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The Standard Model of particle physics stands as one of the most profound and successful frameworks for describing the fundamental workings of nature. The global form of the Standard Model gauge group, however, remains an open question: it can be $\left(SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_W\times U(1)_Y\right)/\Gamma$ with $\Gamma=1,\mathbb{Z}_2,\mathbb{Z}_3$ or $\mathbb{Z}_6$. The work introduces the fractional topological transport coefficient $\xi$ involving the $U(1)$ B-L symmetry and the $U(1)$ one-form magnetic symmetry of the renormalizable Standard Model, and show that it distinguishes the global form of the Standard Model gauge group. The gauge group is fully determined for specific values of $\xi$, which also depends on the choice of action of the B-L symmetry on the Standard Model known as a fractionalization class. This transport coefficient can be measured in a contact term for the two-point function of the B-L symmetry current with the magnetic one-form symmetry current of the Standard Model. This parallels topological transport in the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect, with quarks and the B-L symmetry playing the role of anyons and the $U(1)$ electromagnetic global symmetry respectively., Comment: 11 pages, 2 tables

Surface operators are nonlocal probes of gauge theories capable of distinguishing phases that are not discernible by the classic Wilson-'t Hooft criterion. We prove that the correlation function of a surface operator with a chiral primary operator in ${\cal N}=4$ super Yang-Mills is a finite polynomial in the Yang-Mills coupling constant. Surprisingly, in spite of these observables receiving nontrivial quantum corrections, we find that these correlation functions are exactly captured in the 't Hooft limit by supergravity in asymptotically $AdS_5\times S^5$ [1]! We also calculate exactly the surface operator vacuum expectation value and the correlator of a surface operator with 1/8-BPS Wilson loops using supersymmetric localization. We demonstrate that these correlation functions in ${\cal N}=4$ SYM realize in a nontrivial fashion the conjectured action of $S$-duality. Finally, we perturbatively quantize ${\cal N}=4$ SYM around the surface operator singularity and identify the Feynman diagrams that when summed over reproduce the exact result obtained by localization., Comment: 83 pages, 8 figures

2d QCD, Yang-Mills theory with gauge group G and massless quarks in representations (R_\ell, R_r) of G, flows in the infrared to a CFT or a TQFT depending on whether spectrum is gapless or gapped. We identify the infrared effective theory and construct the explicit RG flow map between the QCD operators in the UV and the IR, in particular identifying which operators create massive excitations and decouple in the IR, and those that create massless excitations or vacua and remain as nontrivial IR operators. We determine the exact scaling dimensions of the QCD operators that remain in the IR, which generically acquire large anomalous dimensions. We also study QCD deformed by various operators in the ultraviolet (such as mass terms or four-fermi interactions), and determine the theory that emerges at low energies. We conjecture and provide some evidence for QCD deformed by various operators developing a nonperturbative fermion condensate that dynamically breaks the gauge symmetry G, thus explicitly realizing an old idea known as "tumbling" in an exactly soluble setting., Comment: 56 pages

We study ordinary, zero-form symmetry $G$ and its anomalies in a system with a one-form symmetry $\Gamma$. In a theory with one-form symmetry, the action of $G$ on charged line operators is not completely determined, and additional data, a fractionalization class, needs to be specified. Distinct choices of a fractionalization class can result in different values for the anomalies of $G$ if the theory has an anomaly involving $\Gamma$. Therefore, the computation of the 't Hooft anomaly for an ordinary symmetry $G$ generally requires first discovering the one-form symmetry $\Gamma$ of the physical system. We show that the multiple values of the anomaly for $G$ can be realized by twisted gauge transformations, since twisted gauge transformations shift fractionalization classes. We illustrate these ideas in QCD theories in diverse dimensions. We successfully match the anomalies of time-reversal symmetries in $2+1d$ gauge theories, across the different fractionalization classes, with previous conjectures for the infrared phases of such strongly coupled theories, and also provide new checks of these proposals. We perform consistency checks of recent proposals about two-dimensional adjoint QCD and present new results about the anomaly of the axial $\mathbb{Z}_{2N}$ symmetry in $3+1d$ ${\cal N}=1$ super-Yang-Mills. Finally, we study fractionalization classes that lead to 2-group symmetry, both in QCD-like theories, and in $2+1d$ $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory., Comment: 67 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables

We derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for a 2d QCD theory of massless gluons and left and right chiral quarks in arbitrary representations of a gauge group G to develop a mass gap. These results are obtained from spectral properties of the lightcone and temporal QCD Hamiltonians. The conditions can be explicitly solved, and we provide the complete list of all 2d QCD theories that have a quantum mechanical gap in the spectrum, while any other theory not in the list is gapless. The list of gapped theories includes QCD models with quarks in vector-like as well as chiral representations. The gapped theories consist of several infinite families of classical gauge groups with quarks in rank 1 and 2 representations, plus a finite number of isolated cases. We also put forward and analyze the effective infrared description of QCD - TQFTs for gapped theories and CFTs for gapless theories - and exhibit several interesting features in the infrared, such as the existence of non-trivial global 't Hooft anomalies and emergent supersymmetry. We identify 2d QCD theories that flow in the infrared to celebrated CFTs such as minimal models, bosonic and supersymmetric, and Wess-Zumino-Witten and Kazama-Suzuki models., Comment: 82 pages, minor revisions in v2

