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1. The multimode nature of spacetime entanglement in QFT

Author

Agullo, Ivan, Bonga, Béatrice, Martín-Martínez, Eduardo, Nadal-Gisbert, Sergi, Perche, T. Rick, Polo-Gómez, José, Ribes-Metidieri, Patricia, and Torres, Bruno de S. L.

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We demonstrate the presence of multimode entanglement in the vacuum state of a free, massless scalar quantum field in four-dimensional flat spacetime between two sets of field modes, each contained within a spacetime region that is causally disconnected from the other. This is true despite the fact that entanglement between pairs of individual field modes is sparse and appears only when the two individual modes are carefully selected. Our results reveal that, while entanglement between individual modes is limited, bipartite multimode entanglement in quantum field theory is ubiquitous. We further argue that such multimode entanglement is operationally extractable, and it forms the basis of the entanglement commonly discussed in entanglement harvesting protocols., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures

Published
2024

2. Selective Dynamical Imaging of Interferometric Data

Author

Farah, Joseph, Galison, Peter, Akiyama, Kazunori, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Chael, Andrew, Fuentes, Antonio, Gómez, José L., Honma, Mareki, Johnson, Michael D., Kofuji, Yutaro, Marrone, Daniel P., Moriyama, Kotaro, Narayan, Ramesh, Pesce, Dominic W., Tiede, Paul, Wielgus, Maciek, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Collaboration, The Event Horizon Telescope

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Recent developments in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have made it possible for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to resolve the innermost accretion flows of the largest supermassive black holes on the sky. The sparse nature of the EHT's $(u, v)$-coverage presents a challenge when attempting to resolve highly time-variable sources. We demonstrate that the changing (u, v)-coverage of the EHT can contain regions of time over the course of a single observation that facilitate dynamical imaging. These optimal time regions typically have projected baseline distributions that are approximately angularly isotropic and radially homogeneous. We derive a metric of coverage quality based on baseline isotropy and density that is capable of ranking array configurations by their ability to produce accurate dynamical reconstructions. We compare this metric to existing metrics in the literature and investigate their utility by performing dynamical reconstructions on synthetic data from simulated EHT observations of sources with simple orbital variability. We then use these results to make recommendations for imaging the 2017 EHT Sgr A* data set., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, published in ApJL (2022), uploaded for open access

Published
2024
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3. Reply to Comment on 'No Black Holes from Light' [arXiv:2408.06714]

Author

Álvarez-Domínguez, Álvaro, Garay, Luis J., Martín-Martínez, Eduardo, and Polo-Gómez, José

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We discuss how the comment by A. Loeb [arXiv:2408.06714] has no bearing on the results of Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 041401 (2024) [arXiv:2405.02389]., Comment: 2 pages. RevTeX 4.2

Published
2024

5. Divide, Ensemble and Conquer: The Last Mile on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for On-Board Semantic Segmentation

Author

Lian, Tao, Gómez, Jose L., and López, Antonio M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

The last mile of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is the challenge of solving the syn-to-real domain gap. Recent UDA methods have progressed significantly, yet they often rely on strategies customized for synthetic single-source datasets (e.g., GTA5), which limits their generalisation to multi-source datasets. Conversely, synthetic multi-source datasets hold promise for advancing the last mile of UDA but remain underutilized in current research. Thus, we propose DEC, a flexible UDA framework for multi-source datasets. Following a divide-and-conquer strategy, DEC simplifies the task by categorizing semantic classes, training models for each category, and fusing their outputs by an ensemble model trained exclusively on synthetic datasets to obtain the final segmentation mask. DEC can integrate with existing UDA methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance on Cityscapes, BDD100K, and Mapillary Vistas, significantly narrowing the syn-to-real domain gap.

Published
2024

6. The Black Hole Explorer: Motivation and Vision

Author

Johnson, Michael D., Akiyama, Kazunori, Baturin, Rebecca, Bilyeu, Bryan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boroson, Don, Cardenas-Avendano, Alejandro, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chang, Dominic, Cheimets, Peter, Chou, Cathy, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Farah, Joseph, Galison, Peter, Gamble, Ronald, Gammie, Charles F., Gelles, Zachary, Gomez, Jose L., Gralla, Samuel E., Grimes, Paul, Gurvits, Leonid I., Hadar, Shahar, Haworth, Kari, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Honma, Mareki, Houston, Janice, Hudson, Ben, Issaoun, Sara, Jia, He, Jorstad, Svetlana, Kauffmann, Jens, Kovalev, Yuri Y., Kurczynski, Peter, Lafon, Robert, Lupsasca, Alexandru, Lehmensiek, Robert, Ma, Chung-Pei, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Melnick, Gary J., Narayan, Ramesh, Niinuma, Kotaro, Noble, Scott C., Palmer, Eric J., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Paritsky, Lenny, Peretz, Eliad, Pesce, Dominic, Plavin, Alexander, Quataert, Eliot, Rana, Hannah, Ricarte, Angelo, Roelofs, Freek, Shtyrkova, Katia, Sinclair, Laura C., Small, Jeffrey, Kumara, Sridharan Tirupati, Srinivasan, Ranjani, Strominger, Andrew, Tiede, Paul, Tong, Edward, Wang, Jade, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George, and Zhang, Xinyue Alice

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We present the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a mission that will produce the sharpest images in the history of astronomy by extending submillimeter Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. BHEX will discover and measure the bright and narrow "photon ring" that is predicted to exist in images of black holes, produced from light that has orbited the black hole before escaping. This discovery will expose universal features of a black hole's spacetime that are distinct from the complex astrophysics of the emitting plasma, allowing the first direct measurements of a supermassive black hole's spin. In addition to studying the properties of the nearby supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A*, BHEX will measure the properties of dozens of additional supermassive black holes, providing crucial insights into the processes that drive their creation and growth. BHEX will also connect these supermassive black holes to their relativistic jets, elucidating the power source for the brightest and most efficient engines in the universe. BHEX will address fundamental open questions in the physics and astrophysics of black holes that cannot be answered without submillimeter space VLBI. The mission is enabled by recent technological breakthroughs, including the development of ultra-high-speed downlink using laser communications, and it leverages billions of dollars of existing ground infrastructure. We present the motivation for BHEX, its science goals and associated requirements, and the pathway to launch within the next decade., Comment: Proceedings for SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation

Published
2024
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7. Battling Botpoop using GenAI for Higher Education: A Study of a Retrieval Augmented Generation Chatbots Impact on Learning

Author

Thway, Maung, Recatala-Gomez, Jose, Lim, Fun Siong, Hippalgaonkar, Kedar, and Ng, Leonard W. T.

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and large language models (LLMs) have simultaneously opened new avenues for enhancing human learning and increased the prevalence of poor-quality information in student response - termed Botpoop. This study introduces Professor Leodar, a custom-built, Singlish-speaking Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) chatbot designed to enhance educational while reducing Botpoop. Deployed at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Professor Leodar offers a glimpse into the future of AI-assisted learning, offering personalized guidance, 24/7 availability, and contextually relevant information. Through a mixed-methods approach, we examine the impact of Professor Leodar on learning, engagement, and exam preparedness, with 97.1% of participants reporting positive experiences. These findings help define possible roles of AI in education and highlight the potential of custom GenAI chatbots. Our combination of chatbot development, in-class deployment and outcomes study offers a benchmark for GenAI educational tools and is a stepping stone for redefining the interplay between AI and human learning., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, SI with Annexes A, B and C upon request

Published
2024

8. The flaring activity of blazar AO 0235+164 during year 2021

Author

Pedrosa, Juan Escudero, Agudo, Iván, Moritz, Till, Marscher, Alan P., Jorstad, Svetlana, Tramacere, Andrea, Casadio, Carolina, Thum, Clemens, Myserlis, Ioannis, Sievers, Albrecht, Otero-Santos, Jorge, Morcuende, Daniel, López-Coto, Rubén, D'Ammando, Filippo, Bonnoli, Giacomo, Gurwell, Mark, Gómez, José Luis, Rao, Ramprasad, and Keating, Garrett

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Context. The blazar AO 0235+164, located at redshift $z=0.94$, has displayed interesting and repeating flaring activity in the past, the latest episodes occurring in 2008 and 2015. In 2020, the source brightened again, starting a new flaring episode that peaked in 2021. Aims. We study the origin and properties of the 2021 flare in relation to previous studies and the historical behavior of the source, in particular to the 2008 and 2015 flaring episodes. Methods. We analyze the multi-wavelength photo-polarimetric evolution of the source. From Very Long Baseline Array images, we derive the kinematic parameters of new components associated with the 2021 flare. We use this information to constrain a model for the spectral energy distribution of the emission during the flaring period. We propose an analytical geometric model to test whether the observed wobbling of the jet is consistent with precession. Results. We report the appearance of two new components that are ejected in a different direction than previously, confirming the wobbling of the jet. We find that the direction of ejection is consistent with that of a precessing jet.The derived period independently agrees with the values commonly found in the literature. Modeling of the spectral energy distribution further confirm that the differences between flares can be attributed to geometrical effects., Comment: Accepted 15 May 2024

Published
2024
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9. A Comprehensive Survey on SmartNICs: Architectures, Development Models, Applications, and Research Directions

Author

Kfoury, Elie, Choueiri, Samia, Mazloum, Ali, AlSabeh, Ali, Gomez, Jose, and Crichigno, Jorge

Subjects
Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture
Abstract

The end of Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling has slowed processor improvements in the past decade. While multi-core processors have improved performance, they are limited by the application's level of parallelism, as prescribed by Amdahl's Law. This has led to the emergence of domain-specific processors that specialize in a narrow range of functions. Smart Network Interface Cards (SmartNICs) can be seen as an evolutionary technology that combines heterogeneous domain-specific processors and general-purpose cores to offload infrastructure tasks. Despite the impressive advantages of SmartNICs and their importance in modern networks, the literature has been missing a comprehensive survey. To this end, this paper provides a background encompassing an overview of the evolution of NICs from basic to SmartNICs, describing their architectures, development environments, and advantages over legacy NICs. The paper then presents a comprehensive taxonomy of applications offloaded to SmartNICs, covering network, security, storage, and machine learning functions. Challenges associated with SmartNIC development and deployment are discussed, along with current initiatives and open research issues., Comment: This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible

Published
2024
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10. Exploring material compositions for synthesis using oxidation states

Author

Thway, Maung, Chen, Andy Paul, Dai, Haiwen, Recatala-Gomez, Jose, Tian, Siyu Isaac Parker, Zhu, Ruiming, Zhai, Wenhao, Wei, Fengxia, Repaka, D. V. Maheshwar, Buonassisi, Tonio, Canepa, Pieremanuele, and Hippalgaonkar, Kedar

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Recent advances in machine learning techniques have made it possible to use high-throughput screening to identify novel materials with specific properties. However, the large number of potential candidates produced by these techniques can make it difficult to select the most promising ones. In this study, we develop the oxidation state probability (OSP) method which evaluates ternary compounds based on the probability (the OSP metric) of each element to adopt the required oxidation states for fulfilling charge neutrality. We compare this model with Roost and the Fourier-transformed crystal properties (FTCP)-based synthesizability score. Among the top 1000 systems with the most database entries in Materials Project (MP), more than 500 systems exhibit an attested compound among the top 3 compositions when ranked by the OSP metric. We find that the OSP method shows promising results for certain classes of ternary systems, especially those containing nonmetals, s-block, or transition metals. When applied to the Cu-In-Te ternary system, an interesting system for thermoelectric applications, the OSP method predicted the synthesizability of CuIn$_3$Te$_5$ without prior knowledge, and we have successfully synthesized CuIn$_3$Te$_5$ in experiment. Our method has the potential to accelerate the discovery of novel compounds by providing a guide for experimentalists to easily select the most synthesizable candidates from an arbitrarily large set of possible chemical compositions., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

Published
2024

11. No black holes from light

Author

Álvarez-Domínguez, Álvaro, Garay, Luis J., Martín-Martínez, Eduardo, and Polo-Gómez, José

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We show that it is not possible to concentrate enough light to precipitate the formation of an event horizon. We argue that the dissipative quantum effects coming from the self-interaction of light (such as vacuum polarization) are enough to prevent any meaningful buildup of energy that could create a black hole in any realistic scenario., Comment: 13 pages. RevTeX 4.2. v2: Updated to match published version

Published
2024
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12. Reducing intersectional stigma among transgender women in Brazil to promote uptake of HIV testing and PrEP: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of Manas por Manas

Author

Sevelius, Jae, Veras, Maria Amelia Sousa Mascena, Gomez, Jose Luis, Saggese, Gustavo, Mocello, Adrienne Rain, Bassichetto, Katia Cristina, Neilands, Torsten B, and Lippman, Sheri A

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Mental Health, Social Determinants of Health, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Health Disparities, Behavioral and Social Science, Women's Health, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Clinical Research, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, HIV/AIDS, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Transgender Persons, Brazil, Female, HIV Infections, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Social Stigma, Male, Adult, HIV Testing, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Adolescent, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, transgender persons, HIV & AIDS, primary prevention, clinical trial, health equity, Public Health and Health Services, Other Medical and Health Sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences, Psychology
Abstract

IntroductionGlobally, transgender ('trans') women experience extreme social and economic marginalisation due to intersectional stigma, defined as the confluence of stigma that results from the intersection of social identities and positions among those who are oppressed multiple times. Among trans women, gender-based stigma intersects with social positions such as engagement in sex work and substance use, as well as race-based stigma to generate a social context of vulnerability and increased risk of HIV acquisition. In Brazil, trans women are the 'most at-risk' group for HIV, with 55 times higher estimated odds of HIV infection than the general population; further, uptake of HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among trans women is significantly lower than other at-risk groups. Through extensive formative work, we developed Manas por Manas, a multilevel intervention using HIV prevention strategies with demonstrated feasibility and acceptability by trans women in Brazil, to address intersectional stigma and increase engagement in the HIV prevention continuum.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a two-arm randomised wait-list controlled trial of the intervention's efficacy in São Paulo, Brazil, to improve uptake of HIV testing and PrEP among transgender women (N=400). The primary outcomes are changes in HIV testing (self-testing and clinic based), changes in PrEP uptake and changes in PrEP persistence at baseline and follow-up assessment for 12 months at 3-month intervals.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board (15-17910) and Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (Research Ethics National Commission, CAAE: 25215219.8.0000.5479) in Brazil. Participants provided informed consent before enrolment. We are committed to collaboration with National Institutes of Health officials, other researchers, and health and social services communities for rapid dissemination of data and sharing of materials. The results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals and scientific presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03081559.

Published
2024

13. A stable splitting for spaces of commuting elements in unitary groups

Author

Adem, Alejandro, Gómez, José Manuel, and Gritschacher, Simon

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Topology
Abstract

We prove an analogue of Miller's stable splitting of the unitary group $U(m)$ for spaces of commuting elements in $U(m)$. After inverting $m!$, the space $\text{Hom}(\mathbb{Z}^n,U(m))$ splits stably as a wedge of Thom-like spaces of bundles of commuting varieties over certain partial flag manifolds. Using Steenrod operations we prove that our splitting does not hold integrally. Analogous decompositions for symplectic and orthogonal groups as well as homological results for the one-point compactification of the commuting variety in a Lie algebra are also provided.

Published
2024

14. Synthetic Spectra from Particle-in-cell Simulations of Relativistic Jets containing an initial Toroidal Magnetic Field

Author

Dutan, Ioana, Nishikawa, Kenichi, Meli, Athina, Kobzar, Oleh, Koehn, Christoph, Mizuno, Yosuke, MacDonald, Nicholas, Gomez, Jose L., and Hirotani, Kouichi

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The properties of relativistic jets, their interaction with the environment, and their emission of radiation can be self-consistently studied by using particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations. Using three-dimensional (3D), relativistic PIC simulations, we present the first self-consistently calculated synthetic spectra of head-on and off-axis emission from electrons accelerated in cylindrical, relativistic plasma jets containing an initial toroidal magnetic field. The jet particles are initially accelerated during the linear stage of growing plasma instabilities, which are the Weibel instability (WI), kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI), and mushroom instability (MI). In the nonlinear stage, these instabilities are dissipated and generate turbulent magnetic fields which accelerate particles further. We calculate the synthetic spectra by tracing a large number of jet electrons in the nonlinear stage, near the jet head where the magnetic fields are turbulent. Our results show the basic properties of jitter-like radiation emitted by relativistic electrons when they travel through a magnetized plasma with the plasma waves driven by kinetic instabilities (WI, kKHI, and MI) growing into the nonlinear regime. At low frequencies, the slope of the spectrum is ~ 0.94, which is similar to that of the jitter radiation. The results are relevant to active galactic nuclei/blazars and gamma-ray burst jet emission and set the ground for future studies on synthetic spectra from relativistic jets., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Published
2024

16. What you know or who you know? The role of intellectual and social capital in opportunity recognition

Author

Ramos-Rodriguez, Antonio Rafael, Medina-Garrido, Jose Aurelio, Lorenzo-Gomez, Jose Daniel, and Ruiz-Navarro, Jose

Subjects
Economics - General Economics
Abstract

The recognition of business opportunities is the first stage in the entrepreneurial process. The current work analyzes the effects of individuals' possession of and access to knowledge on the probability of recognizing good business opportunities in their area of residence. The authors use an eclectic theoretical framework consisting of intellectual and social capital concepts. In particular, they analyze the role of individuals' educational level, their perception that they have the right knowledge and skills to start a business, whether they own and manage a firm, their contacts with other entrepreneurs, and whether they have been business angels. The hypotheses proposed here are tested using data collected for the GEM project in Spain in 2007. The results show that individuals' access to external knowledge through the social networks in which they participate is fundamental for developing the capacity to recognize new business opportunities.

