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22. Drosera quartzicola Rivadavia & Gonella (2011: 34). Figures 6a,19d–f Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santana do Riacho, km 112-113 da estrada para Conceição do Mato Dentro (MG-10), em morro após bifurcação da trilha para o Travessão e cachoeira Congonhas, seguindo à esquerda, 1360 m, 19 April 2010, Gonella et al. 264 (holotype SPF-203300!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming short columns up to 40 mm tall. Glandular trichomes of TSG type present on both leaf surfaces, scapes, pedicels and sepals. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, lanceolate, petioles about as long and as wide as the lamina and lacking eglandular trichomes in the adaxial surface, abaxial leaf surface densely eglandular-pilose; stipules triangular, 6–8 mm long, golden-brown. Scapes short, base erect, 17–115 mm long; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds narrowly oblong-ovate, 0.7–0.8 mm long, testa reticulate, black (based on Rivadavia & Gonella 2011). Illustrations: — Rivadavia & Gonella (2011: 35, fig. 1—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic to the central portion of Serra do Cipó, in central Minas Gerais (Fig. 6a). Habitat: —Relatively dry areas of campo rupestre vegetation, in fine silica sand mixed with white quartz gravel. Found at elevations between 1100–1360 m. Phenology:— Found in flower from November to April. Conservation status: —Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii, iv). Rivadavia & Gonella (2011) designated this species as CR based on its restricted occurrence, fragile habitat, and small number of sub-populations. Only four subpopulations were known at the time of publication (containing 20, 60, 100, and 120 individuals respectively; Rivadavia & Gonella 2011), with two additional having been discovered since, both with ca. 20 adult individuals. This brings the total known population size of D. quartzicola to ca. 340 individuals. Despite the discovery of new populations, the species remains very restricted (EOO= 9.1 km 2, AOO= 12 km 2), with each population containing a reduced number of individuals spread over a very limited area of a few m 2 each, making them very susceptible to stochastic events. The species is further threatened by drastic reduction of habitat quality due to anthropogenic fires, invasive grasses, and climate change. Of the six known populations, two are found inside the Serra do Cipó National Park, and the remaining four in the Environmental Protection Area (APA) Morro da Pedreira. Notes: — Drosera quartzicola is most similar to D. chrysolepis, with which it is syntopic at one location where infrequent hybrids are also found (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below; Rivadavia & Gonella 2011). It can be distinguished by the acaulescent or column-forming habit (Fig. 19d, e; vs. caulescent), petioles about as wide as the lamina (Fig. 19e; vs. petiole 2-3 times narrower than the lamina), and shorter inflorescences (Fig. 19d). Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia & Gonella (2011: 39). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, km 114 da MG-10, trilha para o Canyon do Travessão, 10 November 2013, Gonella et al. 633 (SPF, BHCB, RB); APA Morro da Pedreira, km 110 da MG-10, 06 July 2014, Gonella & Rohrbacher 669 (SPF), 670 (SPF).

21. Drosera montana Saint-Hilaire (1826: 260). Figures 5b, 19a–c Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: cueilli dans la Serra do Papagayo, Campos des Mines [collected in the Serra do Papagaio, Minas Gerais State], s.d., Saint-Hilaire D 542 (P-00749164!; isolectotypes P-00749165!, K-000432535!, MPU-012261 image!). = Drosera communis var. pauciflora Eichler in Martius & Eichler (1872: 394). Lectotype (designated by Duno de Stefano & Culham 1995):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santa Bárbara, Serra do Caraça, January 1825, Riedel 1463 (B-100272051!; isolectotypes P-00749163!, K-000432544!). Seasonal geophyte perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with circinate vernation, oblong, oblongspatulate or more rarely spatulate, petiole usually inconspicuous, shorter than 1/3 of leaf length, gradually broadening into the lamina; stipules rectangular in outline, apical half to third fimbriate or divided into three unequal fimbriate segments. Scapes erect at the base, densely glandular-pilose from base to apex (occasionally also sparsely eglandularpilose at the very base), glandular trichomes uniformly-sized along the whole scape; sepals oblong-ovate, 2–6 × 0.8–2.0 mm, with relatively short glandular trichomes only; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid to ellipsoid, testa reticulate (based on Rivadavia et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Silva & Giulietti (1997: 93, figs. 9A–C, F, G, L, O, Q–U); Ferrero & Mello-Silva (2011: 17, figs. 2D–F); Rivadavia et al. (2014: 149, fig. 3). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA; Central-West: DF, GO; Southeast: MG, SP, RJ; South: PR, RS, SC; Fig. 5b) and disjunctly in Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Tarija, Santa Cruz). Newly reported here for Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil. Habitat: —Found in a wide range of habitats in sandy soils, but also observed in white and red clayish soils, in seasonally wet areas of cerrado s.l., campos rupestres and campos de altitude, at elevations between 800–2500 m. Also seen growing in ruderal oligotrophic habitats, occupying disturbed areas such as trail sides, road banks and other freshly exposed habitats. Phenology:— In Brazil, D. montana flowers in the wet season, from December to March, with a few individuals flowering until June. It remains dormant underground as roots between May and November. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera montana is a widespread species (Brazil: AOO= 192 km 2, EOO= 1,044,178 km 2; global: AOO= 204 km 2, EOO= 2,761,784 km 2) occurring in several protected areas such as National Parks (Caparaó, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Itatiaia, Sempre-Vivas, Serra da Bocaina, Serra da Canastra, Serra do Cipó, Serra dos Órgãos). Notes: — Drosera montana is most similar to the other three species that belong to its affinity (D. spirocalyx, D. tentaculata, D. tomentosa), but is easily distinguished by the fact that it flowers during the wet season and enters dormancy during the dry season (geophyte life form), while the other three species are of perennial growth (hemicryptophytes) and flower during the dry season. Hence, in the latter three species, short columns of leaves from the previous seasons’ growth are often present (especially in aged specimens), while the few-leaved rosettes of D. montana consist more or less entirely of leaves formed during the annual wet season’s growing cycle, with little to no remnants of previous growth visible. Drosera montana is also distinguished from its three allied species by oblong to spatulate leaves (vs. obovate, oblanceolate or cuneate), and by dense indumentum of glandular trichomes of constant size from base to apex of the scape (vs. glandular trichomes increasing in size and density towards the apex of the scape). The species was historically circumscribed in a broad sense (e.g., Diels 1906; Hamet 1907; Silva & Correa 2005), until being recircumscribed by Rivadavia et al. (2014). Across its wide distribution, D. montana presents morphological variation in leaf shape, with three geographical morphotypes being recognized by Rivadavia et al. (2014) to address this variation. Duplicates of the specimen Riedel 1463, type of D. communis var. pauciflora, are found at different herbaria, constituting syntypes. Duno de Stefano & Culham (1995) cited a “type” at B, therefore made an inadvertent lectotypification that is corrected here (ICN Arts. 7.11 and 9.10; Turland et al. 2018). Specimens examined: —For a complete listing, see Rivadavia et al. (2014: 152–154). Additional specimen examined: — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Cambará do Sul, Fortaleza, 27 September 1992, Barbieri s.n. (HUCS-12629)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Martius, C. F. P. von & Eichler, A. G. (1872) Flora Brasiliensis 14 (2). Typographia Regia, Munich, 418 pp. + 91 tabs.","Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1995) Dos especies nuevas del genero Drosera (Droseraceae) en Venezuela y otros comentarios taxonomicos. Novon 5 (3): 241 - 245. http: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3392257","Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Ferrero, R. & Mello-Silva, R. (2011) Droseraceae do Parque Estadal do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 29 (1): 13 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9052. v 29 i 1 p 13 - 18","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Hamet, M. R. (1907) Observations sur le genre Drosera. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54: 26 - 38 + 52 - 76.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

13. Drosera grantsaui Rivadavia (2003: 82). Figures 4e, 13a–c Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, morro do Jambeiro, nascente brejosa na base do morro, c. 7 km da cidade pela estrada para Montes Claros, 700 m alt., 08 September 1994, Rivadavia 299 (holotype SPF-156000!; isotypes K-001204974!, MBM!). Perennial, caulescent, stem delicate, usually conspicuous, erect or supported by surrounding vegetation, 1–28 cm long, with conspicuous internodes. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, petiole distinct, narrower than lamina and about the same length, lamina oblong to narrowly oblong-spatulate; stipules rectangular, upper half divided into several laciniae. Scape with erect base, delicate, glabrescent; sepals glandular-pilose; petals white to light pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds fusiform, testa reticulate, pale brown. Illustrations:— Silva (1994: 82, fig. 15N—leaf as Drosera communis); Rivadavia (2003: 80, fig. 2—habit and details). Distribution:— Brazil (North:TO; Northeast:BA; Central-West: DF, GO, MS, MT; Southeast: MG, SP; South: PR, SC; Fig. 4e) and Paraguay (Caaguazú). It is here first recorded from Santa Catarina, which represents the southernmost known record of the species. Habitat: —Perennially moist to wet grasslands (sometimes growing temporarily submerged) in sandy to peaty soils of the Cerrado and Mata Atlântica domains. It occurs in marginal areas of veredas, and along river margins, usually among tall and somewhat dense grasses and sedges, but also in more open areas. In the campos rupestres (BA, GO, and MG) and in the campos gerais (PR and SC) vegetation types, the species grows in and around perennially wet springs in sandy to peaty soil, occasionally in carpets of Sphagnum. Occurs between 600–1600 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Drosera grantsaui seems to have no defined flowering season, being found with flowers and fruit year-round. However, a flowering peak can be observed at the end of the dry season, between August and November, as reported by Rivadavia (2003). Conservation status:—Least Concern (LC). Drosera grantsaui is widely distributed and found in several protected areas across its range (Brazil:AOO= 172 km 2, EOO= 1,417,756 km 2; global:AOO= 176 km 2, EOO= 1,677,552 km 2). It is known from the National Parks of Serra do Cipó (MG), Sempre-Vivas (MG), Serra da Canastra (MG), Emas (GO), and Chapada dos Veadeiros (GO), and in the State Parks of Botumirim, Grão Mogol, and Rio Preto, all in Minas Gerais. Notes: — Drosera grantsaui is unique as it presents a delicate caulescent habit (Fig. 13a, b), leaves with circinate vernation and with oblong to oblong-spatulate lamina, stipules rectangular with the upper half divided in laciniate segments, glabrescent scapes with erect base (Fig. 13b), and fusiform seeds. Specimens of this taxon were previously identified as D. communis (e.g. Diels 1906, Silva & Giulietti 1998, Correa & Silva 2005), probably due to its delicate habit, which favors negligence of important diagnostic characters. Nevertheless, these two taxa are very distinct and only distantly related, belonging even to different sections (Table 1). Although Rivadavia (2003)presented a very complete treatment and discussion distinguishing it from D. communis, D. grantsaui was placed under synonymy of D. communis by Silva (2007), with the argument that no differences could be observed between them. Further investigations revealed that the two species are not closely related, as supported by the distinctive leaf vernation, chromosome number (Rivadavia 2005) and molecular data (Gonella 2017), which place these two taxa in different sections (Fleischmann et al. 2018b). The distinctive characters between the two taxa are presented in Table 4. Drosera grantsaui often hybridizes with D. tomentosa in areas where both species are sympatric and syntopic, forming the hybrid D. × fontinalis Rivadavia (2009: 121; more under this nothotaxon below). Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia (2003: 84–85). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Locality not indicated: Sellow 128 (B). Bahia: Piatã, alto da serra, 29 April 2010, Gonella & Fleischmann 331 (SPF). Distrito Federal: Brasília, Parque Municipal do Gama, 03 September 1964, Irwin & Soderstrom 5900 (MO, NY, UB). Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Chapada dos Veadeiros, 23 June 2007, Rivadavia & Batista 2624 (SPF). Entre Rio Torto e Paranana, 1896, Glaziou 21121 (K). Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, 29 April, 1995, Rivadavia & Cardoso 422 (SPF). Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, Chapada dos Parecis, 27 July 1986, Emmerich et al. 6044 (R). Mato Grosso do Sul: Costa Rica, salto da Rapadura, 28 October 2001, Rivadavia 1300 (SPF). Minas Gerais: Diamantina, estrada para a Gruta do Salitre, 13 May 2007, Rivadavia 2539 (SPF). Itacambira, km 91 da estrada para Montes Claros, 22 April 2010, Gonella et al. 289 (SPF). Joaquim Felício, estrada da ‘ Serra do Cabral Agro Indústria S.A. ’ entre Joaquim Felício e Francisco Dumont, 03 July 2003, Rivadavia 1665 (SPF). São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, 21 November 2002, Pacheco et al. 423 (HUFU). Paraná: Jaguariaíva, estrada Ponta Grossa-Sengés (PR-151), Rio Cajurú, 24 April 1995, Rivadavia 410 (SPF). Santa Catarina: Campo Alegre, Serra do Quiriri, 20 May 2016, Dolsan 43 (RB). São Paulo: Itararé, estrada Itararé-Itapeva (SP-258), Rio Verde, 24 April 1995, Rivadavia 418 (SPF). São Paulo, Butantan, 03 October 1917, Hoehne 660 (SP). Tocantins: Ponte Alta, Jalapão, 17 June 2006, Rivadavia 2262 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Silva, T. R. S. (1994) Estudos Taxonomicos de Drosera (Droseraceae) do Brasil. Master thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 127 pp.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Silva, T. R. S. (2007) Flora da Bahia - Droseraceae Salisb. Sitientibus Serie Ciencias Biologicas 7 (4): 393 - 397.","Rivadavia, F. (2005) New chromosome numbers for Drosera L. (Droseraceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34: 85 - 91.","Gonella, P. M. (2017) Sistematica de Drosera sect. Drosera s. s. Doctorate thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 159 pp.","Fleischmann, A., Gonella, P. M. & Rivadavia, F. (2018 b) A new sectional name for the Brazilian tetraploid clade of Drosera subgenus Drosera. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 47: 4 - 9."]}

32. Drosera viridis Rivadavia (2003: 87). Figures 7f, 22g –i Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: [Santo André], Paranapiacaba, estrada de terra para Paranapiacaba, paralela aos trilhos do trem, c. 2 km antes da cidade, 02 February 1996, Rivadavia-Lopes & Cardoso 510 (holotype SPF-158000!, isotypes MBM-287295!, NY-00688466!, R-210202!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, entirely green or with reddish base and green apex; lamina obovate to suborbicular, tentacles with translucent stalk and red head; stipule rectangular in outline, divided into multiple laciniate segments from the base. Scapes erect to slightly arcuate at the base, base glabrous, apex, pedicels and sepals glandular-pilose; petals light pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds rectangular, testa reticulate. Illustrations: —Rivadavia (2003: 89, figs. 4.1A-E; 4.2F, G—habit and details [figure captions in the original description had been switched for figs. 4.1F,G and 4.2F,G]). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: SP; South: PR, RS, SC), endemic (Fig. 7f). Recently first reported from Rio Grande do Sul, representing the southernmost record for the species (Gonella & Lehn 2020). Habitat: —Found in perennially humid to waterlogged habitats along stream sides and in seepages, usually in red to white clayish soils, but also in sandy soils, at elevations between 500–1340 m, often among rather tall marsh vegetation. Although the typical habitat constitutes campos de altitude and campos gerais, D. viridis also occurs as a ruderal in disturbed areas within its range, on banks along roadsides or railways in upland areas that receive year-round condensation from fog. Phenology: — Drosera viridis presents a flowering peak between December and March, but individuals with flowers can be observed year-round. Conservation status: —Near Threatened (NT), per Gonella & Lehn (2020).Although relatively widely distributed in four Brazilian states, D. viridis occupies very specific and fragile habitats and may face increased risk of extinction in the near future. As an example, the type locality (a ditch along a dirt road) was revisited in 2011 and no plants were found, suggesting it may have become locally extinct. The calculated EOO of 159,234 km 2 qualifies this species as LC, while the AOO of 88 km 2 qualifies it as EN. The Atlantic Rainforest grasslands where this species occurs have undergone a drastic reduction in the last decades for agriculture and livestock activities, further aggravated by the introduction of exotic grasses. Gonella & Lehn (2020) report it from the Aparados da Serra National Park (RS) and Vila Velha State Park (PR). Notes: — Drosera viridis is closely allied to D. communis, with which it often occurs sympatrically and syntopically. Although no hybrids have ever been confirmed, this has not been excluded as a possibility. When the two species grow syntopically (e.g. Fig. 22g), D. viridis is easily distinguished by overall larger size, greenish leaves bearing tentacles with a translucent stalk and red glandular head (Fig. 22h; vs. reddish leaves,tentacles entirely red), less evident curvature of the scape, and rectangular seed shape (vs. fusiform). Furthermore, they can be distinguished by leaf indumentum: D. viridis presents eglandular trichomes exclusively on the petiole margins, while syntopic D. communis also presents such trichomes on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces (it is important to notice, however, that D. communis is variable for this character along its broader range). Although usually easily identifiable in the living state, D. viridis is not very easy to distinguish from D. communis in dried specimens, since most of the cited differences are lost during herborization. Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia (2003: 88–89). Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Embu Guaçu, distrito de Cipó, 11 February 2006, Rivadavia & Miranda 2143 (SPF). Paraná: Campo Largo, Serra de São Luís, próximo a São Luís do Purunã, 25 November 2006, Rivadavia & Rohrbacher 2443 (SPF). Palmeira, Rio das Pombas, 25 November 2006, Rivadavia & Rohrbacher 2448 (SPF). Rio Grande do Sul: Cambará do Sul, Fortaleza, 27 September 1992, Barbieri s.n. (HUCS 12638a; mixed collection with D. brevifolia). São José dos Ausentes, Canyon Montenegro, 27 December 2019, Lehn 2566 (HUCS, SPF). Santa Catarina: Campo Alegre, Campos do Quiriri, 17 November 2012, Silva 24 (JPB). Mafra, campo São Lourenço, 18 January 2014, Antunes Filho 1 (SPF). Santa Cecília, Serra do Espigão, 22 February 2014, Antunes Filho 2 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Gonella, P. M. & Lehn, C. R. (2020) Distribution and conservation status of Drosera viridis Rivadavia (Droseraceae), including the first records from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and a key to the genus in that state. Check List 16 (4): 793 - 798. http: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 16.4.793"]}

27. Drosera spiralis Saint-Hilaire (1826: 270). Figures 6d, 21a–c Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra de Curumatahy, District des Diamans aux bords du Corgo novo [Serra de Curimataí (current municipality of Buenópolis), Diamantina district, on the margin of Corgo Novo river], s.d. [September according to protologue], Saint-Hilaire B 1-2021bis (holotype P-00749155!). = Drosera brasiliensis Martius ex Eichler (1872: 396) nom. inval. Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming short upright to prostrate stocky columns up to 10 cm long. Stalked glandular trichomes 0.1–0.5 mm long present on leaves, scapes, pedicels and calyx. Leaves erect, with irregular circinate vernation, linear, densely glandular- and eglandular-pilose abaxially, petioles short, 5–30 mm long, often hidden by the large stipules; stipules triangular, 14–22(–30) × 8–22 mm, golden-brown in color. Scapes erect at the base, densely glandular- and eglandular-pilose throughout; sepals densely glandular- and eglandular-pilose, often bearing 1–several tentacles; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, 0.60–0.65 × 0.25–0.30 mm, black, with reticulate testa. Illustrations: —Eichler (1872: t. 91, fig. II—two habit drawings and details—as D. graminifolia); Diels (1906: 87, figs. 31M, N—stipule and seed—as D. graminifolia); Silva & Giulietti (1997: 86, fig. 6—as D. graminifolia); Gonella et al. (2012: 50, fig. 4—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic. Restricted to the central and northern Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, on the Diamantina Plateau and the highlands between Itacambira and Grão Mogol (Fig. 6d). Habitat: —Grassy seepages and occasionally along river margins, in humid to wet sandy soils, as well as in cracks of sandstone, in campos rupestres vegetation, between 700–1500 m a.s.l. Phenology: —Flowering mainly between April and December, with sparse individuals found in flower yearround. Conservation status: —Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii). Drosera spiralis was considered LC by Gonella et al. (2012). However, based on new evidence of the calculated extent of occurrence (EOO= 10,534 km 2) and area of occupancy (AOO= 252 km 2), the designation VU is applied based on increased loss due to agriculture, cattle ranching, quartzite mining, eucalypt plantation, and urban expansion, as well as the frequent occurrence of anthropogenic fires along the whole range of the species, reducing the quality of habitats and facilitating growth of invasive exotic grasses. It is further threatened by reduction of habitat suitability in the next decades by climate change. Populations of the species are recorded from the Sempre-Vivas National Park as well as the Biribiri, Botumirim, Rio Preto, and Grão-Mogol State Parks. Notes: — Drosera spiralis is most similar to D. graminifolia with which it shares linear leaves, but is distinguished by general indumentum type and morphology, stipule and petiole size, leaf vernation pattern, as well as seed shape and size, as discussed under that species and in Gonella et al. (2012). The species was placed under synonymy of D. graminifolia by Diels (1906), a concept that was adopted by all subsequent works until Gonella et al. (2012), which re-established Saint-Hilaire’s (1826) two-species concept based on the significant morphological and ecological differences between the taxa. The name D. brasiliensis Martius ex Eichler (1872: 396) was published by Eichler (1872) based on notes by Martius. However, Eichler lists it as a synonym of D. graminifolia, rendering it an invalid name (ICN Art. 36.1; Turland et al. 2018). The taxon is conspecific with D. spiralis (Gonella et al. 2012, 2015). Specimens examined: —For a complete list, see Gonella et al. (2012: 53–54). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: no date, Gardner 4417 (W—3 sheets)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Sano, P. T. (2012) Re-establishment of Drosera spiralis (Droseraceae), and a new circumscription of D. graminifolia. Phytotaxa 75: 43 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 75.1.4","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Fleischmann, A. (2015) Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook. Phytotaxa 220 (3): 257 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 220.3.4"]}

Drosera Linnaeus (1753: 281). Type: Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus (1753: 281). Characters only given for taxa occurring in South America (Table 2), hence some generic character states (like regular tetramery or polymery of flowers; tubers; gemmae) are not mentioned here. For a global generic circumscription see Fleischmann et al. (2018a). Carnivorous herbs, terrestrial or rupicolous, perennial (including seasonal geophytes and hemicryptophytes) or rarely annual. Roots capilliform to succulent, pale brown to black, scarcely branching, sparsely to densely covered by root hairs. Stem either (1) much condensed, with leaves restricted to a flat rosette (acaulescent or rosulate species; this habit corresponds to Diels 1906: 32, fig. 13B), (2) forming short stems densely covered by marcescent leaves (columns; this habit corresponds to Diels 1906: 32, fig. 13E; distinction between (1) and (2) not always clear, often depending on habitat and age of the plant), or (3) plants caulescent, internodes well-developed, forming erect or prostrate stems, rarely branching (stem-forming species; this habit corresponds to Diels 1906: 32, fig. 13C). Leaves simple, spirally arranged, rosulate or along distinct internodes, petiolate or rarely sessile, persistent on the stem, green, yellow-orange, red to vinaceous; lamina spatulate, obovate, oblong, lanceolate, or linear in shape (including variations), densely covered by carnivorous glandular emergences (tentacles) on the adaxial surface, glabrous or glandular- and/or eglandular-pilose on both surfaces, tentacles uniform or dimorphic with unifacial marginal glands (“snap-tentacles”) present on the apical margin of the leaves; petiole (if present) linear to (narrowly) cuneate, indumentum usually similar to the noncarnivorous indumentum of the lamina; leaf vernation circinate, circinate-involute, geniculate, geniculate-involute, or entire-involute (see Figs. 2, 3; also see Diels 1906: 16, fig. 5); stipules intrapetiolar, translucent-golden-brown, red or white (often brown in dried specimens), membranaceous, triangular to rectangular, margins entire, laciniate or strongly fimbriate, or reduced to two lateral setae adnate to the petiole base (D. brevifolia), or absent [D. uniflora Willdenow (1809: 340)]. Inflorescence a scorpioid-cyme (simple or branched), multiple-, few- or single-flowered; peduncle lateral or terminal, terete, usually very long, flowers rarely (sub-)sessile [D. amazonica Rivadavia, Fleischmann & Vicentini in Rivadavia et al. (2009: 13)], scape glandular- and/or eglandular-pilose or glabrous; bracts filiform to subulate, caducous, often absent in mature inflorescences; pedicels glandular- and/or eglandular-pilose, or glabrous, erect in flower and fruit, rarely reflexed in fruit (D. amazonica). Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, tetracyclic. Calyx 5-merous, sepals united at the base at different degrees, oblong, ovate, lanceolate, obovate or suborbicular, glandular- and/or eglandular-pilose on the abaxial surface, or glabrous, adaxial surface always glabrous, persistent. Corolla 5-merous, petals free, obovate, pink to white in color, persistent. Androecium 5-staminate, stamens free; anthers extrorse, bithecate, tetrasporangiate, with longitudinal dehiscence; pollen released in tetrads, orange to yellow, rarely white. Gynoecium 3- or 5-merous, syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular, with parietal placentation and numerous ovules; styles 3, with style-arms forked at the base, or styles 5, and entire; stigma simple, bilobate, spatulate, flabellate or multiplebranched. Fruit a dehiscent dry capsule, 3- or 5-valvate, globose or ellipsoid or cup-shaped [in D. kaieteurensis, D. felix Steyermark & Smith (1974: 491), D. solaris]. Seeds numerous, brown to black, ovoid, oblong, ellipsoid, fusiform or rectangular, testa reticulated, foveolate or papillose., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 560 pp.","Fleischmann, A., Cross, A. T., Gibson, R., Gonella, P. M. & Dixon, K. W. (2018 a) Systematics and Evolution of Droseraceae. In: Ellison, A. & Adamec, L. (Eds.) Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, p. 45 - 57. http: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oso / 9780198779841.001.0001","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Willdenow, C. L. von (1809) Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis, pt. 1. Libraria Scholae, Berlin, 592 pp.","Rivadavia, F., Vicentini, A. & Fleischmann, A. (2009) A new species of sundew (Drosera, Droseraceae), with water-dispersed seed, from the floodplains of the northern Amazon Basin, Brazil. Ecotropica 15: 13 - 21.","Steyermark, J. A. & Smith, L. B. (1974) A new Drosera from Venezuela. Rhodora 76: 491 - 493."]}

18. Drosera latifolia (Eichler in Martius & Eichler 1872: 395) Gonella & Rivadavia in Gonella et al. (2014: 21). Figures 5a, 17g –i ≡ D. villosa var. latifolia Eichler in Martius & Eichler (1872: 395). Lectotype (designated by Silva & Giulietti 1997):— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Serra dos Órgãos, 13 December 1869, Glaziou 3868 (R-000008849!; isolectotypes K-000432551!, P-00706179!, P-05113030!). = Drosera villosa var. bifurca Buxbaum (1924: 119). Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: prope Campo Grande inter Santos et urben S. Paulo, 750 m, 1902, M. Wacket s.n. (holotype WU-0045462 image!; isotype W-1924-0004935!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent, rarely with short upright columns up to 10 cm long. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, petioles much to slightly shorter than the lamina, transversely flat and 1–3(–4) mm wide, adaxial petiole surface glabrous to glabrescent; lamina lanceolate, oblong, or broad to narrowly oblong-lanceolate (oblong-elliptic); stipules rectangular in outline, apical half to third fimbriate. Scape erect at the base, base glabrous to sparsely eglandularpilose, apex glandular-pilose. Flowers with petals 5.0– 8.5 mm long, pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds fusiform, 0.8–1 mm long, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2014). Illustrations: —Eichler (1872: t. 91, fig. 1—habit and details—as D. villosa); Buxbaum (1924: 120, 121 figs. 1, 2—habit and calyx—as D. villosa var. bifurca); Gonella et al. (2014: 23, 24, figs. 11, 12—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: ES, MG, RJ, SP; South: PR, SC), endemic (Fig. 5a). Found on the Serra do Mar, Serra da Mantiqueira and Espinhaço Range mountain complexes. Habitat: —On the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, D. latifolia can be found growing in campos de altitude vegetation and in open, sometimes disturbed, highland areas, usually on thin layers of organic matter over rocks or on red clayish soils, while in the Espinhaço Range it grows in campos rupestres, on islands of vegetation along streams, in sandy or peat-based soils. Drosera latifolia is one of the few Brazilian species that can also be found growing semishaded along river margins inside riparian forests. Found at elevations between 700–2550 m. Phenology:— The flowering period varies across the range of D. latifolia: September to February on the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, and June to September (December) on the Espinhaço Range with a secondary flowering peak in February–March. Conservation status: —Least Concern(LC). Drosera latifolia is widely distributed(AOO= 200 km 2, EOO= 478,427 km 2) and common. It is found within several National Parks (Caparaó, Itatiaia, Sempre-Vivas, Serra da Bocaina, Serra dos Órgãos) and the State Parks of Pico do Itambé, Rio Preto and Serra do Cabral in Minas Gerais state, and Ilha do Cardoso and Serra do Mar in São Paulo state. Discussion: — Drosera latifolia belongs to the D. villosa alliance (Gonella et al. 2014), being most similar to D. villosa, from which it is distinguished by petiole usually much shorter than lamina (Fig. 17g, h; vs. slightly shorter to equal in length), adaxial petiole surface and scape base glabrous to only sparsely eglandular-pilose (Fig. 17g; vs. densely eglandular-pilose). The species is also vegetatively similar to D. chimaera, but is distinguished by characters discussed under that species. Drosera latifolia is highly variable regarding leaf shape (Fig. 17g, h) and indumentum, with six geographical morphotypes recognized by Gonella et al. (2014). Sterile hybrids with D. tomentosa were observed at a few localities on the Espinhaço Range (Gonella et al. 2014: 11, fig. 5B, D, E; see under ‘Natural Hybrids’). Specimens examined: —For a complete list, see Gonella et al. (2014: 28–30). Additional specimen examined:— BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: São Roque do Canaã, Alto Misterioso, 15 November 2004, Fontana et al. 1072 (MBML)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Martius, C. F. P. von & Eichler, A. G. (1872) Flora Brasiliensis 14 (2). Typographia Regia, Munich, 418 pp. + 91 tabs.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Buxbaum, F. (1924) Diagnosen neuer Pflanzen aus Sud-Brasilien I. Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 73: 119 - 122."]}

6. Drosera capillaris Poiret (1804: 299). Figures 4b, 10g –i Type: — USA. Caroline [Carolina], no date, Bosc s.n. (holotype P-00749145!). ≡ Drosera rotundifolia var. capillaris (Poir.) Eaton & Wright (1840: 230). = Drosera tenella Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes (1820: 763). Lectotype: — VENEZUELA. Sucre: Cumaná, in la Chuchilla de Guanaguana in via Caripensi, Humboldt & Bonpland 216 [B-W06248- 010!, first-step lectotype designated by Duno de Stefano (1995), second-step lectotype designated here; isolectotypes B-100272058!, P-00679675!). = Drosera tenella Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (1823: 391), nom. illeg. superfl. = Drosera brevifolia var. major Hooker (1834: 194). Type:— USA. [Louisiana], New Orleans, no date, Drummond 29 (holotype K). = Drosera capillaris var. minor Shuttlew. ex Planchon (1848: 194). Lectotype (designated here):— USA. Florida: in Bergwiesen bei Monte Vernon [in montane meadows near Mt. Vernon (today’s Chattahoochee)], Aug 1843, F. Rugel 662 (BM-013839833 image!; isolectotypes GH-01143495 image!, RSA-0123640 image!). ≡ Drosera minor [auct. non Schumacher 1827: 167)] (Shuttlew. ex Planchon) Wood (1861: 251). = Drosera communis var. breviscapa C.Wright ex Grisebach (1866: 12). Lectotype (designated by Correa & Silva 2005):— CUBA. Wright 1902 (US-00642066!; isolectotypes BM-000645946!, G-00301950 image!, G-00301949 image!, GH, K-000432525!, MO-2032287!!, NY-00468678!, NY-00468680!). = Drosera communis var. cubensis Gómez (1890: 223) nom. inval. Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, sparsely eglandular-pilose mostly on abaxial leaf surface and petiole margins, petioles with narrow lateral wings, lamina suborbicular to obovate; stipule rectangular in outline, divided into laciniate segments from near the base. Scapes with erect base; scapes, pedicels and sepals glabrous (covered by minute sessile glands only); pedicels very short, equal to or shorter than half sepal length; sepals ovate, apex rounded to obtuse, fused up to half length, erect in fruit; petals light pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa papillose, papillae arranged in longitudinal rows. Illustrations: — Diels (1906: 87, figs. 31C–F—leaf, stipule, gynoecium, seed); Hamet (1907: t. II, fig. 10—seed); Silva & Giulietti (1997: 97, figs. 11A–I—habit and details), Duno de Stefano & Culham (1998: 701, fig. 553—habit and leaf). Distribution: —Widespread in the Americas, albeit showing a disjunct range. It occurs in North America in the southeastern United States and southeastern Mexico; Central America and Antilles in Belize, Honduras, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago; and in South America in Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil (North: AM, AP, PA, RR; Southeast: SP; South: PR, RS, SC; Fig. 4b), and Uruguay. A previous record for Paraguay (Correa & Silva 2005) corresponds to D. communis [specimen Hassler 6807 (MO!, NY!)]. A previous record of “ D. capillaris ” for Costa Rica (Gómez & Gómez-Laurito 1998; Correa & Silva 2005) based on the specimen Gómez 25914 (F! USJ image!) corresponds to the Japanese D. tokaiensis (Komiya & Shibata 1978: 192) Nakamura & Ueda (1991: 136), based on plant material cultivated at the Jardín Botánico R. & C. Wilson, Las Cruces, Costa Rica (Gómez & Gómez-Laurito 1998); hence a mix-up of field-collected material with the widely cultivated D. tokaiensis seems to have occurred. Therefore, no trustable records of D. capillaris exist for Costa Rica. Habitat: —In South and Southeast Brazil, D. capillaris is commonly found in large populations on coastal open plain areas in sandy soils (restingas) at sea level, while in North Brazil it occurs in lowland open wet savannas, also in (seasonally) wet sandy soils. Often seen growing as a ruderal in disturbed, wet, oligotrophic areas within its range. Phenology:—Found with flowers year-round in the tropics. Conservation status: — Least Concern (LC). Drosera capillaris is widespread and common (Brazil: AOO= 196 km 2, EOO= 3,676,408 km 2; global: AOO= 2,512 km 2, EOO= 19,306,449 km 2), often observed in disturbed areas as a ruderal. Found inside the National Parks of Jaú (AM), Viruá (RR) and Superagui (PR), as well as the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (SP) and State Forest of Trombetas (PA). Notes: — Drosera capillaris is morphologically most similar to D. biflora and D. esmeraldae, from which it can be distinguished by characters discussed under D. biflora and outlined in Table 3. This species further shares with D. intermedia the glabrous scapes, pedicels and sepals, very short pedicels (Fig. 10h), as well as seeds with papillose testa, but can be distinguished (at least in Brazilian specimens) by leaves decumbent with winged petioles and suborbicular to obovate lamina (Fig. 10g; vs. leaves semi-erect, with narrow and not-winged petioles and narrowly obovate lamina), scape with erect base (vs. curved), and seed testa with papillae arranged in longitudinal rows (vs. randomly distributed). The species presents wide variation regarding overall plant size, leaf orientation and length throughout its entire distribution across the Americas. Two main morphotypes can be recognized: one with upright leaves and long petioles, found only in the northern range of the species, in the USA, Central America and Antilles (fitting the type specimen); and another with compact rosettes, with decumbent leaves and shorter petioles, found more or less throughout the species’ range (Fig. 10g; “fitting Willdenow’s” D. tenella). Intermediates between the two morphotypes are often found, but in Brazil plants from both the northern and southern distribution ranges are somewhat uniform and fit the D. tenella description and type. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if these two morphotypes represent different taxa or just a single, variable species. Drosera capillaris var. brasiliensis Diels (1906: 87) was described based on a mixtum of specimens of D. capillaris (e.g., Gaudichaud 267), D. intermedia (Saint-Hilaire B2-204bis), and D. grantsaui Rivadavia (2003: 82) (Glaziou 21121), all of which represent original material. However, the type specimen selected by Diels (1906) clearly represents D. intermedia, having semi-erect leaves with long, narrow petioles and curved base of the scape (see under that species). Therefore, this name is here placed under synonymy of D. intermedia, in discordance with Correa & Silva (2005). The designated lectotype of Drosera capillaris var. minor (BM-013839833) is the only one one among the syntypes which has Rugel’s original handwritten label (in German) and the collector’s number, in contrast to the typewritten labels in Latin added by Shuttlewort to all duplicates (which constitute syntypes). Hence, that BM gathering is selected as the lectotype here. Planchon (1848) validated Shuttleworth’s manuscript name “ var. minor ” that was written on the herbarium labels but never had been published by Shuttleworth himself. It is obvious that Planchon studied the material from the respective Rugel gathering in the private herbarium of R.J. Shuttleworth (1810–1874) long before that was distributed post mortem to BM. BM received its set of the Shuttleworth herbarium in 1877 (N. Holstein, pers. comm.), from where duplicates have been distributed to other herbaria. Wood’s (1861) Drosera minor is a late homonym of Schumacher’s (1827), which is a synonym of D. indica Linnaeus (1753: 282). Wood’s work “A Class-book of Botany” was first published in 1845 but had several editions over the following years (Merrill 1948), with the name D. minor only appearing in the 1861 edition. Drosera communis var. cubensis was published without a diagnosis or a description, failing to meet Art. 38.1 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018), rendering it an invalid name. For typification of D. tenella, see under D. biflora. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amapá: Oiapoque, Airfield, 25 April 1960, Egler 1418 (NY). Amazonas: Parque Nacional de Jaú, 03 September 1998, Vicentini 1371 (SPF). PARÁ: Óbidos, FLOTA Trombetas, comunidade Jaramacaru, 11 June 2019, Barbosa-Silva et al. 1129 (MG). Paraná: Guaratuba, Brejatuba, 26 October 2013, Barboza 4079 (MBM). Guaraqueçaba, PARNA do Superagui, 16 November 2013, Brotto et al. 1437 (MBM). Santa Catarina: Insel St. Catharina, 1835, Gaudichaud 267 (B), Torfsümpfe zwischen Pronia comprimida u. São José [peat bogs between...], January 1887, Ule s.n. (HBG); February 1887, Ule s.n. (US); Sümpfe der [bogs of] Campos bei [near] Laguna, January 1889, Ule s.n. (HBG); Florianópolis, 11 September 2004, Rivadavia 1866 (SPF). São Paulo: Bertioga, praia de Guaratuba, 05 November 2008, Gonella 176 (SPF). Cananéia, Ilha Comprida, 15 April 1987, Falkenberg & Souza 4913 (FLOR). Juréia, 11 October 1988, Simão-Bianchini 58 (SPF). Rio Grande do Sul: Butiazal de Tapes, Fazenda São Miguel, 28 November 2011, Marchi et al. 3249 (HECT, SPF). Roraima: Pacaraima, km 685 da BR-174, 25 May 2007, Rivadavia 2563 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Poiret, J. L. M. de (1804) Rossolis. Drosera. In: Poiret, J. L. M. de, Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique, Vol. 6 (1). Paris: 298 - 302.","Eaton, A. & Wright, J. (1840) North American Botany, 8 th edition. Elias Gates, New York, 625 pp.","Roemer, J. J. & Schultes, J. A. (1820) Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species 6. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae. I - VIII, I - LXXI, 856 pp.","Kunth, K. S. (1823) Droseraceae. In: Humboldt, F. W. H. A. von, Bonpland, A. J. A. & Kunth, K. S. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5 (23): 390 - 391 + Tab 490.","Planchon, J. E. (1848) Sur la famille des Droseracees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, ser. 3 (9): 79 - 98.","Schumacher, H. C. F. (1827) Beskrivelse af Guineeiske Planter. Trykt I Hartv. Frid Pops Bogtrykkerie, Kjobenhavn, 466 pp.","Wood, A. (1861) A Class-Book of Botany: being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants; with A Flora of the United States and Canada. A. S. Barnes & Burr, New York, 832 pp.","Grisebach, A. (1866) Catalogus plantarum cubensium exhibens collectionem Wrightianam aliasque minores ex insula Cuba missas. Gulielmum Engelmann, Lipsae, 301 pp.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Hamet, M. R. (1907) Observations sur le genre Drosera. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54: 26 - 38 + 52 - 76.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1998) Droseraceae. In: Steyermark, J. A., Berry, P. E. & Holst, B. K. (eds.) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, pp. 697 - 703.","Komiya S. & Shibata C. (1978) Distribution of the Droseraceae in Japan. Bulletin of Nippon Dental University, General Education 7: 165 - 205.","Nakamura T. & Ueda K. (1991) Phytogeography of Tokai Hilly Land Element II. Taxonomic study of Drosera tokaiensis (Komiya & C. Shibata) T. Nakamura & Ueda (Droseraceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 42: 125 - 137.","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 560 pp.","Merrill, E. D. (1948) Unlisted new names in Alphonso Wood's botanical publications. Rhodora 50 (593): 101 - 130. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 23303885]","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

2. Drosera ascendens Saint-Hilaire (1826: 268). Figures 6a, 9c–e Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra de Curumatahy dans le District des Diamans [Serra de Curimataí (Buenópolis) in the Distrito Diamantino], s.d. [September 1817 according to protologue], Saint-Hilaire B1-1988 (lectotype P-578094!; isolectotypes P-578098!, P-00672083!, B-100272061!). ≡ Drosera adscendens A.St. -Hil. ex Planchon (1848: 195) nom. inval. (orthographical variant) Perennial, forming columns up to 12.5 cm long. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, lanceolate, abaxial leaf surface densely covered with white eglandular trichomes; petioles only slightly shorter than the lamina (longer than 1/3 of leaf length), adaxial petiole surface glabrous, margins revolute; stipules rectangular in outline, apical third fimbriate. Scape with curved base (ascending). Scape, pedicels and sepals densely covered by long (up to 1.8 mm long) red glandular trichomes, increasing in size and density towards the base of the scape. Flowers with petals ca. 8 mm long, pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base, ca. 4 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Gonella et al. (2014: 14, fig. 6—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic. Found in central Minas Gerais (Fig. 6a), D. ascendens was previously only known from the northern portion of the Diamantina Plateau (Gonella et al. 2014), but new records extended its distribution further North along the Espinhaço Range, in the municipalities of Olhos D’Água and Itacambira (E. Gomes & A. Peres, pers. comm.). Habitat: —Seasonally wet to moist areas in campo rupestre vegetation, in sandy soils, between 730–1300 m a.s.l. Phenology: —Collected with flowers between July to September, with sparse individuals found in flower in November. Conservation status: —Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Drosera ascendens presents a restricted occurrence (EOO= 931 km 2; AOO= 32 km 2), and although it can be found inside the recently created Sempre-Vivas National Park, it is threatened by reduction of habitat quality and habitat loss by cattle ranching, invasive grasses and anthropogenic fires. Furthermore, this and other campos rupestres endemic species are severely threatened by climate change, which may dramatically reduce the suitable area for this vegetation type in the next few decades (Fernandes et al. 2014, Barbosa & Fernandes 2016), posing a threat to habitat quality, number of locations and population size. It was previously considered as DD by Gonella et al. (2014), but new data from specimens and field observations support the conservation status proposed here. Notes: — Drosera ascendens belongs to the D. villosa species affinity, which was recently revised by Gonella et al. (2014). According to that work, the species is distinct from all other members of the affinity by the lanceolate leaves with petioles only slightly shorter than the lamina, adaxial petiole surface glabrous, abaxial leaf surface densely eglandular-pilose, curved (ascending) base of the scape (Fig. 9c), the scape, pedicels and sepals densely covered by long glandular trichomes (Fig. 9d), comparatively larger petals and styles (Fig. 9e), and ellipsoid seeds. The species was only recently rediscovered (Gonella et al. 2014), 188 years after being described by SaintHilaire (1826). Before that, the name D. ascendens was mistakenly adopted in previous works (Rivadavia et al. 2003, Rivadavia 2005, 2009) and by carnivorous plant enthusiasts when addressing the morphologically similar D. latifolia. Drosera ascendens was considered a synonym of D. villosa by Diels (1906) and in all subsequent taxonomic treatments until its re-establishment by Gonella et al. (2014). Planchon (1848) incorrectly used the spelling “ D. adscendens ” when referring to this species, which was followed by Eichler (1872) in Flora Brasiliensis. The name represents an orthographical variant (typographical error) and hence constitutes an invalid name under Art. 61 (Turland et al. 2018). A small number of seeds of D. ascendens were found in herbarium specimens, while none were observed in situ or in cultivated specimens. In situ observations by PMG and AF also revealed a high clonal reproduction of this species through root sprouts. Further investigation is needed to better understand the reproduction biology of this species. Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Inhaí, July 2010, Peres Júnior 27 (UB); ibid., 05 September 2011, Gonella et al. 462 (SPF, BHCB). Buenópolis, Parque Nacional das Sempre Vivas, 04 September 2011, Gonella et al. 454 (BHCB, P, RB, SPF), Gonella et al. 455 (SPF), Gonella et al. 460 (M, MO, RB, SPF); ibid., 08 March 2013, Gonella et al. 603 (SPF), Gonella et al. 607 (SPF), Gonella et al. 612 (SPF); ibid., 03 September 2014, Gonella et al. 734 (SPF), Gonella et al. 742 (SPF), Gonella et al. 746 (SPF); ibid., 04 September 2014, Gonella et al. 752 (SPF), Gonella et al. 753 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Planchon, J. E. (1848) Sur la famille des Droseracees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, ser. 3 (9): 79 - 98.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1","Fernandes G. W., Barbosa N. P. U., Negreiros D. & Paglia A. P. (2014) Challenges for the conservation of vanishing megadiverse rupestrian grasslands. Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution 12: 162 - 165. http: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ncon. 2014.08.003","Barbosa N. P. U., Fernandes G. W. (2016) Rupestrian grassland: past, present and future distribution. In: Fernandes, G. W. (ed.) Ecology and conservation of mountaintop grasslands in Brazil. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, pp. 531 - 544. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 29808 - 5 _ 22","Rivadavia, F., Kondo, K., Kato, M. & Hasebe, M. (2003) Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18 S ribosomal DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 90: 123 - 130. http: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 90.1.123","Rivadavia, F. (2005) New chromosome numbers for Drosera L. (Droseraceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34: 85 - 91.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