We uncover a Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT)-type factorization of closed string amplitudes into open string amplitudes for closed string states carrying winding and momentum in toroidal compactifications. The winding and momentum closed string quantum numbers map respectively to the integer and fractional winding quantum numbers of open strings ending on a D-brane array localized in the compactified directions. The closed string amplitudes factorize into products of open string scattering amplitudes with the open strings ending on a D-brane configuration determined by closed string data., Comment: 41 pages, 8 figures

We show that certain global anomalies can be detected in an elementary fashion by analyzing the way the symmetry algebra is realized on the torus Hilbert space of the anomalous theory. Distinct anomalous behaviours imprinted in the Hilbert space are identified with the distinct cohomology "layers" that appear in the classification of anomalies in terms of cobordism groups. We illustrate the manifestation of the layers in the Hilbert for a variety of anomalous symmetries and spacetime dimensions, including time-reversal symmetry, and both in systems of fermions and in anomalous topological quantum field theories (TQFTs) in 2+1d. We argue that anomalies can imply an exact bose-fermi degeneracy in the Hilbert space, thus revealing a supersymmetric spectrum of states; we provide a sharp characterization of when this phenomenon occurs and give nontrivial examples in various dimensions, including in strongly coupled QFTs. Unraveling the anomalies of TQFTs leads us to develop the construction of the Hilbert spaces, the action of operators and the modular data in spin TQFTs, material that can be read on its own., Comment: 74 pages

Nonrelativistic open string theory is defined by a worldsheet theory that produces a Galilean invariant string spectrum and is described at low energies by a nonrelativistic Yang-Mills theory. We study T-duality transformations in the path integral for the sigma model that describes nonrelativistic open string theory coupled to an arbitrary closed string background, described by a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton field. We prove that T-duality transformations map nonrelativistic open string theory to relativistic and noncommutative open string theory in the discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ), a quantization scheme relevant for Matrix string theory. We also show how the worldvolume dynamics of nonrelativistic open string theory described by the Dirac-Born-Infeld type action maps to the Dirac-Born-Infeld actions describing the worldvolume theories of the DLCQ of open string theory and noncommutative open string theory., Comment: 32 pages, 2 figures; v2: One clarification added in section 3.1, minor typos fixed

The classical and quantum worldsheet theory describing nonrelativistic open string theory in an arbitrary nonrelativistic open and closed string background is constructed. We show that the low energy dynamics of open strings ending on n coincident D-branes in flat spacetime is described by a Galilean invariant U(n) Yang-Mills theory. We also study nonrelativistic open string excitations with winding number and demonstrate that their dynamics can be encoded into a local gauge theory in one higher dimension. By demanding conformal invariance of the boundary couplings, the nonlinear equations of motion that govern the consistent open string backgrounds coupled to an arbitrary closed background (described by a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton field) are derived and shown to emerge from a Galilean invariant Dirac-Born-Infeld type action., Comment: 41 pages

$4d$ ${\mathcal N}=1$ super Yang-Mills (SYM) with simply connected gauge group $G$ has $h$ gapped vacua arising from the spontaneously broken discrete $R$-symmetry, where $h$ is the dual Coxeter number of $G$. Therefore, the theory admits stable domain walls interpolating between any two vacua, but it is a nonperturbative problem to determine the low energy theory on the domain wall. We put forward an explicit answer to this question for all the domain walls for $G=SU(N),Sp(N), Spin(N)$ and $G_2$, and for the minimal domain wall connecting neighboring vacua for arbitrary $G$. We propose that the domain wall theories support specific nontrivial topological quantum field theories (TQFTs), which include the Chern-Simons theory proposed long ago by Acharya-Vafa for $SU(N)$. We provide nontrivial evidence for our proposals by exactly matching renormalization group invariant partition functions twisted by global symmetries of SYM computed in the ultraviolet with those computed in our proposed infrared TQFTs. A crucial element in this matching is constructing the Hilbert space of spin TQFTs, that is, theories that depend on the spin structure of spacetime and admit fermionic states -- a subject we delve into in some detail., Comment: 57 pages

Nonrelativistic string theory is described by a sigma model with a relativistic worldsheet and a nonrelativistic target spacetime geometry, that is called string Newton-Cartan geometry. In this paper we obtain string Newton-Cartan geometry as a limit of the Riemannian geometry of General Relativity with a fluxless two-form field. We then apply the same limit to relativistic string theory in curved background fields and show that it leads to nonrelativistic string theory in a string Newton-Cartan geometry coupled to a Kalb-Ramond and dilaton field background. Finally, we use our limiting procedure to study the spacetime equations of motion and the T-duality transformations of nonrelativistic string theory. Our results reproduce the recent studies of beta-functions and T-duality of nonrelativistic string theory obtained from the microscopic worldsheet definition of nonrelativistic string theory., Comment: 41 pages