Published
2024
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17. Lost in the curve: Investigating the disappearing knots in the blazar 3C 454.3

Author

Traianou, Efthalia, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Gómez, José L., Lico, Rocco, Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Cho, Ilje, Ros, Eduardo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Liodakis, Ioannis, Dahale, Rohan, Toscano, Teresa, Fuentes, Antonio, Foschi, Marianna, Casadio, Carolina, MacDonald, Nicholas, Kim, Jae-Young, Hervet, Olivier, Jorstad, Svetlana, Lobanov, Andrei P., Hodgson, Jeffrey, Myserlis, Ioannis, Agudo, Ivan, Zensus, Anton J., and Marscher, Alan P.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

One of the most well-known extragalactic sources in the sky, quasar 3C 454.3, shows a curved parsec-scale jet that has been exhaustively monitored with very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) over the recent years. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of four years of high-frequency VLBI observations at 43 GHz and 86 GHz, between 2013-2017, in total intensity and linear polarization. The images obtained from these observations enabled us to study the jet structure and the magnetic field topology of the source on spatial scales down to 4.6 parsec in projected distance. The kinematic analysis reveals the abrupt vanishing of at least four new superluminal jet features in a characteristic jet region (i.e., region C), which is located at an approximate distance of 0.6 milliarcseconds from the VLBI core. Our results support a model in which the jet bends, directing the relativistic plasma flow almost perfectly toward our line of sight, co-spatially with the region where components appear to stop., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures

Published
2023

18. All for One, and One for All: UrbanSyn Dataset, the third Musketeer of Synthetic Driving Scenes

Author

Gómez, Jose L., Silva, Manuel, Seoane, Antonio, Borrás, Agnès, Noriega, Mario, Ros, Germán, Iglesias-Guitian, Jose A., and López, Antonio M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

We introduce UrbanSyn, a photorealistic dataset acquired through semi-procedurally generated synthetic urban driving scenarios. Developed using high-quality geometry and materials, UrbanSyn provides pixel-level ground truth, including depth, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation with object bounding boxes and occlusion degree. It complements GTAV and Synscapes datasets to form what we coin as the 'Three Musketeers'. We demonstrate the value of the Three Musketeers in unsupervised domain adaptation for image semantic segmentation. Results on real-world datasets, Cityscapes, Mapillary Vistas, and BDD100K, establish new benchmarks, largely attributed to UrbanSyn. We make UrbanSyn openly and freely accessible (www.urbansyn.org)., Comment: The UrbanSyn Dataset is available in http://urbansyn.org/

Published
2023

19. Unveiling the Bent Jet Structure and Polarization of OJ 287 at 1.7 GHz with Space VLBI

Author

Cho, Ilje, Gómez, José L., Lico, Rocco, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Traianou, Efthalia, Dahale, Rohan, Fuentes, Antonio, Toscano, Teresa, Foschi, Marianna, Kovalev, Yuri Y., Lobanov, Andrei, Pushkarev, Alexander B., Gurvits, Leonid I., Kim, Jae-Young, Lisakov, Mikhail, Voitsik, Petr, Myserlis, Ioannis, Pötzl, Felix, and Ros, Eduardo

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present total intensity and linear polarization images of OJ287 at 1.68GHz, obtained through space-based VLBI observations with RadioAstron on April 16, 2016. The observations were conducted using a ground array consisting of the VLBA and the EVN. Ground-space fringes were detected with a maximum projected baseline length of 5.6 Earth's diameter, resulting in an angular resolution of 530 uas. With this unprecedented resolution at such a low frequency, the progressively bending jet structure of OJ287 has been resolved up to 10 pc of the projected distance from the radio core. In comparison with close-in-time VLBI observations at 15, 43, 86 GHz from MOJAVE and VLBA-BU-BLAZAR monitoring projects, we obtain the spectral index map showing the opaque core and optically thin jet components. The optically thick core has a brightness temperature of 10$^{13}$ K, and is further resolved into two sub-components at higher frequencies labeled C1 and C2. These sub-components exhibit a transition from optically thick to thin, with a SSA turnover frequency estimated to be 33 and 11.5 GHz, and a turnover flux density 4 and 0.7 Jy, respectively. Assuming a Doppler boosting factor of 10, the SSA values provide the estimate of the magnetic field strengths from SSA of 3.4 G for C1 and 1.0 G for C2. The magnetic field strengths assuming equipartition arguments are also estimated as 2.6 G and 1.6 G, respectively. The integrated degree of linear polarization is found to be approximately 2.5 %, with the electric vector position angle being well aligned with the local jet direction at the core region. This alignment suggests a predominant toroidal magnetic field, which is in agreement with the jet formation model that requires a helical magnetic field anchored to either the black hole ergosphere or the accretion disk. Further downstream, the jet seems to be predominantly threaded by a poloidal magnetic field., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables

Published
2023
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20. A proposal to characterize and quantify superoscillations

Author

Li, Yu, Polo-Gómez, José, and Martín-Martínez, Eduardo

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We present a formal definition of superoscillating function. We discuss the limitations of previously proposed definitions and illustrate that they do not cover the full gamut of superoscillatory behaviours. We demonstrate the suitability of the new proposal with several examples of well-known superoscillating functions that were not encompassed by previous definitions., Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures. RevTeX 4.2. v2: Updated to match published version

Published
2023
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21. Non-perturbative method for particle detectors with continuous interactions

Author

Polo-Gómez, José and Martín-Martínez, Eduardo

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We show that detector switching profiles consisting of trains of delta couplings are a useful computational tool to efficiently approximate results involving continuous switching functions, both in setups involving a single detector and multiple ones. The rapid convergence to the continuous results at all orders in perturbation theory for sufficiently regular switchings means that this tool can be used to obtain non-perturbative results for general particle detector phenomena with continuous switching functions., Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures. RevTeX 4.2. v2: Updated to match published version

Published
2023
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22. Filamentary structures as the origin of blazar jet radio variability

Author

Fuentes, Antonio, Gómez, José L., Martí, José M., Perucho, Manel, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Lico, Rocco, Lobanov, Andrei P., Bruni, Gabriele, Kovalev, Yuri Y., Chael, Andrew, Akiyama, Kazunori, Bouman, Katherine L., Sun, He, Cho, Ilje, Traianou, Efthalia, Toscano, Teresa, Dahale, Rohan, Foschi, Marianna, Gurvits, Leonid I., Jorstad, Svetlana, Kim, Jae-Young, Marscher, Alan P., Mizuno, Yosuke, Ros, Eduardo, and Savolainen, Tuomas

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Supermassive black holes at the centre of active galactic nuclei power some of the most luminous objects in the Universe. Typically, very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations of blazars have revealed only funnel-like morphologies with little information of the ejected plasma internal structure, or lacked the sufficient dynamic range to reconstruct the extended jet emission. Here we show microarcsecond-scale angular resolution images of the blazar 3C 279 obtained at 22 GHz with the space VLBI mission RadioAstron, which allowed us to resolve the jet transversely and reveal several filaments produced by plasma instabilities in a kinetically dominated flow. Our high angular resolution and dynamic range image suggests that emission features traveling down the jet may manifest as a result of differential Doppler-boosting within the filaments, as opposed to the standard shock-in-jet model invoked to explain blazar jet radio variability. Moreover, we infer that the filaments in 3C 279 are possibly threaded by a helical magnetic field rotating clockwise, as seen in the direction of the flow motion, with an intrinsic helix pitch angle of ~45 degrees in a jet with a Lorentz factor of ~13 at the time of observation., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures. Initial version of an article published in Nature Astronomy

Published
2023
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26. Fully Relativistic Entanglement Harvesting

Author

Perche, T. Rick, Polo-Gómez, José, Torres, Bruno de S. L., and Martín-Martínez, Eduardo

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We study the protocol of entanglement harvesting when the particle detectors that harvest entanglement from the field are replaced by fully relativistic quantum field theories. We show that two localized modes of the quantum field theories are able to harvest the same amount of leading order entanglement as two non-relativistic particle detectors, thus implying that QFT probes can generally harvest more entanglement than particle detectors. These results legitimize the use of particle detectors to study entanglement harvesting regardless of their internally non-relativistic nature., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. RevTeX 4.2. v2: Updated to match published version

Published
2023
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27. An SiO Toroid and Wide-angle Outflow associated with the Massive Protostar W75N(B)-VLA2

Author

Gomez, Jose F., Torrelles, Jose M., Girart, Josep M., Surcis, Gabriele, Kim, Jeong-Sook, Canto, Jorge, Anglada, Guillem, Curiel, Salvador, Vlemmings, Wouter H. T., Carrasco-Gonzalez, Carlos, Rodriguez-Kamenetzky, Adriana R., Kim, Soon-Wook, Goddi, Ciriaco, van Langevelde, Huib J., and Sanchez-Monge, Alvaro

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We have carried out ALMA observations of the massive star-forming region W75N(B), which contains the massive protostars VLA1, VLA2, and VLA3. Particularly, VLA2 is an enigmatic protostar associated with a wind-driven H$_2$O maser shell, which has evolved from an almost isotropic outflow to a collimated one in just 20 years. The shell expansion seemed to be halted by an obstacle located to the northeast of VLA2. Here we present our findings from observing the 1.3 mm continuum and H$_2$CO and SiO emission lines. Within a region of $\sim 30"$ ($\sim 39,000$ au) diameter, we have detected 40 compact mm-continuum sources, three of them coinciding with VLA1, VLA2, and VLA3. While the H$_2$CO emission is mainly distributed in a fragmented structure around the three massive protostars, but without any of the main H$_2$CO clumps spatially coinciding with them, the SiO is highly concentrated on VLA2, indicating the presence of very strong shocks generated near this protostar. The SiO emission is clearly resolved into an elongated structure ($\sim 0.6"\times0.3"$; $\sim 780$ au$\times$390 au) perpendicular to the major axis of the wind-driven maser shell. The structure and kinematics of the SiO emission are consistent with a toroid and a wide-angle outflow surrounding a central mass of $\sim 10$ M$_{\odot}$, thus supporting previous theoretical predictions regarding the evolution of the outflow. Additionally, we have identified the expected location and estimated the gas density of the obstacle that is hindering the expansion of the maser shell., Comment: To be published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Sixteen pages, seven figures. Updated metadata

Published
2023

28. FLASHING: Project Overview

Author

Imai, Hiroshi, Hamae, Yuhki, Amada, Kei, Nakashima, Keisuke, Shum, Ka-Yiu, Kasai, Rina, Gomez, Jose F., Uscanga, Lucero, Tafoya, Daniel, Orosz, Gabor, and Burns, Ross A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper describes the overview of the FLASHING (Finest Legacy Acquisitions of SiO-/ H$_2$O-maser Ignitions by the Nobeyama Generation) project promoted using the 45 m telescope of Nobeyama Radio Observatory, which aims to intensively monitor H$_2$O (22 GHz) and SiO (43 GHz) masers associated with so-called "water fountain" sources. Here we show scientific results on the basis of the data taken in for the first five seasons of FLASHING, from 2018 December to 2023 April). We have found the evolution of the H$_2$O maser spectra, such as new spectral components breaking the record of the jet's top speed and/or systematic velocity drifts in the spectrum indicating acceleration or deceleration of the maser gas clumps. For the 43 GHz SiO maser emission, we have found its new detection in a source while its permanent disappearance in other source. Our finding may imply that the jets from these water fountains can be accelerated or decelerated, and show how cicumstellar envelopes have been destroyed., Comment: 31 pages, 22 figures, to be published in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

Published
2023

29. A search for pulsars around Sgr A* in the first Event Horizon Telescope dataset

Author

Torne, Pablo, Liu, Kuo, Eatough, Ralph P., Wongphechauxsorn, Jompoj, Cordes, James M., Desvignes, Gregory, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Kramer, Michael, Ransom, Scott M., Chatterjee, Shami, Wharton, Robert, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Blackburn, Lindy, Janssen, Michael, Chan, Chi-kwan, Crew, Geoffrey B., Matthews, Lynn D., Goddi, Ciriaco, Rottmann, Helge, Wagner, Jan, Sanchez, Salvador, Ruiz, Ignacio, Abbate, Federico, Bower, Geoffrey C., Salamanca, Juan J., Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Herrera-Aguilar, Alfredo, Jiang, Wu, Lu, Ru-Sen, Pen, Ue-Li, Raymond, Alexander W., Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Paubert, Gabriel, Sanchez-Portal, Miguel, Kramer, Carsten, Castillo, Manuel, Navarro, Santiago, John, David, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Johnson, Michael D., Rygl, Kazi L. J., Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Balokovic, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauboeck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chang, Dominic O., Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Crawford, Thomas M., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Dahale, Rohan, Davelaar, Jordy, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Foschi, Marianna, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., Garcia, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Gold, Roman, Gomez, Jose L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Jeter, Britton, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koyama, Shoko, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, La Bella, Noemi, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Matsushita, Satoki, Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Muller, Cornelia, Muller, Hendrik, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Hector, Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Ozel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pesce, Dominic W., Pietu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Potzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Sanchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun, He, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Toscano, Teresa, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yadlapalli, Nitika, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yfantis, Aristomenis, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, Andre, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yu, Wei, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Zhao, Shan-Shan

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed in 2017 the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at a frequency of 228.1 GHz ($\lambda$=1.3 mm). The fundamental physics tests that even a single pulsar orbiting Sgr A* would enable motivate searching for pulsars in EHT datasets. The high observing frequency means that pulsars - which typically exhibit steep emission spectra - are expected to be very faint. However, it also negates pulse scattering, an effect that could hinder pulsar detections in the Galactic Center. Additionally, magnetars or a secondary inverse Compton emission could be stronger at millimeter wavelengths than at lower frequencies. We present a search for pulsars close to Sgr A* using the data from the three most-sensitive stations in the EHT 2017 campaign: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, the Large Millimeter Telescope and the IRAM 30 m Telescope. We apply three detection methods based on Fourier-domain analysis, the Fast-Folding-Algorithm and single pulse search targeting both pulsars and burst-like transient emission; using the simultaneity of the observations to confirm potential candidates. No new pulsars or significant bursts were found. Being the first pulsar search ever carried out at such high radio frequencies, we detail our analysis methods and give a detailed estimation of the sensitivity of the search. We conclude that the EHT 2017 observations are only sensitive to a small fraction ($\lesssim$2.2%) of the pulsars that may exist close to Sgr A*, motivating further searches for fainter pulsars in the region., Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures, 6 Tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2023

30. Particle Detectors from Localized Quantum Field Theories

Author

Perche, T. Rick, Polo-Gómez, José, Torres, Bruno de S. L., and Martín-Martínez, Eduardo

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We present a fully relativistic model for localized probes in quantum field theory. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to obtain particle detector models from localized quantum field theories that interact with a free quantum field. In particular, a particle detector model is obtained when one traces out over inaccessible degrees of freedom of the localized field. This gives rise to a particle detector model, that is, a quantum degree of freedom that couples to a free field theory in an extended region of spacetime. Moreover, we show that the predictions of traditional particle detector models and fully relativistic localized fields completely coincide to leading order in perturbation theory., Comment: 10 pages, 2 appendices. V2: Updated to match published version

Published
2023
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31. On the need of an ultramassive black hole in OJ 287

Author

Valtonen, Mauri J., Zola, Staszek, Gopakumar, Achamveedu, Lähteenmäki, Anne, Tornikoski, Merja, Dey, Lankeswar, Gupta, Alok C., Pursimo, Tapio, Knudstrup, Emil, Gomez, Jose L., Hudec, Rene, Jelínek, Martin, Štrobl, Jan, Berdyugin, Andrei V., Ciprini, Stefano, Reichart, Daniel E., Kouprianov, Vladimir V., Matsumoto, Katsura, Drozdz, Marek, Mugrauer, Markus, Sadun, Alberto, Zejmo, Michal, Sillanpää, Aimo, Lehto, Harry J., Nilsson, Kari, Imazawa, Ryo, Uemura, Makoto, and Davidson Jr, James W.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

The highly variable blazar OJ~287 is commonly discussed as an example of a binary black hole system. The 130 year long optical light curve is well explained by a model where the central body is a massive black hole of 18.35$\times$10$^9$ solar mass that supports a thin accretion disc. The secondary black hole of 0.15$\times$10$^9$ solar mass impacts the disc twice during its 12 year orbit, and causes observable flares. Recently, it has been argued that an accretion disc with a typical AGN accretion rate and above mentioned central body mass should be at least six magnitudes brighter than OJ~287's host galaxy and would therefore be observationally excluded. Based on the observations of OJ~287's radio jet, detailed in Marscher and Jorstad (2011), and up-to-date accretion disc models of Azadi et al. (2022), we show that the V-band magnitude of the accretion disc is unlikely to exceed the host galaxy brightness by more than one magnitude, and could well be fainter than the host. This is because accretion power is necessary to launch the jet as well as to create electromagnetic radiation, distributed across many wavelengths, and not concentrated especially on the optical V-band. Further, we note that the claimed V-band concentration of accretion power leads to serious problems while interpreting observations of other Active Galactic Nuclei. Therefore, we infer that the mass of the primary black hole and its accretion rate do not need to be smaller than what is determined in the standard model for OJ~287.

