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[Resumen] El paso del espacio sagrado al espacio secular confiere al espacio religioso una funcionalidad más amplia que permitirá incorporar un simbolismo espacial abstracto y abierto a diferentes percepciones de lo divino para ver, sentir o invocar a Dios. Según Rudolf Otto, en las iglesias protestantes la expresión arquitectónica de lo numinoso está constituida por tres elementos fundamentales de la representación: la oscuridad, el silencio y el vacío. Como elementos que se oponen conceptualmente al símbolo concreto o definitivo, adquieren un significado universal que la propia arquitectura moderna incorporará como un proceso de emancipación artística. Para un arquitecto contemporáneo, diseñar un espacio religioso impone así una inevitable incursión en esta matriz protestante que apela a la simplicidad de las formas, a la fidelidad de la construcción y a la experiencia estética como acceso a lo trascendente. Las capillas mortuorias que estoy presentando toman este contacto con el conocimiento constructivo moderno y con el retorno al lugar sagrado esencial del espacio, la luz y la materia [Abstract] The passage from sacred to secular space confers on religious space a wider functionality that will allow the incorporation of an abstract and open spatial symbolism to different perceptions of the divine to see, feel or invoke God. According to Rudolf Otto, on the Protestant churches the architectonic expression of the numinous is made by three fundamental elements of representation: obscurity, silence and emptiness. As elements that conceptually oppose the concrete or definitive symbol, they acquire a universal meaning that modern architecture itself will incorporate as a process of artistic emancipation. For a contemporary architect to design a religious space thus imposes an inevitable incursion into this Protestant matrix that appeals to the simplicity of forms, to the fidelity of construction and to the aesthetic experience as access to the transcendent. The mortuary chapels I am presenting takes up this contact with the modern constructive knowledge and with the return to the essential sacred place made of space, light and matter

Seaweeds have important nutraceutical properties, including antioxidant and biological response-modifying qualities. Their dietary supplementation may increase the immune and antioxidant capacity of fish necessary to cope to stressful conditions and minimizing disease outbreaks. There are essentially four major groups of seaweed that can be classified by color, namely green (Chlorophyta), brown/yellow (Phaeophyta), red (Rhodophyta), and blue-green (Cyanophyta). Some green seaweed has active radical scavenging properties. Red and brown have bioactive compounds that play a vital role as antihypertensive and antioxidant. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of seaweed supplementation on growth performance, immune and oxidative stress responses in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Three seaweed species, each from one of the following groups, Rhodophyta (R), Phaeophyta (P) and Chlorophyta (C), were supplemented to the experimental diets at 2.5% and 7.5% and tested against a control diet (Ctrl) with no supplementation. In addition to six diets with seaweed in two different levels of supplementation: R2.5%, P2.5%, C2.5%, R7.5%, P7.5% and C7.5%; a diet with a mix (M), supplemented at 7.5% (2.5% of each algae) was also tested. A total of 360 seabream fingerlings, 13.07 ± 0.13cm and 31.17 ± 0.63g were allocated in 24 rectangular tanks, 115L capacity each, with a 4L/min water output connected to a recirculation seawater system. Fish were fed twice a day until satiation and water quality (temperature: 20.5 ºC; D.O.: 8.13 mg/L; Ammonia: 0.5 mg/L Nitrite: 0.5 mg/L) were daily monitored. At day 40 of the trial, an intermediate sampling was carried out. Standard zootechnical parameters were measured for the growth performance determination. In addition, blood, liver and intestine samples were collected for the evaluation of the immune (lysozyme and peroxidase) and oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total glutathione and catalase) responses and digestive capacity (amylase, chymotrypsin, trypsin and lipase). Growth performance parameters showed no significant difference, but all supplemented treatments tended to have better results than control. Plasma peroxidase was improved by dietary seaweed supplementation. Plasm lysozyme increased in R7.5% group when compared to the other dietary groups (Table 1). Amylase, chymotrypsin and trypsin had low activity, while lipase had higher activity. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione s-transferase were not statistically different among the dietary treatments. Nevertheless, these enzymes tended to have higher activity on supplemented treatments than control. Total glutathione and lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in R2,5% and, R7,5% and M, respectively (Table 1). Results indicate seaweed supplementation may improve immune and antioxidant responses in gilthead seabream. Further studies are needed in order to access the protective effects of dietary seaweed supplementation in fish subjected to stress conditions.

Commercial farming of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) at high stocking densities may lead to growth depression and increasing production costs. Moreover, the high levels of accumulated waste in an intensive system may cause rapid deterioration of water quality, which may undermine the production. L-carnitine is known as a growth-enhancer which shows promise as mitigator of crowding effects. The effects of stocking densities (4, 8, 11 and 14 kg m²) on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition were evaluated during 75 days on turbot (75.6 ± 2.8 g) fed two dietary L-carnitine levels (40 or 240 mg kg¹). At the end of the feeding trial, total ammonia excretion (TAN) was measured postprandially for 24h. Specific growth rate and weight gain decreased with increasing stocking density. Fish held at 4 kg m² had higher final body weight (94-96 g) than fish held at higher densities (80-87 g). Protein efficiency ratio was higher in fish held at 4 kg m² (1.33-1.36), in comparison to fish stocked at 8 kg m² (0.98) or 14 kg m² (0.45). Voluntary feed intake decreased from 0.70 to 0.56% BW with increasing stocking density. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation did not affect growth performance and body composition, except for body L-carnitine content which increased from 75 to 128 mg kg¹ BW with supplementation. Fish fed 240 mg L-carnitine supplements had lower TAN that the ones fed 40 mg L-carnitine (p < 0.05). A aquicultura de pregado (Scophthalmus maximus) utilizando elevadas densidades pode reduzir o crescimento e aumentar os custos de produção. Elevados níveis de metabolitos gerados nestes sistemas intensivos provocam rápida deterioração da qualidade da água, podendo também comprometer a performance da produção. A L-carnitina atua como potenciadora do crescimento parecendo ser promissora por atenuar alguns desses efeitos. Os efeitos de densidades (4, 8, 11 e 14 kg m²) no desempenho do crescimento, composição corporal foram avaliados em pregados (75,6 ± 2,8 g) alimentados durante 75 dias a dois níveis dietéticos de L-carnitina (40 ou 240 mg kg¹). Após esse período, determinou-se a excreção de amônia pós-prandial durante 24 horas. Os peixes cultivados na menor densidade, 4 kg m², apresentaram melhores taxas de crescimento e ganho de peso (94-96 g) em comparação aos mantidos em altas densidades (80-87 g). A taxa de eficiência proteica foi mais elevada a 4 kg m² (1,33-1,36), do que a densidades de 8 kg m² (0,98) ou 14 kg m² (0,45). A ingestão voluntária de alimento decresceu de 0,70 para 0,56% do peso corporal com o incremento da densidade. A suplementação de carnitina não afetou o crescimento e a composição corporal, com exceção do conteúdo de carnitine da carcaça que passou de 75 a 128 mg kg¹. Peixes alimentados com suplementos de 240 mg L-carnitina apresentam excreção de amônia mais baixa comparativamente aos alimentados com 40 mg L-carnitina (p < 0,05).

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitectura.