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7. Scaphoideus titanus forecasting and management: quo vadis?

Author

Gonella, Elena, Benelli, Giovanni, Arricau-Bouvery, Nathalie, Bosco, Domenico, Duso, Carlo, Dietrich, Christopher H., Galetto, Luciana, Rizzoli, Attilio, Jović, Jelena, Mazzoni, Valerio, Mori, Nicola, Nieri, Rachele, Roversi, Pio F., Strauss, Gudrun, Thiéry, Denis, Trivellone, Valeria, Virant-Doberlet, Meta, Lucchi, Andrea, and Alma, Alberto

Abstract

Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a major pest for European viticulture due to its high efficiency in the transmission of one of the most destructive pathogens for grapevine, namely flavescence dorée phytoplasmas. Although it plays a major role in spreading this disease, S. titanus is part of a complex epidemiological cycle involving several alternative vectors with variable relevance for phytoplasma spread. Here we provide an updated review on S. titanus monitoring and modelling, as well as the available tools for management of this pest and for limiting phytoplasma transmission and, thus, also spread. Insecticide-based control is examined; additional emphasis is placed on innovative and low-impact control approaches, such as vibrational mating disruption, biocontrol, and methods to reduce vector competence. We also discuss the main emerging challenges to the implementation of effective and sustainable control programs against S. titanus.

Published
2024
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8. Scaphoideus titanus up-to-the-minute: biology, ecology, and role as a vector

Author

Gonella, Elena, Benelli, Giovanni, Arricau-Bouvery, Nathalie, Bosco, Domenico, Duso, Carlo, Dietrich, Christopher H., Galetto, Luciana, Rizzoli, Attilio, Jović, Jelena, Mazzoni, Valerio, Mori, Nicola, Nieri, Rachele, Roversi, Pio F., Strauss, Gudrun, Thiéry, Denis, Trivellone, Valeria, Virant-Doberlet, Meta, Lucchi, Andrea, and Alma, Alberto

Abstract

Native to the Nearctic region, Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) has become a major threat for grapevine production after being unintentionally introduced into Europe, where it became the main vector of flavescence dorée phytoplasma, being mainly associated with the genus Vitis. Scaphoideus titanus is a highly efficient vector of the most important phytoplasma affecting grapevine. For this reason, compulsory insecticide treatments have been introduced against this pest in many European countries. Moreover, the continuous expansion of its geographical distribution makes this leafhopper a serious threat for several non-European Countries. In this article, we review the current knowledge about its taxonomy, morphology, biology, ecology, and its role as a vector. Finally, we point out the main challenges for research aimed at reducing S. titanus and flavescence dorée expansion across Europe and avoiding spread of the disease outside the Old World.

Published
2024
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21. Horizontal transmission of the symbiotic bacterium Asaia sp. in the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Author

Gonella Elena, Crotti Elena, Rizzi Aurora, Mandrioli Mauro, Favia Guido, Daffonchio Daniele, and Alma Alberto

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Bacteria of the genus Asaia have been recently recognized as secondary symbionts of different sugar-feeding insects, including the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus, vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasmas. Asaia has been shown to be localized in S. titanus gut, salivary glands and gonoducts and to be maternally transmitted to the progeny by an egg smearing mechanism. It is currently not known whether Asaia in S. titanus is transmitted by additional routes. We performed a study to evaluate if Asaia infection is capable of horizontal transmission via co-feeding and venereal routes. Results A Gfp-tagged strain of Asaia was provided to S. titanus individuals to trace the transmission pathways of the symbiotic bacterium. Co-feeding trials showed a regular transfer of bacterial cells from donors to recipients, with a peak of frequency after 72 hours of exposure, and with concentrations of the administrated strain growing over time. Venereal transmission experiments were first carried out using infected males paired with uninfected females. In this case, female individuals acquired Gfp-labelled Asaia, with highest infection rates 72-96 hours after mating and with increasing abundance of the tagged symbiont over time. When crosses between infected females and uninfected males were conducted, the occurrence of “female to male” transmission was observed, even though the transfer occurred unevenly. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate that the acetic acid bacterial symbiont Asaia is horizontally transmitted among S. titanus individuals both by co-feeding and venereal transmission, providing one of the few direct demonstrations of such a symbiotic transfer in Hemiptera. This study contributes to the understanding of the bacterial ecology in the insect host, and indicates that Asaia evolved multiple pathways for the colonization of S. titanus body.

Published
2012
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22. The yeastWickerhamomyces anomalus(Pichia anomala)inhabits the midgut and reproductive system of the Asian malaria vectorAnopheles stephensi

Author

Ricci, Irene, Damiani, Claudia, Scuppa, Patrizia, Mosca, Michela, Crotti, Elena, Rossi, Paolo, Rizzi, Aurora, Capone, Aida, Gonella, Elena, Ballarini, Patrizia, Chouaia, Bessem, Sagnon, Nʼfale, Esposito, Fulvio, Alma, Alberto, Mandrioli, Mauro, Sacchi, Luciano, Bandi, Claudio, Daffonchio, Daniele, and Favia, Guido

Published
2011
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27. Asaia, a versatile acetic acid bacterial symbiont, capable of cross-colonizing insects of phylogenetically distant genera and orders