30. Drosera tomentosa Saint-Hilaire (1826: 261). Figures 7e, 22a–d Lectotype (designated by Rivadavia et al. 2014: 163):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Marais près Itambé, Cap. des Mines [marsh near Itambé (current municipality of Itambé do Mato Dentro), Minas Gerais], s.d., Saint-Hilaire M 378 [lectotype P-749166!, fifth specimen from left; isolectotypes P-00749166! (individual plants indicated on sheet), P-00749167!, P-04962569!, K-000432538! (the two plants on the top right), MPU-012262 image!]. ≡ D. montana var. tomentosa (Saint-Hilaire 1826: 261) Diels (1906: 89). = Drosera tomentosa var. glabrata Saint-Hilaire (1826: 262). Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: cueilli près Milho verde par Laruotte [collected near Milho Verde (current municipality of Serro) by Laruotte], s.d., Saint-Hilaire M-476 (P-749168!; isolectotypes MPU image!, P-749169!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming short, prostrated columns up to 2 cm tall. Leaves decumbent, with circinate vernation, obovate to oblong-obovate (rarely oblong), with wide petioles (0.4–3.0 mm in width), apical tentacles usually inconspicuously distinct and in number of 5–9, up to 5 mm long, stalk up to 0.3 mm wide at base, with rectangular-linear head up to 0.6 mm long; stipules rectangular in outline, apical 1/2 to 1/3 fimbriate or divided into three unequal fimbriate segments. Scape erect at the base, glandular trichomes absent in the basal third of scape; sepals narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–3.0 × 0.6–1.3 mm; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid to ellipsoid, testa reticulate (based on Rivadavia et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Ferrero & Mello-Silva (2011: 15, figs. 1D–F—habit and details— D. tomentosa var. glabrata); Rivadavia et al. (2014: 169, 170, figs. 11, 12—habit and details, both varieties). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA, SE; Central-West: GO; Southeast: MG), endemic. The core distribution of D. tomentosa occurs along the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais and Bahia, but also extending further south to the northern tip of the Serra da Mantiqueira (Serra do Ibitipoca), southwest to the Serra da Canastra (MG), west to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (GO), east to the Pico da Aliança and Serra do Padre Ângelo (MG), and finally northeast to coastal Bahia and the Serra de Itabaiana highlands (SE; Fig. 7e). Habitat: — Drosera tomentosa is found in a wide range of habitats in wet areas of campos rupestres vegetation where it occurs at elevations between 700–2050 m, in sandy to peaty soils and also in cracks of sandstone. It also extends to sea level in restinga vegetation of coastal Bahia, where it grows in sandy soils. Drosera tomentosa is one of the few Brazilian species that can also be found growing semi-shaded inside riparian forests along river margins, adjacent to campos rupestres vegetation. Phenology: —Mostly collected in flower between June and September, with occasional individuals flowering year-round. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera tomentosa is widespread and probably the most common sundew species of the campos rupestres of eastern Brazil (AOO= 188 km 2, EOO= 700,677 km 2), where it occurs in several National Parks (Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Sempre-Vivas, Serra da Canastra, Serra do Cipó) and State Parks (MG: Biribiri, Botumirim, Grão Mogol, Ibitipoca, Pico do Itambé, Rio Preto, Serra do Cabral, Serra do Intendente, Serra Nova; BA: Sete Passagens). Notes: — Drosera tomentosa is most similar to D. montana, but is distinguished by the flowering period (June to September vs. December to March), lack of a dormancy period (vs. dormancy from May to November), obovate to oblong-obovate leaves (vs. oblong to spatulate), lack of glandular trichomes on the basal 1/3 of scape, then present and increasing in size and density towards the apex (vs. glandular trichomes uniform in size and density from base to apex of the scape), and scapes densely eglandular-pilose (but not always, see below). Drosera tomentosa and D. tomentosa var. glabrata were re-established from synonymy of D.montana by Rivadavia et al. (2014), following Saint-Hilaire’s (1826) original taxonomic circumscriptions. However, recent taxonomic works dealing with delimitation of Drosera species have generally opted to discontinue the application of infraspecific ranks, either by raising varieties and subspecies to species rank or by placing these under synonymy (Lowrie 2014, Gonella et al. 2014), often describing the variation as geographical morphotypes (this work, Gonella et al. 2014, Rivadavia et al. 2014). The adoption of morphotypes instead of varieties is a way to better reflect the subtle morphological variation observed within a species when there is no data to support the monophyly of this variation in an infraspecific category. Such is the case with D. tomentosa, which presents a continuum of variation regarding the presence and distribution of eglandular trichomes on the scape, from absent to densely tomentose (Rivadavia et al. 2014). Therefore, in order to be consistent with previous works that have adopted morphotypes to describe the variation within D. latifolia (Gonella et al. 2014) and D. montana (Rivadavia et al. 2014), as well as D. hirtella and D. schwackei in the current work, we here accept D. tomentosa with no varieties and with two morphotypes instead. i. “ Type morphotype”: previously D. tomentosa var. tomentosa (Rivadavia et al. 2014), this morphotype is characterized by scapes densely eglandular-pilose on the basal half, decreasing in density towards the apex. This morphotype is the most common in the northern and eastern ranges of the species, especially on the Chapada Diamantina. Found in Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Sergipe. ii. “glabrate morphotype”: previously D. tomentosa var. glabrata (Rivadavia et al. 2014), this morphotype is characterized by scapes exclusively glandular-pilose from base to apex (eglandular trichomes absent) to sparsely eglandular-pilose on the basal third of the scape. It is the most common morphotype in the southern and western distribution of the species. Found in Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Goiás. Both morphotypes are sympatric and often syntopic on the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, where individuals with intermediate features can be occasionally found (for a distribution map of the varieties, see Rivadavia et al. 2014: 164). Drosera tomentosa is known to form natural hybrids with D. grantsaui (namely D. × fontinalis, see below under this nothotaxon), and occasionally also with D. latifolia and D. villosa (Gonella et al. 2014). Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia et al. (2014: 166–168). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Pindobaçu, Serra da Fumaça, Poço das Estrelas, 11 October 2019, Souza & Leodegário 77 (HURB). Minas Gerais: in altis pratis arenosis ad Serra de Grão Mogol, s.d., Martius s.n. (M). Alvarenga, Pico da Aliança, 09 July 2014, Gonella et al. 689 (SPF). Conselheiro Pena, Serra do Padre Ângelo, córrego da Regina, aos pés da Serra do Pinhão, 03 December 2018, Gonella et al. 960 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 61-64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Ferrero, R. & Mello-Silva, R. (2011) Droseraceae do Parque Estadal do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 29 (1): 13 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9052. v 29 i 1 p 13 - 18","Lowrie, A. (2014) Carnivorous Plants of Australia Magnum Opus, Vol. 1. Redfern Natural History, Poole, Dorset, 458 pp.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1"]}

14. Drosera graomogolensis Silva (1997: 85). Figures 6b, 13d–f Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, Córrego da Bonita, subida para o Morro Jambeiro, 800 m, 07 September 1990, Silva et al. CFCR 13506 (holotype SPF-00071286!; isotype RB-00516351!). = Drosera villosa var. graomogolensis T.Silva ex Rivadavia (1995: 135) nom. inval. Perennial, rosetted, column forming, columns usually 15–40 mm, but reaching up to 270 mm long, densely covered by marcescent leaves. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, petioles much shorter than the lamina, adaxial petiole surface glabrous, abaxial leaf surface densely eglandular-pilose; stipule rectangular in outline, apical half to third fimbriate. Scape erect (occasionally slightly curved) at the base, densely glandularpilose from base to apex, trichomes short, up to 0.4(–0.5) mm long. Flowers large (petals 7.5–11.0 mm long, pink); gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base, long (4.0– 4.5 mm long). Seeds oblong-ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long, black, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Silva (1997: 86, fig. 1—habit and details); Gonella et al. (2014: 18, fig. 8—habit and details). Distribution:— Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic. Restricted to the northern part of the Espinhaço Range in northern Minas Gerais (Fig. 6b). The species was previously considered endemic to the municipality of Grão Mogol (Silva 1997, Silva et al. 2013), but with the discovery of new sites and herbarium records (see Gonella et al. 2014) it has turned out to be more widespread, also occurring further south in the municipalities of Botumirim and Itacambira. Habitat: —Sandy-peaty soils in seasonally or permanently moist to very wet areas of campos rupestres vegetation. Usually around the edges of seasonal springs in sandy peat-based soil with coarse quartz gravel, shallow sand overlying rocks, and in cracks of quartzite. However, D. graomogolensis is also common along the margins of perennial rivers and streams, seepages and perennially boggy areas associated with Sphagnum carpets, where it forms large and dense populations. Found between 700–1420 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Found in flower from July to October. Conservation status:—Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Both measurements of occurrence (EOO= 1,137.9 km 2, AOO= 60 km 2) suggest the placement of D. graomogolensis in this category of threat, in accordance with Silva et al. (2013). Although occurring inside the Grão Mogol and Botumirim State Parks, D. graomogolensis is widely threatened by habitat transformation for agriculture and cattle ranching purposes, and reduction of habitat quality by invasive grasses and climate change. Notes:— Drosera graomogolensis belongs to the D. villosa affinity (Gonella et al. 2014), being most similar to D. ascendens, from which it is distinguished by leaves with petioles much shorter than the lamina (Fig. 13e), scape with erect base (Fig. 13d; occasionaly slightly curved), and much shorter and less conspicuous glandular trichomes on the scape (up to 0.5 mm long vs. up to 1.8 mm long). The name D. villosa var. graomogolensis was first used in the Master’s thesis of Silva (1994), therefore not constituting an effective publication under Art. 30.9 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018). Although the reproduction of the name in Rivadavia (1995) met the requirement for effective publication, the lack of indication of a type rendered the name invalid (Art. 40.1; Turland et al. 2018) nonetheless. Specimens examined: —For a complete list, see Gonella et al. (2014: 20–21)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Rivadavia, F. (1995) Is the most beautiful Drosera in the world Brazilian? Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 25: 134 - 137.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1","Silva, T. R. S., Penedo, T. S. A. & Borges, R. A. X. (2013) Droseraceae In: Martinelli, G. & Moraes, M. A. (orgs.) Livro vermelho da flora do Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1100 pp.","Silva, T. R. S. (1994) Estudos Taxonomicos de Drosera (Droseraceae) do Brasil. Master thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 127 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

4. Drosera brevifolia Pursh (1813: 211). Figures 4a, 10a–c Lectotype (designated by Wood 1966):—USA. Georgia, Enslen s.n. (PH-00038954 image!, right-hand individual). = Drosera maritima Saint-Hilaire (1826: 264). Lectotype:— URUGUAY. Pão de Assucar [Cerro Pan de Azúcar] dans la Provincia Cisplatina, s.d., Saint-Hilaire C 2-2153bis [lectotype P–00749142!, first-step lectotype designated by Correa & Silva (2005), second-step lectotype designated here; isolectotypes P-00749141!, P-00749143!, MPU-012265 image!]. = Drosera annua Reed (1915: 246). Lectotype (designated here):— USA. Texas: [Brazos Co.,] College Station, s.d., E.L. Reed s.n. (NY-00387794!). = Drosera chiapasensis Matuda (1957: 362). Type:— MEXICO. Chiapas: en orilla de lago, en camino del Rancho de San José del Arco, 22 January 1952, Rzedowski 729 (holotype MEXU image!; isotype ENCB-008567 image!). = Drosera leucantha Shinners (1962: 57). Type:— USA. Georgia: Glynn Co., St. Simons Island, near Brumswick, 11 April 1947, A. Cronquist 4255 (holotype BRIT-23556; isotypes GA-28179 image!, GH-00042391 image!, NY-00387796!, US-1927970!). Seasonal geophyte perennial or biannual, supposedly also annual (Krupa 2019), rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, lamina broadly obovate to cuneate, bilaterally symmetrical, unifacial marginal glands (“snap tentacles”) very conspicuous at the leaf apex; both glandular and eglandular trichomes present on leaves; stipules fully absent or reduced to two small setae adnate to the margins of the leaf base. Scape erect at the base, glandular-pilose towards apex; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid to ellipsoid, testa reticulate. Illustrations: — Saint-Hilaire (1826: t. XXV, fig. B—as Drosera maritima); Silva & Giulietti (1997: 103, fig. 14— habit and details); Duno de Stefano et al. (2001: 10, fig. 1—habit and details). Distribution: — Drosera brevifolia presents a disjunct distribution in the Americas, occurring in North America in the southern and southeastern United States and in southern Mexico; in Central America and the Antilles, it occurs in Belize and in Cuba; and, in South America, in Brazil (Northeast: PE, SE; South: PR, RS, SC; Fig. 4a), in northeastern Argentina, southwestern Paraguay, and in eastern Uruguay. The species was recently first recorded for northeastern Brazil, in Sergipe (Carregosa et al. 2015), and is here first reported for Pernambuco. Habitat: —In southern Brazil, D. brevifolia is commonly found on coastal open areas in sandy soils (restingas) at sea level, and more rarely further inland in field physiognomies (campos gerais) with sandy soil, up to 1200 m a.s.l. In northeastern Brazil, small, isolated populations were recently discovered in wet areas of the Serra de Itabaiana (around 220 m a.s.l.), in Sergipe, and over wet rocks of an inselberg, around 830 m a.s.l., in Pernambuco. Phenology:— In South Brazil, D. brevifolia can be found in flower from August to April, with a peak between September and November, corresponding to early wet season. Data is limited for the Northeast range, with a single specimen collected with flowers in October in Sergipe, corresponding to early dry season. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). In Brazil (Brazil: AOO= 272 km 2, EOO= 775,450 km 2; global: AOO= 1,524 km 2, EOO= 28,853,136 km 2), D. brevifolia is a widespread species (albeit disjunctly), frequently forming numerous and large populations along the coast of southern Brazil, where it can also be found growing in disturbed, ruderal (yet oligotrophic) habitats. However, its distribution in Northeastern Brazil seems to be very restricted to fragile environments, where further data is necessary to evaluate if it can be categorized under some degree of threat locally. It is found inside the Aparados da Serra (RS) and Serra de Itabaiana (SE) National Parks. Notes: — Drosera brevifolia is unique among the Brazilian taxa in having stipules reduced to two filiform lateral setae, or completely absent. It is also the only Brazilian species of D. sect. Drosera to present both glandular and eglandular trichomes on the leaves. Drosera maritima was described by Saint-Hilaire (1826) based on two different specimens, from different localities (C2-1804 and C2-2153bis). Correa & Silva (2005) designated the specimen “ C2-2153 ” [sic!] at P as the lectotype, however, a close inspection of Saint-Hilaire’s field notebook and the two specimens revealed that the labels with the locality data are switched. According to Saint-Hilaire’s notebook, the specimen C2-1804 was collected in Araranguá (Santa Catarina, South Brazil), while the specimen C2-2153bis (written only “C2-2153” on the specimen’s main label, but correctly written on the small labels attached to the plants) was collected in the “Pão de Assucar, prov. Cisplatina [Uruguay]”. Finally, many duplicates of the specimen C2-2153bis are found at P, making it necessary to select a single one as the lectotype (ICN Art. 9.17; Turland et al. 2018); we thus designate here as the (second-step) lectotype the specimen to which Saint-Hilaire’s handwritten description is attached. In the list of examined specimens of D. maritima in the Flora Brasiliensis treatment, Eichler (1872: 391) mentions a dwarf form (“ cum forma nana ”) when referring to the specimen Sellow 2266 (B100272047!). While this could be interpreted as the publication of a name under the taxonomic rank of forma (Schlauer 2021), it is clear that Eichler (1782) had no intention of doing so by the lack of a heading and a diagnosis for such name, both of which are given as standard practice when a new name is published in the Flora Brasiliensis. This is further supported by the observation of the examined specimens of D. villosa (Eichler 1982: 395), where the statements inside parentheses are descriptions of specimens with divergent/abberant morphology. The Cuban Drosera moaensis Panfet (1991: 27), although not listed as a synonym of D. brevifolia by Correa & Silva (2005), was considered as such in the comments under that species in the Flora Neotropica treatment. However, after examination of the isotypes at B and K, it is clear that both species are not conspecific and that D. moaensis represents an independent taxon but further information will be provided in a seperate study. Drosera annua and D. leucantha are synonyms of D. brevifolia (Mellichamp 2015). Reed (1915), when describing D. annua, did not mention a type, but instead indicated that he had based his description on specimens collected by himself that were sent to NY, MO, US, and BKL. Among these syntypes, we have chosen the specimen NY-00387794 as a lectotype as it is the most complete specimen and also bears a letter from E.L. Reed to J.K. Small (at the time curator at NY) indicating that, if the species was to be recognized as new, he would name it “annualia”. Although other specimens collected by E.L. Reed were studied (e.g., NY-00387795, US-00331616), it is not possible to ascertain if these represent the same gathering, therefore these are considered remaining syntypes. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Palmeira, Rio das Pombas, 25 November 2006, Rivadavia & Rohrbacher 2445 (SPF). Pernambuco: Agrestina, inselbergue Pedra Cabeça de Velho, 832 m, no date, Gomes et al. 446 (IPA, RB, UFP). Santa Catarina: “Araranguá, sur les confins de prov. de St. Catherine et Rio Grande”, Saint-Hilaire C 2-1804 (P-00749144!—original material of D. maritima). Laguna, terreno baldio beirando estrada de terra para o norte da cidade, 06 September 2004, Rivadavia 1857 (SPF). Sergipe: Areia Branca, Serra de Itabaiana, 220 m, 12 October 2007, Amorim et al. 144 (ASE, RB, UFP). Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo, October 1941, Leite 541 (NY)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Wood, C. E. (1966) On the identity of Drosera brevifolia. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 47 (2): 89 - 99.","Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Reed, E. L. (1915) Drosera annua sp. nov. Torreya 15 (11): 246 - 247. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 40595528]","Shinners, L. H. (1962) Drosera (Droseraceae) in the southeastern United States: an interim report. Sida 1 (1): 53 - 59.","Krupa, J. J. (2019) Scientific note: Facultative perenniality in the dwarf sundew (Drosera brevifolia). Castanea 84 (2): 255 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.2179 / 0008 - 7475.84.2.255","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Carregosa, T., Menezes, A. B. de & Farinaccio, M. A. (2015) Droseraceae. In: Prata, A. P. N., Farias, M. C. V. & Landim, M. F. (eds.) Flora de Sergipe, Vol. 2. Editora Criacao, Aracaju, pp. 178 - 181.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Schlauer, J. (2021) Carnivorous Plant Database. Available from: http: // www. omnisterra. com / bot / cp _ home. cgi (accessed 12 July 2021).","Panfet V., C. (1991) Una nueva especie del genero Drosera L. Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional XII: 27 - 29.","Mellichamp, T. L. (2015) Droseraceae Salisbury. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Eds.) Flora of North America north of Mexico 6. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 418 - 425."]}

7. Drosera cayennensis Sagot ex Diels (1906: 86). Figures 4c, 11a–c Lectotype: — FRENCH GUIANA. Bei Cayenne in der Savana [only on the B specimen, the P and K specimens just denote “Cayenne”], 1859, (Herb. Sagot No 1228) Leprieur s.n. [P-749150! first-step lectotype designated by Duno de Stefano & Culham (1995), secondstep lectotype designated here; isolectotypes B-6813!, K-000432533!, P-749149!]. = Drosera sanariapoana Steyermark (1952: 243). Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: wet savanna, vicinity of Sanariapo, near Río Sanariapo, tributary of Orinoco, 08 September 1944, Steyermark 58472 (holotype F-0055165!; isotypes NY-00328844!, VEN-31269 image!). = Drosera colombiana Fernández (1965: 226). Type: — COLOMBIA. Meta: Llanos de San Martín, en sabana, July 1948, Dryander 3019 (holotype US-1933748!; isotype COL-100577 fragm. image!). = Drosera panamensis Correa & Taylor (1976: 390). Type: — PANAMA. Veraguas: La Yegunda, Altos de Baltazar y el Veladero, 650 m, 04 August 1976, Correa et al. 2215 (holotype PMA-54042 image!; isotypes CHR, COL-000001433 image!, DUKE-10000516 image!, F-0055160!, K-000432557!, MEXU-00206621 image!, MO-176758!, NSW, U-0001634 image!, US-00100651!). = Drosera pumila Santos (1986: 305, as “ pumilla ”). Type: — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Cataqui-Iamain, Campo dos Urupás, December 1918, Kuhlmann 1987 (holotype R-000027694!). Seasonal geophyte perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, lamina obovate to obovate-cuneate; stipule rectangular in outline, divided into laciniate segments from near the base. Scape erect at the base, short, 2.5–8.0 cm long, 1–4(–8)-flowered, densely to sparsely eglandularpilose from base to apex, occasionally also sparsely glandular-pilose towards the apex; sepals lanceolate, united at the very base, exclusively eglandular-pilose, or both glandular- and eglandular-pilose, the glandular trichomes shorter and sparser than the eglandular, reflexed in the fruit; petals light pink to white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa foveolate. Illustrations: —Duno de Stefano (1995: 81, figs. 1h–m—habit and details); Silva & Giulietti (1997: 97, figs. 11J–S— habit and details). Distribution: —Central America: Costa Rica, Panama; South America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru, Brazil (North: AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, RR, TO; Central-West: DF, GO, MT; Fig. 4c), and Bolivia. The distribution here presented for D. cayennensis in Brazil is much broader than previously reported for this species, which was so far only recorded from the states of Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia (Correa & Silva 2005, Silva 2010). It is also first reported for Costa Rica. Habitat: —Sandy and clayish soils in seasonally wet areas of savanna in the Cerrado and Amazon Rainforest domains, and also in campo rupestre vegetation in sandy-clayish soils with quartz gravel. Found from sea level to 1600 m a.s.l. Phenology:— In Brazil, D. cayennensis has been found with flowers between December and March, which corresponds to the wet season. The species survives underground as dormant roots during the dry season, usually from April to September, when its presence is completely imperceptible. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera cayennensis is a widespread species found in large populations across its range (Brazil: AOO= 92 km 2, EOO= 3,826,685 km 2; global: AOO= 256 km 2, EOO= 7,484,077 km 2). The species is, however, threatened by the expansion of agriculture and habitat transformation for cattle ranching. In Brazil, it occurs inside protected areas in the National Parks of the Campos Amazônicos (AM, RO), Chapada dos Guimarães (MT), Chapada dos Veadeiros (GO) and Viruá (RR), as well as in the State Park of Xingu (MT) and the State Forest of Trombetas (PA). Notes: — Drosera cayennensis presents a vegetative morphology very similar to that of D. hirtella Saint-Hilaire (1826: 262) and D. lutescens ( Saint-Hilaire 1826: 263) Gonella, Rivadavia & A.Fleischm., but is easily distinguished from those species by the shorter scapes up to 8 cm long (vs. longer scapes usually longer than 10 cm long), with erect base (Fig. 11b; vs. arcuate base), exclusively eglandular-pilose from base to apex to sometimes also glandular-pilose towards the apex (vs. always both glandular and eglandular-pilose), eglandular trichomes white (vs. red in D. hirtella), sepals lanceolate and united only at the very base (vs. elliptic and united at basal 1/3), petals light pink to white (Fig. 11c; vs. pink), and seeds with foveolate testa (vs. reticulate). The species shows a high variability regarding its scape indumentum, from densely and exclusively eglandularpilose to sparsely eglandular-pilose at the base, becoming densely (and sometimes exclusively) glandular-pilose at the apex. Such variability is especially visible in the southern range of this species, in Central-West Brazil (GO, DF, MT). This could perhaps be a result of introgression between this species and D. lutescens and/or D. hirtella. Suspected hybrids between D. cayennensis and D. hirtella have been observed at one site near Cristalina, Goiás, but it is unknown if these hybrids are fertile (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below for specimens and photograph). Correa & Silva (2005) placed D. pumila under synonymy of D. montana, however, leaf and sepal morphology, as well as scape indumentum are coherent with the inclusion of this name under D. cayennensis synonymy, as first suggested by Rivadavia (2005) and further supported by the morphological studies of Rivadavia et al. (2014). For the present work, the holotype of D. pumila was thoroughly examined and no difference was observed between this taxon and the exclusively eglandular-pilose morphotype (representing the type) of D. cayennensis. In discordance with Correa & Silva (2005: 48), who claimed the type material to be missing and probably lost at R (“probablemente esté extraviado”), the holotype of D. pumila was found and personally studied at R by the current authors, making superfluous the lectotypification of the illustration in Santos (1986) by Correa & Silva (2005). The original spelling “ pumilla ” of the epithet by Santos (1986) is a misspelling of the Latin word “ pumila ” (meaning “dwarf”; correctly spelled in the handwritten label attached to the holotype), therefore it is an orthographic error correctable under ICN Art. 60.1 (Turland et al. 2018), without the need for conservation of the name. Contrary to Fernández (1965) and based on the analysis of the type material of both D. colombiana and D. cayennensis, it was here found that these two taxa share the same scape and sepal indumentum and sepal shape, thus, D. colombiana is also considered a synonym of D. cayennensis (as already proposed by Duno de Stefano & Culham 1995). The record of D. kaieteurensis for the Viruá National Park by Costa et al. (2016) actually represents a misidentified specimen of D. cayennensis. Diels (1906) cites the specimen “ Sagot 1228 ” as the type, however, this number represents the Sagot’s herbarium genus code, and not a collector’s number. The specimen was actually collected by Leprieur and duplicates are found in different European herbaria, which are by definition syntypes, making a lectotypification necessary. Since Diels (1906) validated a name written by Sagot on the herbarium label (“ msc. in schedis. ”), and the only duplicate with both Sagot’s and Diels’ handwritten labels is the one at B, that would be the natural choice for a lectotype. However, Duno de Stefano & Culham (1995) cite a “type” only for P, which is considered as inadvertent lectotypification (ICN Arts. 7.11 and 9.10; Turland et al. 2018). Since two duplicates of such specimen are found at P, but Duno de Stefano & Culham (1995) mention no unique specimen identifier (such as herbarium inventory number or barcode), we make here a second-step lectotypification (ICN Art. 9.17; Turland et al. 2018) by selecting the specimen with Sagot’s handwritten attached diagnosis (P-749150) as the lectotype. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Estrada Alemanha, 27 May 1971, Fittkau P13311 (INPA). Amapá: Coastal Region, between Rios Cujubim and Flechal, 08 August 1962, Pires & Cavalcante 52401 (K, NY). Amazonas: “Estrada do Estanho” road to Igarapé Preto, ca. 60 km SE of Transamazon Highway, 02 July 1979, Calderon et al. 2744 (US). Canutama, BR-319, savanna a 80 km de Porto Velho, 23 March 2013, Bigio et al. 613 (RON). Distrito Federal: Fazenda Água Limpa, divisa com Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, 14 March 2009, Meneguzzo et al. 84 (UB). Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, limite nordeste do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, 14 April 1995, Rivadavia & Ogassavara 384 (SPF). Pirenópolis, lado esquerdo da estrada que sobe a serra para as cachoeiras, 07 January 2001, Rivadavia 1242 (SPF). Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, nascente ao lado do córrego da Mata Fria, 23 February 1994, Rivadavia & Cardoso 255 (SPF). São Felix do Araguaia, próximo à cidade, 28 March 2008, Cardoso 107 (SPF). Pará: Óbidos, Floresta Estadual do Trombetas, 07 June 2019, Zappi et al. 4793 (MG); ibid., 09 June 2019, Nunes et al. 548 (MG). Vigia, Campina do Palha, 20 January 1950, Black 50- 8639 (US); ibid., direita da PA-140, 17 March 2001, Rivadavia 1247 (SPF). Rondônia: Basin of Rio Madeira, Margin of Mutumparaná airstrip, 25 November 1968, Prance et al. 8860 (INPA, K, NY, US). Roraima: Boa Vista, lado leste do km 570 da BR-174, 27 May 2007, Rivadavia 2583 (SPF). Caracaraí, PARNA Viruá, 23 July 2010, Barbosa 1284 (INPA, UEC). Tocantins: Mateiros, APA Jalapão, 11 June 2006, Rivadavia 2192 (SPF). Material outside Brazil examined: — COSTA RICA. San José: Turrubares, Cuenca del Tárcoles, 10 October 2009, Hammel et al. 25428 (MO)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 28-31, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1995) Dos especies nuevas del genero Drosera (Droseraceae) en Venezuela y otros comentarios taxonomicos. Novon 5 (3): 241 - 245. http: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3392257","Steyermark, J. A. (1952) Contributions to the Flora of Venezuela: Droseraceae. Fieldiana Botany 28 (2): 243 - 244.","Correa A., M. D. & Taylor, B. (1976) Flora of Panama: V. Family 76 A. Droseraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 389 - 392.","Santos, E. (1986) O genero Drosera L. no Brasil I - uma nova especie. Bradea 4 (38): 305 - 308.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Silva, T. R. S. (2010) Droseraceae. In: Forzza, R. C. et al. (orgs.) Catalogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, volume 2. Andrea Jakobsson Estudio / Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 930 - 931.","Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Rivadavia, F. (2005) New chromosome numbers for Drosera L. (Droseraceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34: 85 - 91.","Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Costa, S. M., Barbosa, T. D. M., Bittrich, V. & Amaral, M. C. E. do (2016) Floristic survey of herbaceous and subshrubby aquatic and palustrine angiosperms of Virua National Park, Roraima, Brazil. Phytokeys 58: 21 - 48. http: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 58.5178"]}

