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This book focuses on the legal consequences of Brexit for the energy sector both in the United Kingdom and in the European Union. In particular, it considers to what extent the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is adequate for the energy sector post-Brexit by exploring whether the TCA delivers legal certainty, has been effectively implemented, and meets the Brexit objectives. The analysis of these questions leads to several recommendations, for instance in relation to the implementation of the TCA and its extension to new energy technologies. Publisher: University of Groningen PressBroerstraat 4 9712 CP Groningen The Netherlands Cover design: Bas EkkersTypesetting: LINE UP boek en media bv | Riëtte van ZwolProduction support: LINE UP boek en media bv This publication is peer reviewed.

This dissertation explores the impact of Brexit on the energy sector. It is composed of six chapters. The first three chapters were written during the Brexit negotiations and analyse the possible future governance of and regulatory regime applicable to United Kingdom (UK) and European Union (EU) energy matters (chapter 2), the UK's exit from the European Atomic Energy treaty (chapter 3), and the impact of Brexit on existing and future electricity and gas interconnectors (chapter 4). The subsequent chapters analysis the trade and cooperation agreement between the EU and the UK (TCA) generally in relation to energy (chapter 5), the impact of the TCA on EU market access for UK companies and electricity trading arrangements (chapter 6) and the EU's supply security (chapter 7). The findings show that Brexit has politicised the energy market in an unprecedented way and brought legal uncertainty and therefore inefficiencies and costs to the energy sector. The findings also demonstrate that the TCA is not an adequate replacement for the regulatory framework of the EU energy market that its implementation is complex and slow. In its conclusion, the dissertation develops recommendations as to how the energy relations between the UK and the EU might be improved in the short term. These include implementation measures of the TCA such the agreement of electricity trading regime for cross-border trading between Great Britain and the EU, a decision-making forum for the British and EU energy regulatory authorities, and steps to extend the TCA to new energy technologies.

This book is a Liber Amicorum for Martha Roggenkamp, Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The chapters in this book celebrate her unique contribution to energy law. Martha Roggenkamp is a true force of energy, both personally and professionally. Her chair in energy law at the University of Groningen was the first in the Netherlands. She co-established the Dutch Energy Law Association and co-founded the Groningen Centre of Energy Law and Sustainability. With a formidable range of seminal publications, building on a large number of externally funded research projects, and of course her hearty laugh, she is one of the leading women in energy law in the Netherlands, in Europe and beyond. The chapters in this book showcase the diversity of the subject matter, the high academic standards as well as the connections that Martha Roggenkamp has nurtured across decades and continents. Painter portrait: Rianne SmitPhotographer portrait: Dirk FennemaCover design: Bas EkkersTypesetting: Riëtte van Zwol, LINE UP boek en media bv Publisher: University of Groningen PressBroerstraat 4 9712 CP Groningen Production support: LINE UP boek en media bv This publication is peer reviewed Editor Biographies Ruven Fleming is Assistant Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and Visiting Lecturer at TU Berlin, Germany. He is also Project Leader of hydrogen projects at the German Fuel Institute (DBI), TU Freiberg, Germany. Kars de Graaf is Professor of Public Law and Sustainability at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is also Chair of the Dutch Association of Environmental Law (VMR). Leigh Hancher is Professor of European Law at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. She is also part-time Professor at the Florence School of Regulation (FSR) within the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence, Italy. Edwin Woerdman is Professor of Markets and Regulation at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is