_{p \text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$); liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE), excess permittivities and deviations from the linearity of dynamic viscosities. In addition, calculations have been conducted to determine the Kirkwood-Buff integrals and the Kirkwood correlations factors, $g_{\text{K}}$, of the investigated mixtures. In the former case, DISQUAC has been employed for modeling the needed vapour-liquid equilibria data. Many systems under consideration are characterized by dipolar interactions between like molecules and have positive values of $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, $C_{p \text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and $T S_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$. On the other hand, alkanol-solvent interactions, for mixtures with a fixed 1-alkanol, become weakened in the sequence: DMSO $\approx$ SULF > EtN > NM > BzCN > NTBz. In systems with a given solvent, such interactions become also weaker when the chain length of the 1-alkanol is increased. Interestingly, the considered mixtures also show strong structural effects. Results on Kirkwood-Buff integrals reveal that nitriles are more preferred than nitroalkanes around a central alcohol molecule. Calculations on $g_{\text{K}}$ show that, in terms of the mixture polarization, the systems are rather unstructured, and that this trend becomes more important when the 1-alkanol size increases in solutions with a given solvent.

Mixtures involving nitrobenzene and hydrocarbons, or 1-alkanols and 1-nitroalkane, or nitrobenzene have been investigated based on a whole set of thermophysical properties available in the literature: excess molar functions (enthalpies, entropies, isobaric heat capacities, and volumes), vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria, permittivities or dynamic viscosities. In addition, the mixtures have been studied by means of the DISQUAC, ERAS, and UNIFAC models, and the concentration-concentration structure factor. The corresponding DISQUAC and ERAS interaction parameters are reported. In alkane mixtures, dipolar interactions between 1-nitroalkane molecules are weakened when the size of the polar compound increases, accordingly with the relative variation of their effective dipolar moment. Dipolar interactions are stronger in nitrobenzene solutions than in those containing the smaller 1-nitropropane, although both nitroalkanes have very similar effective dipole moment (aromaticity effect). Systems with 1-alkanols are characterized by dipolar interactions between like molecules which sharply increases when the alkanol size increases. Simultaneously, interactions between unlike molecules become weaker, as the OH group is then more sterically hindered. Interactions between unlike molecules are stronger in systems with nitromethane than in nitrobenzene solutions. The replacement of nitromethane by nitroethane in systems with a given 1-alkanol leads to strengthen those effects related with the alcohol self-association. Permittivity data and results on Kirkwood correlation factors show that the addition of 1-alkanol to a nitroalkane leads to cooperative effects, which increase the dipolar polarization of the solution, in such way that the destruction of the existing structure in pure liquids is partially counterbalanced. This effect is less important when longer 1-alkanols are involved.

The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) curves have been determined for the 2-hydroxyl-benzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde, SAC) + CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_n$CH$_3$ mixtures ($n$ = 5,6,7,8,9). The equilibrium temperatures were determined observing, by means of a laser scattering technique, the turbidity produced on cooling when a second phase takes place. All the systems show an upper critical solution temperature, which linearly increases with $n$. Intermolecular effects have been investigated in alkanol + benzaldehyde systems using data from the literature. Interactions in 1-alkanol mixtures are mainly of dipolar type. The corresponding excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, are large and positive, which reveals that interactions between like molecules are dominant. Interactions between unlike molecules are stronger for the methanol-containing system. For the other mixtures, the enthalpy of the (1-alkanol)-benzaldehyde interactions remains more or less constant. At 298.15 K and equimolar composition, the replacement of a linear polar solvent by the isomeric aromatic one leads to increased $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values in systems with a given 1-alkanol. The phenol + benzaldehyde system shows strongly negative deviations from the Raoult's law. Proximity effects have been examined in SAC + hydrocarbon mixtures. Alkane-containing systems are essentially characterized by dipolar interactions, while dispersive interactions are prevalent in the solution with benzene. All the mixtures have been treated in terms of DISQUAC. The interaction parameters for the OH/CHO contacts and for the SAC/aromatic and SAC/alkane contacts have been reported. DISQUAC provides a correct description of the thermodynamic properties considered. In the case of SAC systems, this is done by defining a new specific group HO-C-C-CHO for salicylaldehyde.

