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Organizations must excel at what they do well while also learning new ways of operating to achieve long‐term success. Work teams may thus find themselves pursuing contradictory objectives to support the organization's strategy. We investigated teams' goal orientation (in)congruence and its impact on task meaningfulness and, ultimately, performance, hypothesizing the potential pitfalls of teams simultaneously pursuing both learning‐ and performance‐goal orientations. Three‐wave, multisource data were collected from 109 teams at a large North American mortgage company. In a polynomial regression and response surface analytical framework, team task meaningfulness—and subsequent team performance—was enhanced when teams had greater divergence between their learning‐ and performance‐goal orientations but suffered when both goal orientations were more aligned. Our investigation thus revealed the potential pitfalls of teams simultaneously pursuing both learning‐ and performance‐goal orientations. We discuss the theoretical contributions of the team goal orientation incongruence effect substantiated in this study, as well as implications for practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are gratified by the response to our 2013 article introducing the theory of purposeful work behavior (TPWB; Barrick, Mount & Li, 2013). This reflective essay expands the TPWB by incorporating recent research on personal attributes and workplace characteristics that motivate purposeful goal striving. We clarify that personality traits, career interests, and personal values represent key internal motivational forces, while job design, leadership styles, and organizational culture reflect critical external motivational forces jointly influencing purposeful goal strivings. A central revision specifies whether personal attributes and workplace characteristics interact in a substitutive or synergistic pattern, depending on whether the purposeful striving is self-driven (achievement, status) or other-driven (communion, autonomy). We describe how experienced meaningfulness uniquely manifests across the four motivational pathways, leading to differentiable attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Additionally, we recognize feedback processes whereby goal progress reinforces future purposeful striving and experienced meaningfulness. The updated TPWB explains how personal and workplace motivational forces can attenuate each other's effects or act as substitutes in driving purposeful goal pursuit. It also accounts for situations where these forces interact synergistically, amplifying purposeful goal striving. In turn, this energizes purposeful work behavior through experienced meaningfulness, enabling individuals to "do well" behaviorally and "feel well" attitudinally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although goal setting is widely recommended for sport injury rehabilitation, little is known about the content of the goals set by athletes with injuries. Toward this end, a qualitative content analysis was performed on the goals and barriers to goal attainment identified by 163 intercollegiate student athletes (117 men and 46 women) participating in counseling interventions during sport injury rehabilitation. Most of the 956 goals set (84%) contained a physical element. A physical barrier was identified for 49% of the goals. Economic, cognitive, emotional, and social elements were noted as both goals and barriers. Goal content did not change significantly over the course of rehabilitation. Most goals were specific, process, short term, and positively phrased. The findings provide a detailed description of the types and qualities of counseling goals set by athletes during injury rehabilitation, offering professionals insight into the wide range of concerns expressed by athletes with injury during counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a theoretically grounded framework of boundary transitions and their effect on individuals working in dynamic teamwork settings. "Boundaries in teamwork," described here as the psychological limits that define one team as separate from another, have been examined in silos across a broad range of literatures. Consequently, we know little about the cognitive processes associated with the psychological shift in focus (or boundary transition) that occurs because of a change in people, roles, tasks, or technologies in the context of dynamic teamwork. Our comprehensive model of boundary transitions incorporates a broader perspective of boundary transitions, such as transitions across multiple types of boundaries, as well as dimensions of boundary transitions, such as the strength and meaning of the boundaries traversed, the number of boundaries crossed (transition breadth), and whether the context of the transition is within or between teams (transition context). We leverage this framework to explore the cognitive implications of boundary transitions (cognitive exertion and expansion) as well as their implications for individual contributions to teamwork and provide an agenda for future inquiry in boundary transitions in dynamic collaborative teamwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment interview is among the most versatile of staffing tools. Yet, the interview is rarely studied as a multipurpose tool. If the interview is used to serve multiple goals, then the interview can be effective (i.e., valid), and effectively designed, in multiple ways. The current study uses qualitative methodology to develop an inductive theory of interview goals and design based on conversational interviews with 29 experienced professional interviewers. Transcript data were analyzed with template analysis grounded in a postpositive epistemology and objectivist ontology. Results suggested that the interview is primarily used to serve three broad goals: performing a targeted assessment, making a positive impression, and informing the applicant. Interviewers reported a variety of strategies for adapting the interview to achieve and balance these goals. In short, findings suggest that the interview is used in multiple ways that have received very little research attention. These findings imply that the concept of interview validity should be expanded to include multiple interviewing goals, and that interview design should be understood as a complex function of these goals. Further implications for the research, theory, and practice of employment interviews are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity, less than half of adults aged 55–75 years participate in sufficient physical activity. Short bouts of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) accumulated throughout the day can contribute toward the recommended volume of physical activity. A rich characterization of the barriers and facilitators to participation in VILPA is needed to develop targeted interventions. This scoping review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to participation in different components of VILPA in adults aged 55–75 years, and to map barriers and facilitators to the Theoretical Domains Framework. Within the 18 eligible studies, the most prevalent barriers were related to a person's skills, environmental context, and social influences. Most facilitators were related to a person's goals, social influences, and environmental context. Interventions to promote VILPA should test the effectiveness of behavioral change measures related to the unique barriers and facilitators in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Goal setting is commonly used for promoting physical activity (PA) among insufficiently active individuals. Previous reviews have analyzed the effects of goal setting on PA, but the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the concurrent effects of goal setting on PA and psychological outcomes in insufficiently active individuals to support interventions aiming to produce sustained PA behavior change. Methods: In this review (PROSPERO: CRD42021243970), we identified 13 studies with 1208 insufficiently active adults that reported the effects of goal-setting interventions (range 3–24 wk) on both PA and psychological outcomes (eg, self-efficacy, motivation, and affect). We used meta-analysis and narrative synthesis to analyze these effects. Results: All goals used in the included studies were