Nonrelativistic string theory is a unitary, ultraviolet finite quantum gravity theory with a nonrelativistic string spectrum. The vertex operators of the worldsheet theory determine the spacetime geometry of nonrelativistic string theory, known as the string Newton-Cartan geometry. We compute the Weyl anomaly of the nonrelativistic string worldsheet sigma model describing strings propagating in a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond and dilaton background. We derive the equations of motion that dictate the backgrounds on which nonrelativistic string theory can be consistently defined quantum mechanically. The equations of motion we find from our study of the conformal anomaly of the worldsheet theory are to nonrelativistic string theory what the (super)gravity equations of motion are to relativistic string theory., Comment: 32 pages; v2: minor clarifications, fixed typos, references added; v3: a reference added

We determine the unitary and anti-unitary Lagrangian and quantum symmetries of arbitrary abelian Chern-Simons theories. The symmetries depend sensitively on the arithmetic properties (e.g. prime factorization) of the matrix of Chern-Simons levels, revealing interesting connections with number theory. We give a complete characterization of the symmetries of abelian topological field theories and along the way find many theories that are non-trivially time-reversal invariant by virtue of a quantum symmetry, including $U(1)_k$ Chern-Simons theory and $(\mathbb Z_k)_\ell$ gauge theories. For example, we prove that $U(1)_k$ Chern-Simons theory is time-reversal invariant if and only if $-1$ is a quadratic residue modulo $k$, which happens if and only if all the prime factors of $k$ are Pythagorean (i.e., of the form $4n+1$), or Pythagorean with a single additional factor of $2$. Many distinct non-abelian finite symmetry groups are found., Comment: 65 pages

Three-dimensional gauge theories coupled to fermions can develop interesting nonperturbative dynamics. Here we study in detail the dynamics of $SU(N)$ gauge theories coupled to a Dirac fermion in the rank-two symmetric and antisymmetric representation. We argue that when the Chern-Simons level is sufficiently small the theory develops a quantum phase with an emergent topological field theory. When the Chern-Simons level vanishes, we further argue that a baryon condenses and hence baryon symmetry is spontaneously broken. The infrared theory then consists of a Nambu-Goldstone boson coupled to a topological field theory. Our proposals also lead to new fermion-fermion dualities involving fermions in two-index representations. We make contact between our proposals and some recently discussed aspects of four-dimensional gauge theories. This leads us to a proposal for the domain wall theories of non-supersymmetric gauge theories with fermions in two-index representations. Finally, we discuss some aspects of the time-reversal anomaly in theories with a one-form symmetry., Comment: 33 pages

Nonrelativistic string theory in flat spacetime is described by a two-dimensional quantum field theory with a nonrelativistic global symmetry acting on the worldsheet fields. Nonrelativistic string theory is unitary, ultraviolet complete and has a string spectrum and spacetime S-matrix enjoying nonrelativistic symmetry. The worldsheet theory of nonrelativistic string theory is coupled to a curved spacetime background and to a Kalb-Ramond two-form and dilaton field. The appropriate spacetime geometry for nonrelativistic string theory is dubbed string Newton-Cartan geometry, which is distinct from Riemannian geometry. This defines the sigma model of nonrelativistic string theory describing strings propagating and interacting in curved background fields. We also implement T-duality transformations in the path integral of this sigma model and uncover the spacetime interpretation of T-duality. We show that T-duality along the longitudinal direction of the string Newton-Cartan geometry describes relativistic string theory on a Lorentzian geometry with a compact lightlike isometry, which is otherwise only defined by a subtle infinite boost limit. This relation provides a first principles definition of string theory in the discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ) in an arbitrary background, a quantization that appears in nonperturbative approaches to quantum field theory and string/M-theory, such as in Matrix theory. T-duality along a transverse direction of the string Newton-Cartan geometry equates nonrelativistic string theory in two distinct, T-dual backgrounds., Comment: 26 pages; v2: minor clarifications, a reference added; v3: clarifications, references added, fixed typos

We study the dynamics of 2+1 dimensional theories with ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry. In these theories the supersymmetric ground states behave discontinuously at co-dimension one walls in the space of couplings, with new vacua coming in from infinity in field space. We show that the dynamics near these walls is calculable: the two-loop effective potential yields exact results about the ground states near the walls. Far away from the walls the ground states can be inferred by decoupling arguments. In this way, we are able to follow the ground states of ${\cal N}=1$ theories in 2+1 dimensions and construct the infrared phases of these theories. We study two examples in detail: Adjoint SQCD and SQCD with one fundamental quark. In Adjoint QCD we show that for sufficiently small Chern-Simons level the theory has a non-perturbative metastable supersymmetry-breaking ground state. We also briefly discuss the critical points of this theory. For SQCD with one quark we establish an infrared duality between a $U(N)$ gauge theory and an $SU(N)$ gauge theory. The duality crucially involves the vacua that appear from infinity near the walls., Comment: 53 pages