The coexistence curves of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) for the mixtures: phenylacetonitrile + heptane, + octane, + nonane, + cyclooctane, or + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and for 3-phenylpropionitrile + heptane, or + octane are reported. Aromatic nitrile + alkane, + aromatic hydrocarbon or + 1 alkanol systems are investigated using a set of thermophysical properties: phase equilibria (solid-liquid, SLE, vapour-liquid, VLE and LLE), excess molar functions, enthalpies ($H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), isochoric internal energies, isobaric heat capacities ($C_{p \text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and volumes ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), and the Kirkwood correlation factor. Due to proximity effects between the phenyl and the CN groups, dipolar interactions between molecules of aromatic nitriles are stronger than those between molecules of isomeric linear nitriles. Dipolar interactions become weaker in the order: 3-phenylpropionitrile > phenylacetonitrile > benzonitrile. Benzonitrile + aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are characterized by dispersive interactions and structural effects. The latter are more important in systems with phenylacetonitrile. Structural effects are also present in benzonitrile + n-alkane, or + 1-alkanol + mixtures. The systems mentioned above have been studied using DISQUAC. Interaction parameters for contacts where the CN group in aromatic nitriles participates are given and DISQUAC results on excess properties and phase equilibria are discussed. 1-Alkanol + benzonitrile mixtures are also investigated by means of the ERAS model. ERAS represents well $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ of these systems. The $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ curves of solutions with longer 1-alkanols are more poorly described, which has been explained in terms of the existence of structural effects.

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$, and at (293.15-303.15) K are reported for the binary systems N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA), + butan-1-amine (BA) or + hexan-1-amine (HxA) and for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + aniline. The excess permittivities, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, are large and negative for systems with DMA, whereas they are large and positive for the aniline mixture. From the analysis of these $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ data and of measurements previously reported, it is concluded: (i) the main contribution to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ in systems with linear amines arises from the breaking of interactions between like molecules; (ii) in the DMF + aniline mixture, interactions between unlike molecules contribute positively to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, and such a contribution is dominant; (iii) longer linear amines are better breakers of the amide-amide interactions; (iv) interactions between unlike molecules are more easily formed when shorter linear amines, or DMF, participate. These findings are confirmed by a general study conducted in terms of excess values of molar orientational and induced polarizabilities and of the relative Kirkwood correlation factors for systems and components. The ERAS model is also applied to amide + amine mixtures. ERAS represents rather accurately the excess enthalpies and volumes of the mentioned systems. The variation of the cross-association equilibrium constants, determined using ERAS, with the molecular structure is in agreement with that observed for $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2409.15208

Interactions and structure of organic carbonate + alkane, and 1-alkanol + organic carbonate mixtures have been investigated by means of a set of molar excess functions: enthalpies, volumes, isobaric heat capacities, or entropies; and considering internal pressure, liquid-liquid equilibria or permittivity data. In addition, the mentioned systems have been studied using the Flory model and the concentration-concentration structure factor formalism. The mixtures under consideration are characterized by dipolar interactions and by homocoordination (that is, by interactions between like molecules). In systems with a given solvent, dipolar interactions are weakened in the order: propylene carbonate (PC) > dimethyl carbonate (DMC) > diethyl carbonate (DEC). Comparison of mixtures containing DMC or DEC with those involving 2-propanone or 3-pentanone shows that dipolar interactions are not determined merely by values of the dipole moment, but they also depend on the group size. The enthalpies of the alkanol-carbonate interactions have been evaluated from calorimetric data. They are stronger in DMC solutions and become weaker when the alcohol size increases in mixtures with a given carbonate. Application of the Flory model to 43 systems of the type 1-alkanol + carbonate provides a mean relative standard deviation for excess molar enthalpy equal to 0.107. Results reveal that orientational effects decrease in the order DEC > PC > DMC. Orientational effects are particularly relevant in methanol or ethanol + DEC mixtures. Interestingly, the mentioned effects are weaker in 1-alkanol + DMC mixtures than in DMC + alkane systems. A similar trend is observed in DEC solutions when the considered alcohol is longer than ethanol.

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$, and at (293.15-303.15) K, are reported for the binary systems N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA), + butan-1-amine (BA) or + hexan-1-amine (HxA). The values of the excess relative permittivities, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, have also been determined for these solutions. The measurements were realized by means of a precision impedance analyser 4294A, to which a 16452A cell connected using a 16048G test lead, all of them from Agilent. The $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ values are large and negative, and diminish when the size of the amine increases along a homologous series, which has been ascribed mainly to the rupture of interactions between like molecules along mixing. Calculations on excess molar orientational polarizabilities support this conclusion, indicating a dominant contribution to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ from the orientational polarizability of the molecules in the mixture. The analysis of excess relative Kirkwood correlation factors shows that the correlation between dipoles is effectively decreased along the mixing process.

