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Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s membrane-binding domain bridges the viral and host cell membrane, a critical step in triggering membrane fusion. Here, we investigate how the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with host cell membranes, focusing on a membrane-binding peptide (MBP) located near the TMPRSS2 cleavage site. Through in vitro and computational studies, we examine both primed (TMPRSS2-cleaved) and unprimed versions of the MBP, as well as the influence of its conserved disulfide bridge on membrane binding. Our results show that the MBP preferentially associates with cholesterol-rich membranes, and we find that cholesterol depletion significantly reduces viral infectivity. Furthermore, we observe that the disulfide bridge stabilizes the MBP’s interaction with the membrane, suggesting a structural role in viral entry. Together, these findings highlight the importance of membrane composition and peptide structure in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and suggest that targeting the disulfide bridge could provide a therapeutic strategy against infection.

This research is important because it increasing the effectiveness of the commanders of the operational units of the AJA Air Defense Force, and ultimately facilitates the implementation of unsuccessful strategies and the achievement of the set goals. The present research is based on the main purpose, which is: an effective behavioral model for commanders of AJA air defense operational units, and based on this, first in the first chapter, the problem is stated and explained, then the main purpose of the research is to develop a behavioral model. It is effective for the commanders of the operational units of the Air Defense Force. Its plan and sub-objectives are stated. The type of research was applied and the research method was descriptive (case study). Due to the fact that in some of the research, the relationships between dimensions and components and their importance and correlation coefficients have been considered and the correlation method has been used.The method of data collection in this research was 1- library and documentary method 2- survey method.According to the research results, operational unit commanders are required to have effective behaviors, in order to increase performance and improve performance, five components, "flexibility in behavior" with seven indicators, "stability and dynamism in behavior" with five indicators, " The ability to create integration with four indicators, the "goal-oriented" component with two indicators and the "behavioral independence" component with three indicators should be considered in terms of effective individual behavior as the most important influential components.

In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation compared to recent years. So, a difference of about 30% can be seen between the mentioned year and the previous year. Although the number of translated works has not been impressive so far, it is a good step towards strengthening the materials and resources for the researches of the country's academic system. The main question that was addressed was how to start the translation process in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in order to use the works and researches of other nations. So, it can be seen that the restoration process in the year (2019) was unprecedented in Afghanistan's higher education institutions compared to the 90s.Keywords: Translation, Goals, Motivation, Scientific Needs, Higher Education Institutions. IntroductionTranslation is considered an excellent and vital approach in the process of teaching and transferring data and solving problems from one language and culture to another language and culture.Also, translation causes the sharing of theories, viewpoints, mindsets, and methods of scientific-literary studies among nations.Today's Afghanistan society, especially the academic and scientific generation needs access to academic texts more than ever. Undoubtedly, it is translation that can give a suitable answer to many of these needs and introduce relevant, enriched, and important texts for us.Translation has a history of thousands of years. Humans have used this approach since time immemorial to exchange their thoughts and opinions. Translation has always been used as a principle of interaction between living languages. But sometimes, due to its necessity, translation becomes an important matter, the denial of which causes unforeseeable losses in that society. Although many books from other languages have been translated into Farsi and other languages in different eras, in the mentioned periods, the passion for translation was so great that the activity of translation in those periods was called (translation movement). After the arrival of Islam, Muslim translators have played a very prominent role in translating from other languages into Arabic as the language of government, religion, and science. The process of translation has had many ups and downs in different periods of history. However, the chaotic situation and the ever-increasing disturbances have always prevented translation activity in Afghanistan. Despite the fact that some people called Afghan translators residing in other countries or within Afghanistan have tried to translate, there has been no effort to meet the needs of the society. If it is carefully considered, the practice of translation in other countries has specific goals and motivations that have made it flourish. In the absence of goals and motivation, one can never reach the destination, for example, Mohammad Ghazi says his motivation for translation is primarily (love for translation) and then (material needs). Languages are limited. In the same way, whoever has done the act of translation has also expressed his motivation. Although the historical course of translation in Afghanistan has been examined from different perspectives by translators abroad, we have explored and examined the translations of 2019 in state institutions of higher education led by the Ministry of Higher Education. The result obtained from it showed that in the early 90s due to the problems that affected the people of Afghanistan, the translation process was not taken care of much, but in the last half of this decade, we have witnessed the relative growth of this process; a number of books have been translated from international languages into the national languages of Pashto and Dari Farsi, for example, we can refer to books translated from Arabic, for example, Türkiye