28. Drosera spirocalyx Rivadavia & Gonella in Rivadavia et al. (2014: 155). Figures 6c, 21d–f Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santana do Riacho, trilha para velózias gigantes, 12 September 1999, Rivadavia 1165 (holotype SPF-213602!; isotypes BHCB!, P!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or often forming very short compact columns of dead marcescent leaves. Leaves decumbent, with circinate vernation, oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, densely eglandular-pilose on the adaxial petiole surface and whole abaxial leaf surface, apical tentacles inconspicuously distinct, up to 4 mm long; stipules rectangular in outline, apical 1/3 to 2/3 divided into three unequal fimbriate segments. Scapes erect at the base, minutely glandular-pilose, trichomes becoming denser towards the apex; sepals suborbicular to broadly ovate with rounded (rarely subobtuse) apex, overlapping (torsive or spirally contorted aestivation) when in bud and the lateral margins of adjacent sepals forming a pyramidal projection at their adnate bases, glandular pilose; petals pink; gynoecium 3- carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ellipsoid to oblong, testa reticulate (based on Rivadavia et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Rivadavia et al. (2014: 157, fig. 6—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic to the Serra do Cipó, central Minas Gerais (Fig. 6c). Habitat: — Drosera spirocalyx grows in relatively dry areas of campo rupestre vegetation in sandy soils, often with white quartz gravel. Found between 1000–1350 m a.s.l. Phenology: —Flowering individuals are observed in the dry season, between July to November. Conservation status: —Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Only a handful of populations are known, although these vary widely in number, from a few to hundreds of individuals each. Based on the restricted distribution and fragile habitats occupied by D. spirocalyx, threatened by mining and invasive grasses, Rivadavia et al. (2014) designated it VU. However, both AOO (24 km 2) and EOO (110 km 2) suggest a more concerning scenario of threat, and the species is here considered EN, a status further supported by future threats to habitat quality as a result of climate change. Drosera spirocalyx occurs inside the Serra do Cipó National Park and in the Parque Natural Municipal do Ribeirão do Campo. Notes: —Specimens of D. spirocalyx have been historically identified as D. montana based on the similar leaf morphology. Although D. spirocalyx does indeed belong to the D. montana species alliance (Rivadavia et al. 2014), it is easily distinguished from these allied species by the villous adaxial petiole surface and abaxial leaf surface (Fig. 21d), relatively short scapes with few flowers (up to 4), and suborbicular to broadly ovate sepals with rounded apex (Fig. 21e). Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia et al. (2014: 158–159). Additional specimen examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santana do Pirapama, Serra do Cipó, Capela de São José, 25 November 2009, Zappi 2605 (K)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1"]}

9. Drosera chrysolepis Taubert (1893: 505). Figures 7a, 11g –k Lectotype (designated by Silva & Giulietti 1997):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó, 1891/92, Glaziou 18857 (K-000432548!; isolectotypes B-100272048!, P-00749151!). Perennial, caulescent, stem well-developed (1–46 cm in length) with distinct internodes. Active growing leaves few to numerous (3–13), with circinate vernation, petiole linear, 2–3 times narrower than the lamina, lamina lanceolate; stipules triangular to narrowly triangular, divided into few to several laciniae on the apical 1/2–1/3, golden-brown, often with paler margins. Dense indumentum of long white eglandular trichomes and TSG trichomes on leaves, scapes, pedicels and sepals. Petals obovate to broadly obovate, overlapping in anthesis, pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds oblong, testa reticulate. Illustrations: — Silva & Giulietti (1997: 101, figs. 13A, C–M—habit and details); Rivadavia (2003: 86, figs. 3.2A– F—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA; Southeast: MG), endemic. Drosera chrysolepis presents a patchy distribution in the campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range, from the municipality of Caeté (central Minas Gerais) to the Chapada Diamantina (in Bahia), and disjunctly on coastal sandy plains (restingas) in central coastal Bahia (Fig. 7a). Habitat: —In the Espinhaço Range D. chrysolepis is found in wet areas of campo rupestre vegetation on sandy to sandy peat soils, or in drier areas on sandy soil with white quartz gravel, at elevations around 1200–1800 m. On the coastal restingas it is found just a few meters above sea level on wet sandy flats. Phenology:— Drosera chrysolepis produces flowers from April to September, corresponding to the end of the wet season and middle of the dry season. Conservation status: —Near Threatened (NT). Drosera chrysolepis is widely distributed though relatively localized within its range, usually in small populations restricted to very specific and fragile habitats. The calculated EOO (252,109 km 2) would place it in the LC category, however, the AOO (172 km 2) suggests EN. Although the species does not currently qualify for a category of threat, an observed reduction in area of occupancy due to mining, agriculture, cattle ranching, invasive grasses, and climate change in its campos rupestres range, as well as to urban expansion in its restinga range, all suggest that D. chrysolepis may likely qualify in the near future. It is found inside National Parks (Chapada Diamantina and Serra do Cipó, in BA and MG respectively) and State Parks (Rio Preto and Serra Nova, in MG), among other smaller locally protected areas. Notes: — Drosera chrysolepis is most similar to D. camporupestris, but is distinguished by characters discussed under that species. Previous records of D. chrysolepis from Ecuador and Peru (Correa & Silva 2005; assigned as possibly being D. camporupestris by Rivadavia 2003), turned out to be a distinct species, D. condor Gonella et al. (2016: 1421), closely related to the Venezuelan D. cendeensis Tamayo & Croizat (1949: 175) and the Peruvian D. peruensis Silva & Correa (2002: 543) (Gonella et al. 2016). Drosera chrysolepis was described by Taubert (1893) based on the specimen Glaziou 18857 from the Serra do Cipó, but the author did not cite the herbarium where this material was examined, which makes all known duplicates of this specimen syntypes. Silva & Giulietti (1997) cite the specimen deposited at K as an isotype, and Correa & Silva (2005) cite the specimen from P as the holotype. Even though the only specimen personally annotated by Taubert is the one held at B (thus representing the only suitable lectotype), the citation of the specimen from K as an isotype by Silva & Giulietti (1997) gives rise to an inadvertent lectotypification (ICN Arts. 7.11 and 9.10; Turland et al. 2018). Natural hybrids with D. quartzicola Rivadavia & Gonella (2011: 34) were reported in the publication of that species, but photographs and specimens examined are first provided here (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Abaíra, Cachoeira das Anáguas, 1600 m, 24 February 1992, Stannard et al. H51558 (SPF, NY, MBM, SP). Ituberá, km 15 da estrada para a Praia de Pratigi, 08 October 2005, Rivadavia 2112 (SPF). Minas Gerais: Itacambira, estrada para Montes Claros (MG 308), 22 April 2010, Gonella et al. 288 (SPF). Rio Pardo de Minas, Parque Estadual da Serra Nova, 13 March 2007, Salino et al. 11740 (BHCB). Santana do Pirapama, Serra do Cipó, Fazenda Inhame (Serra Mineira), 23 March 1982, Cordeiro et al. CFSC 8185 (SP, SPF). Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, bifurcação da estrada para Morro do Pilar e Conceição do Mato Dentro, 25 February 1997, Rivadavia & Pinheiro 558 (SPF). Serra do Cipó, 24 April 1892, Schwacke 8233 (OUPR-4297, OUPR-4298, OUPR-4299)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Taubert, P. H. W. (1893) Plantae Glaziovianae novae vel minus cognitae. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 502 - 506.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Gonella, P. M., Fleischmann, A., Rivadavia, F., Neill, D. A. & Sano, P. T. (2016) A revision of Drosera (Droseraceae) from central and northern Andes, including a new species from the Cordillera del Condor (Peru and Ecuador). Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 1419 - 1432. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 016 - 1341 - 3","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Rivadavia, F. & Gonella, P. M. (2011) Drosera quartzicola (Droseraceae), a new and threatened species from the Serra do Cipo, Brazil. Phytotaxa 29: 33 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 29.1.3"]}

19. Drosera lutescens ( Saint-Hilaire 1826: 263) Gonella, Rivadavia & A.Fleischm. comb. et stat. nov. Figures 7c, 15f–i, 18a–f ≡ Drosera hirtella var. lutescens Saint-Hilaire (1826: 263). Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Goiás: Dans la Serra dos Pyreneos Campos de Goyas [in the Serra dos Pirineus, Goiás State], s.d., Saint-Hilaire C 1-720bis (P-00749157!; isolectotypes P-00749159!, MPU-009951 image!). Seasonal geophyte perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, lamina narrowly obovate to spatulate (Fig. 15g), vinaceous (greenish in shaded environments); stipules rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniae from near the base. Scapes slightly arcuate at the base (Figs. 15f, 18b), yellowish-green in color (Fig. 18a–e), densely eglandular-pilose on the basal half, reducing in density towards apex (eglandular trichomes white, 1.5–2.0 mm long; Fig. 18d, e), becoming densely glandular-pilose towards the apical half; sepals exclusively glandular-pilose (Fig. 18f) or also with sparse eglandular trichomes; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa reticulate. Illustrations: — Hoehne [1915: t. 124, fig. 2—habit and details, as D. montana var. schwackei Diels (1906: 89)]; this work, Figure 15f–i (habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Central-West: GO, MS, MT; Southeast: MG, SP; Fig. 7c) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz) (Fig. 6). The taxon was first recorded for Bolivia as D. hirtella var. lutescens by Fleischmann & Duno de Stefano (2014). Phenology:— Drosera lutescens has been collected in flower from January to July (mid wet season to mid dry season). From July to November (mid dry season to early wet season) the plants are usually dormant underground as roots, when only dry leaves and scapes may be visible. Habitat: — Drosera lutescens is widespread in the western Cerrado domain, where it occurs in seasonally wet areas with sandy soils, such as the margins of veredas and springs, more rarely also growing in clayish soils. It is also known from wet seepages of campo rupestre vegetation in Goiás, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Found at elevations between 600–1600 m. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera lutescens is widespread and common (Brazil: AOO= 124 km 2, EOO= 533,704 km 2; global: AOO= 128 km 2, EOO= 668,497 km 2), occurring in the National Parks of the Chapada dos Guimarães (MT), Emas (GO), and Serra da Canastra (MG), as well as the State Parks of Serra de Caldas Novas and Serra dos Pirineus (GO), and Furnas do Bom Jesus (SP). Notes: — Drosera lutescens is most similar to D. hirtella, but is distinguished by a combination of characters discussed under that species. It is here elevated to species rank, being considered morphologically and ecologically distinct enough from D. hirtella to justify this taxonomic status. This classification is supported by the species’ distinct and mostly allopatric distribution (see discussion under D. hirtella and Fig. 7b, c). Possibly due to the dense indumentum of eglandular trichomes on the scape (Fig. 18d, e), specimens of D. lutescens have been misidentified as D. montana var. schwackei (here treated as D. schwackei) by Hoehne (1915) and Silva & Giulietti (1997). Drosera lutescens occasionally hybridizes with D. communis and D. hirtella, when growing syntopically with either species (see under those species for discussion and ‘Natural Hybrids’ below for specimens). The correct number for Saint-Hilaire’s type specimen of D. hirtella var. lutescens is “ C1-720bis ”, as handwritten by him on the small tags attached to the specimens (“ 720bis ”), and also in Saint-Hilaire’s field notebook (A. de SaintHilaire virtual herbarium, 2020). The collection number originally added to the herbarium label of P-00749157 reads “ C1-1762 ”, possibly a confusion with the collection number of D. hirtella, which is “ B1-1762bis ”. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. GOIÁS: Corumbá de Goiás, entre a cachoeira Corumbá e Cocalzinho de Goiás, 01 July 2007, Rivadavia & Batista 2669 (SPF). Cristalina, c. 5 km ao noroeste de Cristalina, 30 June 2007, Rivadavia & Batista 2650 (SPF). Mossâmedes, Reserva Biológica da Serra Dourada, 01 May 1999, Rivadavia-Lopes & Sato 989 (SPF). Serra dos Pirineus, ca. 15 km (straight line) N of Corumbá de Goiás, 16 May 1973, Anderson 10396 (NY, UB). MATO GROSSO: Chapada dos Guimarães, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, 30 April 1995, Rivadavia-Lopes 424 (SPF); estrada Cuiabá-Chapada dos Guimarães, 18 March 2007, Rivadavia & Cardoso 2476 (SPF). MATO GROSSO DO SUL: Corumbá, Serra do Amolar, entre Parque Nacional do Pantanal e Fazenda Mandioré, 10 May 2003, Pott et al. 6293 (HMS, HUEFS). MINAS GERAIS: Delfinópolis, estrada para Condomínio de Pedras, 17 May 2003, Pacheco et al. 648 (HUFU). Ibiraci, estrada de Cristais Paulistas para Lage e Ibiraci, 11 March 2006, Rivadavia 2175 (SPF). Tiradentes, Serra de São José, 02 May 2008, N.G. Silva 267 (R). SÃO PAULO: Estreito, estrada de Cristais Paulistas para Lage e Ibiraci, 11 March 2006, Rivadavia 2170 (SPF). Pedregulho, Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus, 16 March 2003, Sasaki et al. 167 (SPF). Material outside of Brazil examined: — BOLIVIA. SANTA CRUZ: Chiquitos, sobre la meseta de Motacu, 11 April 2008, Wood et al. 24397 (UB, USZ)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Hoehne, F. C. (1915) Droseraceae. Commissao de Linhas Telegraphicas, Botanica 6: 26 - 28 + Tab. 124.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Fleischmann, A. & Duno de Stefano, R. (2014) Droseraceae. In: Jorgensen, P. M., Nee, M. & Beck, S. G. (eds.). Catalogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 572.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105."]}

11. Drosera esmeraldae (Steyermark 1952: 244) Maguire & Wurdack (1957: 335). Figures 8b, 12 e, f ≡ Drosera tenella var. esmeraldae Steyermark (1952: 244) Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: between Esmeralda Savanna & SE base of Cerro Duida, 22 August 1944, Steyermark 57850 (holotype F-0055166!; isotypes NY-00328846!, US-00100653!, VEN-27435!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming short columns densely covered by marcescent leaves. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, petiole abruptly broadening into lamina, petiole about as long as to slightly longer than the lamina, lamina obovate to suborbicular; stipule rectangular in outline, divided into laciniate segments from the base. Scape erect at the base, glabrous, (30 –) 70 – 150 mm long, (2 –)4 – 12- flowered; pedicels about the same length as sepals or longer (always longer than half of the sepals’ length), 2 – 4(– 6) mm long; sepals 2.5 – 4.5 mm long, ovate, united up to half length, apex acute to cuspidate, glabrous or sparsely to densely glandular-pilose, mostly at the base, erect in fruit; petals white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa foveolate. Illustrations: Duno de Stefano (1995: 84, figs. 2a–f); Duno de Stefano & Culham (1998: 701, fig. 555—habit and leaf). Distribution: — Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (North: AM, RR; Fig. 8b). The species was only known from the north of the Rio Amazonas, but it is here first reported from the southern side, in the municipality of Novo Aripuanã (AM), however lacking georeferenced data [Ramos et al. s.n. (INPA-62135)]. Habitat: —Lowland wet savannas and highland rock outcrops in sandy soils or cracks of sandstone in wet areas, between 80 – 1700 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Collected in flower in January, February, July and August. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera esmeraldae is widespread in a relatively remote and preserved area (Brazil: AOO= 32 km 2, EOO= 9,898 km 2; global: AOO= 104 km 2, EOO= 561,316 km 2). In Brazil it is found inside the Serra do Aracá State Park (AM). Notes: — Drosera esmeraldae is more similar to D. capillaris, from which it is distinguished by longer pedicels relative to sepal length, sepals with acute to cuspidate apex, and seeds with foveolate testa (vs. pedicels shorter than the sepals, sepals with obtuse apex and seed with papillose testa; Table 3). It is also reminiscent of D. roraimae, being distinct from it by the smaller size, decumbent leaves (vs. semi-erect), scape base erect (Fig. 12e; vs. curved), and ovoid seeds with foveolate testa (vs. ellipsoid seeds with reticulate testa). In contrast to the concept of Correa & Silva (2005), which included D. esmeraldae under synonymy of D. biflora, we here consider these taxa distinct based on leaf, scape, sepal and seed morphology (Table 3). Hybridization and introgression between D. esmeraldae and D. roraimae are suspected to occur in places where both are syntopic, e.g. the Serra do Aracá, resulting in plants with intermediate features (such as the specimen Rivadavia et al. 784). Specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Barcelos, Serra do Aracá, platô, 28 August 2011, Vicentini et al. 1899 (INPA, MO); margin of Rio Aracá near Serrinha, 25 July 1985, Prance et al. 29800 (INPA, MO, NY); alto da Serra do Aracá, 14 January 1999, Rivadavia et al. 784 (SPF); Plateau of northern massif of Serra Aracá, South side of North Mountain, 12 February 1984, Prance et al. 28997 (NY); Summit of Central Massif of Serra Aracá, 16 July 1985, Prance & Guedes 29604 (K, NY, US). Nova Prainha [Novo Aripuanã], projeto Radam / Brasil, SB _20_XD, ponto 72 B, 13 July 1976, Ramos et al. s.n. (INPA-62135). Without attribution to administrative area, quadrante K6, na saída da trilha acampamento-campina, 03 September 1998, Vicentini et al. 1371 (INPA, SPF). Roraima: Rio Anauá, Catinga com Barcella, 30 April 1974, Pires et al. 14499 (IAN)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Steyermark, J. A. (1952) Contributions to the Flora of Venezuela: Droseraceae. Fieldiana Botany 28 (2): 243 - 244.","Maguire, B. & Wurdack, J. J. (1957) The botany of the Guayana Highland, Part II. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 9: 331 - 336.","Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1998) Droseraceae. In: Steyermark, J. A., Berry, P. E. & Holst, B. K. (eds.) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, pp. 697 - 703.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp."]}

23. Drosera riparia Rivadavia & Gonella in Gonella et al. (2014: 31). Figures 7c, 19g –i Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Miguel Calmon, Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens, Cachoeira do Coração, 850 m, 03 August 2012, Gonella et al. 543 (holotype SPF-208400!; isotypes ALCB!, HUEFS-217308!, MO!, P-00847862!, RB-623118!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent, rarely with short decumbent stems (columns) up to a few cm long. Leaves semierect, with circinate vernation, with long and narrow petioles that are equal to or longer than the lamina (petiole: lamina ratio of 1–2), petiole glabrous on the adaxial surface, lamina oblong to narrowly oblong; stipules rectangular in outline, apical half to third divided into three unequal fimbriate segments. Scapes erect at the base, base glabrous or glabrescent, becoming sparsely glandular-pilose towards apex; petals 4–5 mm long; petals light pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds obconic, 0.7–0.9 mm long, black, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Gonella et al. (2014: 32, fig. 14—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA), endemic to the Chapada Diamantina (Fig. 7b). Habitat: —Along the margins of perennial rivers, often semi-shaded by riparian vegetation, but also observed in open seepages with Sphagnum carpets, in sandy to peaty soils, and in soil-filled pockets or cracks in sandstone, between 850–1850 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Drosera riparia has been collected in flower throughout the year. Conservation status: —Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii). Drosera riparia is only known from a few small populations (AOO= 24 km 2), growing in isolated fragile environments widespread on the Chapada Diamantina. Gonella et al. (2014) considered this species Vulnerable (VU), a category that is further supported here by the calculated EOO of 5998 km 2 and threats to habitat quality, such as pollution of the rivers, incorrect management of tourism in waterfalls (habitat of the species), and climate change. It is found inside the Chapada Diamantina National Park and Sete Passagens State Park. Notes: — Drosera riparia belongs to the D. villosa alliance (Gonella et al. 2014), being the only representative of this group recorded in Bahia. It is promptly distinguished from other species of the alliance by long petioles relative to total leaf length (Fig. 19h), relatively small petal size, and obconic seed shape. Specimens examined: —For a complete list, see Gonella et al. (2014: 34)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1"]}