Published
2023
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32. Observational Implications of OJ 287's Predicted 2022 Disk Impact in the Black Hole Binary Model

Author

Valtonen, Mauri J., Dey, Lankeswar, Gopakumar, Achamveedu, Zola, Staszek, Lähteenmäki, Anne, Tornikoski, Merja, Gupta, Alok C., Pursimo, Tapio, Knudstrup, Emil, Gomez, Jose L., Hudec, Rene, Jelínek, Martin, Štrobl, Jan, Berdyugin, Andrei V., Ciprini, Stefano, Reichart, Daniel E., Kouprianov, Vladimir V., Matsumoto, Katsura, Drozdz, Marek, Mugrauer, Markus, Sadun, Alberto, Zejmo, Michal, Sillanpää, Aimo, Lehto, Harry J., Nilsson, Kari, Imazawa, Ryo, and Uemura, Makoto

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present a summary of the results of the OJ 287 observational campaign, which was carried out during the 2021/2022 observational season. This season is special in the binary model because the major axis of the precessing binary happens to lie almost exactly in the plane of the accretion disc of the primary. This leads to pairs of almost identical impacts between the secondary black hole and the accretion disk in 2005 and 2022. In 2005, a special flare called "blue flash" was observed 35 days after the disk impact, which should have also been verifiable in 2022. We did observe a similar flash and were able to obtain more details of its properties. We describe this in the framework of expanding cloud models. In addition, we were able to identify the flare arising exactly at the time of the disc crossing from its photo-polarimetric and gamma-ray properties. This is an important identification, as it directly confirms the orbit model. Moreover, we saw a huge flare that lasted only one day. We may understand this as the lighting up of the jet of the secondary black hole when its Roche lobe is suddenly flooded by the gas from the primary disk. Therefore, this may be the first time we directly observed the secondary black hole in the OJ 287 binary system., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures, published in Galaxies as part of the Special Issue Distant Glowing Objects: Quest for Quasars

Published
2023
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33. Reference Array and Design Consideration for the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope

Author

Doeleman, Sheperd S., Barrett, John, Blackburn, Lindy, Bouman, Katherine, Broderick, Avery E., Chaves, Ryan, Fish, Vincent L., Fitzpatrick, Garret, Fuentes, Antonio, Freeman, Mark, Gómez, José L., Haworth, Kari, Houston, Janice, Issaoun, Sara, Johnson, Michael D., Kettenis, Mark, Loinard, Laurent, Nagar, Neil, Narayanan, Gopal, Oppenheimer, Aaron, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Patel, Nimesh, Pesce, Dominic W., Raymond, Alexander W., Roelofs, Freek, Srinivasan, Ranjani, Tiede, Paul, Weintroub, Jonathan, and Wielgus, Maciek

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the process to design, architect, and implement a transformative enhancement of the Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT). This program - the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT) - will form a networked global array of radio dishes capable of making high-fidelity real-time movies of supermassive black holes (SMBH) and their emanating jets. This builds upon the EHT principally by deploying additional modest-diameter dishes to optimized geographic locations to enhance the current global mm/submm wavelength Very Long Baseline Interferometric (VLBI) array, which has, to date, utilized mostly pre-existing radio telescopes. The ngEHT program further focuses on observing at three frequencies simultaneously for increased sensitivity and Fourier spatial frequency coverage. Here, the concept, science goals, design considerations, station siting and instrument prototyping are discussed, and a preliminary reference array to be implemented in phases is described., Comment: Submitted to the journal Galaxies

Published
2023

34. Thermodynamic bound on quantum state discrimination

Author

Polo-Gómez, José

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We show that the second law of thermodynamics poses a restriction on how well we can discriminate between quantum states. By examining an ideal gas with a quantum internal degree of freedom undergoing a cycle based on a proposal by Asher Peres, we establish a non-trivial upper bound on the attainable accuracy of quantum state discrimination. This thermodynamic bound, which relies solely on the linearity of quantum mechanics and the constraint of no work extraction, matches Holevo's bound on accessible information, but is looser than the Holevo-Helstrom bound. The result gives more evidence on the disagreement between thermodynamic entropy and von Neumann entropy, and places potential limitations on proposals beyond quantum mechanics., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. RevTeX 4.2. v2: Updated to match published version

Published
2023
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35. Discovery of X-ray polarization angle rotation in active galaxy Mrk 421

Author

Di Gesu, Laura, Marshall, Herman L., Ehlert, Steven R., Kim, Dawoon E., Donnarumma, Immacolata, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Liodakis, Ioannis, Kiehlmann, Sebastian, Agudo, Iván, Jorstad, Svetlana G., Muleri, Fabio, Marscher, Alan P., Puccetti, Simonetta, Middei, Riccardo, Perri, Matteo, Pacciani, Luigi, Negro, Michela, Romani, Roger W., Di Marco, Alessandro, Blinov, Dmitry, Bourbah, Ioakeim G., Kontopodis, Evangelos, Mandarakas, Nikos, Romanopoulos, Stylianos, Skalidis, Raphael, Vervelaki, Anna, Casadio, Carolina, Escudero, Juan, Myserlis, Ioannis, Gurwell, Mark, Rao, Ramprasad, Keating, Garrett, Kouch, Pouya M., Lindfors, Elina, Aceituno, Francisco Josè, Bernardos, Maria I., Bonnoli, Giacomo, Casanova, Vìctor, Garcìa-Comas, Maya, Agìs-Gonzàlez, Beatriz, Husillos, Cèsar, Marchini, Alessandro, Sota, Alfredo, Imazawa, Ryo, Sasada, Mahito, Fukazawa, Yasushi, Kawabata, Koji S., Uemura, Makoto, Mizuno, Tsunefumi, Nakaoka, Tatsuya, Akitaya, Hiroshi, Savchenko, Sergey S., Vasilyev, Andrey A., Gòmez, Josè L., Antonelli, Lucio A., Barnouin, Thibault, Bonino, Raffaella, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Costamante, Luigi, Chen, Chien-Ting, Cibrario, Nicolò, De Rosa, Alessandra, Di Pierro, Federico, Errando, Manel, Kaaret, Philip, Karas, Vladimir, Krawczynski, Henric, Lisalda, Lindsey, Madejski, Grzegorz, Malacaria, Christian, Marin, Frédéric, Marinucci, Andrea, Massaro, Francesco, Matt, Giorgio, Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki, O'Dell, Stephen L., Paggi, Alessandro, Peirson, Abel L., Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier, Ramsey, Brian D., Tennant, Allyn F., Wu, Kinwah, Bachetti, Matteo, Baldini, Luca, Baumgartner, Wayne H., Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bianchi, Stefano, Bongiorno, Stephen D., Brez, Alessandro, Bucciantini, Niccolò, Capitanio, Fiamma, Castellano, Simone, Ciprini, Stefano, Costa, Enrico, Del Monte, Ettore, Di Lalla, Niccolò, Doroshenko, Victor, Dovčiak, Michal, Enoto, Teruaki, Evangelista, Yuri, Fabiani, Sergio, Ferrazzoli, Riccardo, Garcia, Javier A., Gunji, Shuichi, Hayashida, Kiyoshi, Heyl, Jeremy, Iwakiri, Wataru, Kislat, Fabian, Kitaguchi, Takao, Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J., La Monaca, Fabio, Latronico, Luca, Maldera, Simone, Manfreda, Alberto, Ng, C. -Y., Omodei, Nicola, Oppedisano, Chiara, Papitto, Alessandro, Pavlov, George G., Pesce-Rollins, Melissa, Pilia, Maura, Possenti, Andrea, Poutanen, Juri, Rankin, John, Ratheesh, Ajay, Roberts, Oliver J., Sgrò, Carmelo, Slane, Patrick, Soffitta, Paolo, Spandre, Gloria, Swartz, Douglas A., Tamagawa, Toru, Taverna, Roberto, Tawara, Yuzuru, Thomas, Nicholas E., Tombesi, Francesco, Trois, Alessio, Tsygankov, Sergey S., Turolla, Roberto, Vink, Jacco, Weisskopf, Martin C., Xie, Fei, and Zane, Silvia

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The magnetic field conditions in astrophysical relativistic jets can be probed by multiwavelength polarimetry, which has been recently extended to X-rays. For example, one can track how the magnetic field changes in the flow of the radiating particles by observing rotations of the electric vector position angle $\Psi$. Here we report the discovery of a $\Psi_{\mathrm x}$ rotation in the X-ray band in the blazar Mrk 421 at an average flux state. Across the 5 days of Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) observations of 4-6 and 7-9 June 2022, $\Psi_{\mathrm x}$ rotated in total by $\geq360^\circ$. Over the two respective date ranges, we find constant, within uncertainties, rotation rates ($80 \pm 9$ and $91 \pm 8 ^\circ/\rm day$) and polarization degrees ($\Pi_{\mathrm x}=10\%\pm1\%$). Simulations of a random walk of the polarization vector indicate that it is unlikely that such rotation(s) are produced by a stochastic process. The X-ray emitting site does not completely overlap the radio/infrared/optical emission sites, as no similar rotation of $\Psi$ was observed in quasi-simultaneous data at longer wavelengths. We propose that the observed rotation was caused by a helical magnetic structure in the jet, illuminated in the X-rays by a localized shock propagating along this helix. The optically emitting region likely lies in a sheath surrounding an inner spine where the X-ray radiation is released.

Published
2023

36. A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet

Author

Lu, Ru-Sen, Asada, Keiichi, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Park, Jongho, Tazaki, Fumie, Pu, Hung-Yi, Nakamura, Masanori, Lobanov, Andrei, Hada, Kazuhiro, Akiyama, Kazunori, Kim, Jae-Young, Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Gómez, José L., Kawashima, Tomohisa, Yuan, Feng, Ros, Eduardo, Alef, Walter, Britzen, Silke, Bremer, Michael, Broderick, Avery E., Doi, Akihiro, Giovannini, Gabriele, Giroletti, Marcello, Ho, Paul T. P., Honma, Mareki, Hughes, David H., Inoue, Makoto, Jiang, Wu, Kino, Motoki, Koyama, Shoko, Lindqvist, Michael, Liu, Jun, Marscher, Alan P., Matsushita, Satoki, Nagai, Hiroshi, Rottmann, Helge, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shen, Zhi-Qiang, de Vicente, Pablo, Walker, R. Craig, Yang, Hai, Zensus, J. Anton, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Allardi, Alexander, Bach, Uwe, Berthold, Ryan, Bintley, Dan, Byun, Do-Young, Casadio, Carolina, Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Conway, John, Crew, Geoffrey B., Dempsey, Jessica T., Dornbusch, Sven, Faber, Aaron, Friberg, Per, García, Javier González, Garrido, Miguel Gómez, Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Herrero-Illana, Ruben, Huang, Yau-De, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Impellizzeri, Violette, Jiang, Homin, Jinchi, Hao, Jung, Taehyun, Kallunki, Juha, Kirves, Petri, Kimura, Kimihiro, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Kramer, Carsten, Kraus, Alex, Kubo, Derek, Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Li, Chao-Te, Lin, Lupin Chun-Che, Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lu, Li-Ming, MacDonald, Nicholas, Martin-Cocher, Pierre, Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Minter, Anthony, Nair, Dhanya G., Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy J., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Oshiro, Peter, Patel, Nimesh A, Pen, Ue-Li, Pidopryhora, Yurii, Pradel, Nicolas, Raffin, Philippe A., Rao, Ramprasad, Ruiz, Ignacio, Sanchez, Salvador, Shaw, Paul, Snow, William, Sridharan, T. K., Srinivasan, Ranjani, Tercero, Belén, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Wagner, Jan, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, Yang, Jun, and Yu, Chen-Yu

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The nearby radio galaxy M87 is a prime target for studying black hole accretion and jet formation^{1,2}. Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87 in 2017, at a wavelength of 1.3 mm, revealed a ring-like structure, which was interpreted as gravitationally lensed emission around a central black hole^3. Here we report images of M87 obtained in 2018, at a wavelength of 3.5 mm, showing that the compact radio core is spatially resolved. High-resolution imaging shows a ring-like structure of 8.4_{-1.1}^{+0.5} Schwarzschild radii in diameter, approximately 50% larger than that seen at 1.3 mm. The outer edge at 3.5 mm is also larger than that at 1.3 mm. This larger and thicker ring indicates a substantial contribution from the accretion flow with absorption effects in addition to the gravitationally lensed ring-like emission. The images show that the edge-brightened jet connects to the accretion flow of the black hole. Close to the black hole, the emission profile of the jet-launching region is wider than the expected profile of a black-hole-driven jet, suggesting the possible presence of a wind associated with the accretion flow., Comment: 50 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables, author's version of the paper published in Nature

Published
2023
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37. Key Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope

Author

Johnson, Michael D., Akiyama, Kazunori, Blackburn, Lindy, Bouman, Katherine L., Broderick, Avery E., Cardoso, Vitor, Fender, R. P., Fromm, Christian M., Galison, Peter, Gómez, José L., Haggard, Daryl, Lister, Matthew L., Lobanov, Andrei P., Markoff, Sera, Narayan, Ramesh, Natarajan, Priyamvada, Nichols, Tiffany, Pesce, Dominic W., Younsi, Ziri, Chael, Andrew, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chaves, Ryan, Doboszewski, Juliusz, Dodson, Richard, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Elder, Jamee, Fitzpatrick, Garret, Haworth, Kari, Houston, Janice, Issaoun, Sara, Kovalev, Yuri Y., Levis, Aviad, Lico, Rocco, Marcoci, Alexandru, Martens, Niels C. M., Nagar, Neil M., Oppenheimer, Aaron, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Ricarte, Angelo, Rioja, María J., Roelofs, Freek, Thresher, Ann C., Tiede, Paul, Weintroub, Jonathan, and Wielgus, Maciek

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has led to the first images of a supermassive black hole, revealing the central compact objects in the elliptical galaxy M87 and the Milky Way. Proposed upgrades to this array through the next-generation EHT (ngEHT) program would sharply improve the angular resolution, dynamic range, and temporal coverage of the existing EHT observations. These improvements will uniquely enable a wealth of transformative new discoveries related to black hole science, extending from event-horizon-scale studies of strong gravity to studies of explosive transients to the cosmological growth and influence of supermassive black holes. Here, we present the key science goals for the ngEHT and their associated instrument requirements, both of which have been formulated through a multi-year international effort involving hundreds of scientists worldwide., Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in a special issue of Galaxies on the ngEHT (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/galaxies/special_issues/ngEHT_blackholes)

Published
2023
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38. Refining the 2022 OJ 287 impact flare arrival epoch

Author

Valtonen, Mauri J., Zola, Staszek, Gopakumar, Lähteenmäki, Anne, Tornikoski, Merja, Dey, Lankeswar, Gupta, Alok C., Pursimo, Tapio, Knudstrup, Emil, Gomez, Jose L., Hudec, Rene, Jelínek, Martin, Štrobl, Jan, Berdyugin, Andrei V., Ciprini, Stefano, Reichart, Daniel E., Kouprianov, Vladimir V., Matsumoto, Katsura, Drozdz, Marek, Mugrauer, Markus, Sadun, Alberto, Zejmo, Michal, Sillanpää, Aimo, Lehto, Harry J., Nilsson, Kari, Imazawa, Ryo, and Uemura, Makoto

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The bright blazar OJ~287 routinely parades high brightness bremsstrahlung flares, which are explained as being a result of a secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) impacting the accretion disc of a more massive primary SMBH in a binary system. The accretion disc is not rigid but rather bends in a calculable way due to the tidal influence of the secondary. Below we refer to this phenomenon as a variable disc level. We begin by showing that these flares occur at times predicted by a simple analytical formula, based on general relativity inspired modified Kepler equation, which explains impact flares since 1888. The 2022 impact flare, namely flare number 26, is rather peculiar as it breaks the typical pattern of two impact flares per 12-year cycle. This is the third bremsstrahlung flare of the current cycle that follows the already observed 2015 and 2019 impact flares from OJ~287. It turns out that the arrival epoch of flare number 26 is sensitive to the level of primary SMBH's accretion disc relative to its mean level in our model. We incorporate these tidally induced changes in the level of the accretion disc to infer that the thermal flare should have occurred during July-August 2022, when it was not possible to observe it from the Earth. Thereafter, we explore possible observational evidence for certain pre-flare activity by employing spectral and polarimetric data from our campaigns in 2004/05 and 2021/22. We point out theoretical and observational implications of two observed mini-flares during January-February 2022., Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2209.08360

Published
2023
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39. Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes used by the EHT Collaboration

Author

Prather, Ben S., Dexter, Jason, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Pu, Hung-Yi, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Davelaar, Jordy, Younsi, Ziri, Gammie, Charles F., Gold, Roman, Wong, George N., Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauböck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chang, Dominic O., Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, José L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, La Bella, Noemi, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Müller, Cornelia, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Fuentes, Santiago Navarro, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles, David, Sánchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wu, Qingwen, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yfantis, Aristomenis, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Yu, Wei, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, and Zhao, Shan-Shan

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U , and V respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2023
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40. Towards a Muon Collider

