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We propose a dual-channel reverse supply chain consisting of a formal and an informal electric vehicle battery recycler under government intervention with a subsidy-and-penalty policy. By comparing and analyzing the equilibrium results, profits, and environmental impacts, we discuss the two members' competition and cooperation strategies under government intervention. Analytical results show that government subsidy to the formal recycler (penalty to the informal recycler) increases (decreases) the two members' recycling prices at differed rates. Government intervention increases (reduces) the recycling quantity in the formal (informal) recycling channel. The two members can reach a consensus on cooperation only if the subsidy and penalty are set at sufficiently high levels. In this case, the government should push them up as high as its budget allows for environmental benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities, research institutes, and firms are the main entities in the national innovation system. Owing to the heterogeneity of their outputs, prior studies have focused on their independent efficiency evaluation. This study adopts the nonhomogeneous data envelopment analysis model to assess the efficiency of three innovation entities in 30 provinces in China on a common platform. Results show that firms have the highest efficiency, and research institutes have the lowest efficiency. Innovation entities perform poorly due to the inefficiency of their subunits. Additionally, the 30 provinces are divided into three clusters by using the hierarchical clustering method. Moreover, Tobit regressions are used to estimate the impact of five environmental factors on the innovation efficiency of the three entities. The regression results show that the more open the region, the stronger the positive impact on the innovation efficiency of research institutes and firms. The regional economic environment has different degrees of negative impact on the three innovation entities. The direction and intensity of the impact of education input, government support, and information infrastructure on the three entities exhibit a large dispersion. The results provide important information for improving the efficiency of innovation entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find ways to promote the demand for and acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) by studying the impacts of two policies: tax relief and technology improvements. We find a balanced relationship between the two policies, causing low-carbon awareness to have the same effect on EV demand. Outside of equilibrium, greater low-carbon awareness, rather than price discounts or improved technology, can help improve demand. Furthermore, higher production inputs improve the EV technology level, but changes in the ratio of technology to cost affect customers' willingness to pay for EV products. Thus, technology and low-carbon awareness affect EV demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]