17. Drosera intermedia Hayne in Dreves & Hayne (1798: 18). Figures 4f, 17d–f Lectotype (designated by Fleischmann & Gonella 2020: 156):—[GERMANY. Hamburg.] Vom Eppendorfer Moor bey Hamburg [from the Eppendorf bog near Hamburg], s.d. [1797], Hayne s.n. (M-0244240!). = Drosera americana Willdenow (1809: 340). ≡ Drosera intermedia var. americana (Willd.) De Candolle (1824: 318). Type: — Habitat in America boreali, s.d., Kinn s.n. (holotype B-W06261-010!). = Drosera foliosa Elliott (1817: 376) [auct. non Drosera foliosa Hook. f. ex Planchon (1848: 298)] Type: — USA. South Carolina: Chesterfield Co., s.d., Macbride s.n. [holotype CHARL-BY2508 pro-parte (specimen at the bottom right) image!]. = Drosera intermedia f. elatior Planchon (1848: 199). Lectotype (designated here):— GUYANA. Demerara, s.d., Dr. Hancock 63 (K!—ex herb. Hookerianum). = Drosera capillaris var. brasiliensis Diels (1906: 87). Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Sitio de Paulistas, s.d., Saint-Hilaire B 2-204bis (P-00749146!; isolectotype P-00749160!). Synonyms from Europe not listed here (see Material and Methods). Perennial, acaulescent or forming slender flexible stems with long internodes sparsely covered by marcescent leaves in semi-aquatic habitats. Leaves semi-erect, with geniculate-involute vernation, glabrous (sparsely covered only by microscopic sessile glands), distinctly petiolate, spatulate, with narrow long petioles (at least 3 times longer that the lamina) and narrowly obovate lamina; stipules rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniae from near the base. Scape with base ascending; scapes, pedicels and sepals glabrous (covered only by sparse microscopic sessile glands, not visible to the naked eye); petals white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa papillose, papillae randomly distributed. Illustrations: —Eichler (1872: t. 90, fig. II pro parte: habit illustrated on the right and all details except 2, 2II and 4, these refer to D. communis); Diels (1906: 12, figs. 4A, B—leaf vernation and stipules; 44, figs. 46F–J—seeds); Hamet (1907: t. II, figs. 3, 4, 6—seeds); Duno de Stefan & Culham [1998: 701, fig. 552—habit (the roots incorrectly depicted) and leaf]. Distribution: —Widely distributed in central and western Europe, western Africa (Liberia), and Americas: Canada, United States, Cuba, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil (North: AP, RR; Northeast: BA; Southeast: ES, RJ; Fig. 4f). It is here first recorded from Northern Brazil in the states of Amapá and Roraima and from the state of Espírito Santo, in Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: —In Brazil, D. intermedia occurs in coastal wet areas of restinga vegetation just above sea level, and in open wet lowland savannas in the Northern Amazon, in sandy and/or peaty soils. Phenology:— Specimens of D. intermedia were collected with flowers in the Brazilian territory in March, June, July, August, November and December, suggesting somewhat continuous flowering throughout the year. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera intermedia is widely distributed and found in dense populations (Brazil: AOO= 56 km 2, EOO= 2,039,258 km 2; global: AOO= 2,436 km 2, EOO= 62,232,609 km 2). In Brazil, the species occurs in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (RJ) and the State Parks of Itaúnas and Paulo César Vinha (ES; Gonella et al. 2022). Notes: — Drosera intermedia is distinguished from all other Brazilian species by the leaves, scapes and sepals entirely glabrous (only covered by sessile glands), and by seeds with papillae distributed randomly. The reproductive morphology is very similar to that of D. capillaris, which also possess glabrous scape and sepals, similar sepals, and papillose seed testa, however, with papillae arranged in rows. Drosera intermedia is further distinguished from D. capillaris by petiole that are at least 3 times longer than the lamina (Fig. 17e; vs. petioles usually up to twice the lamina length), not winged (vs. winged), the narrowly obovate lamina (vs. suborbicular to obovate), and scape base ascending (Fig. 17e; vs. erect). Following Saint-Hilaire (1826), the specimen Saint-Hilaire B2-201bis (type of D. capillaris var. brasiliensis) is here identified as D. intermedia. Thus, D. capillaris var. brasiliensis is here placed under synonymy of D. intermedia, and not D. capillaris, as done by Correa & Silva (2005) (see more under D. capillaris). Diels (1906) selected the specimen Saint-Hilaire B2-204bis as type (“ Original der Art ”) of D. capillaris var. brasiliensis, but two duplicates of this specimen are found at Paris herbarium, making it necessary to select a lectotype. The specimen P-00749146 is here selected as it is the most complete specimen among the duplicates. Drosera intermedia f. elatior was described by Planchon (1848) based on many different specimens (syntypes). The specimen Dr. Hancock 63 (K) is here selected as the lectotype, as it contains complete specimens matching the taxon diagnosis by Planchon (1848). The name was incorrectly placed in the rank of variety (D. intermedia var. elatior) by Eichler (1982), which was followed by subsequent works, being corrected here. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amapá: Inselberg Talouaken — Massif des Tumuc-Humac, 14 August 1993, Grainville et al. 12290 (US), Grainville et al. 12291 (P, US). Bahia: Porto Seguro, estrada para Cabrália, 26 March 2005, Rivadavia 1968 (SPF). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, 24 August 2002, Pereira et al. 6997 (VIES). Vitória, área da C.V. R.D., lagoas artificiais, 15 August 2007, Pereira & Lübe 7517 (VIES). Rio de Janeiro: In Sümpfen bei [in bogs near] Cabo Frio, 29 October 1899, Ule s.n. (HBG); Carapebus, Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, 18 November 2000, Rivadavia-Lopes 1212 (SPF); Restinga de Carapebus, Praia de Carapebus, 14 September 1995, Santos et al. 441 (RB). Roraima: Uiramutã, Balneário Paiuá, 27 December 2000, Kinupp 1518 (INPA)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Dreves, F. & Hayne, F. G. (1798) Botanisches Bilderbuch fur die Jugend und Freunde der Pflanzenkunde 3. Voss & Compagnie, Leipzig, 188 pp. + 30 tab.","Fleischmann, A. & Gonella, P. M. (2020). Typification and correct authority of Drosera intermedia (Droseraceae). Taxon 69 (1): 153 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 12158","Willdenow, C. L. von (1809) Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis, pt. 1. Libraria Scholae, Berlin, 592 pp.","De Candolle, A. P. (1824) Podromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1. Treuttel & Wurtz, Paris, 745 pp.","Elliott, S. (1817) A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1 (4). J. R. Schenk, Charleston, pp. 305 - 400.","Planchon, J. E. (1848) Sur la famille des Droseracees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, ser. 3 (9): 79 - 98.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Hamet, M. R. (1907) Observations sur le genre Drosera. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54: 26 - 38 + 52 - 76.","Gonella, P. M., Caram, S. V. & Dutra, V. F. (2022) Flora of Espirito Santo: Droseraceae. Rodriguesia 73: e 00312021. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 2175 - 7860202273016","Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp."]}

25. Drosera schwackei (Diels 1906: 89) Rivadavia (2008: 39). Figures 6c, 20c–f ≡ Drosera montana var. schwackei Diels (1906: 89). Lectotype (designated by Silva & Giulietti 1997):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó, 1892, Schwacke 8234 (OUPR-11278!; isolectotype RB-116702! pro-parte, mixed with Schwacke 8235). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or often forming very short stocky stems densely covered by marcescent leaves. Glandular trichomes of TSG type present on both leaf surfaces, scapes, pedicels and sepals; dense eglandular indumentum present on the abaxial leaf surface, adaxial petiole surface, scape (from base to apex), pedicels and sepals. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, semi-erect, yellow-green to orange-green; petioles much shorter than the lamina (petiole:lamina ratio of ca. 1/2); stipules rectangular, translucent-white, 2.2–2.5(–3.0) × 1–2 mm, apical half to third fimbriate. Scape with erect base; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds narrowly oblong, 0.7–0.8 mm long, with reticulate testa. Illustrations: — Rivadavia (2008: 40, fig. 3—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic. Restricted to the northern Serra do Cipó (Congonhas do Norte and Santana do Pirapama) and the Diamantina Plateau in the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais (Fig. 6c). Habitat: —Relatively dry areas of campo rupestre vegetation, in fine silica sand mixed with white quartz gravel at elevations between 1200–1370 m. Phenology:— Found with flowers from February to April (mid to late wet season), sometimes with a few individuals continuing to flower into the dry season in July. Conservation status: —Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii, iv)+2ab(iii, iv). Drosera schwackei presents a restricted occurrence (EOO= 1,015 km 2, AOO= 24 km 2), where it usually forms small sparse populations in a very specific habitat. The area that harbors the largest number of known sub-populations has been a focus of urban expansion for the town of Diamantina over the past decade and may be completely developed by human settlements in the very near future. This urban expansion further facilitates invasion by exotic grasses, which outcompete native flora. Furthermore, similarly to all campos rupestres species, D. schwackei is threatened by dramatic reduction in habitat suitability from climate change. This taxon is here considered EN based on the very restricted EOO and AOO, as well as an observed and projected continued decline of both habitat area and quality. The only conservation area it is known to grow in is the Biribiri State Park. Notes: — Drosera schwackei is distinguished from all other Brazilian species possessing TSG trichomes by having short, translucent-white rectangular stipules (vs. large, translucent-golden-brown triangular stipules in all other species possessing TSG trichomes). It is also comparatively much smaller than the majority of other species with this indumentum character, being most similar to D. quartzicola in this regard. However, D. schwackei is distinguished from D. quartzicola by the elliptic to oblong-lanceolate leaves with petioles much shorter than the lamina (vs. lanceolate leaves with petioles as long as the lamina), the adaxial petiole surface densely eglandular-pilose (vs. eglandular trichomes absent), and the longer inflorescences 60–180 cm long (vs. 17–115 mm long). Two geographical morphotypes can be recognized in D. schwackei, representing variations in leaf shape. No other differences could be observed in the reproductive organs of the studied specimens. i. “Type morphotype”: represented by the designated lectotype (Schwacke 8234), this morphotype presents more compact rosettes of shorter leaves with elliptic lamina (Fig. 20d), often showing a darker orange-red coloration. It can be found in the southern range of the species’ distribution, on the southern end of the Diamantina plateau (where it is represented by populations along the road to Conselheiro Mata district) and on the northern end of the Serra do Cipó. ii. “Diamantina morphotype”: represented by the specimen Sckwacke 3235 and other collections, is restricted to a narrow range in the vicinity of the town of Diamantina. This morphotype is found in the northern end of the species’ distribution. It presents longer leaves, which are oblong-lanceolate in shape (Fig. 20c), often showing a greener coloration. Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia (2009). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Congonhas do Norte, Serra Talhada, 23 June 2013, Gonella et al. 630 (SPF). Diamantina, estrada que sai do Bairro Arraiola, 24 July 2008, Gonella et al. 163 (SPF); ibid., 25 July 2008, Gonella et al. 175 (SPF); ibid., 08 February 2009, Gonella & Viana 217 (SPF); estrada vicinal em frente ao clube de campo do Banco do Brasil, 13 April 2011, Mello-Silva et al. 3407 (SPF); sul da cidade, estrada das Bicas, 09 March 2013, Gonella 617 (SPF); Estrada para Conselheiro Mata, 05 March 2018, Gonella et al. 927 (DIAM); ibid., 05 March 2018, Gonella et al. 928 (DIAM). Diamantina, Biribiri, 06 April 1892, Schwacke 8235 [B-100272054!; RB-116702! pro -parte (single scape)—original material]; Parque Estadual do Biribiri, 30 March 2018, Gonella 936 (DIAM). Serra do Cipó, 23 April 1892, Glaziou 18858 (K-001204936!, P-749162!—original material)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Rivadavia, F. (2008) The Drosera montana A. St. - Hil. (Droseraceae) complex: a new combination, Drosera schwackei (Diels) Rivadavia, is proposed. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 37: 36 - 43.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105."]}

29. Drosera tentaculata Rivadavia (2003: 79). Figures 7d, 21g –i Type: — BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Diamantina, no alto da cachoeira dos Cristais, estrada para Biribiri, c. 1000 m alt., 31 July 2002, Rivadavia-Lopes & Gibson 1376 (holotype SPF-157000!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or often forming short compact columns of dead marcescent leaves. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate vernation, obovate, obovate-cuneate or cuneate, apex with 7–9(–12) large bilaterally-symmetrical tentacles 4–9 mm long, 0.4–0.5(0.6) mm wide at the base, each with a narrowly-obcuneiform stalk and a linearlyrectangular head 0.7–1.2(–1.5) mm long; stipules rectangular in outline, apical 1/2 to 2/3 divided into three unequal fimbriate segments. Scapes erect at the base, glandular-pilose from base to apex, occasionally sparsely eglandularpilose at the base; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid, testa reticulate (based on Rivadavia et al. 2014). Illustrations: —Rivadavia (2003: 80, fig. 1—habit and details); Rivadavia et al. (2014: 159, fig. 8—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA; Southeast: MG), endemic. Restricted to the Espinhaço Range where it is disjunctly distributed with a southern range in Minas Gerais, from the Serra do Cipó to Itacambira, and a northern range in Bahia, in the southwestern region of the Chapada Diamantina (Fig. 7d). Habitat: — Drosera tentaculata is known from a wide range of habitats in campo rupestre vegetation. It usually grows on the margins of seasonal springs, or on drier hilltops in fine white sand with quartz gravel, in cracks on sandstone, or over a thin layer of soil over sandstone, often sympatric and syntopic with other Drosera spp. At one site near Gouveia, exceptionally large plants grow in peaty-sandy soil in a perennially waterlogged seepage. Found at elevations between 800–1600 m. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera tentaculata is widespread (AOO= 232 km 2, EOO= 48,509 km 2) and usually locally abundant. It occurs in several protected areas including Serra do Cipó and Sempre Vivas National Parks, as well as Biribiri, Rio Preto, and Serra do Cabral State Parks (all in Minas Gerais), being thus considered of Least Concern. Notes: — Drosera tentaculata belongs to the D. montana alliance (Rivadavia et al. 2014), being distinguished from its congeners by obovate to cuneate leaves, geniculate leaf vernation (Figs. 2b, 3b; vs. circinate in the other three species), and conspicuously developed unifacial marginal glands (“snap tentacles”) at the marginal apex of the leaves (Fig. 21g, h). Specimens examined: —For a complete listing, see Rivadavia et al. (2014: 162–163)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1"]}

3. Drosera biflora Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes (1820: 763). Figures 8b, 9f, g Lectotype: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: in arenosis humidis Rio Atabapo (Orinoco), Humboldt & Bonpland 1100 [lectotype B-W06247- 010!, first-step lectotype designated by Duno de Stefano (1995), second-step lectotype designated here; isolectotypes B-100272056!, P-00679674!]. ≡ Drosera pusilla Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (1823: 390), nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Perennial, acaulescent or forming short, etiolated stems in submerged habitats. Leaves semi-erect, with geniculateinvolute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, adaxial petiole surface glabrous, abaxial petiole surface sparsely eglandular-pilose, petiole about as long as the lamina, lamina obovate; stipules rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniae from near the base. Scape erect at the base, glabrous, 15–30 mm long, 1–3(–7)-flowered; pedicels usually exceeding half length of the sepals, 1.7–3(–4) mm long; sepals oblong-elliptical (narrowly obovate), united only at the very base, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pilose mostly at the base, apex rounded (obtuse), reflexed in fruit, 3–5 × 1.7–2.0 mm; petals white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, testa foveate. Illustrations: — Kunth (1823: Tab. 490, fig. 1—habit and details, as “ Drosera pusilla ”). Distribution: — Venezuela, Colombia (López 2007) and Brazil (North: AM; Fig. 8b). Habitat: —Wet areas of savanna vegetation, in wet white sandy soils (campinarana). Data about elevational range is scarce, but based on the known localities it is restricted to low elevation sites around 40 to 90 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Collected with flowers in March, May, June, September, October, November and December, suggesting it may be found in flower year-round, unless submerged during the rainy season. Conservation status: —Data Deficient (DD). Drosera biflora grows in remote and sub-sampled regions, presenting a large area of suitable habitats where it may occur. Based on the scarce available data on its distribution in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela (AOO= 16 km 2, EOO= 19,535 km 2), it is not possible to properly evaluate its conservation status. Drosera biflora is not known to occur inside any protected area. Notes: — Drosera biflora is vegetatively most similar to D. capillaris Poiret (1804: 299) and D. esmeraldae (Steyermark 1952: 244) Maguire & Wurdack (1957: 335), but presents more uprightly held leaves (Fig. 9f, g; vs. decumbent in D. capillaris and D. esmeraldae) and shorter inflorescences (Table 3). From D. capillaris, D. biflora is distinguished by pedicels that are longer than half the sepal length (vs. shorter), longer oblong-elliptical to narrowly obovate sepals that are united only at the very base (vs. shorter, ovate, united up to half length), and seeds with foveate testa (vs. papillose). With D. esmeraldae, D. biflora shares the similarly long pedicels and a foveolate seed testa (the latter however has more foveate seed ornamentation), but is easily distinguished by shorter, usually few-flowered scapes (vs. longer, multiple-flowered scapes), and longer sepals with rounded apex (vs. shorter sepals, with acute to cuspidate apex). We here adopt a stricter concept of D. biflora, different from the broad circumscription presented by Correa & Silva (2005), which included D. esmeraldae under its synonymy. Drosera biflora, D. capillaris, and D. esmeraldae present a very similar vegetative morphology, yet do not seem to be closely related, as suggested by the divergent seed morphologies. These three taxa can be easily distinguished by reproductive characters such as pedicel length, sepal shape and indumentum, as well as seed ornamentation (Table 3). The morphologically closest taxon to D. biflora seems to be D. amazonica: both species share a similar habit and ecology, foveate seeds and sepals which are horizontally patent to reflexed in fruit. Drosera biflora differs from D. amazonica by its well-developed peduncle (vs. flowers subsessile), a glabrous or glandular-pilose scape and calyx (vs. scape and calyx eglandular-pilose), and the glabrous to sparsely glandular, oblong-elliptical sepals with obtuse apex (vs. sepals eglandular pilose, very narrowly oblanceolate to subulate, with acute apex). Sepals patent to reflexed in fruit constitute a diagnostic character never cited before for D. biflora (a character it shares with D. amazonica). It was observed in all fruiting specimens of D. biflora examined and is a stable character for distinguishing it from similar species. Rivadavia et al. (2009) treated D. biflora as synonymous with D. capillaris, however, based on the small, fewflowered variant of D. capillaris, which is common in Brazilian lowland wet savannas of Roraima state. Roemer & Schultes (1820) named D. biflora using Willdenow’s handwritten species name and diagnosis on a herbarium specimen (nomen in schedis), also referring to that (“ Reliq. Willd. MS. ”), rendering Willdenow as the sole author of the name [ICN Art. 46.3 (viz. Ex. 15); Turland et al. 2018]. This is also the case with D. tenella Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes (1820: 763), which is here considered a synonym of D. capillaris. For these two names, two specimens of the type are found at B (one at the general collection B and another at Willdenow’s collection B-W) and a duplicate is also found at P, making necessary the designation of a lectotype. Duno de Stefano (1995) cites a holotype at B, constituting an inadvertent lectotypification and requiring a second-step lectotypification (ICN Arts. 7.11, 9.10, and 9.17; Turland et al. 2018). In both cases, we designate the specimen from Willdenow’s collection (B-W) as the lectotype because it contains the species name and diagnosis in Willdenow’s handwriting. Kunth (1823) described D. pusilla based on a different duplicate of the same type specimen of D. biflora, and further mentions the latter name as its synonym, rendering D. pusilla the status of an illegitimate and superfluous name (ICN Art. 52.2; Turland et al. 2018). Specimens examined: — BRAZIL. AMAZONAS: Barcelos, rio Marari, afluente do rio Aracá, acima da comunidade Bacuquara, 35 m, 13 August 2011, Lima et al. 7237 (RB). Igarapé Tibuiari, afluente do rio Uaupés perto do local chamado Monte Cristo e próximo da confluência com o rio Negro, 22 November 1987, Kawasaki 246 (INPA, NY). Prope San Carlos, ad Rio Negro, April/ May 1853, Spruce 2997 (K, W). Rio Içana, Tunuí, 24 October 1947, Pires 713 (IAN, INPA, NY). São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Rio Curicurierí (Curicuriari), base of Serra Cujubí, 22 January 1948, Schultes & López 9637A (GH). Material outside Brazil examined: —VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Rio Negro, at base of Cerro Cucuy, 02 March 1944, Baldwin Jr. 3205 (F, K, NY, P, US)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Roemer, J. J. & Schultes, J. A. (1820) Systema vegetabilium: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species 6. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae. I - VIII, I - LXXI, 856 pp.","Kunth, K. S. (1823) Droseraceae. In: Humboldt, F. W. H. A. von, Bonpland, A. J. A. & Kunth, K. S. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5 (23): 390 - 391 + Tab 490.","Lopez, D. C. (ed.) 2007. Flora del Escudo Guayanes en Inirida (Guainia, Colombia). Instituto Amazonico de Investigaciones Cientificas, Bogota, Colombia. 188 pp.","Poiret, J. L. M. de (1804) Rossolis. Drosera. In: Poiret, J. L. M. de, Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique, Vol. 6 (1). Paris: 298 - 302.","Steyermark, J. A. (1952) Contributions to the Flora of Venezuela: Droseraceae. Fieldiana Botany 28 (2): 243 - 244.","Maguire, B. & Wurdack, J. J. (1957) The botany of the Guayana Highland, Part II. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 9: 331 - 336.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Rivadavia, F., Vicentini, A. & Fleischmann, A. (2009) A new species of sundew (Drosera, Droseraceae), with water-dispersed seed, from the floodplains of the northern Amazon Basin, Brazil. Ecotropica 15: 13 - 21.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

1. Drosera amazonica Rivadavia, Fleischmann & Vicentini in Rivadavia et al. (2009: 13). Figures 8a, 9a, b. Type: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Cueiras, igarapé de Cachoeira, 15 November 1964, Rodrigues 6042 (holotype INPA-15093!). Perennial, column forming, stem usually short, reaching up to 10 cm long in submerged plants. Leaves semi-erect, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate; lamina spatulate to obovate, adaxial petiole surface glabrous, abaxial leaf surface glabrescent, eglandular only; stipule rectangular in outline, divided into laciniate segments from the base. Flowers solitary, sub-sessile, sweetly perfumed; pedicel erect in flower and reflexed in fruit; sepals eglandular pilose only, horizontally patent in the ripe fruit; petals white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid to subglobose, testa foveate (based on Rivadavia et al. 2009). Illustrations: — Rivadavia et al. (2009: 14, fig. 1—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (North: AM, RR) and Venezuela (according to a single, old herbarium specimen with vague locality, no state or region given). A new population of the species was also recorded from the Brazilian state of Amazonas (near the Paraná do Jacaré, left margin of Rio Negro, 2°00’17.9”S 61°06’39.6”W; photographic record by Arthur Monteiro Gomes, Fig. 8a). Therefore, in Brazil, D. amazonica is known from two localities in Amazonas and one in Roraima, in the northern Amazon Basin (Fig. 8a). It is here first recorded for Venezuela. Habitat: —Lowland open habitats in seasonally flooded white quartz sand savannas (campinas), around 50 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Collected with flowers in April, June, November and December, suggesting it may be found in flower year-round. Conservation status: —Data Deficient (DD). Native to remote areas in the northern Amazon Basin, D. amazonica is under-collected and is likely to be more widespread and common than currently reported (AOO= 12 km 2, EOO= 2,405 km 2). Given the low sampling density and the large availability of favorable habitats between the known localities, there is currently insufficient information about the geographic distribution and population sizes of this species to properly evaluate its conservation status. Drosera amazonica is known to occur inside the Viruá National Park (RR) and Parque Estadual do Rio Negro Setor Sul (AM). Notes: — Drosera amazonica is promptly distinguished from all other Brazilian Drosera by the sub-sessile solitary flowers (Fig. 9b) and the reflexed pedicel in fruit. Rivadavia et al. (2009) assumed this species to be related to D. felix based on reproductive characters, but morphologically most similar to D. roraimae based on its vegetative characters. However, with the recent re-discovery of D. biflora Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes (1820: 763) and careful examination of live and herbarium material (including the type, see under that species entry), it became evident that D. biflora is morphologically, ecologically, and very likely also phylogenetically closer to D. amazonica, with both species sharing the unique, foveate seeds, sepals reflexed in fruit, and a similar overall habit and habitat. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Rio Cuieiras, Igarapé Cachoeira, 16 December 2006, Rivadavia & Azevedo 2458 (INPA, SPF), Rivadavia & Azevedo 2460 (M, SPF), Rivadavia & Azevedo 2461 (INPA, M, SPF); Rio Negro, Rio Cuieiras, Igarapé da Cachoeira, 22 June 1992, Mori & Gracie 22444 (INPA, NY). Roraima: Caracaraí, Parque Nacional do Viruá, 05 December 2006, Carvalho & Nascimento 1129 (INPA); ibid., 27 March 2011, Barbosa & Costa 1433 (INPA). Material outside Brazil examined: — VENEZUELA. Without further locality data, 07 April 1921, Grisol s.n. (P-4962855).

