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Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder of the airways. An important element of COPD assessment is the evaluation of immune mechanisms involved in non-specific and specific response to ongoing inflammation., Aim of the Study: To evaluate the level of selected inflammatory and immunological parameters in patients with COPD, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and circulating immune complexes (CIC), as well as CRP/CIC index., Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 49 patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD, asthma, and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome) hospitalised in the Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Centre in Bydgoszcz. Patients with COPD were divided into two subgroups, taking into account the severity of the disease according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD; stages B and D). The control group consisted of 30 healthy persons. Levels of CIC were determined by the method of Hasková, and the concentration of CRP in serum by the standard immunoturbidimetric method., Results: The median values of examined parameters (neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio - NLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio - PLR, CRP, CIC, and CRP/CIC index) were significantly higher among patients with obstructive diseases than in the control group. A tendency towards higher lymphocyte count, CRP, and CRP/CIC index in COPD stage D, compared to stage B, was observed., Conclusions: Based on our results, we suggest that the role of non-specific inflammatory mechanisms may increase in more advanced COPD stages (D), compared to less advanced stages (B)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 Polish Society of Experimental and Clinical Immunology.)

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases and has among the highest mortality rates of all infectious diseases. There are 9 million cases of active tuberculosis reported annually; however, an estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains asymptomatic. Despite the great progress in its diagnosis and treatment, tuberculosis is still a serious health and social problem. The contact between the immune system and Mycobacterium tuberculosis initiates cell-specific (Th1) and humoral-specific (Th2) responses. Many studies about the presence of antituberculotic antibodies in the serum have produced inconsistent results because of a high proportion of false-positive or false-negative results. The purpose of this study was to confirm whether circulating immune complexes (CIC) isolated from the serum of patients with tuberculosis are accompanied by antigenic proteins typical of Mycobacterium tuberculosis., Material and Methods: We assayed serum samples from 42 patients with tuberculosis. The control group consisted of the sera samples taken from 45 healthy subjects. The immunochemical analysis of dissociated immune complexes using the dot blot method demonstrated positive reaction on the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in all patients with tuberculosis., Results: All patients with tuberculosis demonstrated a high serum concentration of CIC protein. The mean serum concentration of CIC protein was significantly higher in patients than in controls: 0.081 g/l in the control group and 0.211 g/l in the tuberculosis patients., Conclusions: The analysis of CIC suggests that it may be a helpful test for patients with tuberculosis because of its quickness, simplicity of the idea, and limited invasiveness.

Introduction: Smoking and alcohol consumption are a major public health problem. More and more are mentioned, also, these two drugs, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis., Aim of Study: Comparative analysis of epidemiological and clinical patients with tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis M.kansasii smoking cigarettes and abuse alcohol., Material and Method: The study included 2025 patients with tuberculosis and 140 patients with diagnosed lung mycobacteriosis hospitalized in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Center of Pulmonology in the years 2003-2013. Data were obtained from the central database of the hospital on admission to the hospital., Results: There were 1403 smokers (69.3%) of tuberculosis patients and 79 (56.4%) with mycobacteriosis, and alcohol dependence were 534 (26.4%) and 16 (11.4%) respectively. Both of smokers and drinkers, men prevailed. Smokers who have developed tuberculosis were significantly younger than patients with mycobacteriosis, often touched their homelessness and unemployment, and often lived in rural areas. Conversely, smokers with mycobacteriosis are people often married, professionally active. In the group of abusers, patients with tuberculosis were younger, living in the country. side, often unemployed, homeless and single compared to patients with my. cobacteriosis. The clinical picture of patients with tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis did not differ significantly between the groups., Conclusions: A retrospective study of patients with tuberculosis and my. cobacteriosis showed significantly more use of tobacco and alcohol abuse than in the general Polish population. It should be noted that cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse are major risk and mycobacteriosis. Therefore, it is important to conduct anti-tobacco education and prevention of alcohol abuse.

For many years, the negative effects of cigarette smoking is a major social problem. The influence of smoking on various aspects of human life is intensively investigated, but still it is difficult to find studies on postural stability of smokers and non-smokers. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyse the results of the posturographic measurements in two groups of patients with the respiratory system diseases. Pilot studies indicate that smokers obtain higher values of posturographic parameters than nonsmokers. It may indicate a worse postural stability and greater risk of uncontrolled falls in smokers group.

