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Osteoarthritis is characterized by enzymatic breakdown of the articular cartilage via the disruption of chondrocyte homeostasis, ultimately resulting in the destruction of the articular surface. Decades of research have highlighted the importance of inflammation in osteoarthritis progression, with inflammatory cytokines shifting resident chondrocytes into a pro-catabolic state. Inflammation can result in poor outcomes for cells implanted for cartilage regeneration. Therefore, a method to promote the growth of new cartilage and protect the implanted cells from the pro-inflammatory cytokines found in the joint space is required. In this study, we fabricate two gel types: polymer network hydrogels composed of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) known for their anti-inflammatory and prochondrogenic activity, and interpenetrating networks of GAGs and collagen I. Compared to a collagen-only hydrogel, which does not provide an anti-inflammatory stimulus, chondrocytes in GAG hydrogels result in reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes as well as preservation of collagen II and aggrecan expression. Overall, GAG-based hydrogels have the potential to promote cartilage regeneration under pro-inflammatory conditions. Further, the data have implications for the use of GAGs to generally support tissue engineering in pro-inflammatory environments.

ObjectiveCartilage degeneration involves structural, compositional, and biomechanical alterations that may be detected non-invasively using quantitative MRI. The goal of this study was to determine if topographical variation in T1rho values correlates with indentation stiffness and biochemical contents of human patellar cartilage.DesignCadaveric patellae from unilateral knees of 5 donors with moderate degeneration were imaged at 3-Telsa with spiral chopped magnetization preparation T1rho sequence. Indentation testing was performed, followed by biochemical analyses to determine water and sulfated glycosaminoglycan contents. T1rho values were compared to indentation stiffness, using semi-circular regions of interest (ROIs) of varying sizes at each indentation site. ROIs matching the resected tissues were analyzed, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to compare T1rho values to biochemical contents.ResultsGrossly, superficial degenerative change of the cartilage (i.e., roughened texture and erosion) corresponded with regions of high T1rho values. High T1rho values correlated with low indentation stiffness, and the strength of correlation varied slightly with the ROI size. Spatial variations in T1rho values correlated positively with that of the water content (R2 = 0.10, p

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated destruction of the pulmonary microvascular endothelial glycocalyx (EGCX) creates a vulnerable endothelial surface, contributing to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Constituents of the EGCX shed into circulation, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, may serve as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. We sought to define the patterns of plasma EGCX degradation products in children with sepsis-associated pediatric ARDS (PARDS), and test their association with clinical outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective cohort (2018-2020) of children (≥1 month to 60% of the severe PARDS patients (test for trend, p = 0.04). Higher total heparan sulfate and N-sulfated disaccharide levels were independently associated with fewer 28-day ventilator-free days in children with sepsis-associated PARDS (all p

The popularity of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in drug delivery systems has grown as their innate ability to sequester and release charged molecules makes them adept in the controlled release of therapeutics. However, peptide therapeutics have been relegated to synthetic, polymeric systems, despite their high specificity and efficacy as therapeutics because they are rapidly degraded in vivo when not encapsulated. We present a GAG-based nanoparticle system for the easy encapsulation of cationic peptides, which offers control over particle diameter, peptide release behavior, and swelling behavior, as well as protection from proteolytic degradation, using a singular, organic polymer and no covalent linkages. These nanoparticles can encapsulate cargo with a particle diameter range spanning 130-220 nm and can be tuned to release cargo over a pH range of 4.5 to neutral through the modulation of the degree of sulfation and the molecular weight of the GAG. This particle system also confers better in vitro performance than the unencapsulated peptide via protection from enzymatic degradation. This method provides a facile way to protect therapeutic peptides via the inclusion of the presented binding sequence and can likely be expanded to larger, more diverse cargo as well, abrogating the complexity of previously demonstrated systems while offering broader tunability.

Extracellular matrix components play a significant role in maintaining tissue integrity and pathological processes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a soft diet on the mRNA expression of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to proteoglycan core proteins in rat TMJ discs. Thirty 4-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to one of two groups: a control group fed a regular pellet diet and a soft diet group fed a powdered diet for 4 weeks. The mRNA expression levels of 12 proteoglycans in TMJ discs were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, histomorphometric and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the thickness and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), GAG, and water content of the TMJ discs. The TMJ disc thickness in the anterior, intermediate, and posterior bands decreased significantly in the soft diet group. The GAG content decreased significantly in the soft-diet group, whereas no significant differences in DNA content or water content ratio were observed between the groups. Real-time PCR indicated that the expression levels of aggrecan, versican, biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, lumican, and chondroadherin decreased in the soft diet group. The expression levels of all versican isoforms decreased in the soft diet group. These results indicate that the biomechanical environment of the TMJ caused by a soft diet is closely related to the expression of proteoglycans in TMJ discs, which may eventually increase the fragility of the TMJ discs. • Feeding a soft diet decreased glycosaminoglycan content in the TMJ disc. • Feeding a soft diet decreased the proteoglycan expression in the TMJ disc. • Feeding a soft diet decreased versican isoform expression in the TMJ disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a widespread, zoonotic protozoan intracellular parasite with a complex life cycle, which can cause toxoplasmosis, a potentially serious disease. During the invasion process, T. gondii proteins first bind to the relevant host cell receptors, such as glycosaminoglycan molecule (GAG-binding motif), which is one of the main receptors for parasites or virus to infect host cells. However, research on TGME49_216510 (T. gondii Trx21), a protein from Toxoplasma gondii, is limited. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis of the Trx21 protein was performed firstly. And specific primers were then designed using the conserved domain and GAG-binding motif to amplify, express, and purify a fragment of the Trx21 protein. The purified Trx21-GST protein was used for antioxidant and cell adhesion experiments. Simultaneously, mice were immunized with Trx21-His to generate specific polyclonal antibodies for subcellular localization analysis. Results: The Trx21 protein, consisting of 774 amino acids, included a transmembrane region, three GAG-binding motifs, and a Thioredoxin-like domain. The recombinant Trx21-His protein had a molecular mass of about 31 kDa, while the Trx21-GST protein had a molecular mass of about 55 kDa, which was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Subcellular localization analysis by IFA revealed that Trx21 is predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm of T. gondii. Furthermore, Trx21 exhibited a protective effect on supercoiled DNA against metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) and demonstrated adhesion abilities to Vero cells. Conclusions: These results indicate that Trx21 plays an important role in host cell interaction and oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder characterized by cartilage and bone degradation. Medical therapies like glucosaminoglycan (GAG), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA) aim to preserve joint function and reduce inflammation but may cause side effects when administered orally or via injection. Microneedle arrays (MNAs) offer a localized drug delivery method that reduces side effects. Thus, this