The solid-liquid equilibria and excess enthalpies of the binary systems of propiophenone and {N-methylformamide, or N,N-dimethylformamide, or N,N-dimethylacetamide, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone} were measured. The SLE datawere determined by the cloud-point method, partly supplemented by the DSC technique. The excess enthalpieswere measured by the titration calorimetry at 298.15 K and 308.15 K for all the systems and additionally at 293.15 K and 318.15 K for the system with N-methylformamide, and at 293.15 K for the system with N,N-dimethylformamide. The activity coefficients of both components as a function of concentration and temperature were calculated by the correlation which included both types of data. The results of the prediction by the modified UNIFAC model were comparedwith the experimental data. The observed trends and differences between the systems were discussed., Comment: 8 tables, 9 figures

The systems C$_6$H$_5$Cl, or C$_6$H$_5$Br, or 1-chloronaphthalene, or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, or 1-methylnaphthalene, or 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene + alkane have been investigated by means of the their excess molar properties, including, when the needed data are available, those at constant volume, internal energies ($U_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and heat capacities ($C_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), and using the DISQUAC, and Flory models, and the concentration-concentration structure factor formalism. The position of the mixtures within the $G_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ (excess molar Gibbs energy) vs. $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ (excess molar enthalpy) diagram has been also determined. Interactions between C$_6$H$_5$X molecules become stronger in the sequence X = H $\approx$ F $\approx$ Cl < Br. These interactions are weaker than those between 1-chloronaphtahlene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene molecules. It is shown that the considered systems have some common features: dispersive interactions are dominant, structural effects for solutions with shorter n-alkanes are large and $U_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ decreases when the number ($n$) of C atoms of the alkane increases. This variation is held when an n-alkane is replaced by a branched alkane with the same $n$ in systems with C$_6$H$_5$Cl or 1-chloronaphthalene. This suggests that larger alkanes are poorer breakers of the interactions between aromatic halogenated compounds. Viscosity and $C_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ data support this conclusion. The parabolic dependence of $C_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ with $n$ indicates that the short orientational order of long n-alkanes is destroyed. Aromaticity and proximity effects are discussed.

Solid-liquid equilibria for the binary systems of acetophenone and {N-methylformamide, or N,Ndimethylformamide, or N,N-dimethylacetamide, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone} were determined by the cloudpoint and DSC techniques. For the same systems, excess enthalpies were measured at 293.15 K and 308.15 K by the titration calorimetry. Both types of data were correlated by the Redlich-Kister equation. The description of the solid-liquid equilibria incorporated measured excess enthalpies. The results of the prediction performed by the modified UNIFAC modelwere compared with the experimental data. The observed trends and differences between systems were discussed., Comment: 8 tables, 8 figures

Fluorobenzene, or 1,4-difluorobenzene or hexafluorobenzene + alkane mixtures and hexafluorobenzene + benzene, or + toluene, or + 1,4-dimethylbenzene systems have been studied using thermodynamic properties from the literature and through the application of the DISQUAC and UNIFAC (Dortmund) models and the concentration-concentration structure factor ($S_{\text{CC}}(0)$). Interaction parameters for the contacts F/alkane and F/aromatic have been determined for DISQUAC, and they have been taken from the literature for UNIFAC. Both models predict double azeotropy for the C$_6$F$_6$ + C$_6$H$_6$ system, although in different temperature ranges. Excess molar enthalpies ($H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) of the fluorobenzene, or 1,4-difluorobenzene + n-alkane systems are positive and are accurately described by the models using interaction parameters independent of the n-alkane, discarding Patterson's effect in such mixtures. DISQUAC calculations confirm that conclusion for C$_6$F$_6$ + n-alkane mixtures. DISQUAC provides better results than UNIFAC on excess molar isobaric heat capacities ($C_{p\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) of solutions involving n-alkanes, or on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ of C$_6$F$_6$ + aromatic hydrocarbon systems. For mixtures with a given n-alkane, the relative variation of excess molar internal energies at constant volume ($U_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and with the fluorohydrocarbons is different, due to structural effects. C$_6$F$_6$ + aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are characterized by interactions between unlike molecules, as seen from their negative $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values. The $S_{\text{CC}}(0)$ formalism reveals that homocoordination is more important in C$_6$F$_6$ + n-alkane mixtures than in the corresponding systems with C$_6$H$_5$F, and that heterocoordination is dominant in the solutions of C$_6$F$_6$ with an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}$, and refractive indices at the sodium D-line, $n_{\text{D}}$, are reported at 0.1 MPa and at (293.15-303.15) K for the binary systems 1-alkanol + n-hexylamine (HxA). Also, their corresponding excess functions are calculated and correlated. Positive values of the excess permittivities, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$, are encountered for the methanol system, whereas the remaining mixtures show negative values. This reveals that interactions between unlike molecules contribute positively to $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$. This contribution is dominant for the methanol mixture, while those arising from the breaking of interactions between like molecules are prevalent for the remaining mixtures. At ${\phi}_1$ (volume fraction) = 0.5, $\varepsilon_{\text{r}}^{\text{E}}$ changes in the order: methanol > 1-propanol > 1-butanol > 1-pentanol < 1-heptanol. Similar variation with the chain length of the 1-alkanol is observed for mixtures such as 1-alkanol + heptane, or + cyclohexylamine, and can be explained in terms of the lower and weaker self-association of longer 1-alkanols. The effect of the replacement of HxA by cyclohexylamine, or by aniline, is also shown. Calculations on molar refractions indicate that dispersive interactions in the systems under study increase with the length of the 1-alkanol. The mixtures are studied by means of the application of the Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich model, and the Kirkwood correlation factors, including the corresponding excess values, are reported.