We study 2+1 dimensional gauge theories with a Chern-Simons term and a fermion in the adjoint representation. We apply general considerations of symmetries, anomalies, and renormalization group flows to determine the possible phases of the theory as a function of the gauge group, the Chern-Simons level $k$, and the fermion mass. We propose an inherently quantum mechanical phase of adjoint QCD with small enough $k$, where the infrared is described by a certain Topological Quantum Field Theory (TQFT). For a special choice of the mass, the theory has ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry. There this TQFT is accompanied by a massless Majorana fermion - a Goldstino signaling spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. Our analysis leads us to conjecture a number of new infrared fermion-fermion dualities involving $SU$, $SO$, and $Sp$ gauge theories. It also leads us to suggest a phase diagram of $SO/Sp$ gauge theories with a fermion in the traceless symmetric/antisymmetric tensor representation of the gauge group., Comment: 41 pages, 19 figures; new tests of the proposal and additional references. references added. small additions and typos corrected

We present new anomalies in two-dimensional ${\mathcal N} =(2, 2)$ superconformal theories. They obstruct the shortening conditions of chiral and twisted chiral multiplets at coincident points. This implies that marginal couplings cannot be promoted to background superfields in short representations. Therefore, standard results that follow from ${\mathcal N} =(2, 2)$ spurion analysis are invalidated. These anomalies appear only if supersymmetry is enhanced beyond ${\mathcal N} =(2, 2)$. These anomalies explain why the conformal manifolds of the K3 and $T^4$ sigma models are not K\"ahler and do not factorize into chiral and twisted chiral moduli spaces and why there are no ${\mathcal N} =(2, 2)$ gauged linear sigma models that cover these conformal manifolds. We also present these results from the point of view of the Riemann curvature of conformal manifolds., Comment: 31 pages. v2: reference added

We initiate the study of intersecting surface operators/defects in four-dimensional quantum field theories (QFTs). We characterize these defects by coupled 4d/2d/0d theories constructed by coupling the degrees of freedom localized at a point and on intersecting surfaces in spacetime to each other and to the four-dimensional QFT. We construct supersymmetric intersecting surface defects preserving just two supercharges in N = 2 gauge theories. These defects are amenable to exact analysis by localization of the partition function of the underlying 4d/2d/0d QFT. We identify the 4d/2d/0d QFTs that describe intersecting surface operators in N = 2 gauge theories realized by intersecting M2-branes ending on N M5-branes wrapping a Riemann surface. We conjecture and provide evidence for an explicit equivalence between the squashed four-sphere partition function of these intersecting defects and correlation functions in Liouville/Toda CFT with the insertion of arbitrary degenerate vertex operators, which are labeled by representations of SU(N)., Comment: 74 pages, one-column version of the version published in 2017

We consider the correlation functions of Coulomb branch operators in four-dimensional N=2 Superconformal Field Theories (SCFTs) involving exactly one anti-chiral operator. These extremal correlators are the "minimal" non-holomorphic local observables in the theory. We show that they can be expressed in terms of certain determinants of derivatives of the four-sphere partition function of an appropriate deformation of the SCFT. This relation between the extremal correlators and the deformed four-sphere partition function is non-trivial due to the presence of conformal anomalies, which lead to operator mixing on the sphere. Evaluating the deformed four-sphere partition function using supersymmetric localization, we compute the extremal correlators explicitly in many interesting examples. Additionally, the representation of the extremal correlators mentioned above leads to a system of integrable differential equations. We compare our exact results with previous perturbative computations and with the four-dimensional tt^* equations. We also use our results to study some of the asymptotic properties of the perturbative series expansions we obtain in N=2 SQCD., Comment: 47 pages, 6 figures. v2: typos corrected and references added

The two-point function of exactly marginal operators leads to a universal contribution to the trace anomaly in even dimensions. We study aspects of this trace anomaly, emphasizing its interpretation as a sigma model, whose target space M is the space of conformal field theories (a.k.a. the conformal manifold). When the underlying quantum field theory is supersymmetric, this sigma model has to be appropriately supersymmetrized. As examples, we consider in some detail N=(2,2) and N=(0,2) supersymmetric theories in d=2 and N=2 supersymmetric theories in d=4. This reasoning leads to new information about the conformal manifolds of these theories, for example, we show that the manifold is Kahler-Hodge and we further argue that it has vanishing Kahler class. For N=(2,2) theories in d=2 and N=2 theories in d=4 we also show that the relation between the sphere partition function and the Kahler potential of M follows immediately from the appropriate sigma models that we construct. Along the way we find several examples of potential trace anomalies that obey the Wess-Zumino consistency conditions, but can be ruled out by a more detailed analysis., Comment: harvmac, 38 pages; references added and small clarifications