Author

Accettura, Carlotta, Adams, Dean, Agarwal, Rohit, Ahdida, Claudia, Aimè, Chiara, Amapane, Nicola, Amorim, David, Andreetto, Paolo, Anulli, Fabio, Appleby, Robert, Apresyan, Artur, Apyan, Aram, Arsenyev, Sergey, Asadi, Pouya, Mahmoud, Mohammed Attia, Azatov, Aleksandr, Back, John, Balconi, Lorenzo, Bandiera, Laura, Barlow, Roger, Bartosik, Nazar, Barzi, Emanuela, Batsch, Fabian, Bauce, Matteo, Berg, J. Scott, Bersani, Andrea, Bertarelli, Alessandro, Bertolin, Alessandro, Boattini, Fulvio, Bogacz, Alex, Bonesini, Maurizio, Bordini, Bernardo, Bottaro, Salvatore, Bottura, Luca, Braghieri, Alessandro, Breschi, Marco, Bruhwiler, Natalie, Buffat, Xavier, Buonincontri, Laura, Burrows, Philip, Burt, Graeme, Buttazzo, Dario, Caiffi, Barbara, Calviani, Marco, Calzaferri, Simone, Calzolari, Daniele, Capdevilla, Rodolfo, Carli, Christian, Casaburo, Fausto, Casarsa, Massimo, Castelli, Luca, Catanesi, Maria Gabriella, Cavoto, Gianluca, Celiberto, Francesco Giovanni, Celona, Luigi, Cerri, Alessandro, Cesarini, Gianmario, Cesarotti, Cari, Chachamis, Grigorios, Chance, Antoine, Chen, Siyu, Chien, Yang-Ting, Chiesa, Mauro, Colaleo, Anna, Collamati, Francesco, Collazuol, Gianmaria, Costa, Marco, Craig, Nathaniel, Curatolo, Camilla, Curtin, David, Da Molin, Giacomo, Dam, Magnus, Damerau, Heiko, Dasu, Sridhara, de Blas, Jorge, De Curtis, Stefania, De Matteis, Ernesto, De Rosa, Stefania, Delahaye, Jean-Pierre, Denisov, Dmitri, Denizli, Haluk, Densham, Christopher, Dermisek, Radovan, Di Luzio, Luca, Di Meco, Elisa, Di Micco, Biagio, Dienes, Keith, Diociaiuti, Eleonora, Dorigo, Tommaso, Dudarev, Alexey, Edgecock, Robert, Errico, Filippo, Fabbrichesi, Marco, Farinon, Stefania, Ferrari, Anna, Somoza, Jose Antonio Ferreira, Filthaut, Frank, Fiorina, Davide, Fol, Elena, Forslund, Matthew, Franceschini, Roberto, Ximenes, Rui Franqueira, Gabrielli, Emidio, Gallinaro, Michele, Garosi, Francesco, Giambastiani, Luca, Gianelle, Alessio, Gilardoni, Simone, Giove, Dario Augusto, Giraldin, Carlo, Glioti, Alfredo, Greco, Mario, Greljo, Admir, Groeber, Ramona, Grojean, Christophe, Grudiev, Alexej, Gu, Jiayin, Han, Chengcheng, Han, Tao, Hauptman, John, Henning, Brian, Hermanek, Keith, Herndon, Matthew, Holmes, Tova Ray, Homiller, Samuel, Huang, Guoyuan, Jana, Sudip, Jindariani, Sergo, Kahn, Yonatan, Karpov, Ivan, Kelliher, David, Kilian, Wolfgang, Kolehmainen, Antti, Kong, Kyoungchul, Koppenburg, Patrick, Kreher, Nils, Krintiras, Georgios, Krizka, Karol, Krnjaic, Gordan, Kumar, Nilanjana, Lechner, Anton, Lee, Lawrence, Li, Qiang, Voti, Roberto Li, Lipton, Ronald, Liu, Zhen, Lomte, Shivani, Long, Kenneth, Gomez, Jose Lorenzo, Losito, Roberto, Low, Ian, Lu, Qianshu, Lucchesi, Donatella, Ma, Lianliang, Ma, Yang, Machida, Shinji, Maltoni, Fabio, Mandurrino, Marco, Mansoulie, Bruno, Mantani, Luca, Marchand, Claude, Mariotto, Samuele, Martin-Haugh, Stewart, Marzocca, David, Mastrapasqua, Paola, Mauro, Giorgio, Mazzolari, Andrea, McGinnis, Navin, Meade, Patrick, Mele, Barbara, Meloni, Federico, Mentink, Matthias, Merlassino, Claudia, Metral, Elias, Miceli, Rebecca, Milas, Natalia, Mokhov, Nikolai, Montella, Alessandro, Mulder, Tim, Musenich, Riccardo, Nardecchia, Marco, Nardi, Federico, Neufeld, Niko, Neuffer, David, Onel, Yasar, Orestano, Domizia, Paesani, Daniele, Griso, Simone Pagan, Palmer, Mark, Panci, Paolo, Panico, Giuliano, Paparella, Rocco, Paradisi, Paride, Passeri, Antonio, Pastrone, Nadia, Pellecchia, Antonello, Piccinini, Fulvio, Portone, Alfredo, Potamianos, Karolos, Prioli, Marco, Quettier, Lionel, Radicioni, Emilio, Radogna, Raffaella, Rattazzi, Riccardo, Redigolo, Diego, Reina, Laura, Resseguie, Elodie, Reuter, Jürgen, Ribani, Pier Luigi, Riccardi, Cristina, Ricci, Lorenzo, Ricciardi, Stefania, Ristori, Luciano, Robens, Tania Natalie, Rodejohann, Werner, Rogers, Chris, Romagnoni, Marco, Ronald, Kevin, Rossi, Lucio, Ruiz, Richard, Queiroz, Farinaldo S., Sala, Filippo, Sala, Paola, Salko, Jakub, Salvini, Paola, Salvioni, Ennio, Santiago, Jose, Sarra, Ivano, Esteban, Francisco Javier Saura, Schieck, Jochen, Schulte, Daniel, Selvaggi, Michele, Senatore, Carmine, Senol, Abdulkadir, Sertore, Daniele, Sestini, Lorenzo, Sharma, Varun, Shiltsev, Vladimir, Shu, Jing, Simone, Federica Maria, Simoniello, Rosa, Skoufaris, Kyriacos, Sorbi, Massimo, Sorti, Stefano, Stamerra, Anna, Stapnes, Steinar, Stark, Giordon Holtsberg, Statera, Marco, Stechauner, Bernd, Stolarski, Daniel, Stratakis, Diktys, Su, Shufang, Su, Wei, Sumensari, Olcyr, Sun, Xiaohu, Sundrum, Raman, Swiatlowski, Maximilian J, Sytov, Alexei, Kuchma, Benjamin T., Tait, Tim M. P., Tang, Jian, Tang, Jingyu, Tesi, Andrea, Testoni, Pietro, Thomas, Brooks, Thompson, Emily Anne, Torre, Riccardo, Tortora, Ludovico, Tortora, Luca, Trifinopoulos, Sokratis, Vai, Ilaria, Valente, Riccardo, Valente, Riccardo Umberto, Valente, Marco, Valenti, Alessandro, Valle, Nicolò, van Rienen, Ursula, Venditti, Rosamaria, Verweij, Arjan, Verwilligen, Piet, Vittorio, Ludovico, Vitulo, Paolo, Wang, Liantao, Weber, Hannsjorg, Wozniak, Mariusz, Wu, Richard, Wu, Yongcheng, Wulzer, Andrea, Xie, Keping, Yamamoto, Akira, Yang, Yifeng, Yonehara, Katsuya, Zaza, Angela, Zhao, Xiaoran, Zlobin, Alexander, Zuliani, Davide, and Zurita, Jose

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10~TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work., Comment: 118 pages, 103 figures

Published
2023

41. The Event Horizon Telescope Image of the Quasar NRAO 530

Author

Jorstad, Svetlana, Wielgus, Maciek, Lico, Rocco, Issaoun, Sara, Broderick, Avery E., Pesce, Dominic W., Liu, Jun, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Blackburn, Lindy, Chan, Chi-Kwan, Janssen, Michael, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Bouman, Katherine L., Cho, Ilje, Fuentes, Antonio, Gomez, Jose L., Gurwell, Mark, Johnson, Michael D., Kim, Jae-Young, Lu, Ru-Sen, Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Poetzl, Felix M., Traianou, Efthalia, van Bemmel, Ilse, and Collaboration, the Event Horizon Telescope

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We report on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530 with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) on 2017 April 5-7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. At z=0.902 this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. We reconstruct the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an unprecedented angular resolution of $\sim$ 20 $\mu$as, both in total intensity and in linear polarization. We do not detect source variability, allowing us to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which we associate with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of $\sim$5-8% and has a sub-structure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 $\mu$as along a position angle PA$\sim -$28$^\circ$. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle, EVPA), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of linear polarization, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field. Future EHT observations will probe the variability of the jet structure on ${\mu}$as scales, while simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring will provide insight into the high energy emission origin.

Published
2023
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42. Entanglement structure of quantum fields through local probes

Author

Torres, Bruno de S. L., Wurtz, Kelly, Polo-Gómez, José, and Martín-Martínez, Eduardo

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We present a framework to study the entanglement structure of a quantum field theory inspired by the formalism of particle detectors in relativistic quantum information. This framework can in principle be used to faithfully capture entanglement in a QFT between arbitrary-shaped regions of spacetime without encountering UV divergences, bypassing many of the issues typically present in other approaches. Our results also establish the limits of the efficiency of entanglement harvesting, and may also be used to motivate an operational definition of entanglement between spacetime subregions in field theory., Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures. RevTeX 4.2. V2 updated to match published version

Published
2023
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43. Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Messenger Studies with the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope

Author

Lico, Rocco, Jorstad, Svetlana G., Marscher, Alan P., Gomez, Jose L., Liodakis, Ioannis, Dahale, Rohan, Alberdi, Antxon, Gold, Roman, Traianou, Efthalia, Toscano, Teresa, and Foschi, Marianna

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

The next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT) will provide us with the best opportunity to investigate supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the highest possible resolution and sensitivity. With respect to the existing Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array, the ngEHT will provide increased sensitivity and uv-coverage with the addition of new stations, wider frequency coverage (from 86 GHz to 345 GHz and higher), finer resolution (<15 micro-arcseconds), and better monitoring capabilities. This will offer a unique opportunity to deeply investigate the physics around SMBHs, such as the disk-jet connection, the mechanisms responsible for high-energy photon and neutrino events, the role of magnetic fields in shaping relativistic jets, as well as the nature of binary SMBH systems. In this white paper we describe some ngEHT science cases in the context of multi-wavelength studies and synergies., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Published
2023

44. Expectations for Horizon-Scale Supermassive Black Hole Population Studies with the ngEHT

Author

Pesce, Dominic W., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Ricarte, Angelo, Broderick, Avery E., Johnson, Michael D., Nagar, Neil M., Natarajan, Priyamvada, and Gomez, Jose L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present estimates for the number of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) for which the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT) can identify the black hole ``shadow,'' along with estimates for how many black hole masses and spins the ngEHT can expect to constrain using measurements of horizon-resolved emission structure. Building on prior theoretical studies of SMBH accretion flows and analyses carried out by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, we construct a simple geometric model for the polarized emission structure around a black hole, and we associate parameters of this model with the three physical quantities of interest. We generate a large number of realistic synthetic ngEHT datasets across different assumed source sizes and flux densities, and we estimate the precision with which our defined proxies for physical parameters could be measured from these datasets. Under April weather conditions and using an observing frequency of 230~GHz, we predict that a ``Phase 1'' ngEHT can potentially measure $\sim$50 black hole masses, $\sim$30 black hole spins, and $\sim$7 black hole shadows across the entire sky., Comment: accepted for publication in the ngEHT special issue of Galaxies

Published
2022

45. Access to and quality of elective care: a prospective cohort study using hernia surgery as a tracer condition in 83 countries