Data on density, $\rho$, speed of sound, $c$, and refractive index, $n_{\text{D}}$, have been reported at (293-303.15) K for the N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + CH$_3$CO(CH$_2$)$_{u-1}$CH$_3$ ($u$ = 1, 2, 3) systems, and at 298.15 K for the mixture with $u$ = 5. These data have been used to compute excess molar volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, excess adiabatic compressibilities, $\kappa_S^{\text{E}}$, and excess speeds of sound $c^{\text{E}}$. Negative $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values indicate the existence of structural effects and interactions between unlike molecules. From excess molar enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, available in the literature for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) + n-alkanone systems, it is shown: (i) amide-ketone interactions are stronger in DMF systems than in those with NMP; (ii) they become weaker when $u$ increases in mixtures with a given amide. Structural effects largely contribute to $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ and are more relevant in mixtures containing NMP. The application of the Flory's model reveals that the random mixing hypothesis is valid to a large extent for DMF solutions, while NMP systems are characterized by rather strong orientational effects. From values of molar refraction and of the product $P_{\text{int}} V_{\text{m}}$ (where $P_{\text{int}}$ is the internal pressure and $V_{\text{m}}$ the molar volume), it is concluded that dispersive interactions increase with $u$, or when DMF is replaced by DMA in mixtures with a fixed ketone.

Interactions and structure of alkanone, or alkanal or dialkyl carbonate + alkane mixtures, or of 2-alkanone+ 2-alkanone, or of ketone + dialkyl carbonate systems have been investigated by means of a set of thermodynamic properties and by the application of the Flory model. The properties considered are excess molar quantities: enthalpies, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, volumes, $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, or isobaric heat capacities, $C_{p \text{m}}^{\text{E}}$, and liquid-liquid equilibria. Experimental data show that alkane mixtures are characterized by rather strong dipolar interactions. In the case of systems containing ketones with the same number of C atoms and a given alkane, dipolar interactions become weaker in the sequence: aromatic > cyclic > linear. In addition, the mentioned interactions become also weaker in the order: dialkyl carbonate > linear alkanone > linear alkanal. This is an important result, as carbonates show lower effective dipole moments than the other compounds, and it suggests that the group size may be relevant when evaluating thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures. Results on $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ from the Flory model show that orientational effects (i.e., non-random mixing) are rather similar for systems with linear, cyclic or aromatic ketones or alkanals and alkanes. In contrast, orientational effects become weaker in dialkyl carbonate + alkane mixtures. The behaviour of 2-alkanone + 2-alkanone systems and of mixtures of longer 2-alkanones or cyclohexanone with dialkyl carbonate is close to random mixing. Larger orientational effects are encountered in solutions of carbonates and shorter 2-alkanones.

The CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_u$COO(CH$_3$)$_v$CH$_3$ + n-alkane mixtures have been investigated on the basis of an experimental database containing effective dipole moments of esters, and excess molar functions of the systems: enthalpies ($H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), volumes ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), isobaric heat capacities ($C_{p\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and isochoric internal energies ($U_{V\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and by means of the application of the Flory model and the Kirkwood-Buff formalism. The situation of the mixtures within the $G_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ (excess molar Gibbs energy) vs. $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ diagram has also been briefly considered. Results indicate that dispersive interactions are dominant and that steric effects can explain some differences between solutions containing heptane and isomeric esters. Proximity and orientational effects are also discussed in diester + hexane mixtures. In the case of systems with a given alkane and different isomeric polar compounds, orientational effects become weaker in the order: n-alkanone > dialkyl carbonate > n-alkanoate. Results from the Kirkwood-Buff formalism indicate that the number of ester-ester interactions decreases in systems with alkyl ethanoates when the alkyl size increases and that preferential solvation between polar molecules decreases as follows: dialkyl carbonate > n-alkanone > n-alkanoate.