Author

Crotti, Elena, Damiani, Claudia, Pajoro, Massimo, Gonella, Elena, Rizzi, Aurora, Ricci, Irene, Negri, Ilaria, Scuppa, Patrizia, Rossi, Paolo, Ballarini, Patrizia, Raddadi, Noura, Marzorati, Massimo, Sacchi, Luciano, Clementi, Emanuela, Genchi, Marco, Mandrioli, Mauro, Bandi, Claudio, Favia, Guido, Alma, Alberto, and Daffonchio, Daniele

Published
2009
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29. Developmental stages and gut microenvironments influence gut microbiota dynamics in the invasive beetle Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Author

Chouaia, Bessem, primary, Goda, Nizar, additional, Mazza, Giuseppe, additional, Alali, Sumer, additional, Florian, Fiorella, additional, Gionechetti, Fabrizia, additional, Callegari, Matteo, additional, Gonella, Elena, additional, Magoga, Giulia, additional, Fusi, Marco, additional, Crotti, Elena, additional, Daffonchio, Daniele, additional, Alma, Alberto, additional, Paoli, Francesco, additional, Roversi, Pio Federico, additional, Marianelli, Leonardo, additional, and Montagna, Matteo, additional

Published
2019
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33. Bacterial diversity shift determined by different diets in the gut of the spotted wing flyDrosophila suzukiiis primarily reflected on acetic acid bacteria

Author

Vacchini, Violetta, primary, Gonella, Elena, additional, Crotti, Elena, additional, Prosdocimi, Erica M., additional, Mazzetto, Fabio, additional, Chouaia, Bessem, additional, Callegari, Matteo, additional, Mapelli, Francesca, additional, Mandrioli, Mauro, additional, Alma, Alberto, additional, and Daffonchio, Daniele, additional

Published
2017
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34. Wolbachia infection affects female fecundity in Drosophila suzukii

Author

Mazzetto, Fabio, Gonella, Elena, and Alma, Alberto

Subjects
crossing experiments, spotted-wing drosophila, reproductive manipulator, spotted-wing drosophila, crossing experiments, progeny, symbiosis, progeny, reproductive manipulator, symbiosis
Published
2015

39. Plant-mediated interspecific horizontal transmission of an intracellular symbiont in insects

Author

Gonella, Elena, Pajoro, Massimo, Marzorati, Massimo, Crotti, Elena, Mandrioli, Mauro, Pontini, Marianna, Bulgari, Daniela, Negri, Ilaria, Sacchi, Luciano, Chouaia, Bessem, Daffonchio, Daniele, Alma, Alberto, Negri, Ilaria (ORCID:0000-0001-5188-1408), Gonella, Elena, Pajoro, Massimo, Marzorati, Massimo, Crotti, Elena, Mandrioli, Mauro, Pontini, Marianna, Bulgari, Daniela, Negri, Ilaria, Sacchi, Luciano, Chouaia, Bessem, Daffonchio, Daniele, Alma, Alberto, and Negri, Ilaria (ORCID:0000-0001-5188-1408)

Abstract

Intracellular reproductive manipulators, such as Candidatus Cardinium and Wolbachia are vertically transmitted to progeny but rarely show co-speciation with the host. In sap-feeding insects, plant tissues have been proposed as alternative horizontal routes of interspecific transmission, but experimental evidence is limited. Here we report results from experiments that show that Cardinium is horizontally transmitted between different phloem sap-feeding insect species through plants. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiments indicated that the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus releases Cardinium from its salivary glands during feeding on both artificial media and grapevine leaves. Successional time-course feeding experiments with S. titanus initially fed sugar solutions or small areas of grapevine leaves followed by feeding by the phytoplasma vector Macrosteles quadripunctulatus or the grapevine feeder Empoasca vitis revealed that the symbionts were transmitted to both species. Explaining interspecific horizontal transmission through plants improves our understanding of how symbionts spread, their lifestyle and the symbiont-host intermixed evolutionary pattern.

Published
2015

50. The yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Pichia anomala) inhabits the midgut and reproductive system of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi

Author

Ricci, Irene, Damiani, Claudia, Scuppa, Patrizia, Mosca, Michela, Crotti, Elena, Rossi, Francesco Paolo, Rizzi, Aurora, Capone, Aida, Gonella, Elena, Ballarini, Patrizia, Chouaia, Bessem, Sagnon, N' Fale, Esposito, Fulvio, Alma, Alberto, Mandrioli, Mauro, Sacchi, Luciano, Bandi, Claudio, Daffonchio, Daniele, and Favia, Guido

Subjects
Male, Asia, Evolution, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, yeast, anopheles, symbiosis, Genitalia, Male, Settore BIO/19 - Microbiologia Generale, Microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pichia, Behavior and Systematics, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Anopheles, Animals, DNA, Fungal, Symbiosis, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genitalia, Female, Larva, Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale e Applicata, Female, Digestive System
Abstract

While symbiosis between bacteria and insects has been thoroughly investigated in the last two decades, investments on the study of yeasts associated with insects have been limited. Insect-associated yeasts are placed on different branches of the phylogenetic tree of fungi, indicating that these associations evolved independently on several occasions. Isolation of yeasts is frequently reported from insect habitats, and in some cases yeasts have been detected in the insect gut and in other organs/tissues. Here we show that the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus, previously known as Pichia anomala, is stably associated with the mosquito Anopheles stephensi, a main vector of malaria in Asia. Wickerhamomyces anomalus colonized pre-adult stages (larvae L(1)-L(4) and pupae) and adults of different sex and age and could be isolated in pure culture. By a combination of transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques, W. anomalus was shown to localize in the midgut and in both the male and female reproductive systems, suggesting multiple transmission patterns.

Published
2011

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