The acting correctly immunological setting responds on every signal connected with appearing in the organism of the substance having of immunogenic properties. The smoking of cigarettes is connected with the continuous stimulation of the defensive mechanisms of the system both about the cellular character as and humoral. The important group of the proteins which he appears after immunostimulation in the intercellular space are particles built from the antigens of the various origin and antibodies. The analysis of the level of circulating immunological complexes (CIC) was the aim of the work at patients with the lung cancer and study the occurrence of the HSP-70 protein in circulating immunological complexes at patients with lung cancer smoking non-smoking cigarettes. Human serum was the analysed material, received from the blood taken from the ulnar vein from 39 patients with recognized neoplastic disease in age from 42 to 83 years ,13 non-smoking and 26 smoking. The marks of the levels of immunological complexes was conducted Haskova method and reactions on the presence of HSP-70 protein was conducted Dot Blot method by use the mice's antibodies mAbHSP-70. It was confirmed: are raised level CIC in sera of patients with lung cancer; higher levels CIC in smoking patients with lung cancer in comparison with control group and not smoking patients with lung cancer group; positive reactions on the presence of the isolated from sera of patients with lung cancer; positive reactions on the presence of the HSP-70 protein in CIC isolated from sera of smoking patients with lung cancer.

Unlabelled: Tobacco smoking is recognised by the society as the the main problem of the public health in the world and as the factor of the risk of tuberculosis, it grew up last decades considerably, universally particularly in countries developing. That is why also our studies also represents in the clinical aspect the relationship between tuberculosis - as active disease and tobacco smoking., The Method: The retrospective investigation comprised 2025 patients with tuberculosis in the period 10 years from Regional Center of Pulmonology in Bydgoszcz. Data these patients worked out from the central base of hospital. Age of patients was comprising in the range from 16 to 98 years. In the studied group were 665 (32.8%) women and 1360 (67.2%) men. Data on the subject of the tobacco smoking was collected from medical history applied during admission to hospital., Results: There were analysed data 1403 (69.3%) smokers and 613 (30.3%) non-smoking persons. Data for 9 patients (0.4%) not establish what they belong from considered groups. For 1252 smokers was established how they long smoke. As much as 602 passed that they smoked above 20 years from among them. These symptoms as shortness of breathe and weakness related smoking persons longer more indeed often. It was confirmed that the smoking predominates among men and was indeed higher than among non-smoking persons. Smokers significant group takes out from among persons being deriving from cities above 30 thousands occupants. Percentage in smokers group homeless was significantly higher than in non-smoking. Smokers displayed oneself to be also the more faintly educated group, after the divorce. Among unemployeds smokers percentage carried out as much as 84.8, among working persons 69.1.Alcoholics percentage turned out significantly higher in smokers group. Above 5% smokers and only 1% non-smoking persons had recurrence of the disease. Percentage of patients with cachexy among smokers turned out indeed higher than among non-smoking persons. It was confirmed, that percentage to go out of wilful from the hospital among smokers was indeed higher than among non-smoking persons., Conclusions: Retrospective studies provides signs that tobacco smoking is important factor of the development of tuberculosis as symptomatic disease. Anti-nicotine education applied in the face of patients should be the standard while the treatment of tuberculosis in hospital.

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) rises in response to immunogens appearing in human body. An increasing of the CIC concentration is observed in allergies as well as many others diseases. As a result of inflammatory process localized within intracellular space heat shock proteins (HSP) may occur. The aim of work was the CIC levels estimation as well as CIC HSP-70 presence analysis in serum of smoking and non-smoking allergy sufferers. Serum from 12 smoking and 15 non-smoking patients were examined. Serum from 34 healthy persons constituted the control group. The level of CIC was established by Haskowa precipitation method. The identification of HSP-70 antigen within CIC was determined by Dot blot method. We discovered increased CIC levels in serum from smoking allergy sufferers in comparison with non-smokers. The highest percentage of HSP-70 presence within CIC was observed in smoking allergy sufferers.

Background/aims: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is responsible for increased expression of genes engaged in angiogenesis. Our previous study indicated capillary rarefaction and atrophy of glycolytic fibers, mainly in locomotor muscles of uremic animals. Perhaps these changes are secondary to disturbances of HIF-1α in skeletal muscles., Methods: Expression of HIF-1α at mRNA and protein levels, as well as mRNA of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in gastrocnemius muscle (MG) and longissimus thoracic muscle (ML) were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. Rats were randomized to subtotal nephrectomy (CKD5/6), uninephrectomy (CKD1/2) or sham operation (controls)., Results: For CKD5/6 versus controls, mRNA levels for HIF-1α, VEGF-A, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were significantly reduced only in MG, while eNOS was significantly decreased and iNOS was significantly increased only in ML. Western blot analysis indicated significantly increased HIF-1α protein levels in MG and ML from CKD1/2 animals versus controls, whereas in the CKD5/6 group, the level of HIF-1α protein decreased significantly in MG and increased significantly in ML versus controls and CKD1/2., Conclusion: The reduced expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in locomotor muscle from CKD5/6 animals may be involved in the pathogenesis of uremic myopathy. Increased expression of iNOS in the postural muscles may act as a protective factor through HIF-1α stabilization., (Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