Kinematic viscosities were measured for iodobenzene + n-alkane mixtures at (288.15-308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Using our previous density data, dynamic viscosities ($\eta$), deviations in absolute viscosity ($\Delta \eta$) and quantities of viscous flow were determined. The McAllister, Grunberg-Nissan and Fang-He correlation equations and Bloomfield-Dewan's model (with residual Gibbs energies calculated using DISQUAC with interaction parameters available in the literature) were applied to iodobenzene, or 1-chloronaphthalene, or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, or methyl benzoate or benzene or cyclohexane + n-alkane systems. The dependence of $U_{\text{m,}V}^{\text{E}}$ (isochoric molar excess internal energy) and $\Delta \eta$ with $n$ (the number of C atoms of the n-alkane) shows that the fluidization loss of mixtures containing iodobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, or 1-chloronaphthalene when $n$ increases is due to a decrease upon mixing of the number of broken interactions between like molecules. The breaking of correlations of molecular orientations characteristic of longer n-alkanes may explain the decreased negative $\Delta \eta$ values of benzene mixtures with $n$ =14,16. The replacement, in this type of systems of benzene by cyclohexane leads to increased positive $\Delta \eta$ values, probably due to the different shape of cyclohexane. On the other hand, binary mixtures formed by one of the aromatic polar compounds mentioned above and a short n-alkane show large structural effects and large negative $\Delta \eta$ values. From the application of the models, it seems that dispersive interactions are dominant and that size effects are not relevant on $\eta$ values. The free volume model provides good results for most of the systems considered. Results improve when, within Bloomfield-Dewan's theory, the contribution to $\eta$ of the absolute reaction rate model is also considered.

(Iodobenzene + n-alkane) liquid mixtures have been studied experimentally, in terms of densities and speeds of sound at a pressure $p$ = 0.1 MPa and in the temperature range $T$ = (288.15 to 308.15) K, and theoretically, by the application of the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) model. The n-alkanes considered are n-heptane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane. Excess molar volumes ($V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$) and excess isentropic compressibilities ($\kappa_S^{\text{E}}$) have been calculated and correlated by Redlich-Kister polynomials. ${(\partial{V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}}/\partial T)}_p$ curves at the same (p,T) conditions have been obtained from correlated $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values. From these experimental results and the knowledge of the excess molar enthalpies and volumes of mixtures containing fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene or bromobenzene with n-alkanes, we have inferred: (i) the presence of structural effects, especially important for the n-heptane mixture and less relevant for volumetric properties as the length of the n-alkane increases; and (ii) that the interactional effects on $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ do not vary appreciably with the length of the n-alkane, so the observed $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ variation is fundamentally determined by the corresponding variation of the contribution from structural effects. The application of the PFP model supports this interpretation, providing free volume contributions to $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ that vary parallelly to $V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ with the length of the n-alkane, and interactional contributions that rest approximately constant independently of the n-alkane size.

The mixtures 2-propanol or 2-butanol + n-alkanone, or + acetophenone or + linear monoether, or + cyclic ether, or + linear organic carbonate, or + propylene carbonate have been investigated using thermodynamic data, and in terms of the Flory theory, and the Kirkwood-Buff integrals. The data considered are: excess molar enthalpies ($H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$), volumes, entropies, and the temperature dependence of $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$. The enthalpy of the 2-alkanol-solvent interactions have been determined, and the different contributions to $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ are discussed. It is shown that $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values of the 2-alkanol (fixed) + n-alkanone, or + linear carbonate mixtures change in the same manner that for n-alkanone, or linear carbonate + n-alkane (fixed) systems. In contrast, $H_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}$ values of 2-alkanol (fixed) + linear monoether or + n-alkane mixtures change similarly. This set of results suggests that solvent-solvent interactions are determinant in systems with n-alkanone or linear carbonate, while interactions between alcohol molecules are determinant in mixtures with linear monoethers. According to the Flory model, orientational effects in systems with a given 2-alkanol become weaker in the sequence: linear monoether > linear organic carbonate > n-alkanone, and are stronger in solutions with a cyclic monoether than in those with cyclic diethers, and in systems with acetophenone or propylene carbonate than in the mixtures with the corresponding linear solvents. Results obtained from the Kirkwood-Buff integrals are consistent with these findings. The application of Flory model reveals that orientational effects are similar in systems with 1- or 2-alkanols, with the exception of solutions with linear monoethers, where such effects are stronger in mixtures containing 1-alkanols.