Author

Dönmez, A Eylül, Goswami, Aakansha Giri, Raheja, Aashna, Bhadani, Aayush, El Kady, Abd Elrahman Safwat, Alniemi, Abdalaziz, Awad, Abdalkarim, Aladl, Abdalla, Younis, Abdalla, Alwali, Abdallah, Khalil, Abdallah, Mansour, Abdallah, Elkhouly, Abdallah Mohamed, Rashad Temerik, Abdallah, Hasan, Abdallatef, Chied, Abdelhafid, Abdraba, Abdelhamid, Hrora, Abdelmalek, Abdelshafi, Abdelrahman, Alwali, Abdelrahman, Maraqa, Abdelrahman, Ghaffar, Abdul, Chekfa, Abdul Jabar, Al Balushi, Abdul Majeed, Quddus, Abdul, Hammadieh, Abdul Rahman, Muntaka, Abdul-Jalilu Mohammed, Asekun, Abdulazeez, Alshahrani, Abdulaziz, Jowharji, Abdulaziz, Alshukre, Abdulbaset, Khair Etareig, Abdulhafid, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Abdulhafiz, Ashiru, Abdulhafiz, Alailesh, Abdulhamid, Al-Mallah, Abdullah, Baydoun, Abdullah, Chaudhry, Abdullah, Askin, Abdullah Emre, Almutairi, Abdulmjeed, Belkhair, Abdulmunem, Abdllah, Abdulrahman, Alhammali, Abdulrahman, Basalim, Abdulrahman, Abouelnagah, Abdulrahman Galal Mohamed Mostafa, Ghazal, Abdulrahman, Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Qasem, Abdulrahman, Anadani, Abdulrazak, Jimoh, Abdulrazaq, Lawal, Abdulrazzaq Oluwagbemiga, Khaity, Abdulrhman, Lawal, Abdulwahab, Elzoubi, Abdurrahim Esseid, Sheshe, Abdurrahman Abba, Cetişli, Abdurrahman Furkan, Oyedele, Abeeb, Aljahdali, Abeer, Aboelnasr, Abeer Gamal Elsyed, Demessie, Abel, Bhargava, Abhilasha, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Bavaharan, Abhirame, Khan, Abid, Campbell, Abigail, Oyelekan, Abimbola Adeola Akintunde, Okunlola, Abiodun Idowu, Ojewuyi, Abiodun, Ekerin, Abiola, Saleh, Abobakr, Khairy, Abouelatta, Muthunayagam, Abraham Benjamin, Botha, Abraham, Teshome Sahilemariam, Abraham, Nawawi, Abrar, Muhammad, Abubakar Bala, Dahiru, Abubakar, Yahaya, Abubakar, Abdelmalik, Abubaker, Anuar, Abul Akmal Arif, Ousseini, Adakal, Leon -Del- Angel, Adalberto, Frankel, Adam, Gyedu, Adam, Lim, Adam, Lukáč, Adam, Peckham-Cooper, Adam, Sabbah, Adam, Varga, Adam, Sanou, Adama, Issaka, Adamu, Ningi, Adamu, Yeshitila, Addis, Yingess, Addisu, Olugbami, Adebayo, Moses, Damola-Okesiji, Adebola, Lawal, Adedayo, Ojo, Adedoyin, Hashmi, Adeel, Fakoya, Adegbolahan, Ishola, Adegoke, Abiodun, Adekunle, Ajayi, Adekunle, Mouffokes, Adel, Bonelli, Adele, Adekoya, Adeleke, Akeem Aderogba, Adeleke, Özcan, Adem, Ayoade, Ademidun, Adeyeye, Ademola, Agbaje, Ademola, Talabi, Ademola, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Adewumiya, Adesoji, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O, Aderounmu, Adewale, Adisa, Adewale, Oke, Adewale, Ragab, Adham, Alzadjali, Adil, Baksi, Aditya, Jayapalan, Aditya, Md Yunos, Adnan, Pisanu, Adolfo, Salazar, Adolfo, Salinas Barragan, Adrian Alberto, Fox, Adrian, Stollberg, Adrian, Franco, Adriana, Neves, Adriana, Vricheva, Adriana, Hodonou, Adrien Montcho, Aghayeva, Afag, Liaquat, Affifa, Alsultan, Afnan, Morad, Afnan, Kalidis, Afroditi Angella, Gkouniaroudi, Agathi, Karakosta, Agathi, Lovi, Agbenya, Yevide, Agossou Barthélémy, Duro, Agustin, Rodriguez Gonzalez, Agustin, Tariq, Ahbala, Abaidalla, Ahmad, Abuhammad, Ahmad, Abuhantash, Ahmad, Mansour, Ahmad Adel, Ahmad Zaidi, Ahmad Al Hafeez, Alahmad Alismael, Ahmad, Alayed, Ahmad, Alfarwan, Ahmad, Alhaj, Ahmad, Ali, Ahmad, Alroobi, Ahmad, Alsheikh, Ahmad, Alusef, Ahmad, Alzu'Bi, Ahmad, Kayali, Ahmad Amir, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Doghaim, Ahmad, El-Sherbiney, Ahmad, Ghazal, Ahmad, Ramly, Ahmad Nasir, Raza, Ahmad, Qureshi, Ahmad Uzair, Arnaout, Ahmad Yamen, Abdelhamid, Ahmed, Abuthaher, Ahmed, Adel, Ahmed, Ahmayda, Ahmed, Al-Mouahhed, Ahmed, Alagha, Ahmed, Albalawi, Ahmed, Albhaisi, Ahmed, Alrifaee, Ahmed, Azam, Ahmed, Barakat, Ahmed, Al-Hajjaj, Ahmed Basim Abed, Dawoud, Ahmed, El Shamarka, Ahmed, El-Bastwesy, Ahmed, Elghrieb, Ahmed, Elkhalifa, Ahmed, Elmosalamy, Ahmed, Elshazli Mahmoud, Ahmed, Montaser, Ahmed G., Gbeadese, Ahmed, Haty, Ahmed, K. Ali, Ahmed, Awad, Ahmed K., Kedwany, Ahmed, Khalleefah, Ahmed, Abbas, Ahmed M., Allam, Ahmed M., Maher, Ahmed, Elsayed, Ahmed Mohamed, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, Ahmed, Mostafa, Ahmed, Nabil, Ahmed, Nada, Ahmed, Ragheb, Ahmed, Abdelrahman, Ahmed Saber Mohamed, Sabry, Ahmed, Sakr, Ahmed, Elkhodary, Ahmed Salah, Shaheen, Ahmed, Ammar, Ahmed Siddique, Hameed, Ahmer, Akmercan, Ahmet, Aslan, Ahmet, Barcin, Ahmet, Ciftci, Ahmet Burak, Bozkurt, Ahmet Çağlar, Sarı, Ahmet Can, Yaşar, Ahmet Can, Develioğlu, Ahmet, Öztürk, Ahmet Mücteba, Sanli, Ahmet Necati, Rencuzogullari, Ahmet, Yildiz, Ahmet, Kaan, Ahmet Zahit, Toi, Ahouefa Chourika Sakinath, Aljamoudi, Aida, Cheung, Aiden Chak Kei, Gkoutoula, Aikaterini, Kalogeropoulou, Aikaterini, Sarafi, Aikaterini, Abo Al Shamat, Aiman, Sanon, Aimé Serge Titianma, Sanon, Aimée Florence, Hiller, Aimée, Costas-Chavarri, Ainhoa, Lombardero, Ainhoa, Fraile, Ainoa, Bojazyah, Aisha, Kamal, Aisha, Gill, Aisling, Hada, Aïssatou, Gulla, Aiste, Mačiulaitytė, Aistė, Sukumar, Aiswarya, Landaluce-Olavarria, Aitor, Sainz Lete, Aitor, Pal, Ajay Kumar, Malik, Ajaz Ahmad, Horiguchi, Akihiko, Kocaay, Akin Firat, Akinkuolie, Akinbolaji, Olabode, Akingunloye, Fadipe, Akinniyi, Akinmade, Akinola, Darkwa Boateng, Akosua, Appiah-Kubi, Akosua Yeboaa, Alkaseek, Akram, Kadamani Abiyomaa, Akram, Anand, Akshay, Oppong, Akua, Opoku-Agyapong, Akwasi, Asharaf, Al Ameen, Ahmed, Al Samoul, Andani, Al-Hassan Dasana, Alkharusi, Al-Salt, Abd Elsattar, Alaa, Alragheai, Alaa, Alsalahat, Alaa Atta, Hawarah, Alaa, Aldirani, Alaa Nasib, Shabkah, Alaa, Nixon Fulli, Alafi Francis, Nguyen, Alain, Mustafa, Alamin, Joseph, Alan, Huws, Alaw, Aregawi, Alazar Berhe, Sanchez Gallego, Alba, Torroella, Alba, Vazquez Melero, Alba, Dauksa, Albertas, Abreu Da Silva, Alberto, Brun-Peressut, Alberto, Barranquero, Alberto G, Gegúndez Simón, Alberto, Gerundo, Alberto, Navarrete-Peón, Alberto, Viacava, Alberto, Vilar, Alberto, Adam, Albushra Altayeb, Jarimba, Aldo, Johnson, Aleena, Nuñez Venzor, Alejandra, Gonzalez Ojeda, Alejandro, Romero De Diego, Alejandro, Karamarkovic, Aleksandar, Butyrskii, Aleksandr, Edmundson, Aleksandra, Sidorova, Aleksandra, Thomas, Alen, Tomazic, Ales, Giuliani, Alessandra, Iodice, Alessandra, Marano, Alessandra, Marello, Alessandra, Ongaro, Alessandra, Saba, Alessandra, Anastasi, Alessandro, Borello, Alessandro, Broglia, Alessandro, Carta, Alessandro, Finocchio, Alessandro, Francia, Alessandro, Iacomino, Alessandro, Izzo, Alessandro, Ottaiano, Alessandro, Spaziani, Alessandro, Strumia, Alessandro, Biancafarina, Alessia, D'Ignazio, Alessia, Davolio, Alessia, Morello, Alessia, Licciardello, Alessio, Mazzoni, Alessio, Wilkins, Alex, Arekhandia, Alexander, Barlas, Alexandros, Chamzin, Alexandros, Demetriou, Alexandros, Giakoustidis, Alexandros, Kozadinos, Alexandros, Kyriakidis, Alexandros, Sarakatsanos, Alexandros, Rojas, Alexei, Saridaki, Alexia, Litchinko, Alexis, Arnaud, Alexis P, Binder, Alf-Dorian, Yakubu, Alfa, Kavalakat, Alfie, Shamsutdinova, Alfiya, Alberico, Alfonso, Amendola, Alfonso, Sánchez-Terán, Alfonso Iván, Lapergola, Alfonso, Baiden Amissah, Alfred, Königsrainer, Alfred, Twumasi, Alfred, Alhebshi, Alhasan, Abbas, Ali, Abdul Rahman, Ali, Abidali, Ali, Abu Tair, Ali, Ahmad, Ali, Al Mukhtar, Ali, Sharq, Ali Al, Alloush, Ali, Amaigl, Ali, Kheirkhah Vakilabad, Ali Asghar, Bassma, Ali, Hacioglu, Ali Doruk, Elzanaty, Ali, Fani, Ali, Farsi, Ali, Ghummied, Ali, Hajali, Ali, Al Sharqi, Ali Hamed, Hammed, Ali, Hewari, Ali, Isler, Ali, Marouf, Ali, Uysal, Ali Mert, Murtada, Ali, Syed, Ali Naqi, Ozkomec, Ali, Sapmaz, Ali, Wassouf, Ali, Aldurssi, Alia, Polatbekov, Alibek, Caltagirone, Alice, Gori, Alice, Lim, Alicia, Bhatt, Alisha, Mohammed, Aljarrah, Maxwell, Allison, Kiyabayev, Almaz, Eltayeb, Almoutaz, Khamees, Almu'atasim, Abdalla, Alnazir, Pikarsky, Alon, Trigos Díaz, Alonso, A Elhars, Alshymaa, Alhaj Zain, Altayeb, Eltahir, Altayeb, Robin Valle De Lersundi, Alvaro, Sanad, Aly, Abdalhadi, Alya, Sparke, Alyssa, Maqsood-Shah, Amaal, Ali, Amal, Ouachhou, Amal, Ahmad, Aman, Kezze, Amana, Dawson, Amanda Caroline, Ali, Amani, Mohsen, Amani, Brar, Amanpreet, Dembele, Amara, Tansawet, Amarit, Obbeng, Ambe, Chiappini, Ambra, Davis, Amelia, Awidan, Amera, Tibude, Ameya, Shah, Ami, Hilder, Amie, Huremovic, Amila, Alamin, Amin, Egdeer, Amin, Gharib, Amin, Choudhary, Amin Mazhar, Amin, Amina, Ibrahim Hassan, Amina, Rashid, Amina, Patel, Aminah, Sebai, Amine, Asla, Amir, Ghanbari, Amir, Shweiki, Amir, Tursunovic, Amir, Aboshosha, Amira Abdelbadea Abdelhamed, Elbalal, Amira, Abdelhalim, Amira Ramadan, Gupta, Amit, Sinha, Amit, Al-Fandi, Amjad, Awwad, Amjad, Belaid, Amjad, Khatib, Amjad, Al-Zubeidy, Ammar, Niazi, Ammar, Zamareh, Ammar, Salam, Ammara, Ayodele, Amoda, Al Hammoud, Amr, Khouli, Amro, Crowe, Amy, Surkitt, Amy Louise, Alshiteewi, Amyirah, Alvarez Cuiñas, Ana, Cabral, Ana, Dupont, Ana, Faustino, Ana, Carreira-Marques, Ana Lúcia, Preto Barreira, Ana Lúcia, Minaya Bravo, Ana Maria, Pinheiro Pereira, Ana Marta, Minaya-Bravo, Ana, Lourenço, Ana Rita, Mateus Loureiro, Ana Rita, Sánchez Gollarte, Ana, Tvaladze, Ana, Veira, Ana, Perja, Ana-Maria, Dusabimana, Anaclet, Herewini, Anahera, Fatima, Anam, Zafar, Anam, Bangar, Anant, Kutma, Ananta, Mehta, Ananya, Alqerem, Anas, Jaber, Anas, Mourtzouni, Anastasia, Theochari, Anastasia, Zarafidou, Anastasia, Smyrnis, Anastasios, Tsechpenakis, Anastasios, Zakaria, Andee Dzulkarnaen, Cardoso Almeida, Andre, Pita, André, Torbey, André, Abreu, Andrea, Barberis, Andrea, Bartalini Cinughi De Pazzi, Andrea, Belli, Andrea, Sironi, Andrea Carlo, Damigella, Andrea, Manetti, Andrea, Mingoli, Andrea, Natili, Andrea, Police, Andrea, Razzore, Andrea, Scacchi, Andrea, Vazquez Fernandez, Andrea, Luzzi, Andrea-Pierre, Brosin, Andreas, Efstathiou, Andreas, Kirschniak, Andreas, Panagakis, Andreas, Pilavas, Andreas, Scheiwiller, Andreas, Skarpas, Andreas, Chitul, Andrei, Trif, Andrei, Ferreira, Andreia, Silva, Andreia, Subocius, Andrejus, Cembellin, Andres, García Marín, Andrés, Ang, Andrew, Gray, Andrew, Li, Andrew, Skreka, Androniki-Maria, Abdul Rahim, Andy Adib, Bhangu, Aneel, Moncy, Aneena, Mwanjoka, Anganile, Fernández Camuñas, Ángel, De Jesús Gil, Ángela, Molero, Ángela, Sultana, Angela, Suárez Álvarez, Angeles Anabel, Nava Franco, Angelica Magaly, Autiak Ayii Chol, Angelo, Serao, Angelo, Nikolaou, Angelos I., Hassanin, Angham, Evans, Angharad, Vu, Anh, Lala, Anil Kumar, Luther, Anil, Sundaram, Anil, Cerovac, Anis, Abgeko, Anita Eseenam, Agbeko, Anita Eseenam, Sharma, Anju, Gupta, Ankit, Jain, Ankit, Attili, Ann, Alecci, Anna, D'Amore, Anna, Domenech Plana, Anna, Gut, Anna Eleonora, John, Anna, Lareida, Anna, Pesce, Anna Lisa, Paspala, Anna, Sharp, Anna, Victor, Anna, Comandatore, Annalisa, Olsen, Annelisse, Yiallourou, Anneza, Loizou, Annita, Sharma, Anshuman, Asare Twumasi, Anthony, Davor, Anthony, Tabiim, Anthony Jagri, Lin, Anthony, Szpytko, Anthony, Walfor, Anthony, Oosterkamp, Antje, Kachi, Antoine, Khoneisser, Antoine, Bediako Bowan, Antoinette, Sumbaev, Anton, Deserra, Antonello, Punzengruber, Antonia, Thanasa, Antonia, Azzinnaro, Antonio, Castaldi, Antonio, Curado Soriano, Antonio, García Domínguez, Antonio, Lai, Antonio, Martinez German, Antonio, Masciandaro, Antonio, Miele, Antonio, Pesce, Antonio, Ramírez Beas, Antonio, Ramos Bonilla, Antonio, Ramos-De la Medina, Antonio, Zerbinati, Antonio, Athanasiou, Antonios, Panagidis, Antonios, Vezakis, Antonios, Pilavas, Antonis, Boynes, Antony, Mishra, Anurag, Singh, Anurag, Appukuttan, Anuraj, Alhamadi, Anwaar, Gusibat, Anwar, Seidu, Anwar Sadat, Fuertes Muñoz, Anyely Nataly, Abbas, Aoss, Shanker, Aparajeya, Balta, Apostolia, Panagopoulos, Apostolis, Roslani, April, Tahir, Aqsa, Hernández, Araceli, Roumieh, Aram, Pinto, Arbey, Khanduri, Archana, Isik, Arda, Dhinakar, Arelly Samuel Paul, Ioannidis, Argyrios, Tsiaka, Ariadni, Balconi, Arianna, Petrungaro, Arianna, Narin, Arif Emir, Plastiras, Aris, Papadopoulos, Aristeidis, Kontokostopoulos, Aristeidis-Panagiotis, Bang, Aristide, Nikitaras, Aristotelis, Akiba, Arit, Jindal, Arjun, Bedzhanyan, Arkady, Fajardo, Arlene, Antinori, Armando, Galvan, Armando, Belarmino, Armin, Mustafa, Arooba, Mathew, Arpit, Pillai, Arpit, Alrababah, Arqam, Shoker, Arran, Hai, Arrham, Anand, Arun, Bhatti, Arun, Nair, Arun, Prasath S V, Arun, Krishna, Arunachalam, Sinha, Arvind, Abdulnabi, Arwa, Aboumedian, Arwa, Faisal, Arwa, Haidar, Arwa, J, Arya, Ahmed, Asaad, Choudhry, Asad, Albager, Asawer, Jha, Ashesh Kumar, Chhabra, Ashish, Choudhrie, Ashish, Gupta, Ashish, Kumar, Ashish, Tirkey, Ashish, Oommen, Ashok Ninan, Al-Bahla, Ashraf, Bakri, Ashraf, Maghrabi, Ashraf, Mahendran, Ashuvini, Kumar, Ashwani, Das, Asish, Eisa, Assem, Comella, Assia, Shanmugalingam, Aswin, Boztaş Demir, Asya Eylem, Zubillaga-Mares, Asya, Altawaiha, Ata'O Allah, Mitsala, Athanasia, Katsiou, Athanasia-Faidra, Bakalis, Athanasios, Marinis, Athanasios, Migdanis, Athanasios, Soumpasis, Athanasios, Syllaios, Athanasios, Tampakis, Athanasios, Çakmak, Atil, Rahman, Atiqur, Suroy, Atul, L'Hostis, Audrey, Parseliunas, Audrius, Ali, Aun, Rakotondrainibe, Aurelia, Goliath, Austin, Arustamyan, Avetik, Sukhdev Jadhav, Avinash, Chaudhary, Awais, Kumar, Awanish, Denz, Axel, Al Kaddah, Aya, Alaqtash, Aya, Ehab, Aya, Essamei, Aya, Kelzia, Aya, Farrag, Ayatallah, Myintmo, Aye Myat, Bibi, Ayesha, Iqbal, Ayesha, Irshad, Ayeza, Sinjab, Ayham, Izgiş, Aylin, Almugaddami, Ayman Adel Yousuf, Albatanony, Ayman, Ayeni, Ayodeji, Williams, Ayooluwa, AbuNemer, Ayoub, Benmansour, Ayoub, Nidali, Ayoub, Vig, Ayushi, Emran, Ayyah, Abbas, Azadar, Ekpeti, Azuka, Janjua, Azwa, Fathi, Azza, Alzahrani, Azzah, Rehmani, Babar, Ayoade, Babatunde A, Mustapha, Babatunde, L, Badareesh, Alsharari, Bader, Balaravi Pillai, Balakavitha, Balagobi, Balasingam, Mohamad, Balqees, Ibrahim, Bana, Ali, Bandar, Alqahtani, Bandar, Paul, Banderembako, Yigit, Banu, Révérien, Banziriyubusa, Dweik, Bara', Yacoub, Bara', Alzoubi, Baraa, Chkir, Baraa, M.J. Alhaj, Baraa, Binda, Barbara, Carvalho, Bárbara, Demurtas, Barbara, Dieck, Bárbara, Freire, Bárbara, Gama, Bárbara, Habrat, Barbara, Tinoco, Bárbara, Hernandez Cervantes, Barbara Yordanis, East, Barbora, Maguire, Barry, Mckay, Bartholomew, Żaczek, Bartłomiej, Dawud, Bashar, Allbakosh, Bashir, Yunusa, Bashir, Aminu, Bashiru, Ibi, Bashkim, D'Souza, Basil, Alazabi, Basma, Algettawi, Basma, Sharaf Eldin, Basma, Hameed, Basmah Hilal, Abboud, Bassam, Al Soudi, Bassam, Fahmy, Bassam, Ranjous, Batoul, Bereket Araya, Batseba, Eyduran, Batuhan, Alsaid, Bayan, Guerra, Bayron, Markowska, Beata, De Zolt Ponte, Beatrice, Robertson-Jones, Beatrice, Sperotto, Beatrice, Cordeiro, Beatriz, Cuneo, Beatriz, De Andrés-Asenjo, Beatriz, Louro, Beatriz, Estraviz, Begoña, Khan, Belawl, Abdennour, Belkadi, Calcaño, Bellanirys, Kigwe, Ben, Boakye, Benedict, Ağca, Bengi, Togay, Bengü, Esposito, Beniamino, Chiman, Benjamin Guarken, Lulham-Robinson, Benjamin, Martin, Benjamin, Peter, Bennett, Özcan, Berkay, Seshie, Bernard Kofi, Maanikuu, Bernard, Lopes Patrício, Bernardo, Khattab, Besher, Johnson, Bethan, Mcdermott, Bethany, Neall, Bethany, Wang, Betty, Roopavathana. S, Beulah, Fosh, Beverley, Sarang, Bhakti, Sv, Bharath, R Budihal, Bhargavi, Devkaran, Bhavesh, Van Zyl, Bianca, Kharga, Bikram, Al-Sarireh, Bilal, Ali, Bilal, Duman, Bilgesu, Baca, Bilgi, Down, Billy, Mengesha, Birhanu, Owusu Ansah, Bismark, Radja, Bitour, Sime, Bizuneh, Capdevila Vilaró, Blanca, Izedomi, Blessing Ohikhuare, Hao, Bo Zhen, Nimako, Boateng, Phakathi, Boitumelo, Sehgal, Boney, Cakpo, Boniface, Alrayes, Bourhan, Mao, Boyuan, Bogdan-Gabriel, Bratu, Bengaly, Bréhima, Williams, Brielle, Cismasiu, Brigitta, Helou, Brigitte, Davies, Brooke, Arya, Brundha, Cirillo, Bruno, Nardo, Bruno, Pinto, Bruno, Scotto, Bruno, Vieira, Bruno, Kadir, Bryar, Albaihani, Bshaer, Calik, Bulent, Citgez, Bulent, Celik, Burak, Azhar, Burhansyah, Alshaikh, Bushra, Kum, Büşra, Killoran, Callie, Nwachukwu, Callistus, Hidalgo Salinas, Camila, Brasset, Camille, Bertoglio, Camillo Leonardo, Vasquez Maya, Camilo, Zapata Syro, Camilo, Akgün, Can, Yurttas, Can, Semeraro, Candy, Lategan, Carina, Boven, Carine, Uwakunda, Carine, Leal Ferrandis, Carla, Margiani, Carla, Piras, Carla, Samojeden, Carla, Vitiello, Carla, Feo, Carlo V., Bôto, Carlos, Roman Ortega, Carlos Fernando, Ferreras García, Carlos, Figueiredo, Carlos, García-Salas, Carlos, González, Carlos, González Baez, Carlos, Gracia-Roche, Carlos, Guijarro Moreno, Carlos, Hernandez Diaz, Carlos, Ferrero, Carlos Ignacio, Perez Rivera, Carlos J, Jezieniecki, Carlos, Pérez - Padrón, Carlos Josué, León-Espinoza, Carlos, Nuño-Guzmán, Carlos M., Macedo Cardoso De Oliveira, Carlos, Shiraishi Zapata, Carlos, Yanowsky-Gonzalez, Carlos, Sorrentino, Carmen, Tung, Carmen, Cardoso, Carolina, Chavarría