The aim of the study was connected with smoking health behaviour estimation among public (SZP) and nonpublic (SZN) grammar school students. The analysis of 156 anonymous questionnaires was made. Questionnaires contained questions of parents' education, material situation of family, physical education, social relations with family and peers and positive or negative perception of smoking. In total trial we observed a strong positive correlation between style of smoking or number of smoked cigarettes and positive perception of smoking (r = 0.62 or r = 0.36 respectively). The latter correlated significantly with family presence of smoking (r = 0.18). Percentages of smoking students of SZP and SZN differed and amounted 22% and 18% respectively. Within I/II SZP classes the smoking depended on material position of family (r = 0.28) and positive perception of smoking (r = 0.68). Among students of III SZP classes the dependence on material situation was stronger (r = 0.49), while students of III SZN classes became to perceive smoking more positive (r = 0.82). Social relations of students of I/II SZN classes were inversely proportional to prevalence of smoking in their families. Smoking students of III SZN classes worked out much more variously in comparison with pupils of SZP. The main motivation of smoking within school students was the positive perception of smoking. The differences of smoking prevalence within both types of school probably formed in the families and observed in I/II classes pupils, vanished during the time of III class of studying. Elitism of school do not protect the student from smoking: during the time of III SZN class the smoking receives clearly positive appearance and became established. Probably existing antinicotinic school programs should much more decidedly deliver the negative appearance of health effects of smoking.

Background: The negative influence of tobacco smoke on the course of bronchial asthma is complex and includes direct toxic effects on the epithelium of the respiratory tract. It is estimated that in developed countries, approximately 25 percent of adult asthmatics are tobacco smokers. Knowledge of the scale of the habit, may considerably contribute to the optimization of effective pro-health activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of tobacco smoking among patients with the respiratory system disease., Material and Methods: The study group comprised 371 patients (136 men and 235 women, aged 18-30) with diagnosed bronchial asthma and treated in the Allergy Outpatient Clinic in Swiecie, Poland. They were subjected to an analysis aimed at determining the reasons for tobacco smoking and smoking-related behavior in the patient's closest environment., Results: In the examined group, there were 92 tobacco smokers (63 men and 29 women). The multi-variant analysis showed that hanging around smoking friends, the pleasure of smoking and experienced relaxation were the most frequent motivation for taking up smoking. Similar reasons, hanging around smoking friends, group acceptance, and pleasure of smoking, were reported by 59.8%, 43.5%, and 43.5% of patients, respectively. The behavior of people in the closest environment influenced the majority of smokers with asthma; 80% of patients reported current smoking and 88% of patients in medical history. The proportion of non-smokers was 47 and 34%, respectively., Conclusion: To sum up, it should be stated that despite of the fact that smoking is a documented risk factor, young patients with bronchial asthma are still subjected to this habit.

Circulating immunological complexes are the answer of the immunological system on appearing in the organism of the substance about the character of antigenic. The growth of the concentration of immunological complexes is described in many diseases among others in allergies. The aim of the work was the opinion of levels of circulating immunological complexes serums smoke patients and no smokes with the hypersensitivity of I type. Patients serums given an examination with the hypersensitivity of the type I (n = 22) smoking (n = 11) and nonsmoking (n = 11). 45 persons been careful for healthy made up the supervisory group. The level of circulating immunological complexes was studied the simple method of PEG precipitation according to the Haskov method. Smoking patients step out higher levels of CIC in the hypersensitivity of the type I than at patients who don't smoke.

A harmful influence smoking on health is well known and documented. Smoking during pregnancy has negative influence not only on mothers but also on embryos. In spite of pregnancy is a very good reason to stop smoking only every third pregnant stop smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine, carbon monoxide and cyanide, components of smoke, are very toxic. They have negative influence on immunological mechanisms, and may cause some abnormalities. The aim of this article was to analyse smoking among pregnant, patients of Prenatal Outpatient Clinic where risk of abnormalities and defects during pregnancy is very high. 1088 pregnant, admitted to the prenatal clinic during 2005-2006, was analysed. 288 women were smokers, which made 26% of all patients. There was 23.2% high educated and 43.3% with basic education. Despite of the fact that smoking has negative influence on embryos, pregnant still are smokers. That's why antinicotine therapy should be used during pregnancy.