study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of delivering GAG, CS, and HA using microneedles in vitro. An optimal needle geometry is crucial for the successful application of MNA. To address this, here we employ a multi-objective optimization framework using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to determine the ideal MNA design, focusing on preventing needle failure. Then, a three-step fabrication approach is followed to fabricate the MNAs. First, the master (male) molds are fabricated from poly(methyl methacrylate) using mechanical micromachining based on optimized needle geometry. Second, a micro-molding with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used for the fabrication of production (female) molds. In the last step, the MNAs were fabricated by microcasting the hydrogels using the production molds. Light microscopy (LIMI) confirms the accuracy of the MNAs manufactured, and in vitro skin insertion tests demonstrate failure-free needle insertion. Subsequently, we confirmed the biocompatibility of MNAs by evaluating their impact on the L929 fibroblast cell line, human chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteoglycans (PGs), which have glycosaminoglycan chains attached to their protein cores, are essential for maintaining the morphology and function of healthy body tissues. Extracellular PGs perform various functions, classified into the following four categories: i) the modulation of tissue mechanical properties; ii) the regulation and protection of the extracellular matrix; iii) protein sequestration; and iv) the regulation of cell signaling. The depletion of PGs may significantly impair tissue function, encompassing compromised mechanical characteristics and unregulated inflammatory responses. Since PGs play critical roles in the function of healthy tissues and their synthesis is complex, the development of PG mimetic molecules that recapitulate PG functions for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications has attracted the interest of researchers for more than 20 years. These approaches have ranged from semisynthetic graft copolymers to recombinant PG domains produced by cells that have undergone genetic modifications. This review discusses some essential extracellular PG functions and approaches to mimicking these functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoids are used during glioblastoma treatment to prevent the cerebral edema effect surrounding normal brain tissue. The aim of our study was to investigate the long-term effects of multiple administrations of glucocorticoids onto the glycosylated components (proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans) of normal brain extracellular matrix and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, Nr3c1) in an experimental model in vivo. Two-month-old male C57Bl/6 mice (n = 90) were injected intraperitoneally with various doses of dexamethasone (DXM) (1; 2.5 mg/kg) for 10 days. The mRNA levels of the GR, proteoglycans core proteins, and heparan sulfate metabolism-involved genes were determined at the 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90th days by a real-time RT–PCR. The glycosaminoglycans content was studied using dot blot and staining with Alcian blue. A DXM treatment increased total GAG content (2-fold), whereas the content of highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans decreased (1.5–2-fold). The mRNA level of the heparan sulfate metabolism-involved gene Hs3St2 increased 5-fold, the mRNA level of Hs6St2 increased6–7-fold, and the mRNA level of proteoglycan aggrecan increased 2-fold. A correlation analysis revealed an association between the mRNA level of the GR and the mRNA level of 8 of the 14 proteoglycans-coding and 4 of the 13 heparan sulfate metabolism-involved genes supporting GR involvement in the DXM regulation of the expression of these genes. In summary, multiple DXM administrations led to an increase in the total GAG content and reorganized the brain extracellular matrix in terms of its glycosylation pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human breastmilk is composed of many well researched bioactive components crucial for infant nutrition and priming of the neonatal microbiome and immune system. Understanding these components gives us crucial insight to the health and wellbeing of infants. Research surrounding glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) previously focused on those produced endogenously; however, recent efforts have shifted to understanding GAGs in human breastmilk. The structural complexity of GAGs makes detection and analysis complicated therefore, research is time consuming and limited to highly specialised teams experienced in carbohydrate analysis. In breastmilk, GAGs are present in varying quantities in four forms; chondroitin sulphate, heparin/heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and hyaluronic acid, and are hypothesised to behave similar to other bioactive components with suspected roles in pathogen defense and proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria. Chondroitin sulphate and heparin, being the most abundant, are expected to have the most impact on infant health. Their decreasing concentration over lactation further indicates their role and potential importance during early life.

Aim: Severe dengue is correlated with a decrease in the circulating complement regulator, factor H (FH) and prior work has shown that dengue virus (DENV) infection induces FH mRNA but not FH protein release. Here, the mechanisms of this phenomenon were defined. Methods: HEK293 cells were infected with DENV-2 and changes in FH mRNA and protein were analyzed by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, cells were stimulated with size fractionated supernatants from DENV-infected cells, supernatant containing DENV non-structural protein-1 (NS1) without virus particles, and infections performed with or without the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) antagonist, TAK-242. Mass spectrometry was used to define the protein content of the fractionated supernatant, and treatment of cells with sialidase or heparinase was used to define cell-associated FH protein. Results: DENV-infection induced full-length FH mRNA and cell-associated FH protein. Microscopy demonstrated membrane and intracellular-associated FH with a cytoskeletal and perinuclear localisation, in both DENV positive and uninfected neighboring bystander cells. Fractionation of cultured supernatant from DENV-infected cells demonstrated that secreted factors > 50 (kilodaltons) kDa induced FH mRNA and this could be blocked with TAK-242 but was not simulated by the TLR4 agonist, DENV NS1. Mass spectrometry detected DENV envelope, membrane and NS1, complement component 5 (C5), and complement FB, and indicated a > 20-fold increase in C4, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 (ITIH2), and alpha-2-macroglobulin in the > 50 kDa fraction from DENV-infected compared with conditioned media from uninfected cells. Sialic acid levels were unchanged and cleavage did not affect release of FH from DENV-infected compared to uninfected cells. In contrast, sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were reduced in the cultured supernatant and cell lysates following DENV-infection, and heparinase cleavage released significantly more FH from DENV-compared with uninfected cells. Conclusions: Following DENV-infection, secreted molecules induce FH that remains intracellular and with increased binding to cell surface heparan sulphate. The mediators of induction of FH mRNA act in trans and via TLR4 but this is not likely to be via DENV NS1. The retention of FH in the local environment of the infected cell could benefit the virus by negating local complement killing of cells, and/or benefit the host by inhibition of heparan sulphate-mediated DENV infection to restrict viral spread.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are caused by a deficiency in the enzymes needed to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the lysosome. The storage of GAGs leads to the involvement of several systems and even to the death of the patient. In recent years, an increasing number of therapies have increased the treatment options available to patients. Early treatment is beneficial in improving the prognosis, but children with MPSs are often delayed in their diagnosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method for early screening and diagnosis of the disease. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an analytical method that can detect multiple substrates or enzymes simultaneously. GAGs are reliable markers of MPSs. MS/MS can be used to screen children at an early stage of the disease, to improve prognosis by treating them before symptoms appear, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and for metabolomic analysis or to find suitable biomarkers. In the future, MS/MS could be used to further identify suitable biomarkers for MPSs for early diagnosis and to detect efficacy.

Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of polysaccharides can provide valuable information not only on their primary structures but also on their conformation, dynamics, and interactions under physiological conditions. One of the main problems is that non‐anomeric 1H signals typically overlap, and this often hinders detailed NMR analysis. Isotope enrichment, such as with 13C and 15N, will add a new dimension to the NMR spectra of polysaccharides, and spectral analysis can be performed with enhanced sensitivity using isolated peaks. For this purpose, here we have prepared uniformly 13C‐ and/or 15N‐labeled chondroitin polysaccharides –4)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl‐(1–3)‐2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1– with molecular weights in the range from 310 to 460 k by bacterial fermentation. The enrichment ratios for 13C and 15N were 98.9 and 99.8%, respectively, based on the mass spectrometric analysis of the constituent chondroitin disaccharides. 1H and 13C NMR signals were assigned mainly based on HSQC and 13C‐detection experiments including INADEQUATE, HETCOR, and HETCOR‐TOCSY. The carbonyl carbon signal of the N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐galactosamine residue was unambiguously distinguished from the C6 carbon of the β‐D‐glucuronic acid residue by the observation of 13C peak splitting due to 1JCN coupling in 13C‐ and 15N‐labeled chondroitin. The T2* and T1 were measured and indicate that both rigid and mobile sites are present in the long sequence of chondroitin. The conformation, dynamics, and interactions of chondroitin and its derivatives will be further analyzed based on the results obtained in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood, even though it is critical for neuronal structure and signaling. This systematic review identified the top deregulated ECM-related pathways in studies that used gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) to document transcriptomic, proteomic, or genomic alterations in PD. PubMed and Google scholar were searched for transcriptomics, proteomics, or genomics studies that employed GSEA on data from PD tissues or cells and reported ECM-related pathways among the top-10 most enriched versus controls. Twenty-seven studies were included, two of which used multiple omics analyses. Transcriptomics and proteomics studies were conducted on a variety of tissue and cell types. Of the 17 transcriptomics studies (16 data sets), 13 identified one or more adhesion pathways in the top-10 deregulated gene sets or pathways, primarily related to cell adhesion and focal adhesion. Among the 8 proteomics studies, 5 identified altered overarching ECM gene sets or pathways among the top 10. Among the 4 genomics studies, 3 identified focal adhesion pathways among the top 10. The findings summarized here suggest that ECM organization/structure and cell adhesion (particularly focal adhesion) are altered in PD and should be the focus of future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to systematically review the published literature and pool the data to evaluate the effectiveness of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) replacement therapy in preventing women's recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). A systematic search of PubMed was performed to identify comparative and randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of GAG replacement therapy with control groups (placebo/antibiotics/standard therapy) in preventing rUTI in women. The evaluated outcomes included risk of rUTI, rUTI episodes per patient-year, time to urinary tract infection recurrence, pelvic pain and urgency/frequency, and the quality of life (Short Form-36 questionnaire). The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager software (RevMan, version 5.4) was used for statistical analysis. Seven trials, including 2 randomized control studies and 5 retrospective comparative trials, met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled into our meta-analysis. A total of 702 patients were included in the analysis. Five studies adopted intravesical instillations and 2 used oral-administered hyaluronic acid. The synthesized results revealed that GAG replacement therapy significantly reduced the risk of rUTI (odds ratio: 0.31), reduced urinary tract infection-associated symptoms on pelvic pain and urgency/frequency scores (WMD: -6.70), and contributed to nonsignificant influence in quality of life, prolongation of time to rUTI, and the risk of rUTI per patient-year. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis revealed that GAG replacement therapy might serve as an alternative treatment strategy for rUTI. Further studies should focus on the durability of the protective effect of hyaluronic acid and the optimal protocol for dosage and administration route for GAG replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosaminoglycans are complex carbohydrates used as nutraceuticals for diverse applications. We studied the potential of the glycosaminoglycan dermatan sulfate (DS) to counteract the development of diet‐induced obesity (DIO) using obesity‐prone mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) as a model. Oral DS supplementation protected the animals against HFD‐induced increases in whole‐body adiposity, visceral fat mass, adipocyte size, blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and pro‐inflammatory lipids levels in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the liver, where it largely counteracted the HFD‐induced changes in the nonpolar metabolome. Protection against DIO in the DS‐supplemented mice occurred despite higher energy intake and appeared to be associated with increased energy expenditure, higher uncoupling protein 1 expression in BAT, decreased BAT "whitening," and an enhanced channeling of fuel substrates toward skeletal muscle. This work is the first preclinical study to examine the anti‐obesity activity of DS tested individually in vivo. The results support possible uses of DS as an active component in functional foods/supplements to manage obesity and associated metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol prevents various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models despite reaching only low nanomolar concentrations in the brain after oral administration. In this study, based on the quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and molecular docking, we found that trans‐resveratrol, its conjugates (glucuronide and sulfate), and dihydro‐resveratrol (intestinal microbial metabolite) bind with high affinities (Kd, 0.2–2 nm) to the peptide G palindromic sequence (near glycosaminoglycan‐binding motif) of the 67‐kDa laminin receptor (67LR). Preconditioning with low concentrations (0.01–10 nm) of these polyphenols, especially resveratrol‐glucuronide, protected neuronal cells from death induced by serum withdrawal via activation of cAMP‐mediated signaling pathways. This protection was prevented by a 67LR‐blocking antibody, suggesting a role for this cell‐surface receptor in neuroprotection by resveratrol metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review delves into the roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), integral components of proteoglycans, in tooth development. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein linked to GAG chains, comprised of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs are classified into several types, such as hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Functioning as critical macromolecular components within the dental basement membrane, these GAGs facilitate cell adhesion and aggregation, and play key roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby significantly influencing tooth morphogenesis. Notably, our recent research has identified the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme Transmembrane protein 2 (Tmem2) and we have conducted functional analyses using mouse models. These studies have unveiled the essential role of Tmem2-mediated hyaluronan degradation and its involvement in hyaluronan-mediated cell adhesion during tooth formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of GAG functions in tooth development, integrating insights from recent research, and discusses future directions in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides with promising biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we analyzed GAGs using HPLC-MS/MS from the bone (B), muscle (M), skin (S), and viscera (V) of Scophthalmus maximus (SM), Paralichthysi (P), Limanda ferruginea (LF), Cleisthenes herzensteini (G), Platichthys bicoloratus (PB), Pleuronichthys cornutus (PC), and Cleisthenes herzensteini (CH). Unsaturated disaccharide products were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the GAGs and subjected to compositional analysis of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparin sulfate (HS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), including the sulfation degree of CS and HS, as well as the content of each GAG. The contents of GAGs in the tissues and the sulfation degree differed significantly among the fish. The bone of S. maximus contained more than 12 μg of CS per mg of dry tissue. Although the fish typically contained high levels of CSA (CS-4S), some fish bone tissue exhibited elevated levels of CSC (CS-6S). The HS content was found to range from 10–150 ug/g, primarily distributed in viscera, with a predominant non-sulfated structure (HS-0S). The structure of HA is well-defined without sulfation modification. These analytical results are independent of biological classification. We provide a high-throughput rapid detection method for tissue samples using HPLC-MS/MS to rapidly screen ideal sources of GAG. On this basis, four kinds of CS were prepared and purified from flounder bone, and their molecular weight was determined to be 23–28 kDa by HPGPC-MALLS, and the disaccharide component unit was dominated by CS-6S, which is a potential substitute for CSC derived from shark cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are caused by a deficiency in the enzymes needed to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the lysosome. The storage of GAGs leads to the involvement of several systems and even to the death of the patient. In recent years, an increasing number of therapies have increased the treatment options available to patients. Early treatment is beneficial in improving the prognosis, but children with MPSs are often delayed in their diagnosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method for early screening and diagnosis of the disease. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an analytical method that can detect multiple substrates or enzymes simultaneously. GAGs are reliable markers of MPSs. MS/MS can be used to screen children at an early stage of the disease, to improve prognosis by treating them before symptoms appear, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and for metabolomic analysis or to find suitable biomarkers. In the future, MS/MS could be used to further identify suitable biomarkers for MPSs for early diagnosis and to detect efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant primary bone tumor. The significance and underlying mechanisms of action of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in OSC phenotypes and OS malignancy are largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of PG/GAG biosynthesis and the corresponding candidate genes in OSCs and poor clinical outcomes in OS using scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq datasets of clinical OS specimens, accompanied by biological validation by in vitro genetic and pharmacological analyses. The expression of b-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3), one of the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of the common core tetrasaccharide linker region of PGs, was significantly upregulated in both OSC populations and OS tissues and was associatedwith poor survival in patientswithOSwith high stemcell properties. Moreover, the genetic inactivation of B3GAT3 by RNA interference and pharmacological inhibition of PGbiosynthesis abrogated the self-renewal potential of OSCs. Collectively, these findings suggest a pivotal role for B3GAT3 and PG/GAG biosynthesis in the regulation of OSC phenotypes and OS malignancy, thereby providing a potential target for OSC-directed therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pulmonary diseases represent a significant burden to patients and the healthcare system and are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Particularly, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting public health, economies, and daily life. While the peak of the crisis has subsided, the global number of reported COVID-19 cases remains significantly high, according to medical agencies around the world. Furthermore, despite the success of vaccines in reducing the number of deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there remains a gap in the treatment of the disease, especially in addressing uncontrolled inflammation. The massive recruitment of leukocytes to lung tissue and alveoli is a hallmark factor in COVID-19, being essential for effectively responding to the pulmonary insult but also linked to inflammation and lung damage. In this context, mice models are a crucial tool, offering valuable insights into both the pathogenesis of the disease and potential therapeutic approaches. Methods: Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding chemokine fragment CXCL9(74-103), a molecule that potentially decreases neutrophil transmigration by competing with chemokines for GAG-binding sites, in two models of pneumonia caused by coronavirus infection. Results: In a murine model of betacoronavirus MHV-3 infection, the treatment with CXCL9(74-103) decreased the accumulation of total leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, to the alveolar space and improved several parameters of lung dysfunction 3 days after infection. Additionally, this treatment also reduced the lung damage. In the SARS-CoV-2 model in K18-hACE2-mice, CXCL9(74-103) significantly improved the clinical manifestations of the disease, reducing pulmonary damage and decreasing viral titers in the lungs. Discussion: These findings indicate that CXCL9(74-103) resulted in highly favorable outcomes in controlling pneumonia caused by coronavirus, as it effectively diminishes the clinical consequences of the infections and reduces both local and systemic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder with an insidious onset and a non-reversible progressive course caused by a mutation in a gene that codes for iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), a lysosomal enzyme leading to a systemic accumulation of glycosaminogly can (GAGs). Definitive diagnosis is made by the demonstration of heparan and dermatan sulfatase in urine, enzyme activity assay and molecular analysis of the IDS gene. Management primarily focuses on symptomatic treatment via a multidisciplinary team approach; and where accessible, enzyme replacement therapy. Early diagnosis and opportune commencement of therapy are important to improve quality of life, reduce morbidity and increased expectancy of life. As confirmatory diagnostic testing is limited in many low resource settings, institutional collaborations is key to diagnosing rare diseases. We describe the clinical course, diagnosis and management of an 11-year-old boy from rural Zambia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many endothelial complications, whether from surgical or pathological origins, can result in the denudation of the endothelial layer and the exposure of collagen. Exposure of collagen results in the activation of platelets, leading to thrombotic and inflammatory cascades that ultimately result in vessel stenosis. We have previously reported the use of peptide-GAG compounds to target exposed collagen following endothelial injury. In this paper we optimize the spacer sequence of our collagen binding peptide to increase its conjugation to GAG backbones and increase the peptide-GAG collagen binding affinity by increasing peptide C-terminal cationic charge. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of these molecules to inhibit platelet activation through collagen blocking, as well as their localization to exposed vascular collagen following systemic delivery. Altogether, optimization of peptide sequence and linkage chemistry can allow for increased conjugation and function, having implications for glycoconjugate use in other clinical applications.

Fluoxetine has been identified as a potential treatment for mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA), a debilitating and progressive lysosomal storage disorder for which no treatments are approved. In the MPS IIIA mouse model, fluoxetine decreases the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and aggregated autophagic substrates, reducing inflammation, and slowing cognitive deterioration. 1 We treated a single patient, 6 years old, under off-label prescription of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). The primary endpoint was safety. Secondary exploratory assessments included urine quantitative heparan sulfate. Fluoxetine was well-tolerated in this patient and the patient continued treatment following the 12-month monitoring period. The patient experienced an increase in daytime somnolence which resolved with rescheduling fluoxetine administration to bedtime. Quantitative heparan sulfate levels remained elevated during treatment. Parents reported improved sleep latency time and less nighttime waking. These findings support general tolerability and further study of fluoxetine as a potential therapy for MPS IIIA.

Proteoglycans (PGs), which have glycosaminoglycan chains attached to their protein cores, are essential for maintaining the morphology and function of healthy body tissues. Extracellular PGs perform various functions, classified into the following four categories: i) the modulation of tissue mechanical properties; ii) the regulation and protection of the extracellular matrix; iii) protein sequestration; and iv) the regulation of cell signaling. The depletion of PGs may significantly impair tissue function, encompassing compromised mechanical characteristics and unregulated inflammatory responses. Since PGs play critical roles in the function of healthy tissues and their synthesis is complex, the development of PG mimetic molecules that recapitulate PG functions for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications has attracted the interest of researchers for more than 20 years. These approaches have ranged from semisynthetic graft copolymers to recombinant PG domains produced by cells that have undergone genetic modifications. This review discusses some essential extracellular PG functions and approaches to mimicking these functions.

Abstract An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had no detrimental effects on the skin. A proteomic analysis, assessing the relative abundance of proteins in matched permeate-depilated and chemically depilated (sulfide) sheepskins, showed variations in the levels of specific collagen types in the skin's basement membrane and other proteins associated with the follicles. These findings were corroborated by biochemical analyses of matched permeate depilated and raw skin samples, and provide clues to the mechanism of non-invasive and complete depilation. They also support the observation that permeate-depilated skins were smoother than their sulfide-depilated counterparts and resulted in leather with a superior surface. Graphical abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important for the occurrence of signaling molecules and maintenance of microenvironment within the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. GAGs and GAG‐based biomaterial approaches have been widely explored to promote in situ tissue regeneration and repair by regulating the wound microenvironment, accelerating re‐epithelialization, and controlling ECM remodeling. However, most approaches remain unacceptable for clinical applications. To improve insights into material design and clinical translational applications, this review highlights the innate roles and bioactive mechanisms of native GAGs during in situ wound healing and presents common GAG‐based biomaterials and the adaptability of application scenarios in facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, challenges before the widespread commercialization of GAG‐based biomaterials are shared, to ensure that future designed and constructed GAG‐based artificial biomaterials are more likely to recapitulate the unique and tissue‐specific profile of native GAG expression in human tissues. This review provides a more explicit and clear selection guide for researchers designing biomimetic materials, which will resemble or exceed their natural counterparts in certain functions, thereby suiting for specific environments or therapeutic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Sodium restriction was not associated with improved outcomes in heart failure patients in recent trials. The skin might act as a sodium buffer, potentially explaining tolerance to fluctuations in sodium intake without volume overload, but this is insufficiently understood. Therefore, we studied the handling of an increased sodium load in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods and results: Twenty‐one ambulatory, stable HFrEF patients and 10 healthy controls underwent a 2‐week run‐in phase, followed by a 4‐week period of daily 1.2 g (51 mmol) sodium intake increment. Clinical, echocardiographic, 24‐h urine collection, and bioelectrical impedance data were collected every 2 weeks. Blood volume, skin sodium content, and skin glycosaminoglycan content were assessed before and after sodium loading. Sodium loading did not significantly affect weight, blood pressure, congestion score, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic indices of congestion, or total body water in HFrEF (all p > 0.09). There was no change in total blood volume (4748 ml vs. 4885 ml; p = 0.327). Natriuresis increased from 150 mmol/24 h to 173 mmol/24 h (p = 0.024), while plasma renin decreased from 286 to 88 μU/L (p = 0.002). There were no significant changes in skin sodium content, total glycosaminoglycan content, or sulfated glycosaminoglycan content (all p > 0.265). Healthy controls had no change in volume status, but a higher increase in natriuresis without any change in renin. Conclusions: Selected HFrEF patients can tolerate sodium loading, with increased renal sodium excretion and decreased neurohormonal activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sepsis-associated destruction of the pulmonary microvascular endothelial glycocalyx (EGCX) creates a vulnerable endothelial surface, contributing to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Constituents of the EGCX shed into circulation, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, may serve as biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. We sought to define the patterns of plasma EGCX degradation products in children with sepsis-associated pediatric ARDS (PARDS), and test their association with clinical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective cohort (2018-2020) of children (≥1 month to <18 years of age) receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure for ≥72 h. Children with and without sepsis-associated PARDS were selected from the parent cohort and compared. Blood was collected at time of enrollment. Plasma glycosaminoglycan disaccharide class (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronan) and sulfation subtypes (heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate) were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma proteoglycans (syndecan-1) were measured through an immunoassay. Results: Among the 39 mechanically ventilated children (29 with and 10 without sepsis-associated PARDS), sepsis-associated PARDS patients demonstrated higher levels of heparan sulfate (median 639 ng/mL [interquartile range, IQR 421-902] vs 311 [IQR 228-461]) and syndecan-1 (median 146 ng/mL [IQR 32-315] vs 8 [IQR 8-50]), both p = 0.01. Heparan sulfate subtype analysis demonstrated greater proportions of N -sulfated disaccharide levels among children with sepsis-associated PARDS (p = 0.01). Increasing N- sulfated disaccharide levels by quartile were associated with severe PARDS (n = 9/29) with the highest quartile including >60% of the severe PARDS patients (test for trend, p = 0.04). Higher total heparan sulfate and N- sulfated disaccharide levels were independently associated with fewer 28-day ventilator-free days in children with sepsis-associated PARDS (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Children with sepsis-associated PARDS exhibited higher plasma levels of heparan sulfate disaccharides and syndecan-1, suggesting that EGCX degradation biomarkers may provide insights into endothelial dysfunction and PARDS pathobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylosyltransferase-I and -II (XT-I, -II) possess a central role during the glycosylation of proteoglycans (PGs). They catalyze the formation of an O-glycosidic bond between the xylosyl residue of uridinediphosphate-xylose and the core protein of a PG. Thereafter, three following glycosyltransferases lead to the generation of a tetrasaccharide linker, which connects the PG core protein to the respective glycosaminoglycan. The selective quantification of XT-I and XT-II activity is of biological and clinical interest due to their association with fibrotic processes and skeletal dysplasia. There is no assay available to date that simultaneously determines the activity of the two XT isoforms. Although an XT-I selective UPLC MS/MS-based assay was published by Fischer et al., in 2021, the determination of XT-II activity can only be performed simultaneously by the improved assay presented here. To establish the assay, two synthetic peptides, selectively xylosylated by the respective isoform, were identified and the associated measurement parameters for the mass spectrometer were optimized. In addition, the quantitative range of the xylosylated peptides were validated, and the incubation time of the enzyme reaction was optimized for cell culture samples and human sera. The specific enzyme kinetics (K M and V max) of the respective XT isoform for the two peptides were also determined. Subsequently, a mathematical model was developed, allowing the simultaneous determination of XT-I and XT-II activity from the chromatographic results. Summarized, a mass spectrometric method suitable for the simultaneous analysis of XT-I and XT-II activity in cell culture lysates, supernatants and human sera was successfully developed. • Novel isoform-selective xylosyltransferase MS/MS-based activity assay. • Suitable for use with human serum and cell culture samples. • Broad spectrum of activity measurable. • Mathematical model allowing simultaneous determination of XT-I and XT-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to use and optimize a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system for three-dimensional (3D) images of small samples obtained from breast cell cultures in vitro. The basis of this study was to design MRI equipment to enable imaging of MCF-7 breast cancer cell cultures (about 1 million cells) in 1.5 and 2 mL glass tubes and/or bioreactors with an external diameter of less than 20 mm. Additionally, the development of software to calculate longitudinal and transverse relaxation times is described. Imaging tests were performed using a clinical MRI scanner OPTIMA 360 manufactured by GEMS. Due to the size of the tested objects, it was necessary to design additional receiving circuits allowing for the study of MCF-7 cell cultures placed in glass bioreactors. The examined sample's volume did not exceed 2.0 mL nor did the number of cells exceed 1 million. This work also included a modification of the sequence to allow for the analysis of T1 and T2 relaxation times. The analysis was performed using the MATLAB package (produced by MathWorks). The created application is based on medical MR images saved in the DICOM3.0 standard which ensures that the data analyzed are reliable and unchangeable in an unintentional manner that could affect the measurement results. The possibility of using 1.5 T MRI systems for cell culture research providing quantitative information from in vitro studies was realized. The scanning resolution for FOV = 5 cm and the matrix was achieved at a level of resolution of less than 0.1 mm/pixel. Receiving elements were built allowing for the acquisition of data for MRI image reconstruction confirmed by images of a phantom with a known structure and geometry. Magnetic resonance sequences were modified for the saturation recovery (SR) method, the purpose of which was to determine relaxation times. An application in MATLAB was developed that allows for the analysis of T1 and T2 relaxation times. The relaxation times of cell cultures were determined over a 6-week period. In the first week, the T1 time value was 1100 ± 40 ms, which decreased to 673 ± 59 ms by the sixth week. For T2, the results were 171 ± 10 ms and 128 ± 12 ms, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemokine Cxcl1 plays a crucial role in recruiting neutrophils in response to infection. The early events in chemokine-mediated neutrophil extravasation involve a sequence of highly orchestrated steps including rolling, adhesion, arrest, and diapedesis. Cxcl1 function is determined by its properties of reversible monomer–dimer equilibrium and binding to Cxcr2 and glycosaminoglycans. Here, we characterized how these properties orchestrate extravasation using intravital microscopy of the cremaster. Compared to WT Cxcl1, which exists as both a monomer and a dimer, the trapped dimer caused faster rolling, less adhesion, and less extravasation. Whole-mount immunofluorescence of the cremaster and arrest assays confirmed these data. Moreover, the Cxcl1 dimer showed impaired LFA-1–mediated neutrophil arrest that could be attributed to impaired Cxcr2-mediated ERK signaling. We conclude that Cxcl1 monomer–dimer equilibrium and potent Cxcr2 activity of the monomer together coordinate the early events in neutrophil recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desbuquois dysplasia type 2 (DBQD2) and spondylo-ocular syndrome (SOS) are autosomal recessive disorders affecting the extracellular matrix (ECM) and categorized as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) linkeropathies. Linkeropathies result from mutations within glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker, a linker between the core protein of proteoglycan (PG) and GAG. DBQD2 and SOS are caused by the isolated mutations of the xylosyltransferase (XT) isoforms. In this work, we successfully generated XYLT1- as well as XYLT2-deficient GAG linkeropathy model systems in human dermal fibroblasts using a ribonucleoprotein-based CRISPR/Cas9-system. Furthermore, it was possible to generate a complete XYLT-knockdown. Short- and long-term XT activity deficiency led to the mutual reduction in all linker transferase-encoding genes, suggesting a potential multienzyme complex with mutual regulation. Fibroblasts compensated for ECM misregulation initially by overexpressing ECM through the TGFβ1 signaling pathway, akin to myofibroblast differentiation patterns. The long-term reduction in one XT isoform induced a stress response, reducing ECM components. The isolated XYLT1-knockout exhibited α-smooth muscle actin overexpression, possibly partially compensated by unaltered XT-II activity. XYLT2-knockout leads to the reduction in both XT isoforms and a strong stress response with indications of oxidative stress, induced senescence and apoptotic cells. In conclusion, introducing XYLT-deficiency revealed temporal and isoform-specific regulatory differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pathologies including cancer, aberrant Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling exerts profound tumor intrinsic and extrinsic consequences. Intense clinical endeavors are underway to target this pathway. Central to the success of these interventions is pinpointing factors that decisively modulate the TGF-β responses. Betaglycan/type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII), is an established co-receptor for the TGF-β superfamily known to bind directly to TGF-βs 1–3 and inhibin A/B. Betaglycan can be membrane-bound and also undergo ectodomain cleavage to produce soluble-betaglycan that can sequester its ligands. Its extracellular domain undergoes heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan modifications, transforming betaglycan into a proteoglycan. We report the unexpected discovery that the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains on betaglycan are critical for the ectodomain shedding. In the absence of such glycosaminoglycan chains betaglycan is not shed, a feature indispensable for the ability of betaglycan to suppress TGF-β signaling and the cells' responses to exogenous TGF-β ligands. Using unbiased transcriptomics, we identified TIMP3 as a key inhibitor of betaglycan shedding thereby influencing TGF-β signaling. Our results bear significant clinical relevance as modified betaglycan is present in the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer and can serve as a marker for predicting patient outcomes and TGF-β signaling responses. These studies are the first to demonstrate a unique reliance on the glycosaminoglycan chains of betaglycan for shedding and influence on TGF-β signaling responses. Dysregulated shedding of TGF-β receptors plays a vital role in determining the response and availability of TGF-βs’, which is crucial for prognostic predictions and understanding of TGF-β signaling dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had no detrimental effects on the skin. A proteomic analysis, assessing the relative abundance of proteins in matched permeate-depilated and chemically depilated (sulfide) sheepskins, showed variations in the levels of specific collagen types in the skin's basement membrane and other proteins associated with the follicles. These findings were corroborated by biochemical analyses of matched permeate depilated and raw skin samples, and provide clues to the mechanism of non-invasive and complete depilation. They also support the observation that permeate-depilated skins were smoother than their sulfide-depilated counterparts and resulted in leather with a superior surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCR2 plays diverse and novel roles in cancer, physiology, and viral infection (COVID-19) beyond its widely accepted role in bacterial infections. The pro- or antitumoral action of CXCR2 remains under debate because this varies depending on the cells expressing the receptor. Multiple cell types express CXCR2, including neutrophils and endothelial, immune, stromal, and epithelial cells, but expression validation at the protein and RNA levels is needed. Tissue-specific heterogeneity of CXCR2 expression and function in neutrophils has been clarified with respect to maturation, aging, and the circadian rhythm. The recent availability of structures of CXCR2 bound to ligands or antagonists and the analysis of downstream effectors of CXCR2 should facilitate the design of more potent drugs and a better understanding of CXCR2 signaling function in pathophysiology. Recent findings have modified our understanding of the roles of chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its ligands in cancer, inflammation, and immunity. Studies in Cxcr2 tissue-specific knockout mice show that this receptor is involved in, among other things, cancer, central nervous system (CNS) function, metabolism, reproduction, COVID-19, and the response to circadian cycles. Moreover, CXCR2 involvement in neutrophil function has been revisited not only in physiology but also for its major contribution to cancers. The recent unfolding of the role of CXCR2 in numerous cancers has led to extensive evaluation of multiple CXCR2 antagonists in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review we discuss the potential of targeting CXCR2 for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are biomolecules found in microorganisms, plants, and animals that constitute living organisms. Glycosaminoglycans, unique acidic polysaccharides in animal connective tissue, are often combined with proteins in the form of covalent bonds due to their potent biological activity, low toxicity, and minimal side effects, which have the potential to be utilized as nutrition healthcare and dietary supplements. Existing studies have demonstrated that the bioactivity of polysaccharides is closely dependent on their structure and chain conformation. The characteristic functional groups and primary structure directly determine the strength of activity. However, the relationship between structure and function is still unclear, and the target and mechanism of action are not fully understood, resulting in limited clinical applications. As a result, the clinical applications of these polysaccharides are currently limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the extraction methods, structures, and biological activities of animal-derived polysaccharides that have been discovered so far. The aim is to promote developments in animal active polysaccharide science and provide theoretical support for exploring other unknown natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with unique structures from marine animals show intriguing pharmacological activities and negligible biological risks, providing more options for us to explore safer agents. The swim bladder is a tonic food and folk medicine, and its GAGs show good anticoagulant activity. In this study, two GAGs, CMG-1.0 and GMG-1.0, were extracted and isolated from the swim bladder of Cynoscion microlepidotus and Gadus morhua. The physicochemical properties, precise structural characteristics, and anticoagulant activities of these GAGs were determined for the first time. The analysis results of the CMG-1.0 and GMG-1.0 showed that they were chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) hybrid chains with molecular weights of 109.3 kDa and 123.1 kDa, respectively. They were mainly composed of the repeating disaccharide unit of -{IdoA-α1,3-GalNAc4S-β1,4-}- (DS-A). The DS-B disaccharide unit of -{IdoA2S-α1,3-GalNAc4S-β1,4-}- also existed in both CMG-1.0 and GMG-1.0. CMG-1.0 had a higher proportion of CS-O disaccharide unit -{-GlcA-β1,3-GalNAc-β1,4-}- but a lower proportion of CS-E disaccharide unit -{-GlcA-β1,3-GalNAc4S6S-β1,4-}- than GMG-1.0. The disaccharide compositions of the GAGs varied in a species-specific manner. Anticoagulant activity assay revealed that both CMG-1.0 and GMG-1.0 had potent anticoagulant activity, which can significantly prolong activated partial thromboplastin time. GMG-1.0 also can prolong the thrombin time. CMG-1.0 showed no intrinsic tenase inhibition activity, while GMG-1.0 can obviously inhibit intrinsic tenase with EC50 of 58 nM. Their significantly different anticoagulant activities may be due to their different disaccharide structural units and proportions. These findings suggested that swim bladder by-products of fish processing of these two marine organisms may be used as a source of anticoagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both cell surface and soluble extracellular glycosaminoglycans have been shown to interfere with the exogenous nucleic acid delivery efficiency of non-viral gene delivery, including lipoplex and polyplex-mediated transfection. Most gene therapy viral vectors used commercially and in clinical trials are currently manufactured using transient transfection-based bioprocesses. The growing demand for viral vector products, coupled with a global shortage in production capability, requires improved transfection technologies and processes to maximise process efficiency and productivity. Soluble extracellular glycosaminoglycans were found to accumulate in the conditioned cell culture medium of suspension adapted HEK293T cell cultures, compromising transfection performance and lentiviral vector production. The enzymatic degradation of specific, chondroitin sulphate-based, glycosaminoglycans with chondroitinase ABC was found to significantly enhance transfection performance. Additionally, we report significant improvements in functional lentiviral vector titre when cultivating cells at higher cell densities than those utilised in a control lentiviral vector bioprocess; an improvement that was further enhanced when cultures were supplemented with chondroitinase ABC prior to transfection. A 71.2% increase in functional lentiviral vector titre was calculated when doubling the cell density prior to transfection compared to the existing process and treatment of the high-density cell cultures with 0.1 U/mL chondroitinase ABC resulted in a further 18.6% increase in titre, presenting a method that can effectively enhance transfection performance.

IntroductionPulmonary diseases represent a significant burden to patients and the healthcare system and are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Particularly, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting public health, economies, and daily life. While the peak of the crisis has subsided, the global number of reported COVID-19 cases remains significantly high, according to medical agencies around the world. Furthermore, despite the success of vaccines in reducing the number of deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there remains a gap in the treatment of the disease, especially in addressing uncontrolled inflammation. The massive recruitment of leukocytes to lung tissue and alveoli is a hallmark factor in COVID-19, being essential for effectively responding to the pulmonary insult but also linked to inflammation and lung damage. In this context, mice models are a crucial tool, offering valuable insights into both the pathogenesis of the disease and potential therapeutic approaches.MethodsHere, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding chemokine fragment CXCL9(74-103), a molecule that potentially decreases neutrophil transmigration by competing with chemokines for GAG-binding sites, in two models of pneumonia caused by coronavirus infection.ResultsIn a murine model of betacoronavirus MHV-3 infection, the treatment with CXCL9(74-103) decreased the accumulation of total leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, to the alveolar space and improved several parameters of lung dysfunction 3 days after infection. Additionally, this treatment also reduced the lung damage. In the SARS-CoV-2 model in K18-hACE2-mice, CXCL9(74-103) significantly improved the clinical manifestations of the disease, reducing pulmonary damage and decreasing viral titers in the lungs.DiscussionThese findings indicate that CXCL9(74-103) resulted in highly favorable outcomes in controlling pneumonia caused by coronavirus, as it effectively diminishes the clinical consequences of the infections and reduces both local and systemic inflammation.

In the past few decades, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) research has been crucial for gaining insights into various physiological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects mediated by the direct interactions between the GAG molecules and diverse proteins. The structural and functional heterogeneities of GAGs as well as their ability to bind specific proteins are determined by the sugar composition of the GAG, the size of the GAG chains, and the degree and pattern of sulfation. A deep understanding of the interactions in protein–GAG complexes is essential to explain their biological functions. In this study, the umbrella sampling (US) approach is used to pull away a GAG ligand from the binding site and then pull it back in. We analyze the binding interactions between GAGs of three types (heparin, desulfated heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate) with three different proteins (basic fibroblast growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and cathepsin K). The main focus of our study was to evaluate whether the US approach is able to reproduce experimentally obtained structures, and how useful it can be for getting a deeper understanding of GAG properties, especially protein recognition specificity and multipose binding. We found that the binding free energy landscape in the proximity of the GAG native binding pose is complex and implies the co-existence of several binding poses. The sliding of a GAG chain along a protein surface could be a potential mechanism of GAG particular sequence recognition by proteins.

This comprehensive review addresses the intricate and multifaceted regulation of peptidase activity in human health and disease, providing a comprehensive investigation that extends well beyond the boundaries of the active site. Our review focuses on multiple mechanisms and highlights the important role of exosites, allosteric sites, and processes involved in zymogen activation. These mechanisms play a central role in shaping the complex world of peptidase function and are promising potential targets for the development of innovative drugs and therapeutic interventions. The review also briefly discusses the influence of glycosaminoglycans and non-inhibitory binding proteins on enzyme activities. Understanding their role may be a crucial factor in the development of therapeutic strategies. By elucidating the intricate web of regulatory mechanisms that control peptidase activity, this review deepens our understanding in this field and provides a roadmap for various strategies to influence and modulate peptidase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Essential hypertension (HT) is the global health problem and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and kidney disease. High salt intake has been associated with HT and impaired kidney sodium excretion is considered to be a major mechanism for the development of HT. Although kidney has a very important role in regulation of BP, this traditional view of BP regulation was challenged by recent findings suggesting that nonosmotic tissue sodium deposition is very important for BP regulation. This new paradigm indicates that sodium can be stored and deposited nonosmotically in the interstitium without water retention and without increased BP. One of the major determinants of this deposition is glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). By binding to GAGs found in the endothelial surface layer (ESL) which contains glycocalyx, sodium is osmotically inactivated and not induce concurrent water retention. Thus, GAGs has important function for homeostatic BP and sodium regulation. In the current review, we summarized the role of GAGs in ESL and BP regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are polydisperse glycosaminoglycans (GAGs),which have important applications as health care products and drugs in skin beauty and arthritis prevention. Enzymatic synthesis is a significant strategy to obtain oligosaccharides and polysaccharides with uniform chain length and well-defined structure. However, the limitations of glycosyltransferase, such as low expression, poor stability, and difficulty in reuse, greatly restrict its application in large-scale commercial production. In this study, we constructed the expression system for hyaluronic acid synthase PmHAS and chondroitin synthase KfoC to obtain the enzyme with high expression level and good water solubility. Subsequently, we screened and optimized several highly biocompatible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to immobilize two glycosyltransferases efficiently. The resulting enzyme@MOF composite can catalyze the synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin oligosaccharides/polysaccharides in quantitative yield. Meanwhile, the supramolecular interactions between enzyme and hydrophilic MOFs confer satisfactory stability, durability, and reusability on immobilized PmHAS and KfoC. [Display omitted] • Immobilize glycosyltransferases in metal-organic framework. • One-step self-assembly method for constructing immobilized enzyme microreactors. • Efficient synthesis of glycosaminoglycan using enzyme@MOF composites. • The catalytic stability of glycosyltransferase was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030 aims to achieve a 90% reduction in malaria cases, and strategic planning and execution are crucial for accomplishing this target. This review aims to understand the complex interaction between erythrocytic receptors and parasites and to use this knowledge to actively target the erythrocytic stage of malaria. The review provides insight into the malaria life cycle, which involves various receptors such as glycophorin A, B, C, and D (GPA/B/C/D), complement receptor 1, basigin, semaphorin 7a, Band 3/ GPA, Kx, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan for parasite cellular binding and ingress in the erythrocytic and exo -erythrocytic stages. Synthetic peptides mimicking P. falciparum receptor binding ligands, human serum albumin, chondroitin sulfate, synthetic polymers, and lipids have been utilized as ligands and decorated onto nanocarriers for specific targeting to parasite-infected erythrocytes. The need of the hour for treatment and prophylaxis against malaria is a broadened horizon that includes multiple targeting strategies against the entry, proliferation, and transmission stages of the parasite. Platform technologies with established pre-clinical safety and efficacy should be translated into clinical evaluation and formulation scale-up. Future development should be directed towards nanovaccines as proactive tools against malaria infection. [Display omitted] • The review highlights various receptors utilized by Plasmodium to infect RBCs. • Review showcases GLUT-1, PfEMP1, glycophorin, semaphorin overexpression on pRBCs. • The review explains natural/synthetic polymers, lipids targeting Plasmodium & pRBC. • Includes the in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of developed targeted nanoformulations. • Promotes development of novel nanoformulations for unexplored pRBC receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some probiotics including lactobacilli, colonize host animal cells by targeting glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparin, located in the extracellular matrix. Recent studies have shown that several lactic acid bacteria degrade GAGs. Here we show the structure/function relationship of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 4-deoxy-L-threo-5-hexosulose-uronate ketol-isomerase (KduI) crucial for metabolism of unsaturated glucuronic acid produced through degradation of GAGs. Crystal structures of ligand-free and bound KduIs were determined by X-ray crystallography and the enzyme was found to consist of six identical subunits and adopt a β-helix as a basic scaffold. Ligands structurally similar to the substrate were bound to the cleft of each enzyme subunit. Several residues located in the cleft interacted with ligands through hydrogen bonds and/or C-C contacts. In addition to substrate analogs, a metal ion coordinated to four residues, His198, His200, Glu205, and His248, in the cleft, and the enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by a chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Site-directed mutants in Arg163, Ile165, Thr184, Thr194, His200, Arg203, Tyr207, Met262, and Tyr269 in the cleft exhibited little enzyme activity, indicating that these residues and the metal ion constituted an active site in the cleft. This is the first report on the active site structure of KduI based on the ligand-bound complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important for the occurrence of signaling molecules and maintenance of microenvironment within the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. GAGs and GAG‐based biomaterial approaches have been widely explored to promote in situ tissue regeneration and repair by regulating the wound microenvironment, accelerating re‐epithelialization, and controlling ECM remodeling. However, most approaches remain unacceptable for clinical applications. To improve insights into material design and clinical translational applications, this review highlights the innate roles and bioactive mechanisms of native GAGs during in situ wound healing and presents common GAG‐based biomaterials and the adaptability of application scenarios in facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, challenges before the widespread commercialization of GAG‐based biomaterials are shared, to ensure that future designed and constructed GAG‐based artificial biomaterials are more likely to recapitulate the unique and tissue‐specific profile of native GAG expression in human tissues. This review provides a more explicit and clear selection guide for researchers designing biomimetic materials, which will resemble or exceed their natural counterparts in certain functions, thereby suiting for specific environments or therapeutic goals.

Researchers' interest in silicon as an element important for the functioning of the animal and human body began in the 1970s. Soluble compounds of silicon bioavailable from water and food seem to have important meaning for life processes occurring in the body. So far, researchers have focused on the significance of silicon for the development of bones and connective tissue, and its role in preventing neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. Despite numerous studies, the role of silicon as an active element in the human body is poorly understood. Since the involvement of lipid oxidation and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is well known, this article summarizes and discusses the current research and scientific observations regarding silicon, primarily in terms of its beneficial influence on redox and anti-inflammatory reactions and the lipid profile. The association of silicon with the stabilization of the structure of glycosaminoglycans and their protein complexes may also support the anti-atherosclerotic effect. The authors attempted to collect and present existing publications that could confirm the beneficial role of dietary silicon in the prevention of age-related diseases and explain the potential mechanisms of its action.