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1. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function

Author

Migliavacca, M, Musavi, T, Mahecha, M, Nelson, J, Knauer, J, Baldocchi, D, Perez-Priego, O, Christiansen, R, Peters, J, Anderson, K, Bahn, M, Black, T, Blanken, P, Bonal, D, Buchmann, N, Caldararu, S, Carrara, A, Carvalhais, N, Cescatti, A, Chen, J, Cleverly, J, Cremonese, E, Desai, A, El-Madany, T, Farella, M, Fernandez-Martinez, M, Filippa, G, Forkel, M, Galvagno, M, Gomarasca, U, Gough, C, Gockede, M, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Janssens, I, Jung, M, Kattge, J, Keenan, T, Knohl, A, Kobayashi, H, Kraemer, G, Law, B, Liddell, M, Ma, X, Mammarella, I, Martini, D, Macfarlane, C, Matteucci, G, Montagnani, L, Pabon-Moreno, D, Panigada, C, Papale, D, Pendall, E, Penuelas, J, Phillips, R, Reich, P, Rossini, M, Rotenberg, E, Scott, R, Stahl, C, Weber, U, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Wright, I, Yakir, D, Zaehle, S, Reichstein, M, Migliavacca M., Musavi T., Mahecha M. D., Nelson J. A., Knauer J., Baldocchi D. D., Perez-Priego O., Christiansen R., Peters J., Anderson K., Bahn M., Black T. A., Blanken P. D., Bonal D., Buchmann N., Caldararu S., Carrara A., Carvalhais N., Cescatti A., Chen J., Cleverly J., Cremonese E., Desai A. R., El-Madany T. S., Farella M. M., Fernandez-Martinez M., Filippa G., Forkel M., Galvagno M., Gomarasca U., Gough C. M., Gockede M., Ibrom A., Ikawa H., Janssens I. A., Jung M., Kattge J., Keenan T. F., Knohl A., Kobayashi H., Kraemer G., Law B. E., Liddell M. J., Ma X., Mammarella I., Martini D., Macfarlane C., Matteucci G., Montagnani L., Pabon-Moreno D. E., Panigada C., Papale D., Pendall E., Penuelas J., Phillips R. P., Reich P. B., Rossini M., Rotenberg E., Scott R. L., Stahl C., Weber U., Wohlfahrt G., Wolf S., Wright I. J., Yakir D., Zaehle S., Reichstein M., Migliavacca, M, Musavi, T, Mahecha, M, Nelson, J, Knauer, J, Baldocchi, D, Perez-Priego, O, Christiansen, R, Peters, J, Anderson, K, Bahn, M, Black, T, Blanken, P, Bonal, D, Buchmann, N, Caldararu, S, Carrara, A, Carvalhais, N, Cescatti, A, Chen, J, Cleverly, J, Cremonese, E, Desai, A, El-Madany, T, Farella, M, Fernandez-Martinez, M, Filippa, G, Forkel, M, Galvagno, M, Gomarasca, U, Gough, C, Gockede, M, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Janssens, I, Jung, M, Kattge, J, Keenan, T, Knohl, A, Kobayashi, H, Kraemer, G, Law, B, Liddell, M, Ma, X, Mammarella, I, Martini, D, Macfarlane, C, Matteucci, G, Montagnani, L, Pabon-Moreno, D, Panigada, C, Papale, D, Pendall, E, Penuelas, J, Phillips, R, Reich, P, Rossini, M, Rotenberg, E, Scott, R, Stahl, C, Weber, U, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Wright, I, Yakir, D, Zaehle, S, Reichstein, M, Migliavacca M., Musavi T., Mahecha M. D., Nelson J. A., Knauer J., Baldocchi D. D., Perez-Priego O., Christiansen R., Peters J., Anderson K., Bahn M., Black T. A., Blanken P. D., Bonal D., Buchmann N., Caldararu S., Carrara A., Carvalhais N., Cescatti A., Chen J., Cleverly J., Cremonese E., Desai A. R., El-Madany T. S., Farella M. M., Fernandez-Martinez M., Filippa G., Forkel M., Galvagno M., Gomarasca U., Gough C. M., Gockede M., Ibrom A., Ikawa H., Janssens I. A., Jung M., Kattge J., Keenan T. F., Knohl A., Kobayashi H., Kraemer G., Law B. E., Liddell M. J., Ma X., Mammarella I., Martini D., Macfarlane C., Matteucci G., Montagnani L., Pabon-Moreno D. E., Panigada C., Papale D., Pendall E., Penuelas J., Phillips R. P., Reich P. B., Rossini M., Rotenberg E., Scott R. L., Stahl C., Weber U., Wohlfahrt G., Wolf S., Wright I. J., Yakir D., Zaehle S., and Reichstein M.

Abstract

The leaf economics spectrum and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions3 revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species. Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities. However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability. Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.

Published
2021

2. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function

Author

Migliavacca, M., Musavi, T., Mahecha, Miguel Dario, Nelson, J.A., Knauer, J., Baldocchi, D.D., Perez-Priego, O., Christiansen, R., Peters, J., Anderson, K., Bahn, M., Black, T.A., Blanken, P.D., Bonal, D., Buchmann, N., Caldararu, S., Carrara, A., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Cleverly, J., Cremonese, E., Desai, A.R., El-Madany, T.S., Farella, M.M., Fernández-Martínez, M., Filippa, G., Forkel, M., Galvagno, M., Gomarasca, U., Gough, C.M., Göckede, M., Ibrom, A., Ikawa, H., Janssens, I.A., Jung, M., Kattge, J., Keenan, T.F., Knohl, A., Kobayashi, H., Kraemer, G., Law, B.E., Liddell, M.J., Ma, X., Mammarella, I., Martini, D., Macfarlane, C., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Pabon-Moreno, D.E., Panigada, C., Papale, D., Pendall, E., Penuelas, J., Phillips, R.P., Reich, P.B., Rossini, M., Rotenberg, E., Scott, R.L., Stahl, C., Weber, U., Wohlfahrt, G., Wolf, S., Wright, I.J., Yakir, D., Zaehle, S., Reichstein, M., Migliavacca, M., Musavi, T., Mahecha, Miguel Dario, Nelson, J.A., Knauer, J., Baldocchi, D.D., Perez-Priego, O., Christiansen, R., Peters, J., Anderson, K., Bahn, M., Black, T.A., Blanken, P.D., Bonal, D., Buchmann, N., Caldararu, S., Carrara, A., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Cleverly, J., Cremonese, E., Desai, A.R., El-Madany, T.S., Farella, M.M., Fernández-Martínez, M., Filippa, G., Forkel, M., Galvagno, M., Gomarasca, U., Gough, C.M., Göckede, M., Ibrom, A., Ikawa, H., Janssens, I.A., Jung, M., Kattge, J., Keenan, T.F., Knohl, A., Kobayashi, H., Kraemer, G., Law, B.E., Liddell, M.J., Ma, X., Mammarella, I., Martini, D., Macfarlane, C., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Pabon-Moreno, D.E., Panigada, C., Papale, D., Pendall, E., Penuelas, J., Phillips, R.P., Reich, P.B., Rossini, M., Rotenberg, E., Scott, R.L., Stahl, C., Weber, U., Wohlfahrt, G., Wolf, S., Wright, I.J., Yakir, D., Zaehle, S., and Reichstein, M.

Abstract

The leaf economics spectrum(1,2) and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions(3) revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species(2). Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities(4). However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability(4,5). Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions(6) from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems(7,8).

Published
2021

3. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function

Author

Georg Wohlfahrt, Sebastian Wolf, David Martini, Alexander Knohl, Micol Rossini, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Nuno Carvalhais, Talie Musavi, Tarek S. El-Madany, Ulisse Gomarasca, Ankur R. Desai, Matthias Forkel, Dario Papale, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Jens Kattge, Jacob A. Nelson, Michael J. Liddell, Peter B. Reich, Guido Kraemer, Christopher M. Gough, Miguel D. Mahecha, Mathias Göckede, Hiroki Ikawa, Elise Pendall, Ivan A. Janssens, Rune Christiansen, Jiquan Chen, Craig Macfarlane, Alessandro Cescatti, Andreas Ibrom, Leonardo Montagnani, Marta Galvagno, T. Andrew Black, Michael Bahn, Sönke Zaehle, Giorgio Matteucci, Dan Yakir, Russell L. Scott, Silvia Caldararu, Jürgen Knauer, Markus Reichstein, Ulrich Weber, Richard P. Phillips, Cinzia Panigada, Mirco Migliavacca, Ian J. Wright, Jonas Peters, Beverly E. Law, Josep Peñuelas, Martha M. Farella, Arnaud Carrara, Eyal Rotenberg, Ivan Mammarella, Gianluca Filippa, Xuanlong Ma, Hideki Kobayashi, Jamie Cleverly, Oscar Perez-Priego, Edoardo Cremonese, Peter D. Blanken, Karen Anderson, Martin Jung, Clément Stahl, Daniel E. Pabon-Moreno, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Trevor F. Keenan, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Migliavacca, M, Musavi, T, Mahecha, M, Nelson, J, Knauer, J, Baldocchi, D, Perez-Priego, O, Christiansen, R, Peters, J, Anderson, K, Bahn, M, Black, T, Blanken, P, Bonal, D, Buchmann, N, Caldararu, S, Carrara, A, Carvalhais, N, Cescatti, A, Chen, J, Cleverly, J, Cremonese, E, Desai, A, El-Madany, T, Farella, M, Fernandez-Martinez, M, Filippa, G, Forkel, M, Galvagno, M, Gomarasca, U, Gough, C, Gockede, M, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Janssens, I, Jung, M, Kattge, J, Keenan, T, Knohl, A, Kobayashi, H, Kraemer, G, Law, B, Liddell, M, Ma, X, Mammarella, I, Martini, D, Macfarlane, C, Matteucci, G, Montagnani, L, Pabon-Moreno, D, Panigada, C, Papale, D, Pendall, E, Penuelas, J, Phillips, R, Reich, P, Rossini, M, Rotenberg, E, Scott, R, Stahl, C, Weber, U, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Wright, I, Yakir, D, Zaehle, S, and Reichstein, M

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), General Science & Technology, Climate, Ecosystem ecology, Biome, Datasets as Topic, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, Article, Carbon Cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, Water Cycle, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Ecosystem, Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, 0303 health sciences, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Humidity, ecosystem ecology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Carbon Dioxide, Plants, Arid, Productivity (ecology), Biogeography, 13. Climate action, Ecosystem function, terrestrial biomes, productivity, vegetation structure, water-use efficiency, carbon-use efficiency, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract

The leaf economics spectrum1,2 and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions3 revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species2. Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities4. However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability4,5. Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions6 from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems7,8., Three key axes of variation of ecosystem functional changes and their underlying causes are identified from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes and climate zones.

Published
2021

4. Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale.

Author

Gomarasca U, Migliavacca M, Kattge J, Nelson JA, Niinemets Ü, Wirth C, Cescatti A, Bahn M, Nair R, Acosta ATR, Arain MA, Beloiu M, Black TA, Bruun HH, Bucher SF, Buchmann N, Byun C, Carrara A, Conte A, da Silva AC, Duveiller G, Fares S, Ibrom A, Knohl A, Komac B, Limousin JM, Lusk CH, Mahecha MD, Martini D, Minden V, Montagnani L, Mori AS, Onoda Y, Peñuelas J, Perez-Priego O, Poschlod P, Powell TL, Reich PB, Šigut L, van Bodegom PM, Walther S, Wohlfahrt G, Wright IJ, and Reichstein M

Subjects
Climate Change, Plant Leaves, Phenotype, Ecosystem, Plants
Abstract

Fundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories - the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis - are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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5. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function.

Author

Migliavacca M, Musavi T, Mahecha MD, Nelson JA, Knauer J, Baldocchi DD, Perez-Priego O, Christiansen R, Peters J, Anderson K, Bahn M, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bonal D, Buchmann N, Caldararu S, Carrara A, Carvalhais N, Cescatti A, Chen J, Cleverly J, Cremonese E, Desai AR, El-Madany TS, Farella MM, Fernández-Martínez M, Filippa G, Forkel M, Galvagno M, Gomarasca U, Gough CM, Göckede M, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Janssens IA, Jung M, Kattge J, Keenan TF, Knohl A, Kobayashi H, Kraemer G, Law BE, Liddell MJ, Ma X, Mammarella I, Martini D, Macfarlane C, Matteucci G, Montagnani L, Pabon-Moreno DE, Panigada C, Papale D, Pendall E, Penuelas J, Phillips RP, Reich PB, Rossini M, Rotenberg E, Scott RL, Stahl C, Weber U, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Wright IJ, Yakir D, Zaehle S, and Reichstein M

Subjects
Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Climate, Datasets as Topic, Humidity, Plants classification, Principal Component Analysis, Carbon Cycle, Ecosystem, Plants metabolism, Water Cycle
Abstract

The leaf economics spectrum 1,2 and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions 3 revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species 2 . Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities 4 . However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability 4,5 . Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions 6 from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems 7,8 ., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
Full Text
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