Wilson loops in gauge theories pose a fundamental challenge for dualities. Wilson loops are labeled by a representation of the gauge group and should map under duality to loop operators labeled by the same data, yet generically, dual theories have completely different gauge groups. In this paper we resolve this conundrum for three dimensional mirror symmetry. We show that Wilson loops are exchanged under mirror symmetry with Vortex loop operators, whose microscopic definition in terms of a supersymmetric quantum mechanics coupled to the theory encode in a non-trivial way a representation of the original gauge group, despite that the gauge groups of mirror theories can be radically different. Our predictions for the mirror map, which we derive guided by branes in string theory, are confirmed by the computation of the exact expectation value of Wilson and Vortex loop operators on the three-sphere., Comment: 92 pages, v2: minor clarifications in the introduction, to be published in JHEP

The partition function of four-dimensional N=2 superconformal field theories on S^4 computes the exact Kahler potential on the space of exactly marginal couplings [1]. We present a new elementary proof of this result using supersymmetry Ward identities. The partition function is a section rather than a function, and is subject to ambiguities coming from Kahler transformations acting on the Kahler potential. This ambiguity is realized by a local supergravity counterterm in the underlying SCFT. We provide an explicit construction of the Kahler ambiguity counterterm in the four dimensional N=2 off-shell supergravity theory that admits S^4 as a supersymmetric background., Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX, corrected counterterm in section 4

We give a microscopic two dimensional ${\cal N}=(2,2)$ gauge theory description of arbitrary M2-branes ending on $N_f$ M5-branes wrapping a punctured Riemann surface. These realize surface operators in four dimensional ${\cal N}=2$ field theories. We show that the expectation value of these surface operators on the sphere is captured by a Toda CFT correlation function in the presence of an additional degenerate vertex operator labelled by a representation ${\cal R}$ of $SU(N_f)$, which also labels M2-branes ending on M5-branes. We prove that symmetries of Toda CFT correlators provide a geometric realization of dualities between two dimensional gauge theories, including ${\cal N}=(2,2)$ analogues of Seiberg and Kutasov--Schwimmer dualities. As a bonus, we find new explicit conformal blocks, braiding matrices, and fusion rules in Toda CFT., Comment: 70 pages + appendices. v2: references added. v3: correct theta angle shifts to match the version published in 2016

We study the finite part of the sphere partition function of d-dimensional Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) as a function of exactly marginal couplings. In odd dimensions, this quantity is physical and independent of the exactly marginal couplings. In even dimensions, this object is generally regularization scheme dependent and thus unphysical. However, in the presence of additional symmetries, the partition function of even-dimensional CFTs can become physical. For two-dimensional N=(2,2) supersymmetric CFTs, the continuum partition function exists and computes the Kahler potential on the chiral and twisted chiral superconformal manifolds. We provide a new elementary proof of this result using Ward identities on the sphere. The Kahler transformation ambiguity is identified with a local term in the corresponding N=(2,2) supergravity theory. We derive an analogous, new, result in the case of four-dimensional N=2 supersymmetric CFTs: the S^4 partition function computes the Kahler potential on the superconformal manifold. Finally, we show that N=1 supersymmetry in four dimensions and N=(1,1) supersymmetry in two dimensions are not sufficient to make the corresponding sphere partition functions well-defined functions of the exactly marginal parameters., Comment: 32 pages; added references and minor corrections

We compute the exact two-sphere partition function and matrix of two-point functions of operators in the chiral ring with their complex conjugates in two-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories. For gauge theories that flow in the infrared to a Calabi-Yau nonlinear sigma model, these renormalization group invariant observables determine the exact Kahler potential and associated Zamolodchikov metric in the complex structure moduli space of the Calabi-Yau manifold., Comment: 36 pages, LaTeX, with minor corrections

We prove a recent conjecture that the partition function of N=(2, 2) gauge theories on the two-sphere which flow to Calabi-Yau sigma models in the infrared computes the exact Kahler potential on the quantum Kahler moduli space of the corresponding Calabi-Yau. This establishes the two-sphere partition function as a new method of computation of worldsheet instantons and Gromov-Witten invariants. We also calculate the exact two-sphere partition function for N=(2,2) Landau-Ginzburg models with an arbitrary twisted superpotential W. These results are used to demonstrate that arbitrary abelian gauge theories and their associated mirror Landau-Ginzburg models have identical two-sphere partition functions. We further show that the partition function of non-abelian gauge theories can be rewritten as the partition function of mirror Landau-Ginzburg models., Comment: 38 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX; typos corrected and comment added

We construct the type-IIB $AdS_4\times K$ supergravity solutions which are dual to the three-dimensional ${\cal N}=4$ superconformal field theories that arise as infrared fixed points of circular-quiver gauge theories. These superconformal field theories are labeled by a triple $(\rho,\hat \rho,L)$ subject to constraints, where $\rho$ and $\hat \rho$ are two partitions of a number $N$, and $L$ is a positive integer. We show that in the limit of large $L$ the localized five-branes in our solutions are effectively smeared, and these type-IIB solutions are dual to the near-horizon geometry of M-theory M2-branes at a $\mathbb{C}^4/(Z_k\times Z_{\hat k})$ orbifold singularity. Our IIB solutions resolve the singularity into localized five-brane throats, without breaking the conformal symmetry. The constraints satisfied by the triple $(\rho,\hat\rho,L)$, together with the enhanced non-abelian flavour symmetries of the superconformal field theories, are precisely reproduced by the supergravity solutions. As a bonus, we uncover a novel type of "orbifold equivalence" between different quantum field theories and provide quantitative evidence for this equivalence., Comment: 53 pages, 16 figures. Added several comments and some extra references on the relation of our IIB solutions to M theory. Paper to appear in JHEP