31. Drosera villosa Saint-Hilaire (1826: 267). Figures 6a, 22e, f Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. MINAS GERAIS: Serra nigra, Capitainerie des Mines [Serra Negra (current municipality of Rio Preto), Minas Gerais], s.d. [January/ February 1817 according to the protologue], Saint-Hilaire C 1-75 (P-578095!, isolectotypes K-000432549! (single plant at the top center), P-578097!, P-578099!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, petioles often as long as the lamina and always exceeding more than half of the lamina length (petiole:lamina ratio higher than 1/2), transversely elliptic in cross section and densely eglandular pilose on both surfaces, lamina narrowly oblong to narrowly lanceolate; stipules rectangular in outline, apical 1/2 fimbriate. Scape erect at the base, basal third densely eglandular-pilose; flowers relatively small to medium-sized (petals 5–8 mm long, pink) with short styles (2.5–3.0 mm long); gynoecium 3- carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds fusiform, 0.7–0.8 × 0.2 mm, with reticulate testa (based on Gonella et al. 2014). Illustrations: — Ferrero & Mello-Silva (2011: 17, figs. 2A–C—habit and details); Gonella et al. (2014: 9, fig. 3—habit and details). All other previous illustrations of “ D. villosa ” depict D. latifolia (see under that species’ entry). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), narrowly endemic to two small neighboring highlands, the Serra Negra and Serra do Ibitipoca, which are part of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountains in southeast Minas Gerais (Fig. 6a). Habitat: —River margins, seepages, and springs in campo rupestre vegetation, between 1200–1750 m a.s.l. Often growing in Sphagnum and other moss carpets overlying wet rocks, but also occurring in humid sandy soils and in cracks of sandstone. Phenology: —Found in flower from October to February. Conservation status: —Vulnerable (VU) D2. Per Gonella et al. (2014) where this species was designated VU, the restricted geographical distribution (AOO= 16 km 2, EOO= 33.3 km 2) makes this species prone to stochastic events that could dramatically reduce its suitable habitats, most notably climate change. Despite its occurrence measurements qualifying this species for placement in more severe threat categories, the fact that all known populations are found inside two State Parks (Serra do Ibitipoca and Serra Negra da Mantiqueira), along with their apparent stability over past decades, allows for placement in this less severe category. Notes: — Drosera villosa is most similar to D. latifolia, from which it is distinguished by characters discussed under that species. Since Diels (1906), the name D. villosa was adopted in a broad circumscription that also included D. ascendens and D. latifolia. The affinity was re-circumscribed by Gonella et al. (2014), following the original species concepts by Saint-Hilaire (1826). Gonella et al. (2014) reported rare hybrids between D. villosa and D. tomentosa var. glabrata at the Serra do Ibitipoca, where both taxa occur syntopically (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Specimens examined: —For a complete listing, see Gonella et al. (2014: 12)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1","Ferrero, R. & Mello-Silva, R. (2011) Droseraceae do Parque Estadal do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 29 (1): 13 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9052. v 29 i 1 p 13 - 18","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136."]}

10. Drosera communis Saint-Hilaire [1824: t. XV(1)]. Figures 4d, 12a–d Lectotype (designated by Correa & Silva 2005):— BRAZIL. São Paulo: “Mogy das Cruses” [Mogi das Cruzes], s.d., Saint-Hilaire D-722bis (P-00631824!). = Drosera parvifolia Saint-Hilaire (1826: 263). Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: São João del Rey, s.d., Saint-Hilaire D-377 (P-00749170!; isolectotype P-00706171!). = Drosera intermedia var. tenuis Eichler in Martius & Eichler (1872: 392). Neotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Morro Pellado [Itirapina], January 1901, Edwall 697 (SP-8970!). = Drosera montana f. parviflora Chodat (1903: 539). Lectotype (designated here):— PARAGUAY. Iter ad “Yerbales” montium “ Sierra de Maracayú ”, November, Hassler 5271 [G-00381738!; isolectotypes BM-590380!, G-00381739!, G-00381746!, K pro-parte !—mounted on the same sheet as Hassler 5634, P-749152!, P-749153!, UC!]. = Drosera communis var. alba Hoehne (1915: 28, t. 124, f. 3). Lectotype (designated by Correa & Silva 2005):— BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: Coxim, June 1911, Hoehne 3358 (SP!; isolectotypes R!, US-00642067!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming etiolated stems when growing semi-aquatically. Leaves semi-erect or decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, petioles narrow, abruptly broadening into the broadly to narrowly obovate to suborbicular lamina, petioles sparsely eglandular pilose on the abaxial surface and glabrous to glabrescent on the adaxial surface; stipules rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniae from the base. Scapes arcuate at the base, often uncinate, base glabrous to very sparsely eglandular-pilose; sepals usually exclusively glandular-pilose, but rarely with sparse eglandular trichomes; petals white to light pink; gynoecium 3- carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds fusiform, testa reticulate, pale brown. Illustrations:— Saint-Hilaire (1824: t. XV—two habitus drawings); Eichler (1872: t. 90, fig. II pro parte: habit illustrated on the left and flower parts 2, 2II, 4—as Drosera intermedia); Hamet (1907: t. II, fig. 5—seed); Hoehne (1915: t. 124, fig. 3—habit and details, as D. communis var. alba); Duno de Stefano et al. (2001: 11, fig. 2—habit and details); Rivadavia (2003: 89, figs. 4.2A-E, 4.1F, G—habit and details). Distribution:— Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil (North: AP, RR, TO; Northeast: BA, PB, PE, RN; Central-West: DF, GO, MS, MT; Southeast: MG, RJ, SP; South: PR, RS, SC; Fig. 4d), Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. Habitat: —Found in a wide range of habitats and soil types, ranging from very wet (growing partially submerged) to only slightly moist soils, from peat- and sand-based soils to red clay, from growing exposed in full sun to partially shaded sites in forested areas (gallery forests). In the Cerrado and Amazon Rainforest domains it grows in year-round wet areas among sparse to dense grasses in sandy soils of savanna vegetation, such as in the veredas and open riverine habitats. In the Cerrado domain, D. communis is also common in perennially wet areas of campos rupestres vegetation. In the Atlantic Forest domain, it is found in wet grasslands in sandy and clayish soils, often spreading to disturbed areas such as eroded road and trail sides. It also occurs at sea level in restinga vegetation in NE Brazil. Collected between 0–1500 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Found with flowers year-round. Conservation status:—Least Concern (LC). Drosera communis is the most widespread and common Drosera species across South America (Brazil: AOO= 1,224 km 2, EOO= 6,368,836 km 2; global: AOO= 1,448 km 2, EOO= 10,476,860 km 2), found in a wide range of habitats. In Brazil, it is known from several National Parks (Brasília, Chapada dos Guimarães, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Emas, Sempre-Vivas, and Serra do Cipó), State Parks (Biri-Biri, Pirineus, Rio Preto, Serra Nova, Serra do Cabral), and other protected areas. Notes: — Drosera communis is diagnosed by the acaulescent habit, spatulate leaves with lamina suborbicular or narrowly to broadly obovate, scape base arcuately curved and often hook shaped (uncinate), scape base glabrous to sparsely eglandular-pilose (Fig. 12a, b, d), sepals glandular-pilose, and seeds fusiform. It is most similar to D. viridis, from which it is distinguished by characters discussed under that species and in Rivadavia (2003). The species was originally described from marshes in São Paulo and Minas Gerais states (Saint-Hilare 1824: t. XV, p. 2). However, this species presents a much wider distributional range, showing some morphological variation across it, mostly in terms of leaf shape (Fig. 12a, b, d; narrowly spatulate with narrowly obovate lamina to spatulate with suborbicular lamina), indumentum (pilose to sub-glabrous) and orientation (decumbent to semi-erect), but also in the pilosity of the scape. Several characteristics, however, were commonly observed varying within populations, such as size, color, shape, indumentum, and orientation of the leaves, as well as flower color (from white to pink; see Fig. 12c), all of which may be mostly associated with habitat gradients, such as water availability and luminosity. Therefore, D. communis is here interpreted as a single very variable and plastic species. Neither the type specimen of D. intermedia var. tenuis as cited by Eichler (1872) (SÃO PAULO: in humidis ad Batataçs [Batatais] prov. S. Paulo, June, Riedel s.n.) nor any duplicates of the type collection could be located in any of the herbaria visited or contacted, including those where most of Riedel’s collections were sent to (e.g. BM, LE, M, R). However, based on the original description [Eichler (1872: 392, literally translated): “more slender than in the type, leaves somewhat smaller, petioles ciliate-pubescent, scape hair-like, sub-flexuose, few- (2-4)flowered”] and geographic distribution (Batatais, SP) provided by Eichler (1872), this taxon is undoubtedly conspecific with D. communis, being the only species from that area that fits the description. The only other species known to occur in the same geographic region are D. lutescens (easily distinguishable by the densely eglandular-pilose scapes) and D. grantsaui (caulescent, with oblong leaves and scapes with erect base). Since no original material is known, it was necessary to select a neotype to fix the name (ICN Art. 9.8; Turland et al. 2018). We selected a specimen from the same region and fitting the description as the neotype. Eichler’s (1872) concept of D. intermedia var. americana partially included D. communis, which is clear by the specimens cited for Brazil (e.g., Martius 476) and some of the illustrations in that publication. In Tab. 90, figure II, the habit illustrated on the left and the flower parts (2, 2II, and 4) clearly represent D. communis due to characteristics such as the long scapes with larger flowers and glandular calyx, while the habit illustrated on the right and seed drawings represent D. intermedia (glabrous calyx and ovoid seeds with papillose testa). Drosera montana f. parviflora was considered a synonym of D. communis by Duno de Stefano et al. (2001) and Rivadavia et al. (2014). The name was described by Chodat (1903) based on the specimen Hassler 5271, from which many duplicates are known from different herbaria. Duno de Stefano et al. (2001) cite a “ holotype ” at G, however, this does not give rise to an inadvertent lectotypification as it was published after January 1 st, 2001 and lacks the words “here designated” (ICN Art. 7.11; Turland et al. 2018). Since three duplicates of this collection are found at G, where Chodat developed his works on the Flora of Paraguay, the specimen G-00381738 is here designated as the lectotype, since it is the most complete among the G specimens. The type specimens of D. parvifolia represent dwarfed individuals of D. communis (Rivadavia et al. 2014). This difference in plant size could be explained by the fact that D. parvifolia was collected growing in clayish soil (herbarium label of Saint-Hilaire D-377) but could also be linked to hydric stress. This taxon has been historically associated with D. montana (Diels 1906, Correa & Silva 2005) probably due to the presence of eglandular trichomes at the base of the scape (a character present in the holotype of D. parvifolia, but not in the isotype). This trait is somewhat common among D. communis (especially in that geographic region) and can even be found in some of the individuals in the species’ syntypes (but not in the lectotype). Drosera communis is known to form rare natural hybrids with D. hirtella and D. lutescens when sympatric (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below for specimens examined and photographs). Hybrids present intermediate leaf shape and orientation, as well as conspicuous eglandular trichomes on scapes colored similarly to those of the respective parent species: red (D. hirtella) or white (D. lutescens). These hybrids are found only as scattered individuals among the parent species’ populations and it is unknown whether they are fertile. Introgression with D. lutescens may explain eglandular trichomes on the scapes of some D. communis populations (including D. parvifolia) in areas where the ranges of both species overlap. The record from Argentina is based on Dawson (1938), which registers D. communis var. pauciflora Eichler in Martius & Eichler (1872: 394) to the country, a name that is here considered synonymous with D. montana. Examination of the specimen cited in that work [L. Hauman I (BA-34678)], however, verified it is D. communis instead, confirming the occurrence of the species in Argentina. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amapá: Porto Grande, 15August 2017, Laste 24 (UEC). Bahia: Abaíra, Catolés, 26 July 1995, Rivadavia-Lopes 478 (SPF). Camaçari, estrada Salvador-Camaçari-Dias D’Ávila. 14 August 2003, Rivadavia 1690 (SPF). Distrito Federal: Planaltina, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, 20 February 2009, Meneguzzo & Somavilla 122 (UB). Goiás: Chapada dos Veadeiros, 14 February 1966, Irwin et al. 12792 (NY, UB). Mato Grosso: Nova Xavantina, Fazenda Brasil, 28 March 1997, Árbocz et al. 3711 (ESA, UFMT). Mato Grosso do Sul: Costa Rica, estrada para Alcinópolis, 28 October 2001, Rivadavia-Lopes 1304 (SPF). Minas Gerais: “Marais pres Capueirinha”, Saint-Hilaire D-414 (P-00631821!, P-00631823 pro -parte ! [mixed with Saint-Hilaire 695], MPU-011030 image!—original material). “Marais pres S. Miguel de Mato Dentro ”, Saint-Hilaire B1-695 (P-00631822!, P-00635417!—original material). “Marais dans le prov. de Minas et de St. Paul”, Saint-Hilaire s.n. (B-10 0272050!, K-000432545!—original material). Moeda, Serra da Moeda, 08 March 2007, Batista 1988 (BHCB). Prata, ao longo da BR-153, 04 March 2006, Rivadavia & Demets 2154 (SPF). Santa Rita de Jacutinga, cachoeira às margens da BR-494, 26 December 2009, Gonella et al. 251 (SPF). Paraíba: Km 78 estr. Recife-João Pessoa, 30 June 1967, Lima 67-5049 (IPA). Paraná: Ponta Grossa, 26 December 1984, Krieger 20043 (CESJ, SPF). Pernambuco: Goiana, January 1988, Pereira s.n. (IPA-49830). RIO DE JANEIRO: Nova Friburgo, início da estrada para Macaé de Cima, 20 January 2007, Rivadavia et al. 2465 (SPF). Rio Grande do Norte: Rio do Fogo, Lagoa da Cotia, 11 October 2015, Garcia & Gonçalves 52 (UFRN). Rio Grande do Sul: Caxias do Sul, Fazenda Pedro Hoffmann, 15 December 2012, Grizzon 119 (FLOR, HUCS). Roraima: Pacaraima, BR-174, 26 May 2007, Rivadavia 2573 (SPF). Rio Branco, Surumu, September 1909, Ule 8392 (G, K). São Paulo: São Paulo, Parelheiros, 11 February 2006, Rivadavia & Miranda 2145 (SPF); in paludosis ad S.Paulo, December, Martius 476 (M). Santa Catarina: Alfredo Wagner, km 111 da rodovia BR-282, 27 April 2007, Rivadavia 2505 (SPF). Tocantins: Mateiros, margem esquerda do Rio Novo, 08 May 2001, Proença et al. 2521 (UB)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1824) Plantes usuelles des Brasiliens 3. Grimbert, Paris, pl. XV: 1 - 5.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Martius, C. F. P. von & Eichler, A. G. (1872) Flora Brasiliensis 14 (2). Typographia Regia, Munich, 418 pp. + 91 tabs.","Chodat, R. (1903) Droseraceae. In: Chodat, R. & Hassler, E. Plantae Hasslerianae soit enumeration des plantes recoltees au Paraguay. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boisier II (3): 538 - 552.","Hoehne, F. C. (1915) Droseraceae. Commissao de Linhas Telegraphicas, Botanica 6: 26 - 28 + Tab. 124.","Hamet, M. R. (1907) Observations sur le genre Drosera. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54: 26 - 38 + 52 - 76.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Dawson, G. (1938) Las especies del genero Drosera de la flora argentina. Revista Argentina de Agronomia 5: 231 - 239."]}

24. Drosera roraimae (Klotzsch ex Diels 1906: 90) Maguire & J.R.Laundon in Maguire & Wurdack (1957: 333). Figures 8a, 20a, b ≡ D. montana var. roraimae Klotzsch ex Diels (1906: 90). Type: — GUYANA. Cisäquatoriale Savannen-Provinz: Britisch-Guiana auf dem Roraima, November 1842, Schomburgk 1034 (holotype B-100272057!; isotype K, not found). = Drosera montana var. robusta Diels (1914: 136). Lectotype (designated here):— GUYANA. Auf dem Roraima, in der oberen Felsregion [on [Mount] Roraima, in the upper rock region [alpine level]], 2500 m, December 1909, Ule 8610 (B!; isolectotype K-000432543!). Perennial, rosetted, caulescent, forming short to tall erect stems or columns covered by marcescent leaves, at least up to 10 cm tall (simple, but occasionally branched). Leaves semi-erect, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, petiole adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface densely eglandular-pilose; lamina obovate to suborbicular, stipule rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniate segments from the base. Scape curved at the base (rarely erect), glabrous at the base and becoming glandular-pilose towards apex, or entirely glabrous (only in Venezuelan material); some populations with flowers pendulous when in anthesis; sepals glandular-pilose or glabrous (only in Venezuelan material); petals white to light pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ellipsoid to rectangular, with reticulate testa. Illustrations: —Duno de Stefano (1995: 90, figs. 3g –n—habit and details); Silva & Giulietti (1997: 99, figs. 12N–T— habit and details); Duno de Stefano & Culham [1998: 703: fig. 561—habit (the roots incorrectly depicted) and leaf]. Distribution: — Guyana, Venezuela, and Brazil (North: AM, RR; Fig. 8a). Habitat: —In Brazilian territory, D. roraimae is only found on the highlands of the tepuis and other northern Amazonic mountains, growing in sandy or peaty soils and in cracks of sandstone or quartzite. In Venezuela, D. roraimae also occurs in upland plains, growing in sandy to peaty soils in wet areas of the Gran Sabana. In Brazil, collected at 470–2730 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Found in flower year-round. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera roraimae is widespread in a relatively remote area in three South American countries (Brazil: AOO= 64 km 2, EOO= 156,100 km 2; global: AOO= 420 km 2, EOO= 351,460 km 2) where no severe threat is reported. In Brazil, it has been recorded from the Pico da Neblina (AM) and Monte Roraima (RR) National Parks as well as Serra do Aracá State Park (AM). Notes: — Drosera roraimae superficially resembles D. communis, which also occurs on the uplands of the Guyana Shield, although the two are apparently never syntopic. Specimens of D. communis from the Guyana Shield can be easily distinguished from D. roraimae by more slender habit and usually the formation of shorter columns, with marcescent leaves conspicuously reflexed, the laxer rosettes with glabrescent leaves, and most reliably by the narrowly obovate lamina and fusiform seed shape. Although all specimens examined from Brazil present glandular trichomes on the inflorescences, a few specimens of D. roraimae with completely glabrous scapes, pedicels and sepals were studied from Venezuela. These and other unusual specimens of the variable D. roraimae can nonetheless be safely distinguished from D. esmeraldae by the more robust habit, usually stem forming, the semi-erect leaves and the ellipsoid to rectangular seed with reticulate testa. Drosera montana var. robusta was described based on the specimen Ule 8610, of which two duplicates are known, at B and K. Since Diels (1914) does not indicate the herbarium where the original material was studied, both specimens are considered syntypes, making it necessary to select a lectotype. Correa & Silva (2005) cite the specimen at K as the “ holotype ”, however, without including the words “here designated” it cannot be interpreted as inadvertent lectotypification since the year 2001 (ICN Art. 7.11, Turland et al. 2018), hence that name has not been properly lectotypified. Thus, we here select the specimen held at B as the lectotype, since it is the specimen personally annotated by Diels at the herbarium where he originally worked at the time he published that name. Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Barcelos, 03 km ao sul da parte central da Serra do Aracá, 1,5 horas leste do Rio Jaurari, 10 February 1984, do Amaral 1497 (INPA, NY); sandstone tepui 200 km N of Barcelos, Serra do Aracá, 27 December 1989, Nelson et al. 1706 (MO, NY). Rio Negro, Rio Cauaburí, 02 December 1965, Maguire et al. 60524 (NY). Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Serra da Anta, cume, comunidade Yanomami Xamantá-Pohoro, 29 November 2003, Vicentini et al. 2100 (INPA, MO). São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Serra da Neblina, 30 December 1998, Rivadavia 768 (SPF). Roraima: Upper slopes of Serra Parima, S. of Auaris, 10 February 1969, Prance et al. 9811 (NY, P, US). Near summit of Serra Parima, south of Auaris airstrip, 30 July 1974, Prance et al. 21563 (INPA, MO, NY). Setor brasileiro no alto do Monte Roraima, 01 January 2003, Rivadavia 1491 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Maguire, B. & Wurdack, J. J. (1957) The botany of the Guayana Highland, Part II. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 9: 331 - 336.","Diels, L. (1914) Droseraceae. In: Pilger, R. (ed.) Plantae Uleanae novae vel minus cognitae 1. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. pp. 136.","Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1998) Droseraceae. In: Steyermark, J. A., Berry, P. E. & Holst, B. K. (eds.) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 4. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, pp. 697 - 703.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