specific goals. Setting specific goals had a large, positive effect on PA (g [standard mean difference] = 1.11 [P <.001]; 95% confidence interval, 0.74–1.47), but only a small, positive effect on the combined psychological outcomes (g [standard mean difference] = 0.25 [P <.001]; 95% CI, 0.10–0.40). Moderator analyses revealed that interventions that did not reward participants had a significantly greater effect on PA than interventions that did provide rewards (g = 1.30 vs 0.60, respectively, P ≤.003). No other significant moderators were found. Conclusion: Our review offers initial insight into the long-term effects of specific goals on PA and psychological outcomes in insufficiently active adults. Further research that examines the PA and psychological effects of goal-setting interventions and investigates a wider range of goal types could develop a stronger evidence base to inform intervention for insufficiently active individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managers often desire to see their organization adopt new technologies but depend on autonomous professionals to use such technologies in practice. In seeking technology adoption, organizations thus must find a middle ground between professional autonomy and managerial goals. Extant scholarship has examined such middle grounds but has focused on adoptions of specific technologies. However, amid broad technology adoption pressures—expectations on organizations lacking precise prescriptions, success criteria, and sanctions—novel middle-ground approaches might emerge. Our 16-month ethnography of a Finnish school indicates that intraprofessional segmentation—specialization of work tasks within a professional community—can allow organizations to navigate technology adoption while balancing professional autonomy and managerial goals. This segmentation supported managers' and certain teachers' enthusiasm about new technologies at work, without undermining other teachers' autonomy. This segmentation emerged, persisted, and intensified through two processes. First, it emerged through differentiating practices, which allowed a divergence of what teachers said and did regarding technology. Second, this segmentation persisted and intensified through reinforcing practices, which furthered differentiation by formalizing, reorganizing, and strengthening it. Our study contributes to scholarship on occupations and technology by showing how intraprofessional segmentation can help organizations align technology with professional work amid broad technology adoption pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests the effect of a novel credit card payment format—repayment-by-purchase—on consumers' payments toward credit card debt. In contrast to typical balance repayment, where consumers make repayments relative to a total amount owed, repayment-by-purchase prompts consumers to select items (e.g., a Starbucks coffee) or categories of purchase (e.g., restaurant and café purchases) and to make payments toward their related debt. A field experiment first suggests that customers who opted into repayment-by-purchase paid 12.18% more toward their statement balance than a control group. Subsequently, five lab experiments show that consumers repaying-by-purchase increase repayment by an average of 22.47% over typical balance repayment. Process evidence suggests that these differences may be driven by repayment-by-purchase's power to increase purchase salience, which in turns increases perceptions of progress toward reducing debt. Consistent with this theory, the effect of repayment-by-purchase on bill repayment emerges regardless of whether consumers repay durable versus nondurable goods, and for specific items or categories of purchases, as long as the bill uses labels that are concrete enough to raise past purchase salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the downstream effect of expatriate managers' personal financial insecurity on team innovation. Building on resource allocation theory, we propose a moderated serial mediation model. Using four‐wave, multi‐source survey data from 99 R&D expatriate teams within large technology companies in emerging markets, we find that expatriate managers' personal financial insecurity is negatively related to team innovation first through a lower level of state learning goal orientation in the last month, and subsequently through a lower level of intellectual stimulation behavior. The negative effect of expatriate managers' personal financial insecurity on state learning goal orientation is weakened when professional identification is higher (vs. lower). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing a self-regulatory goal, such as weight loss, motivates consumers to forego pleasure seeking, typically by selecting virtue over vice. We propose that in the absence of virtuous options, consumers with a self-regulatory goal will instead choose less variety in choice sets of exclusively vice options because the extra pleasure that variety affords seems incompatible with the goal. We find converging evidence for the decrease in variety seeking in vice categories across five studies (and three supplementary studies in the web appendix , N  = 6,066), using both scenario-based and actual consumption contexts. We also demonstrate the underlying process: consumers are motivated to curtail pleasure seeking when pursuing a weight-loss goal and that leads them to choose less variety in vice categories when there is no virtue alternative available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sport, there is extensive evidence that supports the benefits associated with a mastery climate. However, limited studies have explored how physical tools could be used to promote mastery climates in youth sport contexts. Using an action research approach, we sought to understand the benefits and drawbacks of applying tools grounded in goal setting to promote a mastery environment: (a) an "arm sleeve" to be worn by athletes during training and matches and (b) a "reflection sheet" for use pre- and posttraining/-matches. These tools were implemented for a 3-week period with a U13 academy team (18 players and two coaches). Based on observation notes, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews, the analysis showed that the arm sleeves were helpful reminders for process goals, whereas the coaches had abandoned the use of reflection sheets due to lack of time. The benefits and drawbacks of the tools are discussed while pedagogical and practical implications are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of controlled studies found that consumers counter-normatively prefer something nearly complete over something complete. We call this phenomenon the "one-away effect" because we find that when consumers are, for example, one stamp away from completing a punch card loyalty program, they value the card more than a completed card. This is because their valuation of the one-away card is influenced by their anticipation of merely completing the card, which generates its own utility, apart from the card's end-reward (a free coffee). To wit, the prospective utility of performing the final action that fulfills completion increases consumers' valuation of the one-away card. Our findings suggest that consumers are motivated to complete goals, tasks, and sets not only to obtain their end-rewards, but also because merely completing things is intrinsically motivating and can be a goal in and of itself. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the one-away effect, as well as the general notion of mere completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing body of research on algorithmic management (AM), but the field lacks measurement tools to capture workers' experiences of this phenomenon. Based on existing literature, we developed and validated the algorithmic management questionnaire (AMQ) to measure the perceptions of workers regarding their level of exposure to AM. Across three samples (overall n = 1332 gig workers), we show the content, factorial, discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity of the scale. The final 20‐item scale assesses workers' perceived level of exposure to algorithmic: monitoring, goal setting, scheduling, performance rating, and compensation. These dimensions formed a higher order construct assessing overall exposure to algorithmic management, which was found to be, as expected, negatively related to the work characteristics of job autonomy and job complexity and, indirectly, to work engagement. Supplementary analyses revealed that perceptions of exposure to AM reflect the objective presence of AM dimensions beyond individual variations in exposure. Overall, the results suggest the suitability of the AMQ to assess workers' perceived exposure to algorithmic management, which paves the way for further research on the impacts of these rapidly accelerating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-store communication delivered through technological formats (e.g., kiosk, digital display) and nontechnological formats (e.g., magazine cover, flyer) can help retailers enhance sales by delivering relevant content to consumers. Although prior research has examined the effects of deal-oriented content that primarily offers promotions for a single product on shopper spending, the effects of inspirational content that sparks ideas (e.g., ways to use products) on spending are unclear. Inspirational content can affect spending differently from deal-oriented content as it activates stronger motivation for consumption goal completion. This article proposes that inspirational content activates stronger motivations for the consumer's goal completion and therefore increases spending more than deal-oriented content does. The authors propose and empirically test the hypotheses using data from a set of experimental studies, a field experiment, and an eye-tracking study. The results show that inspirational content increases spending more than deal-oriented content or no content does. This effect is mediated by consumption goal completion, such that it is attenuated when consumers already have consumption goals or when the content detracts from inspiration-induced goals. These results suggest that retailers can increase sales by using clear, inspirational content in their communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The referent control theory (RCT) for action and perception is an advanced formulation of the equilibrium-point hypothesis. The RCT suggests that rather than directly specifying the desired motor outcome, the nervous system controls action and perception indirectly by setting the values of parameters of physical and physiological laws. This is done independently of values of kinematic and kinetic variables including electromyographic patterns describing the motor outcome. One such parameter-the threshold muscle length, λ, at which motoneurons of a given muscle begin to be recruited, has been identified experimentally. In RCT, a similar parameter. the referent arm position, R, has been defined for multiple ann muscles as the threshold arm position at which arm muscles can be quiescent but activated depending on the deftection of the actual ann position, Q, from R. Changes in R result in reciprocal changes in the activity of opposing muscle groups. We advanced the explanatory power of RCT by combining the usual biomechanical descriptions of motor actions with the identification of the timing of R underlying arm movements made with reversals in three directions and to three different extents. We found that in all movements, periods of minimization of the activity of multiple muscles could be identified at ~61%-86% of the reaching extent in each direction. These electromyographic minimization periods reftect the spatial coordinates at which the R and Q overlap during the production of movements with reversals. The findings support the concept of the production of arm movement by shifting R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers regularly attempt to improve themselves. This research examines how consumers think about flexibility during goal pursuit, for themselves and others. Flexibility involves leaving details of a plan, such as when to go to the gym or what to eat, open or easy to change, whereas rigid plans determine those details in advance. Here, several studies across a variety of goals show that people usually choose rigid plans for others. However, people are more likely to opt for some flexibility in their own plans. This occurs because many people believe flexible plans are less effective, but also more appealing (or less unpleasant), than rigid ones. Choosing for oneself, versus for someone else, increases the degree to which one follows one's heart (i.e., relies on feelings and desires), which makes people more likely to choose the more appealing option, flexibility. Asking people to "follow their heads" instead (i.e., rely on logic and reason) causes people to choose similar (rigid) plans for themselves and others. Finally, the authors use this framework to increase preferences for rigid fitness plans in a field experiment. This research provides insight into the psychology of flexibility and how to nudge consumers to set themselves up for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rituals are commonplace in marketer-consumer interactions, extant research devotes limited attention to how 'marketplace actors' or MAs (marketers and stakeholders enacting the roles of marketers) leverage these events in the marketplace. We scrutinise this gap by examining literature in the top 50 major marketing journals. We ask: What functions do marketplace rituals fulfil for MAs, as they leverage these rituals when shaping customer experiences? Our analysis finds MAs leverage rituals to support seven broad functional categories that pertain to customer experience: cognitive, cultural, emotive, logistical, relational, social, and transformative. We illuminate how MAs leverage these functions to meet specific goals. We propose an agenda for future research on marketplace rituals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify ways in which college students use support-seeking strategies to improve mental health-related goals. Participants: Participants included college students from a Mid-Atlantic university who identified as having experienced anxiety or depression in their lifetime. Method: Using a support marshaling framework and thematic analysis, this paper analyzed qualitative responses (n = 330) that detailed individuals' experiences with network members when trying to gain support or avoid barriers surrounding their mental health. Results: This analysis revealed new support marshaling strategies specific to a mental health context. Participants frequently employed indirect avoidance strategies (e.g., decreased interaction time; 12.66%) and direct approach strategies (e.g., soliciting mental health support; 43.33%). Conclusions: College students equally experience opposition and support when trying to achieve mental health-related goals. Future research might consider which network members express support and opposition, and how these newly identified strategies apply in support marshaling contexts outside mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Person-centered coaching provided by clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) is an effective, acceptable, and feasible evidence-based intervention. Psychosocial distress experienced by older adults and their families during transitions of care can contribute to adverse events. CNS coaching demonstrated increased self-reported preparedness for healthcare transitions and knowledge-of-care options. CNS coaching promoted engagement and self-efficacy. Nurse administrators can incorporate this intervention in a variety of care settings to improve outcomes related to transitions of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impaired self-awareness (ISA) is common in individuals with an acquired brain injury (ABI) and can lead to reduced awareness of one's difficulties. Previous reviews have found that ISA impacts on functional outcomes in rehabilitation. However, to date there has not been a systematic literature review which examines how ISA impacts on the process of rehabilitation in ABI populations. Method: A literature search was conducted using several databases in May 2024, including Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycARTICLES and APA PsycINFO. Seventeen articles were selected for the review and were analyzed using Narrative Synthesis. Results: Four themes arose from the findings, including goal setting, treatment adherence, engagement and willingness to change and time spent in hospital. ISA was found to impact on the value adult ABI participants placed in rehabilitation, which decreased treatment compliance, motivation, and engagement. ISA also impacted on goal setting and behavior and resulted in a longer length of time spent in hospital. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the impact of ISA on various aspects/processes of rehabilitation in ABI and provides considerations of how clinicians might adapt interventions to manage these difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstinence self-efficacy, belief in one's ability to abstain, has been identified as a predictor of substance use behavior change. Yet, many people who use substances do not want to abstain. Self-efficacy for achieving a range of goals (i.e. abstinence or harm reduction) would be more widely applicable and might also predict substance use behavior change. The current study reports on the development of the Harm Reduction Self-Efficacy Scale (HRSES), adapted from the Situational Confidence Questionnaire and other measures of behavioral regulation, to assess one's self-efficacy to limit their substance use consistent with their own substance use goals. Participants were recruited from online support groups for individuals with varied personal goals for substance use. The current primary analyses included 226 individuals who completed the HRSES. Using exploratory factor analysis, we found support for a four-factor solution reflecting self-efficacy in different situations that might promote substance use: negative emotions and situations, positive social situations, low self-regulation, and pleasant emotions. Each subscale was generally negatively correlated with substance use and positively correlated with quality of life, indicating greater self-efficacy was associated with less substance use and greater quality of life. Additional work is needed to test the psychometric properties of the HRSES, particularly confirmation of the factor structure in larger and more racially and ethnically diverse samples. The HRSES has promising psychometric properties and high clinical utility with wider applicability to a range of substance use goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the relationship between various leadership goal setting and students' decisions about further education in the context of the Danish educational system. Furthermore, the potential of school leadership to reduce social disparities in such decisions is explored. The data set is based on repeated measurements of school leaders' attitudes and practices from 819 schools over 4 years, merged with administrative register data. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression and two-way fixed effects multinomial regression were applied. We find no relationship between achievement goals and educational decisions. Depending on modeling choices, results indicate that leadership goal setting concerning transition is associated with a small increase in the chance of students choosing the academic track, and the goal of promoting citizenship among students was associated with a slightly higher probability of choosing the vocational track. Furthermore, transition goals moderate the relationship between school socioeconomic status and students' probability of choosing the academic track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-standing problem in understanding goal-directed systems has been the insufficiency of mechanistic explanations to make sense of them. This article offers a solution to this problem. It begins by observing the limitations of mechanistic decompositions when it comes to understanding physical fields. We argue that introducing the field concept, as it has been developed in field theory , alongside mechanisms is able to provide an account of goal directedness in the sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed methods research (MMR) can support enhanced understanding of complex educational issues, like the inclusion and support of individuals with disabilities in community and school settings. In this systematic review, we explored the extent to which MMR has been used in research exclusively focused on disability across special education (SPED), general education (GE), and disability studies in education (DSE; n = 115 studies). We examined research explicitly considering individuals with extensive support needs (ESNs) in this literature. We highlight the prevalence of MMR exploring topics relevant to individuals with ESN and features of this body of work, including (a) participants in these studies, (b) the presence of theoretical and/or conceptual framing for the research, (c) the goals/aims of the research studies, (d) the purposes for mixing, and (e) the data-generation methods used by the authors. We discuss patterns in the data that reflect differences across subfields, presumptions of competence, and ways ableism shapes research studies. Implications for research and practice to improve inclusive experiences for individuals with ESN are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leaderboards are among the most popular gamification elements in education. Some studies have implemented leaderboards and reported their individual effects on students' learning. Despite the emergence of relevant empirical studies, most of the existing reviews have only investigated the holistic impact of gamification. No previous systematic reviews were identified examining the individual use of leaderboards. Objective: To address this gap, this review aims to systematically synthesise the existing empirical evidence concerning leaderboard use in education, examine their designs and effectiveness, and propose leaderboard design recommendations in gamified educational settings. Method: This systematic review drew upon 20 articles (22 studies; 29 interventions) published from 2014 to 2023. Results: The results found that using leaderboards can have a beneficial influence on students' learning motivation, engagement, and performance, but their effectiveness largely depends on their designs. Thus, this review examined the effectiveness of specific leaderboard design practices on students' learning and proposed four corresponding leaderboard design recommendations based on well‐established educational and motivational theories as well as pertinent empirical studies. Discussions and Conclusions: Notably, this review found that all included studies were undertaken in higher education and around half of them had short durations (less than or equal to 1 h). More longitudinal studies in other educational levels (e.g., primary and secondary schools) are thus called for to examine the validity and generalisability of the recommendations proposed. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic?: Leaderboards are among the most popular gamification elements in education.Studies have reported mixed effects of leaderboards on students' learning. What does this paper add?: Many studies were conducted in higher education and had a short duration.The effectiveness of leaderboards largely depends on their design.This review proposes four leaderboard design recommendations. Implications for practice/or policy: Longitudinal studies in primary or secondary schools are called for.Absolute leaderboards with low‐ranking students anonymised may be more effective.Leaderboards should rank students based on their performance and engagement.Leaderboards should be used with clear ranking rules and goal‐related feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both learning and problem solving are major goals of complex problem solving in engineering education. The order of knowledge construction and problem solving in learning through problem solving, however, has not been explained in current literature. Objectives: To understand their relationships, this study compared the effects of different goal type orders on collaborative simulation‐based inquiry in engineering problem solving. Methods: In the study, 24 engineering undergraduate students worked in pairs to solve a wind tunnel problem using a computer simulation application. Process mining and epistemic network analysis were used to model the inquiry process and identify inquiry patterns based on the log data and discussion discourse. Results and Conclusions: The results showed the goal type of first assigned subtask influenced the inquiry strategies of medium‐performance learners most. In addition, the goal type of first assigned subtask had influence on learners' inquiry process. The learners assigned with a problem‐solving goal subtask first (Problem solving goal‐Learning goal condition) had more simulation trials and centered their inquiry discourse around clarification while the learners assigned with a learning goal subtask first (Learning goal‐Problem solving goal condition) connected reflection with other inquiry phases more often. The findings of this study suggested assigning a learning goal subtask first in simulated‐based complex engineering problem solving could be used as an idea‐centered scaffolding, especially for medium‐performance learners. However, low‐performance learners would experience a "situate knowledge paradox" and needs extra guidance. It is important to monitor the knowledge construction process in complex problem solving, even when seeking a solution is the major task. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic: Simulation‐based environment is effective in supporting inquiry problem solving with proper guidance.Goal type is an important instructional element that affects students' achievements and motivation.Dividing a complex problem‐solving task into subtasks is a way to guide the inquiry. What this paper adds: The goal type of first assigned subtask influenced the inquiry strategies of medium‐performance learners the most in simulated inquiry‐based engineering problem solving.Learners assigned with a problem‐solving goal subtask first had more simulation trials and centered their inquiry discourse around clarificationLearners assigned with a learning goal subtask first connected reflection with other inquiry phases more often in their inquiry process. Implications for practice and/or policy: Assigning a learning goal subtask first in simulated‐based complex engineering problem solving could be used as "idea‐centered" scaffolding, especially for medium‐performance learners.Low‐performance learners low‐performance learners would experience a "situate knowledge paradox" and needs extra guidance in complex problem solving.It is important to monitor the knowledge construction process in complex problem solving, even when seeking a solution is the major task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to co-design and develop a user-centred, theory-based eHealth-mediated self-management support follow-up prototype for adults with musculoskeletal disorders. Design: A three-step system development cycle was employed. Step 1 involved creating intervention features and content, with two focus groups reviewing prioritised eHealth intervention elements based on earlier research. Step 2 involved heuristic testing using Nielsen's 10 heuristic principles. Step 3 incorporated qualitative think-aloud interviews and the System Usability Scale. Setting: Republic of Ireland. Participants: Step 1 included adults with musculoskeletal disorders (n = 12). Step 2 involved five reviewers. Step 3 included people with musculoskeletal disorders (n = 5) and musculoskeletal physiotherapists (n = 5). Results: Participants in step 1 approved four main intervention components, which map to recognised theoretical frameworks, and suggested increased use of visual and interactive elements. Heuristic testing in step 2 identified design and navigation issues. In Step 3, usability testing, additional navigation, content and design recommendations were identified. The overall median system usability score (interquartile range) was 75 (0) out of 100 for adults with musculoskeletal disorders and 77.5 (2.5) out of 100 for musculoskeletal physiotherapists, indicating good usability. Conclusion: A theory-based, user-centred eHealth-mediated follow-up self-management support prototype has been developed for people with musculoskeletal disorders, with the next steps focusing on feasibility testing in clinical practice, with a more diverse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) on college campuses are vulnerable to exclusion and a lack of social participation. However, peers can provide meaningful supports to young adults with IDD in the area of social/communication skills. The purpose of this study was to enhance the conversation skills of four young adults with IDD (ages 22–23) during their regular lunch breaks on a university campus. The dependent variable was percent of conversational engagement during 10-min audio recorded sessions as measured using partial interval recording procedures. Typically developing peers served as peer coaches and provided structured or natural supports. Experiment 1 used an alternating treatments design to compare the effects of peer coaching alone vs. peer coaching + goal setting with two adjacent baseline conditions and a final student-choice condition. Results for Experiment 1 indicated peer coaching alone and the additive effects of goal setting was more effective than natural supports only. Experiment 2 used a withdrawal design to compare the effects of young adults with IDD speaking with fellow classmates with disabilities vs. peers without disabilities. Participants in Experiment 2 demonstrated higher levels of conversational engagement when speaking with peers without disabilities in a natural manner. Social validity of the different peer-mediated interventions was overall high for all participant types as reported on questionnaires and exit interviews. We provide implications for practice and suggestions for future research related to peer-mediated interventions for young adults with IDD on college and university campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States will soon recognize the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. Considering the past 50 years in special education, we organized this special issue of Remedial and Special Education focused on inclusive education of students with disabilities in international contexts. Just as a broad array of U.S. educators have grappled with improving how the education system might most effectively include students with disabilities, educational leaders in various countries across the globe have been addressing the same question: How can we design inclusive education for students with disabilities that effectively meets their needs? The manuscripts included in this special issue represent five countries—India, Japan, Norway, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea. Each paper presents background on the inclusion of students with disabilities within the focus country and highlights recent advances in and proposes next steps for policy, practice, and research. Collectively, we hope the issue expands readers' thinking about what special education could be, encourages our community to set specific goals for our next 'milestone anniversary,' and ignites conversations about the specific steps we need to accomplish our goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite long‐standing assumptions that a sense of purpose in life and goal pursuit are mutually supportive, empirical evidence of their reciprocity remains deficient. In the context of a unique out‐of‐school time program that empowers youth to pursue passions through self‐driven learning, we examined whether purpose and one aspect of goal pursuit—perceptions of goal progress—work together to sustain themselves and each other over time. Method: Adolescents (N = 321) completed daily surveys throughout program enrollment (Menrollment = 69.09 days). Through dynamic structural equation modeling, we derived within‐person patterns of day‐to‐day prediction as well as individual differences in these patterns. Results: We found purpose and perceived goal progress exhibited significant daily inertia (i.e., autoregressive prediction) and reciprocity (i.e., cross‐lagged prediction) at the within‐person level. We also found initial evidence suggesting (a) tighter reciprocity was related to greater perceived goal progress overall and (b) people with greater purpose inertia may rely less on making goal progress to sustain momentum. Conclusions: With evidence of daily purpose‐progress reciprocity, the field can look forward to replicating this work in other contexts, diving deeper into interesting patterns of within‐person dynamics, and developing interventions to support youth striving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depressive symptoms, goal progress, and goal characteristics are interrelated, but the