Noya, Carolina, Coutinho, Carolina, Korzin, Carolina, Maya, Carolina, Moreno-Licea, Carolina, Panis, Carolina, Righetti, Carolina, Silva, Carolina, Soares-Aquino, Carolina, Golliez, Caroline, Chiam, Carolyn, Kamphues, Carsten, Rahantasoa Finaritra, Casimir Fp, Assis, Catarina, Henriques, Catarina, Quintela, Catarina, Rio Ferreira, Catarina, Rolo Santos, Catarina, Rodrigues, Catarina S., Allmer, Caterina, Bradshaw, Catherine Jane, Rukundo, Cédric, Seneza, Celestin, Raphael, Celine, Guldogan, Cem Emir, Bilir, Cemal, Hacıalioğlu, Cemal, Ersavas, Cenk, Özkan, Cenk, Huaroto Landeo, Cesar Fernando, Ginesta, Cesar, Infante, César, Pastás, César, Ciubotaru, Cezar, Narayan, Chanchal, Mahakalkar, Chandrashekhar, Floros, Charalampos, Demiri, Charikleia, Chatzinikolaou, Charito, Dempers, Charl, Ansah Larbi, Charles, Banka, Charles, Cini, Charles, Dally, Charles, Doku, Charles, Ntow-Boahen, Charles Kwaku, Nicholson Jr., Charles, Cornwell, Charlotte, Stennard, Charlotte, Lionel, Charre, Azmat, Chaudhary Ehtsham, Nyampinga, Chelsea, Tandup, Cherring, Agarwal, Chetan, Parmar, Chetan, Pun, Chetna, Un, Chi Wen, Baars, Chiara Anne, Celano, Chiara, Fumagalli, Chiara, Marafante, Chiara, Zandonella, Chiara, Nwanmah, Chibueze, Osuigwe, Chidimma, Nwokoro, Chigbundu, Nwosu, Chikaodili, Nwosu, Chimdiebele Daisy, Lim, Chin Kent, Ónyeka, Chinonso, Uche, Chisom, Jamieson-Grigg, Chloe, Ong, Chon Sum, Alphonse, Chris, Bode, Chris, Varghese, Chris, Carrillo Sarango, Christian, Esteo Verdu, Christian, Krautz, Christian, Mosca, Christian, Nimbona, Christian, Nikolaou, Christina, Wiesner, Christina, Kloppers, Christo, Kourouniotis, Christoforos, Seiler, Christoph, Knee, Christopha, Mpirimbanyi, Christophe, Aboah, Christopher, Amah, Christopher, Cheong, Christopher, Harmston, Christopher, Leung, Christopher, Seet, Christopher, Smart, Christopher, Chouliaras, Christos, Damaskos, Christos, Doudakmanis, Christos, Kaselas, Christos, Limas, Christos, Ntagkas, Christos, Papazacharias, Christos, Stefanou, Christos, Thrasyvoulou, Christos, Tsalikidis, Christos, Karagianni, Chrysanthi, Kolla, Chrysoula-Christina, Ugwunne, Chuka, Ilo, Chukwudi, Nwegbu, Chukwuemeka, Onwuzu, Chukwuka, Weadick, Ciara, De Martino, Ciro, Donohoe, Claire, Gutierrez De La Rosa, Clara Elena, Florián Villa, Clara Marcela, Petcu, Clara Teodora, Cecconi, Claudia, Banal, Claudine, Brandi, Claudio, Hossu, Claudiu, Onuoha, Clement, Osime, Clement, Shelton, Clifford, Fuentes Orozco, Clotilde, Adumah, Collins, Dina, Constantin, Nastos, Constantinos, Aguero, Coral, Markin, Coretta, Hoogerboord, Cornelis, Da Lio, Corrado, Saviello, Cosimo, Bezede, Cosmin, Distefano, Costanza, Elliot-Wilson, Courtney, Bokossa, Covalic, Lupercio Figueroa, Cristian Israel, Riboni, Cristiana, Meola, Cristiano, Costa, Cristina, Gas, Cristina, Larotonda, Cristina, Soddu, Cristina, Vacca, Cristina, Vera Mansilla, Cristina, Li, Crystal, Agbonrofo, Cynthia, Akli-Nartey, Cynthia, Molewa, Cynthia, Nelly Rosine, Cyuzuzo Ngwije, Rega, D., Koike, Daisuke, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha, Clarke, Damian, Fry, Damian, Hannedige, Damsadie, Powell, Dan-Beck, Kasasbeh, Dana, Samardali, Dana, Sharl Ajami, Dani, Badran, Dania, Adjei, Daniel, Muhie, Daniel Ahmed, Pérez Muñoz, Daniel Alejandro, Alifoe, Daniel, Aparicio-López, Daniel, Baños Méndez, Daniel, Cristian, Daniel, Eaton, Daniel, Gero, Daniel, Makary, Daniel, Montwedi, Daniel, Muñoz, Daniel, Patterson, Daniel, Reim, Daniel, Agbley, Daniel Yao Dodzie, Patiño García, Daniela Cristina, Di Pietrantonio, Daniela, Pais, Daniela, Rosado, Daniela, Tavares, Daniela, Alberti, Daniele, Fusario, Daniele, Massaro, Daniele, Paglione, Daniele, Pironi, Daniele, Kurochka, Daniil, Centonze, Danilo Corrado, Hackner, Danilo, Herrera, Danilo, Amangaliyev, Daniyar, Silva-Cano, Danny Wladimir, Chaudhry, Daoud, Palmisano, Dario, Ribero, Dario, Vukosav, Dario, Misca, Darius, Lowen, Darren, Rattray, Darren, Walia, Darshanjit Singh, Maan, Darvesh, Muyenzi, Daryle, Verdi, Daunia, Bardsley, David, Reyes Rodríguez, David Estuardo, Fra Corral, David, Garcia López De Goicoechea, David, Gavit, David, Gómez, David, Idowu, David, Konkin, David, Labadah, David Kplorla Kekeli, Liu, David, Merlini, David, Mitchell, David, Moro-Valdezate, David, Osifo, David, Proud, David, Ridder, David, Gobatti, Davide, Muschitiello, Davide, Pertile, Davide, Zulian, Davide, Mengiste, Dawit, Mikami, Dean, Mohanty, Debajyoti, Chatterjee, Debarghya, Komolafe, Deborah Olaitan, Scotto Di Carlo, Deborah, Wright, Deborah, Rahme, Deema, Talreja, Deep Parkash, Jain, Deepak, Rajput, Deepak, Singh, Deepak, Anbu, Deepika, Ibrahim, Dena, Phom, Denchu, Hili, Denise, Osei, Dennis Broni, Daary, Dennis, Kyeremeh, Dennis, Shen, Dennis, Uymaz, Derya Salim, Cianflocca, Desiree, Ashitey, Desmond, Evripidou, Despo, Papageorgouli, Despoina, Kaushal, Devesh, Abeysirigunawardana, Dewmi, Dugar, Dharmendra, Mallik, Dhiraj, Ghosh, Dhruva, Houmran, Diaa, Abdulrahman, Diala, Pantoja Pachajoa, Diana Alejandra, Cardona Gomez, Diana Catalina, Fenner, Diana, Gonzalez, Diana Samantha, Siriwardena, Diana, Garcés Palacios, Diana Sofía, Stoian, Diana, Zuikyte, Diana, Sosa Méndez, Dianne Alitzá, Wickramarathna, Dickson, Mutter, Didier, Palma Portillo, Diego Andrés, Chavez Fernandez, Diego, Córdova García, Diego, Enjuto, Diego, Giulitti, Diego, Sasia, Diego, Visconti, Diego, Yiğit, Dilara, George, Dilip, Rabaia, Dima, Georgiev, Dimitar, Hadzhiev, Dimitar, Alexandrou, Dimitrios, Balalis, Dimitrios, Giakoustidis, Dimitrios, Manatakis, Dimitrios K., Korkolis, Dimitrios, Lytras, Dimitrios, Massaras, Dimitrios, Moris, Dimitrios, Politis, Dimitrios, Sampanis, Dimitrios, Schizas, Dimitrios, Tsiardas, Dimitrios, Vardakostas, Dimitrios, Kotsaris, Dimitris, Khattab, Dina Hesham, M. Awad, Dina, Alrokh, Dina Sami, Schippers, Dina, Waleed, Dina, Salinovic, Dinko, Gonçalves Múrias Gomes, Diogo Miguel, Silva, Diogo, Vaz Acosta, Diogo, Morton, Dion, Panagopoulos, Dionisios, Kelgiorgi, Dionysia, Dellaportas, Dionysios, Prevezanos, Dionysios, Joshi, Dipti, Ozal, Direm, Yigit, Direnc, Chimkaomasiri, Divine, Jabbar, Diya, Nepogodiev, Dmitri, Belekar, Dnyanesh, Abdalaziz, Doaa, Abunemer, Doaa, Attia, Doaa, Elkafrawy, Doaa, Dimitrov, Dobromir, Pignatelli, Domenica, Merlicco, Domenico, Soriero, Domenico, Zerbo, Domenico, Atouguia, Domingas, Fairbrass, Dominic, T. Enti, Donald, Venskutonis, Donatas, Rukavina, Dora, Caruso, Dorena, Herappe, Dorihela, Lee, Dorinda Norbetha, Ofosuhene, Doris, Hajela, Apoorva, Badwan, Basem, Kulkarni, Datta, Dhawan, Deep, Dhillon, Jeevanjit, Mehmood, Manzer, Mahmood, Namrah, Nikam, Narendra, Ramchandani, Radhakrishna, Thind, Ravinder Singh, Riazhussain, D Hafiz, Maqsood, Saliha, Alalawi, Yousef, Tyagi, Harshdeep, Kshirsagar, Shivani, Ahmed, Hisham, Juan Carlos, Luna Cydejko, Kone, Dramane, Omar, Duaa, Alves, Duarte Gil, Subasinghe, Duminda, Ommi, Durgesh, Joshiba, Durshney, Chakarov, Dzhevdet, Arkoh, Ebenezer Ameyaw, Frimpong-Manso, Ebenezer, Ada, Ece, Lincango, Eddy P., Lozada Hernandez, Edgard Efren, Hodžić, Edin, Di Marco, Edith, Baccalini, Edoardo Andrea, Baldini, Edoardo, González Marín, Eduardo, Gutierrez, Eduardo, Sepúlveda, Eduardo, Dainius, Edvinas, Zhang, Edward, Yenli, Edwin Mwintiereh Ta-Ang, Antoniou, Efstathios, Kapasakis, Efstathios, Baili, Efstratia, Poulios, Efthymios, Kubiliute, Egle, Osaze, Ehioghae, Afeikhena, Ehis, Elshennawy, Eiad, Athanasopoulou, Eirini, Synekidou, Eirini, Ekaladze, Eka, Tampaki, Ekaterini Christina, Adam, Elaf, Adel Hamdoun Aziz, Elaf, Yousuf, Elamin, Gialamas, Eleftherios, Spartalis, Eleftherios, Bedzhanyan, Elen, Toma, Elena Adelina, Daukšaitė, Elena, Desiato, Elena, Dvivedi, Elena, Hadzhieva, Elena, Martí Cuñat, Elena, Montalbán Martínez, Elena, Montanari, Elena, Signaroli, Elenasofia, Efremidou, Eleni, Gavriil, Eleni, Karakeke, Eleni, Mavrodimitraki, Eleni, Papamattheou, Eleni, Jose, Elenza, Cianci, Eleonora, Ciccioli, Eleonora, Daleva, Eleonora, Locci, Eleonora, Lori, Eleonora, Silanos, Eleonora, Ayala, Elí, Bankart, Eliana, Brolese, Eliane, Efstathiou, Elias, Salloum, Elias, Colak, Elif, Terzi, Elif Didem, Ametefe, Elikem, Cagigal Ortega, Elima Pilar, Donnarumma, Elio, Mina, Elisa, Reitano, Elisa, Wallner, Elisabeth, Moggia, Elisabetta, Betz, Elise, Kontis, Elissaios, Anestiadou, Elissavet, Gimson, Eliza, Lun, Elizabeth, Fraser, Elizabeth, Li, Elizabeth, Torres De Anda, Elizabeth Magaly, Murphy, Elizabeth Mary Ann, O'Connell, Elizabeth, Redondo, Elizabeth, Lun, Elizabeth Weng Yan, Francis, Ella, Haiden, Elmar, Hamed, Elmonzir, Alkhalifa, Elmustafa, Dexter, Eloise, Daketsey, Elorm, Setsoafia, Elorm, Mohamed, Elsagad, Mohammed, Elsamoual, Hegab, Elsayed, Ay, Elvin, Adinolfi, Elvira, Mbanzabugabo, Elvis, Chin, Elynn, Ahmed, Emad Ali, Younes, Eman, Basile, Emanuela, Gessa, Emanuela, Pontecorvi, Emanuele, Romairone, Emanuele, Hatangimana, Eméry, Ndizeye, Emile, Ciofic, Emilia, Dijan, Emilio, López-Negrete Cueto, Emilio, Baker, Emily, Reid, Emily, Schmidt, Emily, Alić, Emir, Bičakčić, Emir, Agbowada, Emma, Colton, Emma, Downing, Emma, Haege, Emma, O'Neill, Emma, Roussos, Emmanouel, Nachelleh, Emmanuel Aadereyir, Adebunmi, Emmanuel, Obiesie, Emmanuel Ahuizechukwu, Akakpo, Emmanuel Bismark, Konlan, Emmanuel Dammigu Francis, Nwangwu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Kafui Ayodeji, Emmanuel, Ofori, Emmanuel Owusu, Spanoudakis, Emmanuel, Abate, Emmanuele, Balik, Emre, Bozdağ, Emre, Bozkurt, Emre, Karabulut, Emre Cagri, Ozoran, Emre, Tunçcan, Emre, Tuzuner, Emre, Halilović, Emsad, Alabed, Enaam, Zidan, Enas, Hodžić, Enes, Aybar, Engin, Yildirim, Engin Okan, Wong, Enoch, Yhoshu, Enono, Bisogno, Enrica, Andolfi, Enrico, Ferri, Enrico, Potenza, Enrico, Spalice, Enrico, Volpin, Enrico, González, Enrique, Downes, Eoin, Gallo, Erdachew, Kamer, Erdinc, Naidoo, Eressa, Erginöz, Ergin, Bara, Eric, Irungu, Eric, García-Villegas, Eric Yusif, Mazzotta, Erica, Monati, Erica, Chan, Erick, Gómez Mejía, Erika, Dylja, Eris, Somuncu, Erkan, Yavuz, Erkan, Begunić, Ernes, Margelis, Ernest, Osei, Ernest Owusu, Saitoglou, Ertzan, Agastra, Ervis, Mazumdar, Eshan, Soyer Güldoğan, Esra, Abu Siam, Esra'A, Abdelbaset, Esraa, Abdu, Esraa, Adel Mahmod Sultan, Esraa, Nubi Mohamed, Esraa Gamal, Abuobaida Banaga Hag El Tayeb, Essam Eldien, Ali, Essraa, Page-Taylor, Estelle, Marra, Ester, Garcia Santos, Esther Pilar, Elsheikh, Ethar, Unal, Ethem, Tan, Eugene, De Leo, Eugenio, Borges, Eva, Gáspár, Éva, Ruiz-Daum, Eva, Apostolopoulos, Evaggelos, Samara, Evangelia, Barkolias, Evangelos, Fradelos, Evangelos, Hopping, Eve, Romo Ascencio, Evelia Veronica, Sosa Ferreira, Ever David, Shestakov, Evgenii, Tyurina, Evgenya, Hristova, Evguenia, Efthymiou, Evripidis, Tokidis, Evripidis, Harrison, Ewen, Dontoh, Ewurama Akroma, Mansour, Eyad, Yeshialem, Eyosiyas, Dabbagh, Ezeddin, Amer, Ezzeldin, Manasci, Fabiana, Gomes, Fabio, Medas, Fabio, d'Acapito, Fabrizio, Vassallo, Fabrizio, Haddad, Fadi, Elhabishi, Fadwa, Akhtar, Fahad, Tauheed, Fahad, Al Abbood, Fahd, Gareb, Fahed, Ghazali, Fairuz, Alnazawi, Faisal, Ondago, Faith, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Fanjandrainy, Wiese, Fanny, González Ponce, Fanny Yesenia, Georgiades, Fanourios, Ali, Farah, Galley, Fareeda, Huda, Farhanul, Amir, Farhat Naaz, Ashraf, Fariha, Alfarsi, Faris, Ayasra, Faris, Ali, Farman, Mahmoud, Faten, Aliskander, Fater, Tahir Lwdie, Fathea, Buyuker, Fatih, Aguilar Del Castillo, Fátima, Mohammed Daoud, Fatima Ahmed, Alowjaly, Fatima, Oni, Fatima, Rauf, Fatima, Elkhafeefi, Fatimah, Hourri, Fatine, Monib, Fatma A., Alshreef, Fatma, Benghalbon, Fatma, Ntirenganya, Faustin, Ashraf, Fauziyah, Chahrour, Fayez, Ahmad, Fazal, Parray, Fazlul Qadir, Philips, Febi, Campus, Federica, Di Marco, Federica, Ferraina, Federica, Frongia, Federica, Maffeis, Federica, Natali, Federica, Pederiva, Federica, Scolari, Federica, Tofani, Federica, Marin, Federico Alberto Niccolò, Biolchini, Federico, Cappellacci, Federico, Corronca, Federico, Mazzola, Federico, Suldrup, Federico, Nyarko, Felicia, Casas J, Felipe, Zapata, Felipe, Aigner, Felix, Alakaloko, Felix, Amoako, Felix, Camacho, Felix, Hammett, Felix, Kuubetersob B. N, Felix, Alahmad, Feras, Alnimri, Feras, Haddad, Feras, Gool, Ferhana, Castro, Fernanda, Diaz, Fernanda, Lucero, Fernanda, Vovola, Fernanda, Mahnic, Fernando, Mercado Sanchez, Fernando, Prieto La Noire, Fernando, Soggiu, Fiammetta, Tsige, Fikreab, Brzeszczyński, Filip, Rudisch, Filip, Valente Costa Pinto, Filipa, Ramalho De Almeida, Filipe, Banchini, Filippo, Palomino Escalante, Fiorella, Fadzlullah, Fitri, Terefe, Fitsum, Sulo, Fjorenta, Ciccarone, Flavia, Tirelli, Flavio, Krämer, Florian, Grama, Florin, Spanos, Foivos, Solimene, Folco, Akinwande, Foluso, Osman, Forzia, Stefou, Foteini, Kyramargios, Fotios, Stavratis, Fotios, Alassani, Fousseni, Ascari, Francesca, Cammelli, Francesca, D'Agostino, Francesca, Tropeano, Francesca Paola, Peters, Francesca, Ré, Francesca, Brucchi, Francesco, Casti, Francesco, Coratti, Francesco, Ferrara, Francesco, Floris, Francesco, Izzo, Francesco, Maffei, Francesco, Palmieri, Francesco, Pata, Francesco, Porcelli, Francesco, Selvaggi, Francesco, Velluti, Francesco, Mulita, Francesk, Bello, Francis, Caiquo, Francis, Dossou, Francis, Eshun, Francis Junior, Opoku Twene, Francis, Tierenye, Francis, Quayson, Francis William, Romo Rosales, Francisco David, Ibañez Ortiz, Francisco, León Frutos, Francisco Javier, Redondo Calvo, Francisco Javier, Silva Rivera, Francisco Javier, Barbosa Camacho, Francisco José, Bujalance Cabrera, Francisco Manuel, Ruescas, Francisco, Irakiza, Franck Fanon, Corvatta, Franco, Pascual, Franco Raúl, Roviello, Franco, Roodt, Francois, Gyamfi, Frank Enoch, Olaniru, Frank, Owusu, Frank, Bader, Franz G., Anzinger, Franz-Xaver, Agbodo, Fred David Anku, Ris, Frederic, Agbemafoh, Frederick Mawuli, Afonso, Frederico, Nazareth, Frederico, Berrevoet, Frederik, Hounde, Fréjus, Demiral, Furkan, Hassooni, Furqan Ridha Hassooni, Kafa, Gabi, Cárdenas Rivera, Gabriel, Ntwari, Gabriel, Szydlo Shein, Gabriel, Ambriz González, Gabriela, Nita, Gabriela Elisa, Bellio, Gabriele, Moitzi, Gabriele, Urdang, Gabriella, Marom, Gad, Gallo, Gaetano, Luglio, Gaetano, Poillucci, Gaetano, Singh, Gagandeep, Saletta, Gaia, Abouelnagah, Galal, Yarovenko, Galina, Kazobinka, Gallina, Ahmed, Gamal Mutwakil Gamal, Rahman, Ganiyu Adebisi, Smith, Garett, Pillai, Gargi, Saxena, Garima, Gbessi, Gaspard, Nkunguzi, Gaston, Jalal, Gaurav, Chillarge, Gauri, Singh, Gautam, Mevognon, Gedeon, Getachew, Gedion, George, Gejoe, De La Peña González, Gema, Martínez Izquierdo, Gema, Grande, Gennaro, Birikorang, Geoffrey, Weber, Georg F., Singer, Georg, Ansong, George, Bashour, George, Brown, George Darko, Hneino, George, Kavalieratos, George, Kenchadze, George, Nagy, George, Pappas Gogos, George, Skroubis, George, Waiyaki, George, Cox, Georgia, Zeringa, Georgia, De Wee, Georgin, Hart, Georgina, Bekakos, Georgios, Fragulidis, Georgios, Kapogiannatos, Georgios, Karakaidos, Georgios, Kokkinos, Georgios, Kostoulas, Georgios, Koukoulis, Georgios, Peros, Georgios, Rados, Georgios, Tsoulfas, Georgios, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Berger, Geraint, Adoro, Gerard Ayuka, Chamoso Mialdea, Gerardo, Palmieri, Gerardo, Procaccini, Gerardo, Steenkamp, Gerhard, Viscido, Germán Rodrigo, Dajti, Gerti, Alemayehu, Getachew, Seyfu, Gezachew, Birqeeq, Ghada, Alsheikh, Ghadeer, Alrayyes, Ghaith, El Hunjul, Ghalib Nashaat, Zaza, Ghayath, Matroud, Ghazlah, Alhadwah, Ghena, Maltinti, Gherardo, Awais, Ghina, Shamsi, Ghina, Calini, Giacomo, Carganico, Giacomo, Zanus, Giacomo, Canu, Gian Luigi, Mendiola, Gian, Ibero Casadiego, Giana Pamela, Cocorullo, Gianfranco, Baronio, Gianluca, Pellino, Gianluca, Zanni, Gianluca, Poto, Gianmario Edoardo, Gravante, Gianpiero, Aduroja, Gideon, Almogy, Gidon, Bond-Smith, Giles, Natchagande, Gilles, Bechara, Gio, Brachini, Gioia, Riccioli, Giordana, Ercolani, Giorgio, Farris, Giorgio, Giraudo, Giorgio, Mammolo, Giovanna, Pavone, Giovanna, Sgarzini, Giovanna, Aprea, Giovanni, Fonsi, Giovanni Battista, Boroni, Giovanni, De Angeli, Giovanni, De Palma, Giovanni Domenico, Emiliani, Giovanni, Grava, Giovanni, Guercio, Giovanni, De Carlo, Giulia, Del Corpo, Giulia, Duranti, Giulia, Galatioto, Giulia, Grassi, Giulia, Graziano, Giulia, Marini, Giulia Maria Francesca, Munzi, Giulia, Tarantino, Giulia, Borda-Luque, Giuliano, Pellicano', Giuseppe Antonino, Canonico, Giuseppe, Carollo, Giuseppe, Ietto, Giuseppe, Palomba, Giuseppe, Pascarella, Giuseppe, Salamone, Giuseppe, Sica, Giuseppe, Sorrentino, Giuseppe, Orlando, Giuseppina, Pignata, Giusto, Pisarevi, Givi, Akcakoca, Gizem, Owusu, Godfred, Yohanna Abrak, Godwin, Kurtoglu, Gokalp Kagan, Kurtoglugk, Gokalp Kagan, Alıcı, Gökhan, Kurtoglu, Goktug