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Aim: To compare the effects of three instrumentation systems, and a supplementary approach with a finishing instrument, on filling material removal during retreatment of mandibular molar canals. Methods: Sixty mesial canals from mandibular molars (Vertucci's type IV anatomy) were instrumented, filled and subjected to retreatment. After initial removal of the root canal filling material using the D‐RaCe system, the canals were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 20) according to the instrument system used for preparation: the Self‐Adjusting File (SAF), TRUShape or XP‐endo Shaper. The filling material volume in the apical 5 mm of the canals was assessed by means of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) before and after retreatment. All specimens with residual filling material were subjected to a supplementary approach with the XP‐endo Finisher R instrument and another micro‐CT scan was taken. Data on the volumes of filling material and incidence of total removal were compared between groups by the general linear model for paired data and the Fisher's exact test. The effects of the refinement step were evaluated by the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Results: The amount of removed material was 92.4%, 96.9% and 96.9% for the SAF, TRUShape and XP‐endo Shaper, respectively. There were no significant differences between them (P > 0.05). Canals were completely cleaned of filling material in 70% of the specimens for XP‐endo Shaper, 55% for SAF and 30% for TRUShape; the difference between XP‐endo Shaper and TRUShape was significant (P = 0.03). The supplementary step with the XP‐endo Finisher R instrument was associated with additional filling material removal of 38% (P < 0.001). Six more canals were rendered free of filling material after using this finishing instrument. Conclusions: The tested systems were equally effective in removing the mass of filling material from the apical 5 mm of molar canals. The supplementary step with the XP‐endo Finisher R instrument enhanced filling material removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the intense demand of the food industry for new products, especially in the cookie market, the enrichment of crackers with fish proteins is suggested as a good alternative for the use of cobia (Rachycentron canadum), which could be used to produce a popular food of high nutritional value for practical consumption. The objective of this study was to obtain minced cobia and characterize its nutritional value when used to enhance crackers. The minced cobia was added to the crackers at 3, 7 and 10% and the products were evaluated for the physicochemical, sensory and technological properties. With the addition of minced cobia to the formulations, the nutritional enrichment of the crackers was possible as proven by the increase in protein content, by the amino acid profile and by the high digestibility of the added fish protein. The enriched crackers were well accepted by the judges and presented good technological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the effects of progressive apical enlargement on the amount of unprepared root canal surface area and remaining dentine thickness. Methodology: The root canals of 30 extracted mandibular incisors with Vertucci′s type I configuration were instrumented with rotary HyFlex CM instruments (Coltene‐Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) up to 4 instruments larger than the first one that bound at the working length (WL). Teeth were scanned in a micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) device before canal preparation and after instrumentation with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th larger instruments. The amount of unprepared surface area in the full canal or in the apical 4 mm as well as the remaining dentine thickness at 10 mm from the WL were calculated and compared. The general linear model for repeated measures adjusted by Bonferroni's post hoc test was used for statistic analysis. Results: There was a significant reduction in the amount of unprepared areas after each increase in preparation size (P < 0.01). This was observed for both the full canal length and the 4‐mm apical segment. The amount of remaining dentine was also significantly reduced after each file size (P < 0.01). However, dentine thickness always remained greater than 1 mm, even after using the largest instrument. Conclusion: Apical preparations up to 4 instruments larger than the first one to bind at the WL caused a significant progressive reduction in the unprepared canal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test the null hypothesis of association between chronic apical periodontitis ( CAP) and plasmatic levels of the C-reactive protein ( CRP), interleukin-6 ( IL-6) and fibrinogen in a population of severely hypertensive patients. Methodology One hundred and seventy patients with severe refractory hypertension were selected. All patients were submitted to radiographic, clinical and periodontal evaluation. Plasmatic levels of CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen were measured on the morning of the first periodontal appointment using commercially available kits. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to appraise the effect of the co-variables on the plasmatic levels of the inflammatory markers assessed. Results Of the 170 subjects who participated, 105 (61.8%) were females and the median age of the participants was 53 years (range: 40-78). The adjusted multiple linear analyses demonstrated that plasmatic levels of CRP levels were associated with the body mass index ( BMI) ( r = 0.259, P < 0.001) and residual tooth roots ( RTR) ( r = 0.191, P = 0.041). IL-6 and fibrinogen levels showed associated with BMI ( r = 0.400, P < 0.001 and r = 0.214, P = 0.002 respectively). CAP correlated weakly with CRP ( r = 0.250, P = 0.005), IL-6 ( r = 0.174, P = 0.020) and fibrinogen ( r = 0.393, P < 0.001) levels. Conclusion The null hypothesis was rejected in favour of the alternative hypothesis. In other words, the presence of chronic apical periodontitis was associated with higher plasmatic levels of CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen, in a population of severely hypertensive patients. However, the weak association between CAP and each dependent variable suggests a modest participation of endodontic infection on the plasmatic levels of biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the influence of etching periods on the surface/interface morphology and bond strength to glass ceramic with or without application of an unfilled resin after silane. Ceramic discs were divided into 12 groups, defined by etching time with 10% hydrofluoric acid: G1/G7 - etching for 10 seconds, G2/G8 - 20 seconds; G3/G9 - 40 seconds; G4/G10 - 60 seconds; G5/G11 - 120 seconds and G6/G12-60 + 60 seconds. All the groups were silanated after etching and G7 - G12 received a layer of unfilled resin after silane. Microshear testing using resin cement was performed, with 12 resin cylinders tested per group. The data was submitted to two-way ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p<0.05). Evaluation of the etching pattern and bonding interfaces was conducted by SEM. The bond strength means (MPa) were: 19.4 ± 3.5, 22.3 ± 5.1, 22.2 ± 3.2, 17.8 ± 2.1, 15.3 ± 3.0 and 14.3 ± 1.8 for G1-G6 and 17.4 ± 4.8, 21.3 ± 2.1, 21.1 ± 2.3, 24.7 ± 5.8, 20.4 + 2.2 and 18.5 ± 4.6 for G7-G12. Poor etching was detected after 10 seconds of conditioning; whereas deep channels were extensively observed on surfaces etched for 120 and 60 + 60 seconds. Unfilled voids underlying the ceramic-cement interface were detected when only silane was applied. Full completion of the irregularities on G11 was detected using unfilled resin. When only silane was applied, the 60-second group and those etched for longer periods showed lower bond strengths. When both silane and unfilled resin were applied, all etching periods generally showed similar values. In conclusion, the etching period influenced the surface/interface topography and bond strength to ceramic. The application of unfilled resin was able to infiltrate all unfilled voids beneath the ceramic-cement interface, except on re-etched surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]