directionality of these relationships is unclear. Methods: In a 6‐wave longitudinal study (N = 431; 2002 total surveys), we examine the bidirectionality of the relationships between depressive symptoms, goal characteristics (commitment, self‐efficacy, and perception of other's support), and goal progress for academic and interpersonal goals at 2‐week intervals. Separate random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models were tested for each goal characteristic across both goals. Results: At the within‐person level, goal progress significantly positively predicted commitment, self‐efficacy, and perception of others' support for the goal. Most of the other hypothesized paths were nonsignificant, including paths between depressive symptoms and progress. At the between‐person level, all variables were significantly correlated, with some effects significantly larger for the interpersonal than the academic goal. Discussion: The results suggest that when it comes to depressive symptoms and goal pursuit, general tendencies may be more important than variations over 2‐week intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All UN member States committed to realizing universal health coverage (UHC) when they included UHC as Target 3.8 in the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. However, the global commitment to UHC has not been matched with action on the ground. According to the World Health Organization, about half of the world population lacks full coverage for essential health services. To accelerate progress toward UHC, a close understanding of factors that drive adoption of UHC policies at the national and local levels is essential. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impetus for establishing a sub-national health insurance program in Kenya—the Makueni county government health insurance program (MakueniCare)—which led to increasing the percentage of the county population with health insurance, the majority of whom live in poverty, from 8.8% in 2013 to 91% in 2018. This qualitative case study drew on Kenyan law and policy documents as well as semi-structured interviews with 30 key informants in government and NGOs to understand the drivers that led to the establishment of MakueniCare. Findings revealed that several drivers—namely, global norms, decentralization, democratic competition, and the strategic action of social change-minded leaders—coalesced to influence the adoption of MakueniCare. The study offers timely insights into the factors driving UHC in Makueni, Kenya and lessons for other low- and middle-income countries working toward UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive conflict is typically experienced as negative, which has been argued to drive adaptive behavior following a conflict. We tried to change the negative value of conflict using evaluative conditioning, and measured changes in conflict adaptation in a subsequent Stroop task (N = 416 Prolific participants, English native speakers from different countries). We did not find evidence for decreased conflict adaptation following positive evaluative conditioning of conflict. However, we also did not find evidence for the change of conflict evaluation measured with the affect misattribution procedure in the follow-up experiment (N = 70). Interestingly, the exploratory follow-up analysis showed that people with low goal motivation (as measured through BAS Drive) did show the expected effect. A memory test for the evaluative conditioning pairings and the follow-up experiment suggest that, although the affective value of conflict was difficult to change, people with low goal motivation experienced less difficulty remembering the association between conflict stimuli and positive pictures. Our findings show additional evidence that conflicts are inherently negative, however, there is no clear support for, or against, the affective signaling hypothesis, that is the idea that conflict negativity drives control adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine child‐led goal setting and evaluation tools and approaches for children with a disability or developmental delay. Method: Six databases were searched for studies that included population (children aged less than 18 years with disability or developmental delay); construct (child‐led goal setting tool or approach); and context (developmental therapy or rehabilitation). The utility of tools and approaches across the goal setting and evaluation process was investigated using abductive content analysis. Results: Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria. Three approaches and four tools for child‐led goal setting and evaluation were identified. No studies reported the clinimetric properties of tools specifically for child self‐respondents. Qualitative analysis revealed six distinct goal phases in which tools and approaches were used, which were synthesized into a new framework for child‐led goal setting and evaluation titled DECIDE: Direct children to goal setting; Elicit goal topics and priorities; Construct a goal statement; Indicate baseline goal performance; Develop an action plan to address the goal; and Evaluate goal progress after the intervention. Interpretation: Children actively participated in goal setting and evaluation across six DECIDE goal phases. Further clinimetric information is required to support use of goal setting and evaluation tools with child self‐respondents. Future research should emphasize the development of multi‐phase goal setting tools and approaches for diverse populations of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What Is Known on the Subject: Smoking rates have decreased in the general population but remain high among people with severe mental illness (SMI). What the Paper Adds to Existing Knowledge: An individualized smoking cessation program was tested with 99 adults with SMI.The program showed it is possible to help people with SMI smoke fewer cigarettes and reduce nicotine addiction.Customized smoking cessation programs are essential for those with high nicotine dependence and mental health challenges. Implications for Practice: Mental health services should offer tailored tobacco cessation programs because these programs can improve the health of people with mental illness who smoke.It is important for mental health services to follow government guidelines and provide evidence‐based support. Introduction: Despite significant reductions in smoking rates in the general population over recent decades, smoking rates remain relatively unchanged among people with SMI. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the Keep Quitting in Mind pilot program, an individualized smoking cessation program for people experiencing SMI. Methods: In total, 99 adult participants with SMI and engaged with a community mental health service, participated in the intervention. The intervention included motivational interviewing and goal setting, in addition to provision of pharmaceutical aids (including nicotine replacement therapy). Results: Analysis determined that the Keep Quitting in Mind pilot program was feasible in a public adult mental health service and participation in the program was associated with reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked daily and level of nicotine addiction. Discussion: This real‐world pilot program demonstrated feasibility and potential effectiveness in reducing smoking among adults with mental illness. Aligning with government guidelines, tailored smoking cessation programs are crucial due to high nicotine dependence and mental health complexities. Implications for Practice: Given the high rates of cigarette smoking by people with mental illness and the cardiometabolic health risks associated with this, mental health services should consider adding evidence‐based and bespoke tobacco cessation programs as part of core business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habits facilitate automatic behaviours and are resource efficient. Habits at work may be beneficial because they conserve cognitive‐attentional resources, thus fostering work engagement and goal progress. In a diary intervention study (2 daily assessments, 10 work days), we asked 72 employees to establish a new habit at work. Half of them additionally completed an intervention on the correct use of implementation intentions. All participants were given access to a follow‐up