Mert, Delgado Hernandez, Gonzalo, Augustin, Goran, Bhat, Gowhar Aziz, Sundaram Venkatesan, Gowtham, Chang, Grace, Eke, Grace, Lee, Grace, Massarra, Grace, Travaglini, Grazia, Scialandrone, Grazisa, Stavrou, Gregor A., Di Franco, Gregorio, Charalambous, Gregory, Christodoulidis, Gregory, Kouraklis, Gregory, Goodwin, Gregory Richard, Devidze, Grigol, Fialho, Guilherme, Santos, Guilherme, Cabezudo, Guillermo, García-Santos, Guillermo, Pou, Guillermo, Romero Reyna, Guillermo, Yanowsky-Reyes, Guillermo, Ozyuksel, Gul, Karadeniz Cakmak, Guldeniz, Kucuk, Gultekin Ozan, Bulbuloglu, Guney Cem, Sarp, Guray, Kaur, Gurleen, Nibogora, Guy Darcy, Hamdan, Gymar, Ogundipe, Habeeb, Yunes, Habib, Ayesh, Hadeel, Al Atassi, Hadi, Jalilehvand, Hadis, Masalma, Hafez, Jafarkhan, Hafis, Shahid, Hafiz Huzaifa, Younus, Hafsa, Al-Derume, Hail, Shames, Haitam, Mimouni, Haithem Ahmed, Aldare, Hajar, Odah Bashi, Hajar Omar, Abusnina, Hajer, Altounsi, Hajir, Qayum, Hajra, Baysal, Hakan, Bolukbasi, Hakan, Yigitbas, Hakan, Alkhatib, Hala, Afzal, Haleema, Mftah, Halima, Oyinlola, Halimah, Tümer, Haluk, Dolo, Hamadoun, Braham, Hamdi, Ozsahin, Hamdi, Abu-Arish, Hamdoon, Al-Aamri, Hamed, Fadlalmola, Hammad Ali, Abu Obead, Hamza, Al-Fahel, Hamza, Al-Zoubi, Hamza, Asaad, Hamza, Ejaz, Hamza, Jaber, Hamza, Bhatti, Hamza Waqar, Mohammadi Sardoo, Hamzeh, Farhat, Hana, Idheiraj, Hanadi, Zwaraa, Hanady, Al Sohabi, Hanan, Basharat, Hanan, Said, Hanan, Al-Abdallat, Haneen, Foad, Haneen, Daaboul, Hanen, Al Qadhi, Hani, Elhallaq, Hani, Alhusaini, Hanin, Lidbetter, Hannah, Reilly, Hannah, Moya- Ambriz, Hannia Betzabeth, Lederhuber, Hans, Fehrer, Hans-Jörg, Xiao, Haotian, Iswariah, Harish, Kaur, Harmeena, Cheema, Harnoor Kaur, Foda, Haroun, Chauhan, Harpreet, Kaur, Harpreet, Sagar, Harry, Unwin, Harry, Kaur, Harsharan, Panga, Harshavardhan, Gupta, Harshit, Prabhakar, Harshit Kumar, Anand, Harshitha, Pahwa, Harvinder Singh, Abbadi, Hasan, Amoudi, Hasan, Zaini, Hasan Hadi Zaini, Škiljo, Hasan, Miyasika, Hasangi, Altabbaa, Hashem, Haj Freej, Hasn, Abdelazim, Hassan, Habiba, Hassan, Kamal, Hassan, Sabir, Hassan, Zaigham, Hassan, Pehlivan, Hatice, Telci, Hatice, Abuobaida, Hayat, Tetley, Heather, Taher, Heba, Aguado López, Héctor, Askarpour, Hedyeh, Sherif Farouk Ahmed Hassan, Heidi, Devesa, Helena, Arbogast, Helmut, Nuñez Del Barrio, Henar, Abiyere, Henry, Delacave, Henry, Rice, Henry E., Pleass, Henry, Bradly, Hera, 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Rugambwa, Jean Paul, Jordaan, Jean- Jacques, Razafindrahita, Jeannie Ba, Do, Jee Eun, Senavirathna, Jeewantha, Kalyanapu, Jeffrey A, Chan, Jeffrey, Ofori, Jeffrey, Otote, Jeffrey, Akiely, Jehad, Cassiano Neves, Jelena, Gillingham, Jemima, Herrera Batres, Jenifer Olga María, Ezeh, Jennifer, Okei, Jennifer, Vu, Jennifer, Guevara, Jenny, Siu, Jenny, Rolinger, Jens, Skaff, Jeolle, Uys, Jernelle, Makama, Jerry Godfrey, Barklimore, Jessica, Dei-Asamoa, Jessica, Jahjah, Jessica, Jones, Jessica, Ng, Jessica, Ricardo, Jéssica, Schembri Higgans, Jessica, You, Jessica, Annan, Jessie, Aguilar, Jesus Antonio, Pizarro Lozano, Jesús, Lim, Jia Hui, Zhu, Jiang, Wang, Jianxue, Abbasy, Jibran, Ugwu, Jideofor, Rathod, Jignesh, Albalushi, Jihan, Najajra, Jinan, Fu, Jing Hui, Tefay, Joan Sia Tan, Domingues, Joana Cristina, Simoes, Joana FF, Figueiredo, Joana, Fontaínhas, Joana, Frazão, Joana, Marques Antunes, Joana, Simoes, Joana, Marx, Joanna Naemi, Dias-Ferreira, João, Fernandes, João, Mendes, João, Pinho, João, Ribeiro, João, Vaz, João, Dominguez, Joaquina, Abutu John, Job, Chen, Joe Jun Qiao, Enaholo, Joel, Alaji, Joelle, Miller, Johanna, Binder, Johannes, Daleku, John, Katogiritis, John, Khoury, John, Anyorigiya, John Noah, Reilly, John, Abebrese, John Tabiri, Ahale, Johnny Lordson, Tabora-Zepeda, Johnny, Barrutia Leonardo, Jon, Demma, Jonathan Abraham, Hong, Jonathan, Chejfec-Ciociano, Jonathan Matias, Oppong, Jonathan, Quansah, Jonathan, Sutcliffe, Jonathan, Taiwo, Jones, Nyamekye - Baidoo, Joojo, Prat-Ortells, Jordi, Dongmo, Jordy, Kleeff, Jorg, Jimenez Flores, Jorge Alberto, Pellecer Cano, Jorge Bernardo, Chóliz, Jorge, Giubi Bobeda, Jorge Eduardo, Escartin, Jorge, Febré, Jorge, Gass, Jörn-Markus, Calvache, Jose A, Guzman Barba, Jose Aldo, Gutiérrez Gómez, José Alonso, Calvache, Jose Andres, Acevedo Parrales, José Danilo, Orozco Navarro, José Esteban, Viñas, José Federico, Gomez, José, Goncalves-Nobre, Jose Guilherme, Valenzuela, José Ignacio, Garcia Galocha, Jose Luis, 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Marcella, Pisano, Marcello, Doniquian, Marcelo Alejandro, Martínez Bareiro, Marcelo Nicolás, Pagani, Marcelo, Scortechini, Marcelo, Carvalho, Márcia, Sánchez Audelo, Marco Antonio, Brizzolari, Marco, Ceresoli, Marco, De Prizio, Marco, Amisano, Marco Francesco, Gramellini, Marco, Marcianò, Marco, Mariani, Marco, Milone, Marco, Montagna, Marco, Piccino, Marco, Santos, Marco, Dyer, Marcus, Kang, Marcus, Mahadi, Mardhiana, Zawadzki, Marek, Yinusa, Margaret, Bernardo, Margarida, Nunes Luís, Margarida, Gambelli, Margherita, Flint, Margot, Aggelidou, Maria, Bequis, Maria Agustina, Sotiriou, Maria Aikaterini, Ñañez, Maria Alejandra, Tahir, Maria Ambreen, Gascón Domínguez, María Ángeles, Asimakidou, Maria, Mourato, Maria Beatriz, Blanco, Maria, Christou, Maria, Coronas Soucheiron, Maria, Pignanelli, Maria Costanza, Kalaydjian, María Cristina, Martí-Ejarque, Maria del Mar, Olmedo Reinoso, María Del Mar, Cebollero, María Del Pilar, Derattani, Maria, Gama Caldeira, Maria Do Carmo, Drogouti, Maria, Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Maria Elena, Muñoz Fernández, María Elena, Muriel, María Emilia, Duran, María Eugenia, Zarate Casas, María Fernanda, Florou, Maria, Piacentini, Maria Gaia, Seixo, Maria Inês, Bellini, Maria Irene, Peña Soria, Maria Jesús, Martínez, María José, Medina, Maria José, Rueda Medécigo, María José, Karakeke, Maria, Kausar, Maria, Kyriazi, Maria, Marqueta De Salas, Maria, Modolo, Maria Marta, Mateu, Maria, Mavri, Maria, El Ghoul Miliotou, Maria Melina, Moreno Gijon, Maria, Papadoliopoulou, Maria, Proclamà, Maria Pia, Picciochi, Maria, Reis, Maria, Rennis, Maria, D'Anna, Maria Rosa, Ruffoli, Maria, Ruiz Soriano, María, Sánchez Ramirez, Maria, Sánchez-Rubio, María, Schüler, Maria, Sotiropoulou, Maria, Barrio Renteria, Maria Teresa, Tsopozidi, Maria, Vasconcelos, Maria, Facchino, Maria Vittoria, Wikar, Maria, Aguilera-Arevalo, Maria-Lorena, Abdu, Mariam, Asarbakhsh, Mariam, Elmiesiry, Mariam, Ashong, Marian Esi, Gomes, Mariana, Capuano, Marianna, Lill, Marianne, Nieto Galvan, 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Nathan, Michael, Maclean, Michael, Nortey, Michael, Pellen, Michael, Pham, Michael, Pitiakoudis, Michael, Singh, Michael Prodip, Spartalis, Michael, Van Der Colf, Michael, Wilson, Michael, Billis, Michail, Karanikas, Michail, Papamichail, Michail, Vailas, Michail, Kisielewski, Michał, Kusiński, Michał, Nycz, Michał, Święch, Michał, Fagbayimu, Micheal, Adamina, Michel, Fiogbe, Michel, Prudhomme, Michel, Angelucci, Michela, Campanelli, Michela, Cricrì, Michele, Grande, Michele, Manigrasso, Michele, Scopelliti, Michele, George, Michelle, Mozel, Michelle, Galasyuk, Mick, Chevallay, Mickael, Giuliano, Micol, Dobón Rascón, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez Romero, Miguel Angel, García Ureña, Miguel Ángel, Zaragoza Mendieta, Miguel Ángel, Bejarano Serrano, Miguel, Brito, Miguel, Calderon, Miguel, Jurado Román, Miguel, Palas, Miguel, Li Valencia, Miguel Roberto, Sebastián-Mendoza, Miguel-Julián, Muresan, Mihai-Stefan, Slavchev, Mihail, Agapov, Mikhail, Milentijević, Milica, Catterall, Millie, 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Abosedra, Mohammed, Sarker, Mohammed Abu Kawsar, Abudabbous, Mohammed, Abuwarda, Mohammed, Elgak, Mohammed Ahmed, Al Hinai, Mohammed, Al Zebda, Mohammed, Al-Shehari, Mohammed, Alharthi, Mohammed, Ali, Mohammed, Ismael Alamin, Mohammed Ali, Alqadasi, Mohammed, Alshanwani, Mohammed, Alshehri, Mohammed, Asaad, Mohammed, Bashir, Mohammed, Bohlala, Mohammed, Meghaizerou, Mohammed El Amine, Albanna, Mohammed Emad Hashem, Ghunaim, Mohammed, Goga, Mohammed, Hajhamad, Mohammed, Hamada Takrouney, Mohammed, Hammoda, Mohammed, Hamoud Almahly, Mohammed, Muragi, Mohammed, Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan, Obaid, Mohammed, Omar, Mohammed, Said, Mohammed, Salah, Mohammed, Saleh Khatab, Mohammed, Aliyu, Mohammed Salele, Shakhshir, Mohammed, Sheriff, Mohammed, Tageldin, Mohammed, Abdelfattah, Mohanad, Daher, Mohanad, Lotfy, Mohanad, Alqedrh, Mohannad, Nasani, Mohannad, Mohd Shah, Mohd Shahrulsalam, Madany, Mohie El-Din Mostafa, Mobolaji-Ojibara, Mojisola, Nkogatse, Moleseng, Alazabi, Mona, Gupta, 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Sharitha, Laura, Sharon, Shanker, Shashwat, Ababneh, Shatha, Gilbert, Shaun, Kenworthy, Shaunna, Ng, Shawn Hong Ming, Mackenzie, Shawn, Salindera, Shehnarz, Khattak, Shehrbano, Loke, Sheih Nee, Manzoor, Sheikh Viqar, Alwardi, Sheikha, Allam, Shereen, Tawfik, Sherifa, Francis, Shikha, Cai, Shirley, Dindyal, Shiva, Pandya, Shivangi, Chopra, Shreya, Ingley, Shreya, Kulkarni, Shrirang, Kosna, Shuba, Nayak, Shubhalaxmi, Ahuja, Shubham, Hariharan, Shubhang, Karuppusamy Krishnasamy, Shyam, Khare, Siddhant, Handa, Siddhartha, Amin Omar Alsiddig, Siddig, Alqurashi, Siddiga, Al-Tahayneh, Sief-Addeen, Sibiya, Silindokuhle, Perretta, Silvana, Ibarra Camargo, Silvia Alejandra, Montisci, Silvia, Mungo, Silvia, Puddu, Silvia, Severi, Silvia, Agudelo Mendoza, Silvia Valentina, Makkai-Popa, Silviu Tiberiu, Boyes, Simon, Monkhouse, Simon, Stock, simon, Alberti, Simona, Meneghini, Simona, Giudici, Simone, Guadagni, Simone, Birolo, Simone Lorenzo, Novello, Simone, Oliveira, Simone, Gumede, Simphiwe, 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Udwan, Suad, Raul, Subrat, Chase, Suchita, Nair, Sudharrshan, Joseph, Sudhir, Singh, Sudhir Kumar, Singh, Sudhir, Timmalah, Suhaylah, Alsuwiyah, Suhir, Thalgaspitiya, Sujeewa Priyantha Bandara, Sellahewa, Sujeewa, Neogi, Sujoy, Burger, Sule, Polat, Süleyman, Alkadi, Sulman, Asiri, Sultan, Otho, Sumaira, Mewa Kinoo, Suman, Ebrahim, Sumayyah, Tontus, Sumeyya, Midya, Sumit, Thuraisamy Sarma, Sundaramoorthy Iyer, Payyanur Thotan, Sundeep, Kumar Venkatappa, Sunil, Techapongsatorn, Suphakarn, Kaur, Supreet, Jp, Supritha, Tan, Suqi, Djote, Surafel Mulatu, Surendran, Suraj, Singh, Surendra, Chilaka, Suresh, Lee, Susan, Henriques, Susana, Giridaran, Suseendirarajah, Achugatla, Sushma, Kumar, Suvam, Brincat, Svetlana, Deshpande, Swati, Batista, Sylvia, Akharaekpanya, Tachporn, Moges, Tadesse Girma, Türkmen, Taha Berkay, Alhaj Hasan, Taima, Alshawabkeh, Taima', Majed, Taima', Lawal, Taiwo Akeem, Ibiyeye, Taiye Taibat, Rashid, Tajamul, Košir Božič, Tajda, Mohammed, Tajudeen, Khewater, Talal, Abelman, Talia, Al Barhi, Tamadher, Mogne, Tamiris, Salazar-Lorenzana, Tania Abril, Akter, Tania, Gómez Sanz, Tania, Motiwala, Tanmay, Valizadeh Elizeh, Tanya, Almahdi, Tanzeel, Albushary, Tanzel Alrahman, Abdulrahman, Taofeeq, Finlay, Tara, Chouari, Tarak, Awad, Tarek, Sabra, Tarek, M. Abubasheer, Tareq, Alhusban, Tariq, Yılmaz, Tarık Emre, Aloqaili, Tasneem, Aldirawi, Tayef, Karahasanoğlu, Tayfun, Gülşen, Taygun, Jemal, Tebarek, Nadeem, Tehmina, Singh, Tejinder Paul, Alinger, Temsula, Longkumer, Temsutoshi, Lo, Terence, Gimenez Maurel, Teresa, Uprak, Tevfik Kıvılcım, Petropoulou, Thalia, Rawther, Thampi, Techapongsatorn, Thawin, Manickam, Thendral, Padioti, Theodora, Kozonis, Theodoros, Sidiropoulos, Theodoros, Tsirlis, Theodoros, Theodosopoulos, Theodosios, Hessou, Thierry Kinnongni, Uiyapat, Thitapon, Agyen, Thomas, Harris, Thomas, Hugh, Thomas J, Jorgensen, Thomas W., Theivendrampillai, Thrshegan, Pham, Thuy Vy, Branco, Tiago, Nagwamutse, Tijjani Nasiru, Tony V, Tina, Devabalan Koil, Titus, Pilia, Tiziana, Abdulmola, Tmador Mahmed Ali, Oyeyemi, Tobiloba, Kebede, Tolera, Ibarra-Hurtado, Tomás Ramón, Reichelt, Tomas, Gach, Tomasz, Stefura, Tomasz, Wojewoda, Tomasz, Soric, Tomislav, Risteski, Toni, Tridip, Tridip Dutta Baruah, Yotsov, Tsanko, Doma Bhutia, Tshering, Girma, Tsion, Kwan, Tsun Yu, Ivanov, Tsvetomir, Iahmo, TT, Ashkar, Tuleen, Mabogoane, Tumi, Olobatoke, Tunde, Sholadoye, Tunde T., Mishra, Tushar Subhadarshan, Parker, Tyla, Ezomike, Uchechukwu, Dilibe, Uchenna, Kumbhar, Uday, Una, Uduak-Abasi, Grossi, Ugo, Ezidiegwu, Ugochukwu, Edith, Ugwuoke, Daspal, Ujjwal, Kalu, Ukoha Agwu, Dietz, Ulrich, Ronellenfitsch, Ulrich, Wirth, Ulrich, Abdullah, Umar, Rivolta, Umberto, Jayarajah, Umesh, Kanyan Kassim, Umu-Hera, Govindan, Unnikrishnan, Fernandes, Urânia, Akram, Usman, Mohammed Bello, Usman, Omara, Usra, Naidoo, Uvarasen, Mahendravarman, Vaishnaivy, Negoita, Valentina Madalina, Mariottini, Valentina, Murzi, Valentina, Zucchini, Valentina, Agbakwuru, Valentine, Armenta Tapia, Valeria Estefania, Gentilino, Valerio, Borgogni, Vanessa, Ng, Vanessa, Wolfschluckner, Vanessa, Silvestri, Vania, Žufić, Vanja, Gunasaegaram, Varman, Kamalathevan, Vasan, Pillay, Vasanthan, Neykov, Vasil, Kalles, Vasileios, Mousafeiris, Vasileios, Papadopoulos, Vasileios, Tsaousis, Vasileios, Tselepidis, Vasileios, Vougas, Vasileios, Georgilaki, Vasiliki, Nikolaou, Vasiliki, Themelidi, Vasiliki, Manchev, Vassil, Ioannou, Veatriki, Jha, Vedant Shekhar, Dragisic, Vedran, Sutharshan, Vengadasalam, Alonso, Veronica, Brocco, Veronica, Ongil Rodríguez, Verónica, Schirinzi, Veronica, Budyakova, Veronika, Naunova, Vesna, Panduro-Correa, Vicky, Ruiz López, Víctor Andrés, Bill, Victor, Dassah, Victor, Gonzabay, Víctor Eduardo, Etwire, Victor, Modekwe, Victor, Serna-Alarcon, Victor, De Donato, Victor Ugo, Duque Mallén, Victoria, Liu, Victoria, Sharma, Vidushi, Kumar, Vijaya, Muralidharan, Vijayaragavan, Kakotkin, Viktor, Enemuo, Vincent, Kudoh, Vincent, Osoka, Vincent, Siepaal, Vincent, Granata, Vincenza, Dinuzzi, Vincenza Paola, Lizzi, Vincenzo, Ricchiuti, Vincenzo, Mosca, Vinicio, Kanna D, Vinoth, Nair, Vipin Venugopal, Ledda, Virginia, Michael, Vishal, Singh, Vishavdeep, Govindasamy, Vishendran, Kollengode, Viswanathan V, Giordano, Vittoria, Morinelli, Vittoria, Lin, Vivian, Cuk, Vladica, Cijan, Vladimir, Çalik, Volkan, Bakshi, Vrushank, Ten, Vyacheslav, Ratheesh, Vysakh, Alsado, Wael, Mayo, Wafik, Yang, Wah, Rehman, Wajeeh Ur, Abbas, Walaa, Al-Khyatt, Waleed, Mabood, Waleed, Santucci, Walter, Yew, Wan Ting, Tahir, Warda, De Silva, Warusha Dhammika Dulantha, Wijenayake, Wasantha, Almadhoun, Waseem J.N., Alhroub, Wasef, Ebrahim, Wesam, Jabłoński, Wiktor, Krawczyk, Wiktor, Bhatti, William, Lai, William Kwan Ho, Petrushnko, Wilson, Afedo, Wisdom, Kasetsermwiriya, Wisit, Serednicki, Wojciech, Wysocki, Wojciech, Zerefa, Wondwossen Amtataw, Vagena, Xanthoula, Tarrado, Xavier, Papazarkadas, Xenofon, Po, Xiang Yuen, Ouadi, Yacine, Myla, Yacob, Haido, Yacoub, Hasan, Yafea, Karataş, Yağmur, Carpio Colmenares, Yahaira, Galvañ Félix, Yaiza, Balogun, Yakub Lekan, Maktabi, Yaman, Nerabani, Yaman, Fulgence, Yamuremye, De Silva, Yannick, Asar, Yara, Samer Morsy, Yara, Ghaleb, Yasameen Saif Saeed Mohammed, Vashishth, Yash, M S, Yashas, Manickchund, Yashoda, Sakaray, Yashwant, Kara, Yasin, Tosun, Yasin, Zwain, Yasir, Farag, Yasmeen, Jedidi, Yasmine, Seada, Yasmine, Aldebasi, Yasser, Ashour, Yasser, Badr, Yassin, Sarpong, Yaw, Alawneh, Yazan, Aung, Yee Lay, Orabi, Yehia, Lam, Yick Ho, Şen, Yigit Kaan, Koyluoglu, Yilmaz Onat, Huang, Yining, Mintz, Yoav, Perez, Yocarli, Chamara, Yohan, Melkamu, Yohannes, Maestre González, Yolanda, Dean, Yomna, Metaferia, Yonas Yilma, Malki, Yosra, Mohamed, Younis, A. Omar, Yousef, Alhammoud, Yousef, Allaoua, Yousef, Tanas, Yousef, El Okazy, Youssef, Kerolous, Youssef, Mohamed, Youssef, Al-Junaidi, Youssuf, Lakdawala, Yousuf, Lu, Yuann, Asano, Yukio, Altinel, Yuksel, Aktimur, Yunus Emre, Fishman, Yuri, Kudryavcev, Yurii, Tandoğan, Yusuf Iskender, Razafimandimby, Yves Michaël, Adofo-Asamoah, Yvonne, Şenol, Zafer, Odeh, Zahra, Benamrouche, Zahra Rayane, Alkhaier, Zahraa, Al-Sheikh Ali, Zaid, Zaher, Zain Aldin, Alnajjar, Zaina, Al-Balushi, Zainab, Alkhuzaie, Zainab, Khraim, Zakaria, Toutounji, Zakaria, Djama, Zakarya, Farraj, Zamil, Shah, Zamir Ahmad, Khan, Zara, Khan, Zarnigar, Abo Alarous, Zayn Alabden, Asaad, Zaynab, Demetrashvili, Zaza, Lorenc, Zbigniew, Brekalo, Zdrinko, Hannouneh, Zein Alabdin, Robertson, Zelda, Bady, Zeyad, Durna, Zeynep, Wong, Zhen Yu, Fozo, Zien Alabdin, Klib, Zienab, Chin, Ziling, Tamou, Zime Farid, Johnson, Zina, Shabello, Ziyad, Orzeszko, Zofia, Aljalabi, Zohal, Al-Azher El-Hamel, Zohour, Karampotaki, Zoi Rafaila, Valera Sanchez, Zoraida, Matkovic, Zoran, Azhar, Zubair, Qureshi, Zubaria, Correa López, Zulema Margarita, Balciscueta, Zutoia, Musilová, Zuzana, Katusic, Zvonimir, Osama, Zyad, and Dauksa, Zygimantas