15. Drosera hirtella Saint-Hilaire (1826: 262). Figures 7b, 14, 15a–e, 16 Lectotype: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: [one sheet with two different labels corresponding to two collection localities, which cannot be individually assigned to the seven mounted Drosera specimens] Marais desséchés près Formiga dans le Certão, Cap. des Mines et dans la Serra dos Pyreneos [desiccated marshes near Formiga (Montes Claros de Formigas) in the sertão, Minas Gerais State, and in the Serra dos Pirineus] + [on a second label] Serra dos Pyreneos, Cap. de Goyaz [Serra dos Pirineus, Goiás State], s.d., Saint-Hilaire B1-1762bis (P-749158!, first-step lectotype designated by Correa & Silva (2005), second-step lectotype designated here: second specimen from the right, Fig. 16a). ≡ D. montana var. hirtella (A.St.-Hil.) Diels (1906: 89). Seasonal geophyte perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Roots succulent. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate-involute vernation, distinctly petiolate, spatulate, lamina obovate to suborbicular, red (greenish in shaded environments); stipules rectangular in outline, divided into several laciniae from near the base. Scape base strongly arcuate (often decumbent and ascending outside the rosette; Fig. 14a–f), scape red in color (greenish-red in shaded environments), densely eglandular-pilose on the basal half, reducing in density towards apex, eglandular trichomes red (Fig. 14f), 1–2 mm long, scape becoming densely glandular-pilose towards the apical half. Sepals exclusively glandular-pilose or also with sparse eglandular trichomes; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, black, testa reticulate. Illustrations: —this work, Figure 15a–e. Distribution: — Brazil (North: TO; Northeast: BA; Central-West: DF, GO; Southeast: MG), endemic. Drosera hirtella has two main disjunct distribution centres, each representing a more or less continuous range: one along the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais and Bahia, and another in central-northern Goiás (including the Distrito Federal), western Minas Gerais, western Bahia, and southeastern Tocantins (Fig. 7b). Habitat: —Sandy to peaty soils in seasonally wet areas of campos rupestres, and also along the margins of veredas and springs in campo limpo vegetation in the Cerrado domain. Found at elevations between 600–1600 m. Phenology:— Drosera hirtella has been collected in flower from March to July, corresponding to late wet season and mid dry season. From late July to November (mid dry season to early wet season) the plants usually lie dormant as roots, when only dry leaves and scapes may be seen. Slightly succulent roots have been observed. Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Drosera hirtella is widespread and common (AOO= 364 km 2 and EOO= 586,293.847 km 2). It occurs inside the National Parks of Brasília (DF), Chapada Diamantina (BA), Chapada dos Veadeiros (GO), Grande Sertão Veredas, Sempre-Vivas and Serra do Cipó (MG), as well as the State Parks of Biribiri, Rio Preto, Serra do Cabral, and Serra Nova (MG), and Serra dos Pirineus (GO). Notes: — Drosera hirtella is most similar to D. lutescens (Fig. 14g) but is distinguished by the obovate to suborbicular lamina (Figs. 14a, e, 15b, c; vs. narrowly obovate to spatulate, Figs. 15g, 18c), scape base strongly arcuate, often decumbent and ascending outside the rosette (Figs. 14c, 15a; vs. slightly arcuate, Figs. 15a, b, 18b), scape red, with red eglandular trichomes (Fig. 14a–g; vs. scape yellowish green, with white eglandular trichomes, Figs. 14g, 18a–e). Drosera hirtella and the infrataxon D. hirtella var. lutescens were described simultaneously by Saint-Hilaire (1826), who claimed that the latter differed from the autonymous variety by the “smaller leaves, obovate laminae [vs. obovate to round-obovate] which are more frequently glabrous abaxially, and eglandular trichomes on a more rigid and yellowish scape [vs. eglandular trichomes on a more flexuous and red scape]”. However, subsequent treatments on the genus (Eichler 1872, Diels 1906, Hamet 1907, Correa & Silva 2005) denied both taxa as being distinct. Leaf shape has been widely disregarded for small, rosetted Brazilian species (see Rivadavia et al. 2014), and the color of trichomes on scapes is often very difficult to discern in historical, dried specimens, although very conspicuous in living specimens. For these reasons, D. hirtella has been historically considered a synonym under a broadly circumscribed D. montana for over a century. This wide taxonomic concept of the rosulate Brazilian Drosera started with Eichler (1872), who placed D. hirtella var. lutescens under synonymy of D. hirtella, and was then followed by Diels (1906), who included D. hirtella (including D. hirtella var. lutescens) as an infrataxon of D. montana, namely D. montana var. hirtella. The latter taxonomic concept was strictly followed by all subsequent taxonomic works of the 20th Century, with the exception of Santos (1989), who corroborated the original circumscription of both D. hirtella var. hirtella and D. hirtella var. lutescens sensu Saint-Hilaire (1826) adding further morphological data. Finally, Correa & Silva (2005) placed both taxa, along with all other small, red, rosulate Brazilian Drosera, under synonymy of a single taxon, D. montana, with no varieties. Such a broad taxonomic concept of D. montana, however, had already been revealed to be artificial in the phylogenetic reconstructions by Rivadavia et al. (2003): D. hirtella belongs to a clade of diploid, mostly Neotropical species (D. section Drosera, sensu Fleischmann et al. 2018a, b), while D. montana was retrieved from a clade of tetraploid, predominantly Brazilian species (D. section Brasilianae; Fleischmann et al. 2018a, b). This led Rivadavia et al. (2014) to exclude D. hirtella and allies from the D. montana complex, but a detailed treatment for this species had been lacking until now. Based on extensive field and herbarium studies, both D. hirtella var. hirtella and D. hirtella var. lutescens are here considered two taxa very distinctive from each other, and from all other Drosera species, being re-established (sensu Saint-Hilaire 1826) following several previous works that have already pointed out the necessity of recovering the two names (e.g. Santos 1989, Rivadavia et al. 2003, 2014, Rivadavia 2008, Rivadavia & Gonella 2011, Gonella et al. 2012, 2014). In contrast to Saint-Hilaire (1826), but in accordance with contemporary generic concepts in Drosera (e.g. Gonella et al. 2014, Lowrie 2014), these two distinctive, sometimes sympatric and even syntopic taxa (Fig. 14g) are distinguished here at species rank, not as infrataxa; hence D. hirtella var. lutescens is elevated to species rank (see D. lutescens). As the first step in this process, it became necessary to properly identify and circumscribe the autonymous D. hirtella, because in-depth examination of Saint-Hilaire’s type material (Fig. 16) found it to be a mixed gathering of different plants from at least two different localities separated by over 530 km: Formiga (referring to Montes Claros de Formigas, current Montes Claros, N Minas Gerais; see Saint-Hilaire 2011 —although Saint-Hilaire had also been to the town of Formiga in S Minas Gerais on the route to Goiás, his B1 notebook gathers specimens he collected during his travels in N Minas Gerais, e.g. D. ascendens, D. sessilifolia, and D. spiralis), and Serra dos Pirineus, in central Goiás. To make matters even more complicated, both D. hirtella and D. hirtella var. lutescens occur sympatrically and even grow syntopically, occasionally hybridizing, on the Serra dos Pirineus (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Correa & Silva (2005) designated the specimen “ Saint-Hilaire B1-1762 ” as lectotype, but not only is the collection number incorrect (this number refers to a Melastomataceae specimen, according to Saint-Hilaire’s field notebook), but the specimen which they probably intended to select as the lectotype (B1-1762bis) is a mixed gathering of Drosera (seven individuals are mounted on the sheet P-749158: three flowering rosettes, four detached scapes) and one individual of a graminoid plant. Therefore, a second-step lectotype is here designated (ICN Arts. 9.11 and 9.17; Turland et al. 2018). Furthermore, the selection of a second-step lectotype was deemed necessary in order to establish a circumscription of D. hirtella, since the specimens mounted on the first-step lectotype sheet (as designated by Correa & Silva 2005) turned out to be a mixed gathering of the two morphotypes of D. hirtella recognized here: i. “Type morphotype” (sensu the lectotype as here designated; Fig. 16b): leaves with round-obovate lamina (Fig. 15c), scapes strongly curved at the base (Fig. 14a–c, e; usually decumbent at the base, ascending from outside the rosette), and densely covered with shorter and more flexuous eglandular trichomes. We selected a specimen with the round-obovate leaf lamina as the lectotype, as this is the most widespread morphotype, being the only one growing allopatrically in the eastern range of the species (along the Espinhaço Range), as well as occurring sympatrically (often syntopic) with the other morphotype (and D. lutescens) in the western range of the species, in Goiás. ii. “Western morphotype” (represented in the sheet P-749158 by the individual immediately to the left as the lectotype here selected; Fig. 16c): leaves with narrowly obovate lamina (Fig. 15b), scapes notably curved at the base, but not as strongly and widely arcuate as in the “type morphotype” (scape ascending within the rosette), scapes entirely reddish, or reddish at the base and yellowish towards the apex, with slightly longer and more rigid, red, eglandular trichomes. This morphotype occurs only in the western range of the species, from central Goiás to the Jalapão area, in southeastern Tocantins. In its southern and central range, this morphotype often occurs sympatrically and syntopically with the “ type morphotype”, as well as D. lutescens. However, in the northern part of its range the “western morphotype” occurs solitarily, allopatric from closely allied taxa (no “ type morphotype” D. hirtella, nor D. lutescens have been found in Tocantins). It is possible that the “western morphotype” is of hybrid origin, due to its somewhat intermediate morphology between the “ type morphotype” of D. hirtella and D. lutescens, but further studies (including a genomic analysis) would be necessary to test this hypothesis. What can be ascertained is that the “western morphotype” does not simply constitute a primary hybrid, as it occurs geographically separate (allopatric) from D. hirtella and D. lutescens in part of its range and breeds true from seed (pers. obs.). It could represent an amphiploid hybrid, requiring further investigation. Although the “western morphotype” forms large and stable populations, the differences between this and the “ type morphotype” are very subtle and intermediate plants have been observed when these morphotypes occur syntopically. Consequently, until further studies can be carried out, they are both here considered within the natural variation of D. hirtella, and identified as “morphotypes’’, without assigning any taxonomic rank (mirroring the authors’ concepts of intraspecific morphological variation of D. latifolia and D. montana, see Gonella et al. 2014 and Rivadavia et al. 2014). The circumscriptions here adopted for D. hirtella and D. lutescens mostly follow those of Saint-Hilaire (1826), with the most reliable distinctive characters between the two taxa being color and eglandular indumentum of their scapes, although leaf shape and curvature of the scape are also diagnostic. Drosera hirtella presents red or reddishgreen leaves with obovate to suborbicular lamina, scapes usually red (sometimes green) with a very pronounced curve at the base (often with decumbent base running parallel to the ground, ascending outside the rosette) and densely covered with red eglandular trichomes. Drosera lutescens has vinaceous (sometimes green) leaves with narrowly obovate to spatulate lamina, yellowish-green scapes (sometimes reddish near the apex) with the base only slightly curved and densely covered with white eglandular trichomes. Rare hybrids between D. hirtella and D. lutescens were observed at two sites where their ranges overlap in central Goiás, on the Serra dos Pirineus and near the town of Cristalina. The leaves of these hybrids are intermediate in shape and color, while the scapes are intermediate in their curvature, reddish near the base and orangish towards the apex, with intermediate-sized eglandular hairs that are reddish near the base, turning pinkish-white towards the apex (for specimens and photographs, see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Although D. hirtella and D. communis can be found syntopically wherever their ranges overlap, hybrids between them are only known from one site in northern Goiás, at the Chapada dos Veadeiros. The hybrids are very abundant, and their morphology is intermediate between the parent taxa, the leaves being semi-erect and scapes with red eglandular trichomes near the base (see ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Since both morphotypes of D. hirtella co-occur syntopically at that site, it is not known which one is the parent of the hybrids. Drosera hirtella is also believed to hybridize with D. cayennensis at a site where both species grow syntopically near the town of Cristalina in Goiás. The suspected hybrids are morphologically intermediate, with leaves shorter than D. hirtella, scapes erect at the base, covered by red eglandular trichomes on the basal half, and seeds with reticulate testa (see specimen and photograph under ‘Natural Hybrids’ below). Representative specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Abaíra, subindo a Serra do Barbado, 14 July 2005, Rivadavia et al. 2008 (SPF). Drainage of the Rio Corrente, western Bahia, near Rio Piau, ca. 150 km SW of Barreiras, 14 April 1966, Irwin et al. 14845 (NY, UB). Goiás: Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Jardim de Maytrea, 25 February 2014, Gonella & Andrino 650 (M, SPF). Cristalina, BR-050 para Brasília, 30 April 1999, Rivadavia-Lopes & Sato 981 (SPF). Pirenópolis, Serra dos Pirineus, 21 March 1997, Rivadavia 670 (SPF); ibid., 23 April 1999, Rivadavia & Sato 927 (SPF). Distrito Federal: Brasília, estrada Brasília-Buritis (DF-250), 18 March 1997, Rivadavia-Lopes 641 (SPF). Brasília, Fazenda Sucupira, 09 February 2007, Fontes et al. 25 (CEN, UB). Minas Gerais: Arinos, estrada para Chapada Gaúcha, 29 April 1999, Rivadavia-Lopes & Sato 964 (SPF). Diamantina, ao sul da cidade, 20 April 2010, Gonella et al. 275 (SPF). Itacambira, estrada para Montes Claros, 05 March 1997, Rivadavia 613 (SPF). Monte Azul, estrada para Sucuruiu / Riacho Grande / Brejo Grande, 09 September 2011, Gonella et al. 507 (SPF). Ouro Branco, Serra do Ouro Branco, 01 October 2009, N.G. Silva et al. 376 (R). Santa Bárbara, Serra do Caraça, 22 May 1997, MelloSilva et al. 1332 (MBM, SPF). Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, 15 May 2008, Gonella et al. 82 (SPF). Tocantins: Mateiros, Jalapão, 11 June 2006, Rivadavia 2193 (SPF). Ponte Alta do Tocantins, Jalapão, 06 August 2012, Gonella et al. 568 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 40-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp.","Diels, L. (1906) Droseraceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 112 (Heft 26). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 136.","Hamet, M. R. (1907) Observations sur le genre Drosera. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54: 26 - 38 + 52 - 76.","Rivadavia, F., Gonella, P. M., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Elucidating the controversial Drosera montana complex (Droseraceae): a taxonomic revision. Phytotaxa 172: 141 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 172.3.1","Santos, E. (1989) O genero Drosera L. no Brasil II - sobre D. montana St. - Hil. Bradea 5 (21): 249 - 256.","Rivadavia, F., Kondo, K., Kato, M. & Hasebe, M. (2003) Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18 S ribosomal DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 90: 123 - 130. http: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 90.1.123","Fleischmann, A., Cross, A. T., Gibson, R., Gonella, P. M. & Dixon, K. W. (2018 a) Systematics and Evolution of Droseraceae. In: Ellison, A. & Adamec, L. (Eds.) Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, p. 45 - 57. http: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oso / 9780198779841.001.0001","Rivadavia, F. (2008) The Drosera montana A. St. - Hil. (Droseraceae) complex: a new combination, Drosera schwackei (Diels) Rivadavia, is proposed. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 37: 36 - 43.","Rivadavia, F. & Gonella, P. M. (2011) Drosera quartzicola (Droseraceae), a new and threatened species from the Serra do Cipo, Brazil. Phytotaxa 29: 33 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 29.1.3","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Sano, P. T. (2012) Re-establishment of Drosera spiralis (Droseraceae), and a new circumscription of D. graminifolia. Phytotaxa 75: 43 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 75.1.4","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F., Sano, P. T. & Fleischmann, A. (2014) Exhuming Saint-Hilaire: revision of the Drosera villosa complex (Droseraceae) supports 200 year-old neglected species concepts. Phytotaxa 156 (1): 1 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 156.1.1","Lowrie, A. (2014) Carnivorous Plants of Australia Magnum Opus, Vol. 1. Redfern Natural History, Poole, Dorset, 458 pp.","Saint-Hilaire, A. de 1779 - 1858 (2011) Historia das plantas mais notaveis do Brasil e do Paraguai / Auguste de Saint-Hilaire; translated by Cleonice Paes Barreto Mourao. Orgs: Brandao, M. G. L. & Fagg, C. W. Fino Traco, Belo Horizonte, 376 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Fleischmann, A., Gibson, R. & Rivadavia, F. (2008) Droseraceae: Drosera ericgreenii, a new species from the fynbos of South Africa. Bothalia 38 (1): 141 - 144."]}

5. Drosera camporupestris Rivadavia (2003: 85). Figures 6b, 9d–f Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Jaboticatubas, Serra do Cipó, em campos rupestres dentro da Fazenda da Serra do Cipó, 1215 m, 06 July 1995, Rivadavia-Lopes 447 (holotype SPF-00155000!; isotypes K-001204973!, NY-00688465!, R-000210201!, R-000210201a!, SP-000599!, SP-000600!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves in a lax rosette, active leaves in number of 1–3 (rarely 4 or 5), erect to semierect, with circinate vernation, petioles 2–3 times narrower than the lamina, linear, (30–) 40–105 mm long, lamina narrowly lanceolate; stipules narrowly triangular, large (9–16 mm long) and conspicuous, undivided, golden-brown, apex fimbriate. Dense indumentum of long white eglandular and TSG trichomes on leaves, scapes, pedicels and sepals. Petals narrowly obovate, not overlapping when fully expanded at peak of anthesis, pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds oblong-fusiform or ellipsoid, testa reticulate. Illustrations: — Silva & Giulietti [1997: 10, fig. 13B—habit, as Drosera chrysolepis Taubert (1893: 505)]; Rivadavia (2003: 86, figs. 3.1A–F—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic. Found on the Serra do Cipó and Diamantina Plateau, in the central Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais (Fig. 6b). Habitat: —Perennially wet areas with sandy soils in campo rupestre vegetation, between 1100–1400 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Found with flowers mainly from May to September, which corresponds to the dry season, but flowering specimens were also encountered in November and February. Conservation Status: —Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii). The calculated extent of occurrence (EOO= 5,397.4 km 2) satisfies the VU criteria, while the area of occupancy (AOO= 64 km 2) qualifies it as EN. It is here placed in the less severe category of threat due to the occurrence in large populations inside two National Parks (Sempre-Vivas and Serra do Cipó) and at least one State Park (Rio Preto). The species is threatened by habitat destruction for agriculture and cattle ranching purposes, and by reduction of habitat quality by invasive grasses, anthropogenic fires, and climate change. Notes: —The species is closely related to D. chrysolepis with which it shares a similar leaf shape, large, triangular, golden-brown stipules, and general indumentum, but is easily distinguished by the lack of a conspicuous stem and the fewer active leaves per rosette, usually only one to three (Fig. 10d; vs. 3–numerous, Fig. 11g –i). It is further distinguished by the usually longer petioles and leaves, and by the narrowly obovate petals that do not overlap during anthesis (Fig. 10f; vs. obovate to broadly obovate, overlapping at anthesis, Fig. 11k). Silva & Giulietti (1997) and Correa & Silva (2005) included specimens of D. camporupestris under D. chrysolepis in their treatments, suggesting the former were specimens of the latter that had toppled over and become covered in soil. Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Rivadavia (2003: 87). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Parque Nacional das Sempre Vivas, 03 March 2013, Gonella et al. 606 (SPF). Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, km 112-113 da MG-10, 16 May 2008, Gonella et al. 98 (SPF). Santana do Pirapama, Serra do Cipó, trilha da Senhorinha, 27 July 2009, Zappi & Taylor 2259 (SPF). Serro, Milho Verde, cachoeira do Arco-Íris, 13 January 1998, Chaves s.n. (BHCB-42737)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Silva, T. R. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (1997) Levantamento das Droseraceae do Brasil. Boletim de Botanica da Universidade de Sao Paulo 16: 75 - 105.","Taubert, P. H. W. (1893) Plantae Glaziovianae novae vel minus cognitae. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 502 - 506.","Correa A., M. D. & Silva, T. R. S. (2005) Drosera (Droseraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 96. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 65 pp."]}

12. Drosera graminifolia Saint-Hilaire (1826: 269). Figures 6d, 12g –i Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: au sommet de la Serra de Caraça, dans la province des Mines [on the summit of the Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais], February 1817, Saint-Hilaire B 1-448 (holotype P-00749154!). = Drosera graminifolia var. major Eichler in Martius & Eichler (1872: 396). Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra do Caraça, December 1830, Sellow 1300 (holotype B-100000156!; isotype K-000432556!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or forming columns up to 6(–15) cm long, internodes very short. Glandular trichomes of the TSG type and eglandular trichomes present on leaves, scapes, pedicels and sepals. Leaves erect to semi-erect, with regular circinate vernation, linear, petioles 30–45(–50) × 1.5–2.4 mm; stipules 7–14 × 6.5–10.0 mm, triangular, golden-brown in color; stipules triangular, 7–14 mm long, apex fimbriate. Petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds oblong-fusiform 0.65–0.80 × 0.2 mm, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2012). Illustrations:— Saint-Hilaire (1826: t. XXV, figs. C & 2—habit and stipule); Gonella et al. (2012: 46, fig. 2—habit and details). Distribution:— Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic (Fig. 6d). Restricted to high-montane areas around the summits of the four tallest peaks of the Serra do Caraça (Canjerana, Carapuça, Inficcionado, and Sol), in the southern portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais. Found at elevations of 1700–1950 m. Habitat: —Sandy-peaty substrate or islands of vegetation (sometimes also in Sphagnum carpets) in shallow, wet to moist soils overlying sandstone escarpments in high-montane areas, in campo rupestre vegetation. Found between 1700–1950 m a.s.l. Phenology:— Found in flower between January to April, with a second minor flowering period in September. Conservation status:—Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)c(iv). Gonella et al. (2012) designated this species CR based on the restricted occurrence (AOO= 16 km 2; EOO= 17.6 km 2) limited to a single location (Serra do Caraça highlands), the observed decline in the known populations during the last decades probably due to air pollution from mining activities around the Serra do Caraça, and also the threat of invasive grasses in the very fragile highland habitats occupied by this species. These habitats are also very susceptible to dramatic reductions in climatic suitability over the next decades due to climate change. Found inside the private protection area of the RPPN Santuário do Caraça. Notes: — Drosera graminifolia is most similar to D. spiralis, from which it is distinguished by the indumentum, such as the presence of TSG trichomes (vs. short capitate trichomes) and longer eglandular trichomes on leaves (3–5 mm vs. 0.5–1.5 mm), leaves with regular circinate vernation (vs. irregular circinate), shorther stipules [7–14 mm vs. 14–22(–30) mm], longer petioles (30–50 mm vs. 5–30 mm) that are much longer than the stipules, and oblong-fusiform seeds (vs. ovoid). The species was re-circumscribed by Gonella et al. (2012), which also re-established D. spiralis from its synonymy. Besides the very clear morphological distinction, both species differ in habitat preferences and area of distribution (see Gonella et al. 2012). Drosera graminifolia is also comparable (and likely closely related) to D. magnifica (Gonella et al. 2015), but that species differs significantly in several morphological aspects (see under D. magnifica). Drosera graminifolia var. major was described based on the specimen Sellow 1300 deposited at B, as indicated in an annotation by Eichler on the specimen’s label. An isotype duplicate of that specimen was found at K, yet without any indication to the variety name. Specimens examined: —For an extensive listing, see Gonella et al. (2012: 49). Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Santa Bárbara, Parque Natural do Caraça, 05 March 1992, Rivadavia 122 (K, SPF). “Environs de Rio de Janeiro et d’Ouro Preto” [Glaziou’s locality data is frequently unreliable or even wrong, see e.g. Wurdack 1970], 1883-84, Glaziou 14485 (K)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Saint-Hilaire, A. F. C. P. de (1826) Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil et du Paraguay 1 (6). A. Belin, Paris [exact content of part 6 unknown].","Martius, C. F. P. von & Eichler, A. G. (1872) Flora Brasiliensis 14 (2). Typographia Regia, Munich, 418 pp. + 91 tabs.","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Sano, P. T. (2012) Re-establishment of Drosera spiralis (Droseraceae), and a new circumscription of D. graminifolia. Phytotaxa 75: 43 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 75.1.4","Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Fleischmann, A. (2015) Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook. Phytotaxa 220 (3): 257 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 220.3.4","Wurdack, J. J. (1970) Erroneous data in Glaziou collections of Melastomataceae. Taxon 19 (6): 911 - 913."]}

16. Drosera hirticalyx Duno & Culham (1995: 241). Figures 8b, 17a–c Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Dpto. Atabapo, Cerro Marahuaca-Huha, cumbre altiplanicie no arbolada, más o menos plana, con piedras expuestas, río abajo, 2580 m, 31 January 1982, Steyermark et al. 125982 (holotype NY-03838894!; isotype VEN). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent or often forming erect columns densely covered by marcescent leaves. Leaves decumbent, with geniculate vernation, spatulate, petiole short and discreet, gradually broadening into the obovate lamina, leaves drying black; stipules rectangular in outline, divided into multiple laciniate segments from the base. Scape erect at the base, glandular-pilose towards the apex; sepals glandular-pilose mostly towards the base; petals white; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds ovoid, dark brown to back, testa reticulate. Illustrations: — Duno de Stefano & Culham (1995: 242, figs. 1A–E—habit and details); Duno de Stefan & Culham (1998: 702, fig. 559—habit, leaf and calyces). Distribution: — Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil (North: AM, RR). In Brazil the species is only known from the summits of Mt. Neblina (AM) and Mt. Roraima (RR), in both cases on the border with Venezuela (Fig. 8b). Habitat: —Perennially moist to wet sandy or peaty soils, growing in islands of vegetation over rock outcrops, along the drainage lines of large rocks, or in cracks of sandstone in wet places and in peaty soil along streams and in bogs, at elevations between 1900–2730 m. Phenology:— Found in flower year-round. Conservation status: — Least Concern (LC). Drosera hirticalyx is found in remote and largely protected areas and is not likely to face population size reduction in the near future from direct anthropogenic impact, but may be susceptible to habitat reduction due to climate change (global: AOO= 48 km 2, EOO= 84,048 km 2). In Brazil it occurs inside the Monte Roraima and Pico da Neblina National Parks. Notes: — Drosera hirticalyx is superficially reminiscent (especially in dried specimens) of species in the D. montana alliance [also including D. tentaculata, D. tomentosa and D. spirocalyx], due to its leaves with petiole gradually broadening into an obovate lamina. However, D. hirticalyx is very easily distinguished from the D. montana complex by its stipules which are divided from the base into laciniate segments (vs. stipules entire up to half length, then fimbriate), absence of unifacial marginal glands on the apical leaf margin (vs. present in all four species of the D. montana alliance to some degree), white petals (Fig. 17c; vs. pink), geniculate leaf vernation (vs. circinate in all but D. tentaculata, which also presents geniculate vernation) and the fact that plants turn black when dried (vs. brown). It is further distinguished by robust glandular trichomes on the calyx (Fig. 17b), in contrast to few smaller trichomes on pedicels and scape (these parts appear sub-glabrous), while in the D. montana alliance, glandular trichomes of the scape, pedicels and sepals present a constant, similar size. Moreover, both are only distantly related phylogenetically and also differ in terms of chromosome number, with D. hirticalyx being a member of the diploid D. sect. Drosera, and the D. montana affinity belonging to the tetraploid D. sect. Brasilianae. Plants from Pico da Neblina (AM) are relatively small in comparison to the very robust plants that occur on Cerro Marahuaca and Cerro Duida (Amazonas, Venezuela), whereas plants growing on Mount Roraima and Kukenán tepui (the former comprising a small part of Brazilian territory, RR) are intermediate in size. Despite this significant variation in size, the defining characters of this species are constant and there appear to be no morphological characters distinguishing the different geographical populations of D. hirticalyx. Specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Serra da Neblina, trilha para o Pico da Neblina, 31 December 1998, Rivadavia 770 (SPF). Ridge line on Venezuela-Brazil border, Cerro Neblina, 17 April 1984, Gentry & Stein 46710 (MO). Roraima: Setor brasileiro do Monte Roraima, 01 January 2003, Rivadavia-Lopes et al. 1488 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Duno de Stefano, R. & Culham, A. (1995) Dos especies nuevas del genero Drosera (Droseraceae) en Venezuela y otros comentarios taxonomicos. Novon 5 (3): 241 - 245. http: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3392257"]}