We compute exactly the partition function of two dimensional N=(2,2) gauge theories on S^2 and show that it admits two dual descriptions: either as an integral over the Coulomb branch or as a sum over vortex and anti-vortex excitations on the Higgs branches of the theory. We further demonstrate that correlation functions in two dimensional Liouville/Toda CFT compute the S^2 partition function for a class of N=(2,2) gauge theories, thereby uncovering novel modular properties in two dimensional gauge theories. Some of these gauge theories flow in the infrared to Calabi-Yau sigma models - such as the conifold - and the topology changing flop transition is realized as crossing symmetry in Liouville/Toda CFT. Evidence for Seiberg duality in two dimensions is exhibited by demonstrating that the partition function of conjectured Seiberg dual pairs are the same., Comment: 78 pages, LaTeX; v2: small corrections and references added; v3: JHEP version, discussing factorization further in new appendix F; v4: sign corrected for non simply-connected gauge group

We find the warped AdS_4 x K type-IIB supergravity solutions holographically dual to a large family of three dimensional \cN=4 superconformal field theories labeled by a pair (\rho,\hat\rho) of partitions of N. These superconformal theories arise as renormalization group fixed points of three dimensional mirror symmetric quiver gauge theories, denoted by T^{\rho}_{\hat \rho}(SU(N)) and T_{\rho}^{\hat \rho}(SU(N)) respectively. We give a supergravity derivation of the conjectured field theory constraints that must be satisfied in order for these gauge theories to flow to a non-trivial supersymmetric fixed point in the infrared. The exotic global symmetries of these superconformal field theories are precisely realized in our explicit supergravity description., Comment: 33 pages, LaTeX; added a comment mentioning that these solutions have all moduli fixed; typos corrected; references added

The path integral of a general N=2 supersymmetric gauge theory on S^4 is exactly evaluated in the presence of a supersymmetric 't Hooft loop operator. The result we find - obtained using localization techniques - captures all perturbative quantum corrections as well as non-perturbative effects due to instantons and monopoles, which are supported at the north pole, south pole and equator of S^4. As a by-product, our gauge theory calculations successfully confirm the predictions made for 't Hooft loops obtained from the calculation of topological defect correlators in Liouville/Toda conformal field theory., Comment: 86 pages, LaTeX

We construct loop operators in two dimensional Toda CFT and calculate with them the exact expectation value of certain supersymmetric 't Hooft and dyonic loop operators in four dimensional \Ncal=2 gauge theories with SU(N) gauge group. Explicit formulae for 't Hooft and dyonic operators in \Ncal=2^* and \Ncal=2 conformal SQCD with SU(N) gauge group are presented. We also briefly speculate on the Toda CFT realization of arbitrary loop operators in these gauge theories in terms of topological web operators in Toda CFT., Comment: 49 pages, LaTeX. Typos fixed, references added

We advance a correspondence between the topological defect operators in Liouville and Toda conformal field theories - which we construct - and loop operators and domain wall operators in four dimensional N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories on S^4. Our computation of the correlation functions in Liouville/Toda theory in the presence of topological defect operators, which are supported on curves on the Riemann surface, yields the exact answer for the partition function of four dimensional gauge theories in the presence of various walls and loop operators; results which we can quantitatively substantiate with an independent gauge theory analysis. As an interesting outcome of this work for two dimensional conformal field theories, we prove that topological defect operators and the Verlinde loop operators are different descriptions of the same operators., Comment: 59 pages, latex; v2 corrections to some formulae

We propose a correspondence between loop operators in a family of four dimensional N=2 gauge theories on S^4 -- including Wilson, 't Hooft and dyonic operators -- and Liouville theory loop operators on a Riemann surface. This extends the beautiful relation between the partition function of these N=2 gauge theories and Liouville correlators found by Alday, Gaiotto and Tachikawa. We show that the computation of these Liouville correlators with the insertion of a Liouville loop operator reproduces Pestun's formula capturing the expectation value of a Wilson loop operator in the corresponding gauge theory. We prove that our definition of Liouville loop operators is invariant under modular transformations, which given our correspondence, implies the conjectured action of S-duality on the gauge theory loop operators. Our computations in Liouville theory make an explicit prediction for the exact expectation value of 't Hooft and dyonic loop operators in these N=2 gauge theories. The Liouville loop operators are also found to admit a simple geometric interpretation within quantum Teichmuller theory as the quantum operators representing the length of geodesics. We study the algebra of Liouville loop operators and show that it gives evidence for our proposal as well as providing definite predictions for the operator product expansion of loop operators in gauge theory., Comment: 67 pages; v.3 made minor corrections and added comments