Meydan al-Sara' bein al-Sharq va al-Gharb was translated by a professor at Badakhshan University. From a literary point of view, this translation has some errors, because the translator is a history professor and does not know much about Persian grammar, which is why it has some literary errors. I have read this work once. Similarly, other works that have been translated into Pashto in other universities of the country are not free of literary errors. Because those who translate the books are not experts in the mentioned languages in terms of expertise. For example, the following books have been translated from Arabic to Pashto: the rules of fasting and philosophy in Dhu al-Qur'an and Sunnah, al-Zahreh fi fan al-Takhrij and Drasa al-Asatid, Taysir al-Qava'ed al-Narhulllambtadiin and the book of al-Qava’ed al-Ulama, Al-Adab and Fanoonah, Nizam al-Syasi fi al-Islam, which were translated by professors in Nangarhar and Kandahar universities, the only flawless translations that have been translated by language experts, among which the number of language experts is limited.Literature ReviewWe did not come across any articles about translation in Afghanistan's higher education institutions. Therefore, we decided to write an article about the activities carried out regarding the translation from other living languages to national languages.Significance of the StudyThis article has examined and researched the process of scientific-research translations in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in the year (2018). Moreover, it discussed some points about the translation services in higher education institutions which are done for scientific promotion of professors. For this reason, the present article is new in terms of content and is of great importance.Purpose of the StudyThe main purpose of translation research in higher education institutions is to reveal the services of Afghanistan's higher education academic staff members. Its partial goals are to estimate the amount of translation services provided according to the conditions, whether it is in accordance with the needs of the present age or not. Whether so many different works from living languages have been translated by the academic staff members of Afghan universities to meet the academic needs or not.Another secondary goal of this research has been to reveal this process with its importance and path along with objective evidence, so that every student and researcher can easily understand how many necessary works have been translated by the scientific staff members of higher education.Research Questions:What was the main purpose of starting translation in Afghanistan's academic institutions?How many of the desired works of Afghanistan's academic field have been provided through translation so far?To what extent can works translated from foreign languages into national languages of Afghanistan help in the scientific process of Afghanistan?MethodologyA statistical method has been used to investigate the problem. The statistical population of the mentioned research was the source of data from the Department of Research, Compilation, and Translation of the Ministry of Higher Education. Our way of working was that we first presented each university in separate tables, and then at the end of it, we analyzed the received data of works translated in all universities of Afghanistan in the year (2019).FindingsSo, we talked about the definition, literature review, purpose, significance, and questions of translation. The findings of this research show that the motivation for translation has increased among the academic staff members of some universities. This increase will bring hope for the translation process in the following years.Among the educational institutions, the professors of Kabul University have the highest motivation for translating the work from international languages to the national language, and in the second step is Nangarhar University, followed by academic members of Harat and Balkh universities. The experience of academic members and researchers shows that there have been significant considerations in the quantity and quality of the translated works. The most frequent and expressive translations in the year (2019) are the translations that have been translated using the semantic method (free meaning).The Importance of the Translation Process in Academic FieldsTranslation, as one of the simplest and most effective tools and means of communication between humans, has always received special and public attention throughout history. The requirements of the current era (technology) and the revolution of communication in the current century have made the lives of countries dependent on each other. The multi-dimensional reliance of the age of communication has forced contemporary people to be aware of each other's conditions and understand each other's needs.Therefore, the universities of Afghanistan, which are the cradle of science, and the members of its scientific staff are considered among the scientific and academic assets of the same society and expected to play their valuable part in the development of this process.ConlusionAfter many efforts for the present research and due to an agreement with the translation management department Research, Compilation, and Translation Department of the Ministry of Higher Education, we were able to obtain a relative database in which the scientific topics of the professors are recorded. The works of professors are registered in the database of scientific subjects based on the name of the translator, academic institution, and academic rank. But we proceeded by removing some things, and we only mentioned the name of the works, faculty, group, and year. Regarding the translated topics, it should be said that most of the translated topics are specialized and they have been translated according to the expertise of the group or field that was mentioned. In general, it can be said that the most translated works are from English and then from Arabic. Translators of works in Afghanistan's institutions of higher education have mostly used semantic methods (conceptual translation) and this is the usual and acceptable method of the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan. The results obtained from the present research show that the most works for translation in the year (2019) were first registered at Kabul University, followed by Nangarhar University, Harat University, University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Zayed University, Balkh University, and others, which is summarized in the diagram below.