survey. In multi‐level analyses, automaticity of the new habitual behaviour predicted work engagement and goal progress at the day‐level. Implementation intentions predicted frequency of the habitual behaviour and in turn increased automaticity of this behaviour. The effects of implementation intentions were still evident at follow‐up. Contrary to expectations, the intervention did not increase participants' daily use of implementation intentions. The results indicate that implementation intentions might be used in everyday work to establish habits at work, thus increasing employees' efficiency and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic, as a major crisis event, could have changed people's career goals. We examined change trajectories in self‐transcendent versus self‐enhancement career strivings during the COVID‐19 pandemic among 662 employees from Germany with eight measurement waves across 7 months. Building on event systems theory and the literature on prosocial motivation and altruism, we examined whether affective and cognitive self‐focused and other‐focused reactions to the pandemic (i.e., personal distress, empathic concern, and perceived responsibility) predicted differences in changes in career strivings. Analyses with growth curve mixture modelling suggest three distinct groups in terms of stable (N = 537), declining (N = 12), and increasing (N = 113) self‐transcendent versus self‐enhancement career strivings. Controlling various individual and contextual factors, membership in the increasing group was predicted by more empathic concern for people negatively affected by the COVID crisis. In addition, less dispositional self‐concern, more other‐concern, less job insecurity, experiencing job loss and less career impact of the pandemic predicted an increasing self‐transcendent versus self‐enhancement career strivings trajectory compared to other trajectories. The results imply that career strivings can change during major crisis events, predicted by empathic reactions to the effects of the crisis and personal dispositions and contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodermal lability is a trait-like measure of spontaneous sympathetic resting activity. In the present study, we addressed whether interindividual differences in this lability have an impact on the reaction time (RT) and on two physiological indicators of a goal-oriented sensorimotor preparation in a long-running, forewarned RT task (S1-S2 paradigm). The two indicators were the brain's contingent negative variation (CNV) and a heart rate deceleration (HRD). The interindividual differences were determined by counting spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations during a 5-min resting phase and dividing the subjects into two groups: individuals below (stable) and above (labile) the median of these fluctuations. In the task, labile individuals had a shorter RT compared with stable individuals and showed in the final phase of preparation in both physiological indicators the stronger response. Thus, lability-dependent effects in forewarned RT tasks cannot be explained by differences in stimulus-driven or passively controlled processes alone. Rather, goal-oriented, deliberately controlled processes that serve to adequately prepare for an imperative stimulus—the S2 in our paradigm—also must be considered to explain them. Labile individuals not only react faster than stable ones but also intentionally prepare themselves more appropriately for the imperative stimulus. A norepinephrine hypothesis focusing on the tonic activity of the locus coeruleus (LC) is proposed as an explanation for these and other lability-dependent effects. The frequency of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations at rest may represent a peripheral, noninvasive, and easily measurable indicator of the baseline LC activity during wakefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use and abuse remain prevalent in China, though mounting evidence shows that even drinking in moderation is detrimental to health. While many countries' intake is on the decline, China's alcohol consumption is rising fast and is on the path to overtaking countries like the United States, even on a per capita level. Objectives: This paper aims to analyze the danger of lax enforcement of laws and regulations against alcohol use and abuse and underscores the imperative for effective health interventions to curb problematic alcohol consumption in China. Results: Different from their Western counterparts, Chinese drinkers often consume more spirit with a high percentage of alcohol in social settings that encourage the "ganbei culture"—making toasts with alcohol filled to the brim and downed in one go to show respect—which perpetuates excessive drinking at a fast pace. Though the country has various laws and regulations in place to curb problematic alcohol consumption, like workplace drinking, their impacts are dismal. Considering that China has 1.4 billion people, the country's uncurbed alcohol consumption trend could have a detrimental effect on national strategic objectives like "Healthy China 2030" and international ones like the Sustainable Development Goals. To further compound the situation, prevalent campaigns promoted by liquor companies—like alcohol-infused coffee, chocolate, and ice cream—may groom young people to develop alcohol consumption habits, if not addictions, for generations to come. Conclusions: We developed the Framework of 5Vs of China's "Ganbei Culture to shed light on the issue, with the hope that it, along with the overarching insights of this paper, can assist health professionals and policymakers in better guarding and improving public health against the harms of alcohol use and abuse in China and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As outcomes and survival for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have improved over the last 30 years, there is an emerging need to characterize and understand later educational and employment outcomes across the spectrum of pediatric CKD severity—ranging from mild CKD to requirement for dialysis and kidney transplantation. Although large-scale research on the topic of long-term educational and employment outcomes in the pediatric CKD population is relatively scarce, the existing literature does support that children across the spectrum of CKD severity are at risk for education-related difficulties including chronic school absenteeism. These education-related difficulties are compounded by well-described neurocognitive deficits—particularly in the domain of executive functioning—that may potentially perpetuate the risk for academic underachievement. This is particularly concerning given that data from the general pediatric population suggest that childhood academic underachievement is associated with higher likelihood of un-/underemployment in adulthood. This review highlights what is known about educational and employment outcomes among persons with a history of childhood CKD, as well as suggestions for interventions to improve educational outcomes for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectation of family members and society towards students has increased in recent years to perform well or achieve success in their life. But lack of job opportunities and increased competition among students has depressed the student community. The expectation without support has negatively impacted students which has catalysed suicide among the students in India. Students are committing suicide in Indian society due to failure in achieving families' expectations which is a matter of grave concern for social scientists. The current study has applied content analysis as a method to evaluate the cases of student suicide. The cases of student suicide have been collected from different newspapers, magazines, and news portals from July 2020 and April 2021. The study finds that most students are committed suicide due to depression. The study points out that students committed suicide due to failure to fulfil the expectations of a family member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute of Health R25 Research Education Program was evaluated in the second year of implementation. Twelve mentors and 20 underrepresented minority students (URMs) scholars from partnerships and collaborations among five colleges and universities were added to the program to provide a