Allergies of the respiratory system are very often at children. Passive smoking may predispose to allergies. The last news shows that smoking at home increases incidence of asthma. It's concerned passive smokers, especially children. Analysis of controlling asthma, exacerbations was made with ACT test. The larger amount of points in ACT test was obtain the better control of asthma was ascertain. Parents were smokers. In this research 164 children and teenagers between 12 and 18 years old from Swiecie and Bydgoszcz, patients Allergologic Outpatients Clinic in 2005-2006, took part. Asthma Control Test was made after the treatment was started. This results show that there is a strong dependence between smoking at home and controlling asthma bronchiale. The correct score--25 points (means that asthma was controlled properly) was at 75% of patients with no smoking at home. At smoker's home every second child has controlled the disease properly. In families where parents smoke a lot every fifth child has no control of the disease. In families, where parents didn't smoke it was only 3%. This analysis shows that there is a strong dependence between frequency of smoking and amounts of points in ACT test. In families where parents smoke rarely children received maximum score in ACT test than in families where patients smoke a lot. There is also dependence between the age of the members of the household and smoking. It is terrifying that there are far more smoking parents at the age of 35 and younger. In this study the ACT was recognized as useful test to control asthma. If smoking parents undergo antinicotine therapy treatment of asthma will be improved.

The allergies of respiratory system are at children the frequent illnesses. Among favorable them factors, risk on passive smoking tobacco can be also. Passive smoking is defined as risk non-smoking on tobacco smoke in environment. Recent reports represent that smoking in home environment tobacco increase on passive smokers' asthma morbidity, especially children in school age. It in it was report the necessity of leadership of anti-nicotine education was underlined in the face of smoking parents. It bets that she should motivate she better parents to cessation smoking, using authority of doctor and love parental. Acting we decided with these principles to analyze effectiveness two year anti-nicotine education which be applied in the face of all treated smoking parents of children with reason of chronic allergic diseases of respiratory system in out-patients. The study comprised parents of 146 children at the Allergy out-Patients clinic, who were diagnosed and cured in years 2003-2005. Generally were 292 persons. The children be treated with reason of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. It the data on subject of smoking of tobacco were collected was on basis of interview got from parents during visits at information bureau on beginning the treatment the children, in his track as well as after two years of education. The anti-nicotine education was applied by whole period of observation during routine medical visits. In moment beginning of treatment in studied group the parents' and education children (n = 292) it 79 the parents' couple did not smoke. Smoking parents among remaining 67 steams were. From among them parents 13 children smoked both, only father in 36 cases smoked and mother in remaining 18 parents' couple smoked. 80 parents smoked with generally. 63 persons after two years of anti-nicotine education the nonsmoking committed one from group smoking. 22 persons among them were from among 24 fathers and 17 mothers' peer in which smoked both parents. Remaining smoking and non-smoking parents granted that children tried to restrain to minimum stay in environment smoking. We on basis of received results to affirm that child's disease has on parents' behaviour essential influence can. It in child was affirmed was all analyzed situations characteristic decrease number with diseased child of smokers' families. Recapitulating anti-nicotine education of the children's parents diseased on chronic allergic diseases of respiratory system is very good restrictive agent their exposition on smoking the tobacco. Contemporaneously in effective way influences on decisions of adults about cessation smoking and the healthy style of life promotes.

In Poland 35% of women, 25% of them being in reproductive age, smoke cigarettes. Substances included in tobacco smoke have highly toxic properties. Their presence in the human organizm may affect immunological mechanisms which are an important element determining dynamic balance betwen the mother and the fetus. The aim of the article is to compare the level of AFP and circulating immune complexes (KKI) concentrations in smoking and non smoking pregnant women in the second trimester. The levels of immunological complexes in the women's sera were determined by means of the Elisa immuno-enzymatic method using DRG Instruments GmbH Germany tests. The levels and the properties of circulating immune complexes were estimated in sera of 27 women being in the second trimester of pregnancy by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation test. Molecular weight of the proteins of CIC was studied by SDS/PAGE. In the group of smoking women AFP levers were higher and KKI levels were lower than in the non smoking women group.

Background: The detection, measurement and characterization of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in tumor patients has shown both good and poor correlation with progression of the disease. The origin of the antigens making up the immune complexes in the sera of the cancer patients examined is unknown. They are perhaps antigens specific to the cancer's progress., Material/methods: The levels and molecular weights of circulating immune complexes were estimated in the sera of 48 patients with adenocarcinoma (grades G-1, G-2, and G-3) and 21 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) by means of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation test., Results: The results were compared with those of a group of 45 healthy blood donors. Elevated levels of CICs were observed in 66.7% of the patients with adenocarcinoma and in 38% of those with BPH. No seropositivity for CICs was observed in the control group. Increased seropositivity for CICs was observed in patients with the highness grade of adenocarcinoma: the proportion of seropositive patients in the group of patients with the G-1 phase of disease was 50%, with G-2 75%, and with G-3 71.3%. The molecular weights of the CIC proteins were determined by SDS/PAGE. The serum CICs of both BPH and prostate cancer patients consisted of proteins absent in the CICs of the sera of healthy persons., Conclusions: Determination and analysis of atypical proteins in CICs resulting from carcinogenesis may by useful in improving the diagnosis.