We study S-duality in N=4 super Yang-Mills with an arbitrary gauge group by determining the operator product expansion of the circular BPS Wilson and 't Hooft loop operators. The coefficients in the expansion of an 't Hooft loop operator for chiral primary operators and the stress-energy tensor are calculated in perturbation theory using the quantum path-integral definition of the 't Hooft operator recently proposed. The corresponding operator product coefficients for the dual Wilson loop operator are determined in the strong coupling expansion. The results for the 't Hooft operator in the weak coupling expansion exactly reproduce those for the dual Wilson loop operator in the strong coupling expansion, thereby demonstrating the quantitative prediction of S-duality for these observables., Comment: 33 pages; v2: references added

We provide a quantum path integral definition of an 't Hooft loop operator, which inserts a pointlike monopole in a four dimensional gauge theory. We explicitly compute the expectation value of the circular 't Hooft operators in N=4 super Yang-Mills with arbitrary gauge group G up to next to leading order in perturbation theory. We also compute in the strong coupling expansion the expectation value of the circular Wilson loop operators. The result of the computation of an 't Hooft loop operator in the weak coupling expansion exactly reproduces the strong coupling result of the conjectured dual Wilson loop operator under the action of S-duality. This paper demonstrates - for the first time - that correlation functions in N=4 super Yang-Mills admit the action of S-duality., Comment: 38 pages; v2: references added, typos fixed

We lift the bosonic AdS_4 x CP^3 solution of type IIA supergravity preserving 24 supersymmetries to a D=10 superspace which has 32 Grassmann-odd directions. The type IIA superspace is obtained from D=11 via dimensional reduction of the coset superspace OSp(8|4)/SO(7) x SO(1,3) by realizing the latter as a Hopf fibration over the former. This construction generalizes to superspace the Hopf fibration of S^7 as a U(1) bundle over CP^3, and is suitable for writing the explicit form of Green-Schwarz-type actions encoding the dynamics of the type IIA string and branes in the AdS_4 x CP^3 superbackground. We show that the OSp(6|4)/U(3) x SO(1,3) supercoset string action describes only a subsector of the complete Green-Schwarz superstring. Thus, even though the superstring equations of motion in the OSp(6|4)/U(3) x SO(1,3) subsector are classically integrable, the fact that the full AdS_4 x CP^3 superspace is not a supercoset requires the use of more general methods to determine whether the superstring in the complete AdS_4 x CP^3 superbackground is classically integrable., Comment: 1+40 pages, LaTeX style; v2: added clarifications, misprints in eqs. corrected, acknowledgments and references added; v3: JHEP version, missed term restored in eqs. (2.4) and (5.25), normalization changed in various places to fix discrepancy in conventions, more clarifications and refs. added

We construct vortex loop operators in the three-dimensional N = 6 supersymmetric Chern-Simons theory recently constructed by Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis and Maldacena. These disorder loop operators are specified by a vortex-like singularity for the scalar and gauge fields along a one dimensional curve in spacetime. We identify the 1/2, 1/3 and 1/6 BPS loop operators in the Chern-Simons theory with excitations of M-theory corresponding to M2-branes ending along a curve on the boundary of AdS_4 x S^7/Z_k. The vortex loop operators can also be given a purely geometric description in terms of regular "bubbling" solutions of eleven dimensional supergravity which are asymptotically AdS_4 x S^7/Z_k., Comment: 62 pages; v2 references added; v3 resolved remaining issue regarding odd k, version to appear in JHEP; v4 correction to VEV calculation in sec. 3

We compute at strong coupling the large N correlation functions of supersymmetric Wilson loops in large representations of the gauge group with local operators of N=4 super Yang-Mills. The gauge theory computation of these correlators is performed using matrix model techniques. We show that the strong coupling correlator of the Wilson loop with the stress tensor computed using the matrix model exactly matches the semiclassical computation of the correlator of the 't Hooft loop with the stress tensor, providing a non-trivial quantitative test of electric-magnetic duality of N=4 super Yang-Mills. We then perform these calculations using the dual bulk gravitational picture, where the Wilson loop is described by a "bubbling" geometry. By applying holographic methods to these backgrounds we calculate the Wilson loop correlation functions, finding perfect agreement with our gauge theory results., Comment: 51 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor changes; v3: minor corrections

We test the proposals for the worldvolume theory of M2-branes by studying its maximally supersymmetric mass-deformation. We check the simplest prediction for the mass-deformed theory on N M2-branes: that there should be a set of discrete vacua in one-to-one correspondence with partitions on N. For the mass-deformed Lorentzian three-algebra theory, we find only a single classical vacuum, casting doubt on its M2-brane interpretation. For the mass-deformed ABJM theory, we do find a discrete set of solutions, but these are more numerous than predicted. We discuss possible resolutions of this puzzling discrepancy. We argue that the classical vacuum solutions of the mass-deformed ABJM theory display properties of fuzzy three-spheres, as expected from their gravitational dual interpretation., Comment: 33 pages, LaTeX; references and acknowledgment added