more diverse research experience. Findings reveal that 100% of research mentors agree that the approachableness and accessibility of the program coordinator were beneficial in achieving mentorship goals and objectives. In addition, 85% of the students strongly agreed that the presentation of their research findings and the weekly reflection on goals, identification of accomplishments, and obstacles through the individual development plan were very effective. Of the 23 successfully tracked students for 2 years, six URMs (26.09%) obtained a bachelor's degree and were admitted into a graduate program; two were directly admitted to a PhD program in biomedical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal design for learning (UDL)-an instructional design framework that promotes expert learning by promoting accessibility and reducing of barriers to learning-is gaining momentum on the global stage. However, UDL implementations with deaf or deafdisabled learners remain limited. This study examined how UDL enabled educators of deafdisabled learners to design instruction that promoted independence. This study asked, (1) What patterns emerged when teachers used UDL to design instruction for deafdisabled students? and (2) How did teachers of deafdisabled students use UDL to promote learner-centered skills and independence? Following a UDL training, teachers designed, implemented, and reflected on a UDL-based lesson. Results indicate that the use of teacher-driven guidelines was impacted by characteristics of the students, teacher, and lesson. While teachers noted the importance of learner-driven guidelines, they experienced challenges that limited implementation. This study illustrates how instruction targeting learner-driven UDL guidelines can promote independence in students who are deafdisabled. Findings indicate that engaging in additional teacher education and research is key to ensuring educators of deafdisabled learners have opportunities to develop the knowledge and skill to understand and apply UDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Due to the Belgian health insurance system's controlling nature, work-disabled claimants can feel forced to return to work (RTW), increasing their risk of relapse. RTW out of interest or importance is considered more sustainable. Such autonomous motivation for RTW can be promoted through 'motivational counselling', an integration of self-determination theory and motivational interviewing. To adopt this, health insurance practitioners need training, which can be designed through intervention mapping as an evidence-based planning tool. This paper reports on the development of a motivational counselling training for health insurance practitioners. Methods: Intervention mapping's six steps guided the formulation of programme goals and learning outcomes, matching the context. We then identified change methods which were translated into practical components. Together with the health insurances' input, this resulted in a concrete training programme with an implementation and evaluation plan. Results: The training was designed to increase practitioners' knowledge, skills, and beliefs relevant for learning motivational counselling, which also requires solution-focused strategies. Methods like guided practice were translated into built-in exercises, feedback, and information, which were implemented through an online training format of five sessions including one follow-up. Conclusion: Reporting about training development increases understanding of its effectiveness and implementation, which will be evaluated via pre- and post-training data collection amongst practitioners. Future trainings can benefit from this by accounting for health insurances' organizational barriers or building on the training's evidence-based backbone whilst only requiring specific adaptations for other stakeholders and contexts. Further research should evaluate motivational counselling's impact on claimants' RTW trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 7% of children live with food allergy, a condition that requires dietary avoidance to prevent an allergic reaction. In this qualitative study, we aimed to understand food allergy-related experiences, beliefs and learning preferences among children with and without food allergies, to inform a school-based, food allergy education program. Data were analysed thematically. We virtually interviewed children in Kindergarten-Grade 8 in Manitoba, Canada, with (n = 7) and without (n = 9) parent-reported, physician-diagnosed food allergies. We identified three themes: Naive reliance on peers and school staff to assist with food allergy management; Limited food allergy knowledge; and, Recommended food allergy curricula: complementary perspective. Our findings will help inform the development of a school-based, food allergy education program, with a long-term goal of minimizing food allergy-related worries and optimizing safety for children with food allergy. Ongoing, school-based food allergy education is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One aspect of telework that has been underresearched is the effect of telework on interpersonal collaboration. Relatively little is known about how employees collaborate when they telework. Drawing on boundary theory and goal setting theory, we examined the impact of telework participation on three types of interpersonal collaboration (horizontal, vertical, and inter-work unit) and then tested the role of organizational goal clarity as a potential moderator in strengthening or weakening these relationships. The results of a series of fixed effects regression models show that telework participation rates are negatively associated with all three types of interpersonal collaboration. We also found that organizational goal clarity mitigates such negative relationships. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on telework and interpersonal collaboration, focusing on the crucial role of organizational goal clarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Becoming a psychotherapy supervisor is no easy feat, and conceptual/practical material and empirical data suggest that beginning (compared to more advanced) supervisors are at their most vulnerable and most apt to struggle with issues of identity, confidence, self-efficacy, and competency development. Beginning supervisors can benefit from being helped to navigate through these normative developmental struggles and being transitionally eased into the supervisory role. We consider one way to make that transition and navigation process easier, presenting a supervisor preparation-positivity-purpose action checklist that is organized around three key areas: educating supervisees about the supervision experience; fostering positive supervisee expectations; and collaboratively formulating reasonable supervision goals. Distributed across those three areas, we identify and elaborate upon 20 specific supervisor actions that provide direction about optimizing supervision's start. We view this checklist as a 'handy tool', a useful seminar/workshop reference resource and guidance sheet for those new to the practice of supervision and for those beginning their training as supervisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that an overlooked personality ability – storytelling – plays a significant psychological role: individuals proficient in storytelling exhibit a stronger sense of meaning in life (MIL) and endorsement of high-level goals (EHG) compared to their less adept counterparts. We employ two distinct methods to assess the storytelling ability: we developed a self-report scale for storytellers and also gathered assessments from listeners. The listeners comprise three categories: (a) close friends, (b) strangers who listen to the storyteller’s narratives, and (c) trained coders who observe videos of these stories. The relationship between storytelling and both the sense of meaning-in-life and endorsement of high-level goals is consistent across all measures. Additionally, this relationship persists whether the narrative concerns a personality trait or is constructed from three random words. Furthermore, the results are consistent across two different cultures (US and Middle Eastern). Finally, these relationships are most pronounced among introverts and least evident among extraverts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]