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2024
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46. Improvements in Patients with Vestibular Disorders by Using Virtual Reality

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Altwijri, Abdulaziz Ibrahem, Albiol-Pérez, Sergio, Gil-Gómez, José-Antonio, Lozano-Quilis, José-Antonio, García-Muñoz, Cristina, Casuso-Holgado, María Jesús, Cortés, María -Dolores, Fardoun, Habib M., Magjarević, Ratko, Series Editor, Ładyżyński, Piotr, Associate Editor, Ibrahim, Fatimah, Associate Editor, Lackovic, Igor, Associate Editor, Rock, Emilio Sacristan, Associate Editor, Costin, Hariton-Nicolae, editor, and Petroiu, Gladiola Gabriela, editor

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2024
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47. Use of Artificial Intelligence as an Enabler for the Implementation of ETCS L3 and Other Innovative Rail Services

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Parrilla Ayuso, Francisco, González Delgado, Jose Manuel, Giménez Gómez, Jose Antonio, Rubio Cañete, Jorge, Díaz Díaz, Alejandro, Hernandez, Rogelio, Señor, Jaime, Mujica, Gabriel, Otero, Andrés, Portilla, Jorge, Félez, Jesús, Vaquero Serrano, Miguel A., Alonso Gómez, Arrate, Wenning, Bernd-Ludwig, Ezquerro, Gonzalo, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Karner, Michael, editor, Peltola, Johannes, editor, Jerne, Michael, editor, Kulas, Lukas, editor, and Priller, Peter, editor

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2024
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48. 3BUGS: Representing Building Geometries Extracted from Point Clouds

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Silván-Cárdenas, José L., Guerrero-Íñiguez, Josafat, Madrigal-Gómez, José M., Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, Series Editor, Hutchison, David, Editorial Board Member, Kanade, Takeo, Editorial Board Member, Kittler, Josef, Editorial Board Member, Kleinberg, Jon M., Editorial Board Member, Kobsa, Alfred, Series Editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Editorial Board Member, Mitchell, John C., Editorial Board Member, Naor, Moni, Editorial Board Member, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series Editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Editorial Board Member, Sudan, Madhu, Series Editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Editorial Board Member, Tygar, Doug, Editorial Board Member, Weikum, Gerhard, Series Editor, Vardi, Moshe Y, Series Editor, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Mezura-Montes, Efrén, editor, Acosta-Mesa, Héctor Gabriel, editor, Carrasco-Ochoa, Jesús Ariel, editor, Martínez-Trinidad, José Francisco, editor, and Olvera-López, José Arturo, editor

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2024
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49. Innovations for Laboratory Sessions in Engineering: Pre-lab H5P Videos and Reporting Results Through ad hoc Applications

Author

Castedo, Ricardo, Ortega, José J., Gómez, José M., Prado, Ángel, López, Lina M., Santos, Anastasio P., Fernández-Hernández, Marta, Chiquito, María, Ortiz, José E., Costamagna, Elisa, Huang, Ronghuai, Series Editor, Kinshuk, Series Editor, Jemni, Mohamed, Series Editor, Chen, Nian-Shing, Series Editor, Spector, J. Michael, Series Editor, García-Peñalvo, Francisco José, editor, Sein-Echaluce, María Luisa, editor, and Fidalgo-Blanco, Ángel, editor

Published
2024
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