33. Drosera × fontinalis Rivadavia (2009: 121) ( D. grantsaui × D. tomentosa ). Figure 23a, b Type: — BRAZIL Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, 09 September 1994, Rivadavia 302 (holotype SPF-93213!). Perennial, rosetted, acaulescent. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate vernation, oblong; stipule rectangular, apical 1/2– 1/3 fimbriate. Scape erect at the base; base glabrous to sparsely eglandular-pilose; apex, pedicels and sepals glandularpilose. Seeds usually aborted, but if present, then obconical, testa reticulate. Illustrations: —Rivadavia (2009: 122, fig. 1—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Northeast: BA; Central-West: GO; Southeast: MG), endemic. Always found syntopically with one or both parental species. Common, though not always present, wherever the two parental species are syntopic (Fig. 23a). Habitat: —Grows in waterlogged habitats on stream sides and seepages in campo rupestre vegetation, in sandy to peat-sandy soils. Phenology: —Observed in flower from June to November, usually coinciding with the flowering period of D. tomentosa. Notes: —The hybrid D. × fontinalis can result from the cross of D. grantsaui with either of the two D. tomentosa morphotypes. Specimens examined: —For an extensive list, see Rivadavia (2009: 123). Additional specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, estrada para Montes Claros, 07 September 2011, Gonella et al. 483 (SPF). Itacambira, km 91 da estrada para Montes Claros, 22 April 2010, Gonella et al. 291 (SPF); ibid., 07 March 2013, Gonella et al. 597 (SPF)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689

20. Drosera magnifica Rivadavia & Gonella in Gonella et al. (2015: 258). Figures 6d, 16g –i Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Conselheiro Pena, Pico do Padre Ângelo, 1530 m, 28 November 2013, Gonella & Rivadavia 645 (holotype SPF!, isotypes BHCB-110777!, MO!, P!, RB-752024!, SPF!). Perennial, rosetted, caulescent, stems well-developed, prostrate or ascending, up to 123.5 cm long, often clonalcespitose. Leaves semi-erect, with circinate-involute vernation, sessile, lamina linear-lanceolate, 100–240 × 3–8 mm, exclusively eglandular-pilose, with a raised midrib on the adaxial surface, the adaxial surface with a short, triangular to narrowly triangular tentacle-free zone at the base, and the mature leaves with revolute margins; stipules triangular, golden colored. Scape erect at the base, a single scape produced per year, highly branched inflorescences (branched scorpioid cymes), covered with stalked glandular trichomes 0.1–0.4(–0.5) mm long and eglandular trichomes; petals pink; gynoecium 3-carpelate, styles bifurcated at the base. Seeds fusiform, 1.0– 1.2 mm long, dark brown to black, testa reticulate (based on Gonella et al. 2015). Illustrations: — Gonella et al. (2015: 261, fig. 2—habit and details). Distribution: — Brazil (Southeast: MG), endemic to the Pico do Padre Ângelo, part of the Serra do Padre Ângelo, in eastern Minas Gerais (Fig. 6d). Habitat: — Campos rupestres in sandy soil with organic matter over quartzite rock, at elevations around 1500– 1530 m. Phenology:— Drosera magnifica flowers between September and December. Conservation status: —Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Drosera magnifica is a microendemic species, only known to occur in a fragile environment on a single mountain summit (AOO= 4 km 2). Its population is estimated at fewer than 1000 individuals (estimated by adult rosettes, as plants reproduce clonally from stem and roots, hindering a more precise estimation) and suffered a reduction of around 25% of mature individuals in a fire of great proportions that consumed the Serra do Padre Ângelo in late September 2020 (P.M. Gonella, pers. obs.). The species faces further risk of extinction in the near future due to habitat degradation from anthropic interference, such as fires in the surrounding farmlands for pasture renovation, invasion of exotic grasses (Gonella et al. 2015), uncontrolled tourism, and use of the area for religious celebrations, resulting in trampling of the plants as well as their fragile soil, and poaching. Finally, as a mountaintop endemic, it is threatened by climate change (see Cross et al. 2020). Drosera magnifica is currently not protected by any sort of Protected Area. Notes:— The largest representative of the genus on the American continent, D. magnifica belongs to the D. graminifolia alliance (Gonella et al. 2015), but is easily distinguished from both D. graminifolia and D. spiralis by its long and conspicuous stem densely covered with marcescent leaves (Fig. 18g), sessile leaves with circinate-involute vernation (Fig. 18h), absence of glandular trichomes on leaves, multiple-branched inflorescence (Fig. 18g), and larger fusiform seeds. Additional specimen examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Conselheiro Pena, Pico do Padre Ângelo, 08 July 2014, Gonella et al. 675 (SPF, M)., Published as part of Gonella, Paulo Minatel, Sano, Paulo Takeo, Rivadavia, Fernando & Fleischmann, Andreas, 2022, A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil, pp. 1-76 in Phytotaxa 553 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.553.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6796689, {"references":["Gonella, P. M., Rivadavia, F. & Fleischmann, A. (2015) Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook. Phytotaxa 220 (3): 257 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 220.3.4","Cross, A. T., Krueger, T. A., Gonella, P. M., Robinson, A. S. & Fleischmann, A. S. (2020) Conservation of carnivorous plants in the age of extinction. Global Ecology and Conservation 24: e 01272. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9052. v 29 i 1 p 13 - 18"]}

Begonia piranga L. Kollmann & Gonella, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3). Begonia piranga is closely related to Begonia ruhlandiana Irmscher (1953: 67) with which it shares stellate trichomes, craspedodromous venation, deciduous stipules and bracts, pistillate flowers with prophylls and ovary with one placenta per locule. However, B. piranga is easily distinguished by having red flowers (vs. white to pink); staminate flowers with abaxially densely pilose sepals (vs. glabrescent), ovate sepals, 0.75–1.05 × 0.6–0.9 cm (vs. orbiculate sepals, 0.5–0.7 × 0.47–0.6 cm), petals 2 (vs. petals absent); pistillate flowers with a pilose ovary (vs. glabrescent); capsules 0.9–1 × 0.3–0.4 cm (vs. ca. 0.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm), and fruit wings 6–12 mm wide (vs. 1–4 mm). Holotype:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Conselheiro Pena, Serra do Padre Ângelo, Pico do Padre Ângelo, no platô do topo do pico, campo rupestre, 19°19’12.78”S 41°34’42.02”W, 1500 m, 30 November 2020, P. M. Gonella & D. P. Cordeiro 1824 (MBML). Description:—Perennial subshrub, erect, up to 1.5 m tall, pilose, densely lanate to lanuginose; indumentum consisting of stellate trichomes, 4–6 branched at the apex, ferruginous when fresh and white when mature, present on stem, leaves, and inflorescence parts. Stems 0.45–0.75 cm diam., internodes 0.4–5.6 cm long, green to red, brown when mature, densely pilose. Stipules lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 cm, red, apex acute, margins entire, deciduous, adaxial surface glabrous, densely pilose on the abaxial surface. Petioles 1.2–1.3 cm long, red, densely pilose. Leaf blades ovate, 5.8–6.5 × 3.5–4.3 cm, conduplicate, succulent, chartaceous when dry, adaxial surface green, shiny, glabrescent, abaxial surface densely pilose, apex obtuse, base oblique, margin entire, hydathodes present, venation craspedodromous. Inflorescences 19–63 cm long, 3–4 dichasial cymes, red, densely pilose. Bracts elliptic, 0.7–2 × 0.9– 0.2 cm, reddish, deciduous, apex acute, densely pilose on the abaxial surface, carinate. Staminate flowers: pedicel 3–4 mm long, red, densely pilose; sepals 2, ovate to elliptic, 0.75–1.05 × 0.6–0.9 cm, cinnabar red, apex obtuse, margins entire, densely pilose on the abaxial surface; petals 2, obovate to elliptic, 0.5–0.83 × 0.2–0.5 cm, red carmine, apex obtuse, margins entire, slightly pilose on the abaxial surface; stamens ca. 20, ca. 2 mm long, yellow, filaments subequal, ca. 0.7 mm long, anthers ca. 1.3 mm, rimose, ovate, connective slightly projecting, apex rounded. Pistillate flowers: pedicels ca. 0.7 cm long, red, densely pilose; prophylls (1–)2, elliptical to ovate, 0.6–0.75 × 0.35–0.5 cm, persistent, at the base of the ovary, apex obtuse to acute, densely pilose on the abaxial surface; sepals 2, elliptical, 0.6–1.2 × 0.4–0.9 cm, carmine red to magenta, apex obtuse, densely pilose on the abaxial surface; petals 3, elliptical to oblanceolate, 3.2–8 × 3–4.5 mm, carmine to pink-whitish, apex obtuse to rounded, slightly pilose on the abaxial surface; ovary 3-locular, placentation axile, one placenta per locule, apex of the placenta slightly divided; styles 3, ca. 3 mm long, yellow, united at base, each bifurcate, entirely covered with stigmatic papillae. Capsule 0.9–1 × 0.3–0.4 cm, basally dehiscent, covered by trichomes, peduncles 0.8–1 cm long, covered by trichomes, wings 3, unequal, covered by trichomes, the largest one ca. 1.6–1.7 × 0.7–1.2 cm, slightly ascendant to straight, apex rounded to acute, the two smallest ones 0.7–1.2 × 0.6–1 cm, descendant, apex rounded. Seeds ca. 0.25–0.35 × 0.2 mm, oblong, apex rounded. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Conselheiro Pena: Serra do Padre Ângelo, Pico do Padre Ângelo, no platô do topo do pico, campo rupestre, 19°19’6.9”S 41°34’43.8”W, 1500 m, 04 December 2018, P. M . Gonella, A. Fleischmann, L. Medeiros & L. França 1087 (MBML); ibid, 21 August 2020, P. M . Gonella, E. Ramos, D. P. Cordeiro, T. H. Condez & P. R. Bartholomay 1542 (MBML, RB). Distribution and habitat: — Begonia piranga is endemic to Pico do Padre Ângelo, the second highest peak of Serra do Padre Ângelo (Conselheiro Pena, Minas Gerais), where it can be found on the top plateau at elevations around 1500 m (Fig. 1). The species grows in campos rupestres, being found on pockets of sandy soil accumulated between large quartzitic rocks, on sites exposed to direct sunlight (Fig. 2A–C). Only around 20 individuals of the species have been located in the area so far, all growing within a radius of 100 m. Phenology:—The species was observed with flowers in February, May, and from August to December, suggesting a continuous flowering period. Conservation status assessment:—Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii) + D. Begonia piranga has an AOO of 4 km 2 (criterion B2), is known from a single location (sub-criterion B2a), with approximately twenty mature individuals (criterion D). This species is subject to several threats such as invasive species, wildfires, climate change, and unregulated tourism that can lead to poaching and aggravation of invasion by alien species, all of which leading to a decline in habitat quality (sub-criterion B2b(iii)). The threats to which the species is subject are thoroughly described for other endemic species of the area in Gonella et al. (2015), Andrino & Gonella (2021), and Antar et al. (2021a, 2021b). The Serra do Padre Ângelo and other areas of campos rupestres of the João Pinto Formation remain as some of the few natural areas in the region, which had most of its original vegetation converted into pastures (Fig. 1). The recent wildfire of great proportions that affected the Serra in late September 2020 (see Andrino & Gonella 2021) also impacted this species, with at least two of the monitored individuals having disappeared after the fire. Large areas of the top plateau of Pico do Padre Ângelo that remained unexplored before the fire could also have harbored individuals of this species. Therefore, its conservation status is further aggravated by the extremely reduced population size, now estimated to be less than 20 known mature individuals. Based on its restricted occurrence, reduced population size, listed threats to which it is exposed which are leading to a decline in the quality of its habitat, and the fact that it is not found inside any protected area, B. piranga is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered under the aforementioned IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2012). Etymology:—The red and showy flowers of this species are one of its most distinctive characters (Fig. 2G–I), hence we have chosen the epithet “ piranga ”, which means “red” in the Tupi-Guarani language (Bueno 2008). Notes:—According to the sectional classification of Doorenbos et al. (1998), B. piranga belongs to B. sect. Pritzelia, a section with approximately 150 species from South America, characterized by the entire placentae and presence of cystoliths in the leaf cells (Doorenbos et al. 1998).According to the sectional classification of Moonlight et al. (2018), B. piranga belongs to B. sect Tetrachia, a section with approximately 16 species from Brazil, characterized by the presence of stellate or peltate, scale-like hairs; frequently peltate leaves; axile, usually simple placentation; and cymose inflorescences.

Begonia piranga (Begoniaceae) is a new narrowly endemic species from the campos rupestres of Serra do Padre Ângelo, a quartzitic massif in Conselheiro Pena, eastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Description, diagnosis, taxonomic comments, detailed illustrations, field photographs, and a provisional IUCN Red List Assessment are provided. The new species is considered Critically Endangered due to its restricted occurrence in high elevation rock outcrops, small population size, and decline in the quality of the habitat. Begonia vasconcelosiana, another Critically Endangered species, is also newly reported here for Serra do Padre Ângelo. These discoveries add to the increasing list of novelties from Serra do Padre Ângelo, reinforcing the urge for conservation actions to protect the endemic flora of this Serra and other areas of campos rupestres in eastern Minas Gerais state.

Hyptidendron pulcherrimum Antar & Harley, sp. nov. (Figs 1-3) The new species is unique in the genus by the combination of flowers arranged in dichasial cymes, branch indumentum pubescent composed of rigid, broad-based and curved eglandular hairs, leaves petiolate, glabrescent and bullate, corolla tomentose, curved, long exserted from calyx, with the tube 7.5-10 mm long and one slightly winged nutlet per fruiting calyx. The new species shares with Hyptidendron vauthieri (Briq.) Harley a similar inflorescence, habitat preference and habit, but differs as it has leaves glabrescent and deeply bullate (vs leaves pubescent to pilose and not deeply bullate), calyx lobes at fruit 0.9-1.4 mm long (vs calyx lobes at fruit 1.9-3.6 mm long), corolla curved with the tube 7.5-10 mm long (vs corolla straight with the tube 4.1-5.0 mm long), and nutlets slightly winged (vs nutlets not winged). TYPUS. ��� Brazil. Minas Gerais, Conselheiro Pena, Pico do Padre ��ngelo, subida ao pico, 19��18���45.6���S, 41��34���34.7���W, alt. 1260 m, 16.XII.2016, Lopes et al. 453 (holo-, SPF [SPF227258]; iso-, HUEFS, K, RB). PARATYPES. ��� Brazil. Minas Gerais, Conselheiro Pena, Pico do Padre ��ngelo, subindo pela crista sul da montanha, 19��19���46.14���S, 41��34���26.43���W, alt. 1025 m, 27.XI.2013, Gonella & Rivadavia 642 (SPF); Pico do Padre ��ngelo, no topo do pico, 19��19���14.2���S, 41��34���43.7���W, alt. 1530 m, 11. VI.2017, Gonella et al. 800 (SPF with duplicates to be sent to CEN, P, US); Serra do Padre ��ngelo, Pico do Padre ��ngelo, subindo pela trilha que leva ao topo, 19��18���36.7���S, 41��34���32.8���W, alt. 1165 m, 4.XII.2018, Gonella et al. 966 (MBML); Serra do Padre ��ngelo, Pico do Padre ��ngelo, plat�� do topo do pico, 19��19���13.6���S, 41��34���44.2���W, alt. 1500 m, 8. VI.2020, Gonella et al. 1232 (SPF). ETYMOLOGY. ��� The specific epithet refers to the beauty of the new species, which presents remarkable conspicuous flowers and shining leaves, making it a potential species for ornamental use. DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND ECOLOGY. ��� Endemic to the Pico do Padre ��ngelo, in the Serra do Padre ��ngelo in Conselheiro Pena municipality, eastern Minas Gerais (Fig. 1). It grows at elevations from 1000 to 1530 m, in campos rupestres vegetation among quartzitic rock outcrops, in sandy soils covered by a litter layer. The species is especially abundant in the higher areas of the Pico do Padre ��ngelo, above 1400 m, where it is usually associated with the rock outcrops. The Serra do Padre ��ngelo region is subjected to a marked seasonality, with rainy summers and dry winters, but water condensation in the form of fog is present year-round at higher elevations. CONSERVATION STATUS. ��� The estimated Area of Occupancy is low, being just 12 km ��, and the estimated Extent of Occurrence is 0.449 km ��, both being likely to decline further. All of the collections were found on a single mountain: the Pico do Padre ��ngelo, the second highest peak in the Serra do Padre ��ngelo, which is an unprotected area that is subjected to invasion by alien grass species and uncontrolled anthropic fires. Furthermore, these mountaintop areas are highly threatened by climate change, which threatens to reduce significantly the suitable areas for the occurrence of campos rupestres vegetation in the next decades, threatening many of its endemic species with extinction (Barbosa & Fernandes 2016). Propelled by the flagship species Drosera magnifica Rivadavia & Gonella (Gonella et al. 2015), there is an attempt among conservationists to make the locality a Protected Area (Mello-Silva 2018). Nearby areas, most remarkably the Pico do Sossego (1550 m alt.), also in the Serra do Padre ��ngelo, and the Sete Sal��es State Park, are currently unexplored and may also contain populations of Hyptidendron pulcherrimum. Although the species could be regarded as still data deficient concerning its distribution, we consider that, due to the precarious state of conservation of its suitable habitats, it should be assessed as Critically Endangered according to criteria CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii) (IUCN 2012). DESCRIPTION Shrub or treelet 1.5-2 m high, erect or somewhat decumbent, supported by nearby rocks or other plants, aromatic, branches sometimes horizontal; stems woody, 3-5 mm in diameter, younger stems quadrangular, canaliculate, pubescent with rigid, broad-based, curved eglandular hairs, small stipitate glandular hairs, and sessile glands, older stems terete and less hairy. Cauline leaves simple, opposite, decussate, not imbricate, petiolate, longer than internodes, rarely equal or shorter, diminishing in size towards stem apex; lamina 2.0-5.8 �� 1.4-4.2 cm, chartaceous, discolorous, with the abaxial surface paler, elliptic, ovate or broadly elliptic, base cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse to rotund, rarely cuspidate to mucronate, margin crenulate or rarely serrulate, with the exception of the base which is entire (approximately 1/4 to 1/8 of the leaf), 20-36 teeth on each side of leaf, the tooth apex swollen, acute, glabrous, adaxial surface bullate, shiny, glabrous to glabrescent, with the exception of the main vein which is densely covered with non-glandular curved hairs (mostly near the base), which can be on the secondary veins as well but less densely, also some rare curved hairs can be present, margins with some curved hairs mostly near the base, the venation plane or sometimes slightly impressed, midrib and primary veins visible, other veins obscure, abaxial surface glabrous or glabrescent with rare sessile glands and rarely some indumentum on the main nerve, composed of curved hairs and sessile glands or clustered long uniseriate hairs, venation reticulate, conspicuous, midrib and secondary veins prominent; petiole 5-13 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, terete, canaliculate, pubescent with rigid, curved, eglandular hairs, sessile glands and rare glandular stipitate hairs, the indumentum is denser in the intervenous lacunae. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary cymose panicle with dichotomous or less commonly unilateral cymes subtended by foliaceous bracts, which are conspicuous, similar to the leaves, slightly smaller; bracts elliptic, ovate, rotund or orbicular, 1.4-2.6(-3.9) �� 1.1-2.1 cm, petiolate, mostly shorter than the cymes; bracteoles 1.0- 1.4 mm long, with the same indumentum as the pedicels; mature cymes 7-19 flowered, not or only partially obscured by the leaves, borne on peduncles 4-10 mm long, with the same indumentum as the petioles. Flowers on pedicels 3.5-11.7 mm long, pubescent with rigid, broad-based, curved eglandular hairs, stipitate glandular hairs and sessile glands, subtended by linear bracteoles; calyx at anthesis (3.5-) 4.2-6.1 mm long, cylindrical to slightly infundibuliform; tube 3.4-4.7 mm long, straight, ribbed, externally pubescent with small uniseriate hairs mostly on the ribs, and with glandular stipitate hairs and sessile glands, in the margins of the lobes the hairs are longer and uniseriate, with glandular stipitate uniseriate hairs at the apex of the calyx tube, internally glabrous with the exception of sessile glands at the apex; lobes subequal, 1.1-1.6 mm long, narrowly triangular to subulate, externally with the same indumentum as the tube, internally with sessile glands and usually with some small non-glandular hairs, the margins ciliate with small eglandular hairs; fruiting calyx 7.5-8.0 mm long, less hairy, tube accrescent, 6.2-6.9 mm long, �� cylindrical, ribbed, fruiting calyx lobes 0.9-1.4 mm long, subequal, straight; corolla purple to lilac, 11-13 mm long; tube 7.5-10.0 mm long, straight, cylindrical, 2.0- 2.6 mm wide, externally tomentose with simple uniseriate non-glandular hairs, less dense near the corolla base, internally glabrous with the exception of tufts of long uniseriate non-glandular hairs close to the insertion of the posterior pair of stamens in the corolla; lobes spreading, externally tomentose with simple non-glandular uniseriate hairs and sessile glands, internally glabrous; anterior lobe large, boat-shaped; stamens with posterior filaments 4.5-5.8 mm long, villous with long uniseriate entangled eglandular hairs anterior filaments 2.5-3.2 mm long, similar indumentum as the posterior pair but less hairy; anthers ca. 1 mm long; gynoecium with style 7-11 mm long, jointed and basally with a well-developed stylopodium protruding above ovary, 0.9- 1.4 mm long, and apically with two unequal, short, slender stigmatic lobes. Nutlets 2.2-3.0 �� 1.6-2.0 mm, 1 per fruiting calyx, ellipsoid, oblong to widely oblong, castaneous, rugulose and shining, glabrous, slightly winged, with deep abscission scars, not mucilaginous when wetted. REMARKS Hyptidendron pulcherrimum Antar & Harley, sp. nov. is similar to other species of the former Hyptidendron sect. Umbellaria, to which it seems to belong. The most similar species is Hyptidendron vauthieri (Briq.) Harley (see diagnosis), a species that occurs in the campos rupestres of the Serra do Cip��, in the southern portion of the Espinha��o Range (Fig. 1). It is also superficially similar to other species endemic to the campos rupestres of the Espinha��o Range, such as Hyptidendron vepretorum (Benth.) Harley, from which it differs by the longer peduncle size (0.5-2 mm long in H. vepretorum vs 4-10 mm long) and the longer corolla tube (4.8-7.0 mm long in H. vepretorum vs 7.5-10 mm); and Hyptidendron unilaterale (Epling) Harley, from which it differs by the longer corolla tube (3.5-5.0 mm long in H. unilaterale vs 7.5-10 mm long) and the cyme structure (unilateral or rarely dichasial in H. unilaterale vs dichasial or rarely unilateral)., Published as part of Antar, Guilherme Medeiros, Harley, Raymond Mervyn, Pastore, Jos�� Floriano Bar��a, Gonella, Paulo Minatel & Sano, Paulo Takeo, 2021, Hyptidendron pulcherrimum Antar & Harley, sp. nov. (Hyptidinae, Lamiaceae), a new narrowly endemic species from Minas Gerais, Brazil, pp. 1-8 in Adansonia (3) (3) 43 (1) on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2021v43a1, http://zenodo.org/record/4463667, {"references":["BARBOSA N. P. U. & FERNANDES G. W. 2016. - Rupestrian grassland: past, present and future distribution, in FERNANDES G. W. (ed.), Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop Grasslands in Brazil. Springer International Publishing Ag, Switzerland: 531 - 544. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 29808 - 5 _ 22","GONELLA P. M., RIVADAVIA F. & FLEISCHMANN A. 2015. - Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook. Phytotaxa 220: 257 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 220.3.4","IUCN 2012. - IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge."]}