Simple Summary: Drugs rarely are aimed at a single target. More frequently, drugs can affect the functioning of multiple systems as a consequence of the different levels of activity of the aimed target or because of the effects caused by drug interactions with the other possible targets. Trilostane is a veterinary drug used for very specific diseases, but the array of possible beneficial effects generated by trilostane could be useful for diseases different from those indicated for the use of this drug. Additionally, although abandoned as a drug to treat diseases in human patients, the use of trilostane in animals to address conditions still needing effective therapies could give trilostane appeal for a new appraisal in disorders common to humans and animals, such as epilepsy, anxiety, and depression. This review of the present evidence suggests that trilostane is a powerful tool to stimulate the production of hormones (steroids), making the brain more resilient to injuries and traumatic events, preventing more negative consequences caused by the triggered neuroinflammatory responses (a consequence common to seizures and, but not only, depression), which definitely could lead to more severe conditions. Trilostane is a drug able to block the synthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone, dependent on the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5−4 isomerase. As a consequence of this effect, it is used to treat endocrinological diseases such as Cushing's syndrome, especially in dogs. Because of the modulatory effects of trilostane on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, trilostane administration causes an increase in brain levels of neurosteroids with anticonvulsant properties, as in the case of allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is also of interest in curing depression, suggesting that trilostane might represent a tool to address neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we investigated the historical development of this drug and its current use, mechanisms, and possible developments. By searching the literature from 1978 to 2025, we identified 101 papers describing studies with trilostane. Precisely, 55 were about dogs and trilostane, 3 were on cats, and 23 were with other animals. Some studies (15) were also designed with human patients. The main disease treatment with trilostane was hyperadrenocorticism. However, we also found two preclinical papers on trilostane's potential use in psychiatric diseases and three on trilostane's potential use in neurological disorders. Moreover, few clinical and preclinical studies suggested the involvement of neurosteroids modulated by trilostane in different neurological disorders, thus opening a possible new perspective for the use of this drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase plays a critical role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) patients exhibit abnormalities in immunoglobulin isotype expression and class switch recombination (CSR). This study investigates the role of residual ATM kinase expression and activity in the severity of A-T disease. Methods: A-T patients with defined genetic diagnoses were classified based on CSR and based on the severity of their medical complications. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from any patient were evaluated before and after exposure to 0.5 Gy ionizing radiation for one minute. Western blotting was performed to identify the expression of ATM and phosphorylated ATM (p-ATM) proteins compared to age-sex-matched healthy controls. Results: In severe A-T patients (n = 6), the majority (66.7%) had frameshift mutations, while 33.3% had nonsense mutations in the ATM gene. The mild group (n = 3) had two cases of splice errors and one missense mutation. All patients with CSR defect had elevated IgM serum levels, whereas all switched immunoglobulins were reduced in them. Expression of ATM and p-ATM proteins was significantly lower (p = 0.01) in all patients compared to healthy controls, both pre-and post- and post-radiation. Additionally, low ATM and p-ATM protein expression levels were linked with the clinical severity of patients but were not correlated with CSR defects. Conclusion: Expression and activation of ATM protein were defective in A-T patients compared to healthy controls. Altered expression of ATM and p-ATM proteins may have potential clinical implications for prognostic evaluation and symptom severity assessment in individuals with A-T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Ptosis associated with rhinosinusitis may indicate orbital or cavernous sinus involvement, typically accompanied by various other symptoms. However, isolated ptosis is a rare occurrence. This explains the diverse treatment approaches found in this literature review, ranging from conservative management to surgery. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Isolated upper lid ptosis is a rare manifestation of acute rhinosinusitis, typically occurring without other neuro‐ophthalmological or orbital signs. This report presents a case of unilateral isolated ptosis in an adult male with acute rhinosinusitis. A 30‐year‐old male with asthma and bipolar disorder, and recent intranasal drug use, presented with nasal congestion, facial pressure, headache, and left eye droopiness. Neurological examination found left ptosis as the only abnormality. Lab results were normal, and COVID‐19 PCR was negative. Imaging showed pansinusitis without complications. The patient received IV antibiotics and steroids, followed by oral antibiotics and steroids. Ptosis resolved within 3 days and did not recur at three‐month follow‐up. Only seven cases of isolated ptosis with rhinosinusitis have been reported, all in males, most recovering with medical therapy alone. This is the first case treated with high‐dose steroids in addition to antibiotics. Isolated ptosis may be due to inflammation of the oculomotor nerve's distal branch or related muscular structures. Isolated ptosis in rhinosinusitis has a favorable prognosis. Imaging is crucial to exclude severe complications. The role of steroids needs further evaluation, and the timing for considering surgery remains to be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of Hijab or covering based on the Qur’anic verses and narrations is definitely unquestionable; however, it is immensely important to recognize the boundaries of Hijab as one of the divine commands effective in social health or corruption. In recent centuries, due to some western views relying on the emerging schools on Hijab and its boundaries, there has been some doubt and confusion over this issue. For instance, it is said that the current state of Hijab is not what has been intended by God in the Qur’an and what has been common during the time of the Prophet (PBUH) but it is under the influence of cultural viewpoints of the great companions of the Prophet interpreting the verses on Hijab. Considering the fact that there is disagreement on the exegesis of the verses on Hijab and its boundaries, this study seeks to survey the views of the companions as a bridge between the Prophet (PBUH) and later time periods in order to shed light on the limits and boundaries of Hijab from their perspective and then explain its impact and cause. As for Hijab, the companions of the Prophet do not have common views and often act according to their independent reasoning, if it is not attributed to deviation in narrations, it might be under the influence of common culture and political and cultural changes to keep the society safe from corruption. Received: 5/5/2018 | Accepted: 2/2/2019

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium with lymphocyte infiltration and myocyte necrosis leading to a wide range of clinical presentations including heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock. Infectious and noninfectious agents may trigger the disease. The fact that immunosuppressive drugs are useful in several kinds of autoimmune myocarditis is proof of the autoimmune mechanisms involved in the development of myocarditis. Pathogenic mechanisms in myocardial inflammation are including inflammasome activation followed by myocyte destruction, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a serum product made up of immunoglobulins, widely used in a variety of diseases. This product is effective in several immune-mediated pathologies. As well as the determined usage of IVIG in Kawasaki disease, IVIG may be useful in several kinds of heart failure including fulminant myocarditis, acute inflammatory cardiomyopathy, Giant Cell Myocarditis, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Generally, IVIG is used in two different doses of low dose (200 to 400 mg/kg) and high dose (2 g/kg) regimen. The exact therapeutic effects of IVIG are not clear, however over the last decades, our knowledge about its mechanism of function has greatly enhanced. IVIG administration should be based on the accepted protocols of its transfusion. In this review article, we try to provide an overview of the different kinds of myocarditis, pathologic mechanisms and their common treatments and evaluation of the administration of IVIG in these diseases. Furthermore, we will review current protocols using IVIG in each disease individually.

Tumors refer to abnormal growth of cells in the body. Early diagnosis of tumors plays a crucial role in improving treatment conditions, quality of life and patient survival. Deep learning methods are effective for medical image segmentation, but they struggle with tumors in magnetic resonance images (MRI) due to variations in intensity and appearance. Existing models like U-Net face challenges due to the integration of high-level and low-level features, leading to confusion. Our proposed model addresses the above issues by utilizing two techniques and fewer parameters compared to the existing methods, achieving higher accuracy. In the first technique, dilated convolution (DC) blocks with proportional rates are used to integrate high-level and low-level features. The second technique involves selecting dilated spatial pyramid (DSP) blocks, which increase the receptive field of features while maintaining their resolution, contributing to the network's generalization. The proposed model improves training, network depth, and feature extraction by incorporating a residual block. It outperforms the traditional U-Net model in terms of segmentation accuracy and network stability. We evaluated the model using the BraTS 2018 dataset, obtaining Dice coefficients of 0.906, 0.817, and 0.839 for the whole tumor (WT), the enhancing tumor (ET), and the tumor core (TC), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]