We show that by adding a supersymmetric Faddeev-Popov ghost sector to the recently constructed Bagger-Lambert theory based on a Lorentzian three algebra, we obtain an action with a BRST symmetry that can be used to demonstrate the absence of negative norm states in the physical Hilbert space. We show that the combined theory, expanded about its trivial vacuum, is BRST equivalent to a trivial theory, while the theory with a vev for one of the scalars associated with a null direction in the three-algebra is equivalent to a reformulation of maximally supersymmetric 2+1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory in which there a formal SO(8) superconformal invariance., Comment: 19 pages, LaTeX, v2: proposal to integrate over x_+ vev removed

In this paper we study surface operators in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We compute surface operator observables, such as the expectation value of surface operators, the correlation function of surface operators with local operators, and the correlation function of surface operators with Wilson and 't Hooft loops. The calculations are performed using three different realizations of surface operators, corresponding respectively to the gauge theory path integral definition, the probe brane description in AdS_5xS^5 and the "bubbling'' supergravity description of surface operators. We find remarkable agreement between the different calculations performed using the three different realizations., Comment: 65 pages; lanlmac, 2 figures

We construct the totally antisymmetric structure constants f^{ABCD} of a 3-algebra with a Lorentzian bi-invariant metric starting from an arbitrary semi-simple Lie algebra. The structure constants f^{ABCD} can be used to write down a maximally superconformal 3d theory that incorporates the expected degrees of freedom of multiple M2 branes, including the "center-of-mass" mode described by free scalar and fermion fields. The gauge field sector reduces to a three dimensional BF term, which underlies the gauge symmetry of the theory. We comment on the issue of unitarity of the quantum theory, which is problematic, despite the fact that the specific form of the interactions prevent the ghost fields from running in the internal lines of any Feynman diagram. Giving an expectation value to one of the scalar fields leads to the maximally supersymmetric 3d Yang-Mills Lagrangian with the addition of two U(1) multiplets, one of them ghost-like, which is decoupled at large g_YM., Comment: 12 pages, Latex; small corrections and references added; published version (small typos fixed)

We write down a maximally supersymmetric one parameter deformation of the field theory action of Bagger and Lambert. We show that this theory on RxT^2 is invariant under the superalgebra of the maximally supersymmetric Type IIB plane wave. It is argued that this theory holographically describes the Type IIB plane wave in the discrete light-cone quantization (DLCQ)., Comment: 19 pages, harvmac; typos fixed and references added; one more reference added

We construct a new class of supersymmetric surface operators in N=4 SYM and find the corresponding dual supergravity solutions. We show that the insertion of the surface operator - which is given by a WZW model supported on the surface - appears by integrating out the localized degrees of freedom along the surface which arise microscopically from a D3/D7 brane intersection. Consistency requires constructing N=4 SYM in the D7 supergravity background and not in flat space. This enlarges the class of holographic gauge theories dual to string theory backgrounds to gauge theories in non-trivial supergravity backgrounds. The dual Type IIB supergravity solutions we find reveal - among other features - that the holographic dual gauge theory does indeed live in the D7-brane background., Comment: 42 pages, harvmac, corrected typos

We prove that the open topological string partition function on a D-brane configuration in a Calabi-Yau manifold X takes the form of a closed topological string partition function on a different Calabi-Yau manifold X_b. This identification shows that the physics of D-branes in an arbitrary background X of topological string theory can be described either by open+closed string theory in X or by closed string theory in X_b. The physical interpretation of the ''bubbling'' Calabi-Yau X_b is as the space obtained by letting the D-branes in X undergo a geometric transition. This implies, in particular, that the partition function of closed topological string theory on certain bubbling Calabi-Yau manifolds are invariants of knots in the three-sphere., Comment: 32 pages; v.2 reference added

We construct smooth asymptotically AdS_5xS^5 solutions of Type IIB supergravity corresponding to all the half-BPS surface operators in N=4 SYM. All the parameters labeling a half-BPS surface operator are identified in the corresponding bubbling geometry. We use the supergravity description of surface operators to study the action of the SL(2,Z) duality group of N=4 SYM on the parameters of the surface operator, and find that it coincides with the recent proposal by Gukov and Witten in the framework of the gauge theory approach to the geometrical Langlands with ramification. We also show that whenever a bubbling geometry becomes singular that the path integral description of the corresponding surface operator also becomes singular., Comment: 26 pages, harvmac; minor typos corrected and reference added, typos fixed

Motivated by recent developments in the AdS/CFT correspondence, we provide several alternative bulk descriptions of an arbitrary Wilson loop operator in Chern-Simons theory. Wilson loop operators in Chern-Simons theory can be given a description in terms of a configuration of branes or alternatively anti-branes in the resolved conifold geometry. The representation of the Wilson loop is encoded in the holonomy of the gauge field living on the dual brane configuration. By letting the branes undergo a new type of geometric transition, we argue that each Wilson loop operator can also be described by a bubbling Calabi-Yau geometry, whose topology encodes the representation of the Wilson loop. These Calabi-Yau manifolds provide a novel representation of knot invariants. For the unknot we confirm these identifications to all orders in the genus expansion., Comment: 26 pages; v.2 typos corrected, explanations clarified; v.3 typos corrected, reference added