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The current research focuses on optimizing the immobilization of crude pectinase, produced by solid-state fermentation, onto chitin using ultrasound and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent for grape juice clarification. A Box-Behnken design was used to model the effects of ultrasound time (5–15 min), ultrasound amplitude (20 – 60 %), and water-to-support ratio for ultrasound application (16−24) on immobilized crude pectinase activity and immobilization efficiency. Optimal conditions, comprising ultrasound time of 10 min, ultrasound amplitude of 20 %, and water-to-support ratio for ultrasound application of 24, yielded an immobilized crude pectinase activity of 2.19 IU/mL and 74 % immobilization efficiency. The immobilized crude pectinase showed improved kinetic properties and retained 69 % activity after three use cycles. Both free and immobilized crude pectinase enhanced juice clarity, reducing sugar, and TSS while lowering viscosity. [Display omitted] • Crude pectinase was produced using Assam lemon peel as substrate by Aspergillus flavus. • Ultrasound assisted immobilization of the crude pectinase was done on chitin support. • The process of immobilization was optimized by response surface methodology. • Immobilized pectinase from the optimized process was characterized and compared with free crude pectinase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superior vena cava syndrome is rare and challenging clinical entity in neonates. Medical treatment options are usually effective. However, when failed, surgery is warranted. Herein, we present a preterm neonate with SVC syndrome and associated chylothorax. When 2 weeks old, he underwent successful open thrombectomy and SVC reconstruction under cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediately after the operation findings of SVC syndrome and chylotorax were completely resolved. To our knowledge, this patient is the smallest baby underwent open SVC reconstruction with cardiopulmonary bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): For designing a suitable hydrogel, two crosslinked Alginate/Carboxymethyl cellulose (Alg/CMC) hydrogel, using calcium chloride (Ca2+) and glutaraldehyde (GA) as crosslinking agents were synthesized and compared. Materials and Methods: All samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Blood compatibility (BC), Blood clotting index (BCI), weight loss (WL), water absorption (WA), pH, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Cell viability and cell migration were investigated using the MTT assay and the wound scratch test, respectively. Besides, the wound healing potential of prepared hydrogels was evaluated on the rat models with full-thickness skin excision. To further investigation, TGF ß1, IGF-I, COL1, ACT-A (alfa-SMA), and GAPDH expression levels were also reported by RT-PCR. Results: Water absorption and weight loss properties were compared between different crosslinker agents, and the most nontoxic crosslinker concentration was determined. We have shown that GA (20 µl/ml) and Ca2+ (50 or 75 mM) enhanced the physical stability of Alg-CMC hydrogel, and they are nontoxic and suitable crosslinkers for wound dressing applications. Although in vivo assessments indicated that the GA (20 µl/ml) had a cytotoxic effect on tissue repair, Ca2+ (75 mM) boosted the wound healing process. Further, RT-PCR results revealed that TGF ß1, IGF-I, COL1, ACT-A (alfa-SMA), and GAPDH expression levels were increased in GA (20 µl/ml). Moreover, this trend is the opposite in the Ca2+ (75 mM) treatment groups. Conclusion: This research shows that Ca2+ (75 mM) boosts tissue regeneration and wound healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study a new halogen-free flame-retardant curing agent, 6,6'-(1,5-bis((4-(4-aminobenzyl)phenyl)amino)pentane-1,5-diyl)bis(dibenzo-oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DOPO-DMG). The DOPO-DMG was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), and glutaric dialdehyde as raw materials in this paper. The chemical structures of DMG and DOPO-DMG were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. The results showed that the DOPO -DMG was successfully prepared. The thermal stability, mechanical and flame properties, as well as the morphology of the char layer in composite materials were investigated separately using TG (Thermogravimetric analysis), tensile and Charpy impact tests, LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) and UL-94 (UL-94 HB flammability standard), and SEM (scanning electron microscope). When IFR (Intumescent Flame Retardants) was added to the EP, the LOI of the composite material improved. DOPO-DMG exhibited excellent flame-retardant properties and produced no toxic fumes when burned in case of fire. Under optimal conditions, it was found that adding DOPO-DMG with a phosphorus content of 2.01% to the epoxy resin resulted in an LOI of 28.8, UL 94 rating of V-0, tensile strength of 39.1 MPa, impact strength of 5.2 KJ/m2 respectively, and a char yield at 800°C of 25.63%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide Binding Tag (LBT) peptides that coordinate selectively with lanthanide ions can be used to replace the energy intensive processes used for the separation of rare earth elements (REEs). These surface-active biomolecules, once selectively complexed with the trivalent REE cations, can adsorb to air/aqueous interfaces of bubbles for foam-based REEs recovery. Glutaraldehyde, an organic compound that is a homobifunctional crosslinker for proteins and peptides, can be used to enhance the adsorption and interfacial stabilization of lanthanide-bound peptides films. The stability of the interfacial cross-linked films was tested by measuring their dilational and shear surface rheological properties. Surface activity of the adsorbed species was analyzed using pendant drop tensiometry, while surface density and molecular arrangement were determined using x-ray reflectivity and x-ray fluorescence near total reflection. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked REE-peptide complexes enhance the adsorption of lanthanides to air-water interfaces, resulting in thicker interfacial structures. Subsequently, these thicker layers enhance the dilational and shear interfacial rheological properties. The interfacial film stabilization and REEs extraction promoted by the cross-linker presented in this work provides an approach to integrate glutaraldehyde as a substitute of common foam stabilizers such as polymers, surfactants, and particles to optimize the recovery of REEs when using biomolecules as extractants.   • The cross-linking of Lanthanide Binding Tag (LBT):Rare Earth Element (REE) complexes. • The enhancement of adsorbed REEs is due to the formation of thicker surface layers. • The rheological properties of films can be controlled by the degree of cross-linking. • The crosslinked LBT:REE complexes retain the surface selectively between REEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental burden of tannery wastewater, characterized by high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) and other contaminants, presents a significant challenge for sustainable water management. This study addresses this issue by developing a novel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite membrane optimized for efficient TDS removal from tannery effluent. The membrane was fabricated using a solution casting technique, with glutaraldehyde employed as a crosslinking agent to enhance mechanical properties and stability. Characterization techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, and contact angle measurements, were used to evaluate the membrane's surface chemistry, morphology, and hydrophilicity, which are crucial for pollutant separation. Performance testing demonstrated that the membrane achieved a TDS removal efficiency of 91.73% at an optimal pH of 8 and a transmembrane pressure of 3.5 bar, with a permeability of 194 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1. Additionally, substantial reductions in turbidity (94.51%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 91.91%), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 89.70%), salinity (80.57%), and total suspended solids (TSS, 96.45%) were observed. The membrane exhibited impressive mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 44 ± 0.43 MPa, 150 ± 0.67% elongation at break, Young's modulus of 750 ± 0.47 MPa, and flexibility of 23 ± 0.53%, indicating its flexibility and durability. Its partial biodegradability and potential for scalable production contribute to its environmental sustainability. This work establishes the PVA-PVC composite membrane as a promising and cost-effective solution for industrial wastewater treatment, offering a sustainable approach to mitigating water pollution in the leather industry. Fabrication of PVA-PVC Composite Membrane for TDS removal from tannery wastewater [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde/algae (CHS-GTD/AL) composite was synthesized through a two-step process. Firstly, the natural biopolymer chitosan (CHS) was functionalized with algae (AL), introducing additional functional groups to the pristine chitosan. Then, a cross-linking process was carried out using glutaraldehyde (GTD). The resulting CHS-GTD/AL composite demonstrated excellent adsorption properties for methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption behavior of MV 2B by CHS-GTD/AL was extensively investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD), considering the key factors influencing the adsorption process: CHS-GTD/AL dose (0.02 to 0.1 g/100 mL), time (10 to 180 min), and pH (4 to 10). The equilibrium adsorption of MV 2B by CHS-GTD/AL was well-described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetics of MV 2B adsorption by CHS-GTD/AL followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The adsorption capacity of CHS-GTD/AL for MV 2B was determined to be 123.2 mg/g. The effective adsorption of MV 2B on CHS-GTD/AL can be attributed to the electrostatic forces between the positively charged CHS-GTD/AL and the MV 2B anions, as well as interactions such as n-π and H-bonding. Regeneration study indicated that the CHS-GTD/AL could successfully adsorb MV 2B, even after five cycles. The present work reveals the remarkable potential of CHS-GTD/AL as an excellent adsorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nickel oxide multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT‐NiO) were employed in the immobilization of xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, after modification with (3‐glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane or 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The APTES‐derivatized MWCNT‐NiO particles were activated with glutaraldehyde to immobilize T. lanuginosus xylanase via covalent attachment. The (3‐glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane‐derivatized MWCNT‐NiO particles were directly used for the covalent immobilization of T. lanuginosus xylanase, or the formed epoxy groups were converted to aldehyde groups. The free xylanase had maximum activity at pH 7.5, whereas the immobilized samples showed an optimum pH of 7.0. The optimum temperature was 60°C for the xylanase samples. The thermal stability of xylanase increased at 7 and/or 12 folds after immobilization. The results of xylooligosaccharide synthesis showed that the main formed xylooligosaccharides were xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose for the immobilized xylanase samples. Furthermore, an effect of the enzyme loading could be found, an increase in this parameter promoted that xylobiose and xylotriose amounts slightly increased, whereas xylotetraose amount slightly decreased. The immobilized xylanase samples retained at least 80% of their initial activity after five reuses at pH 7.0 and 60°C. The results show that the new xylanase preparations were easily separable, thermally stable, and reusable in the synthesis of xylooligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled drug delivery is the mechanism that determines the frequency of the drug as well as the side effect that can be occurred. Many approaches studied the encapsulation of the drug in a polymer matrix to achieve a controlled released drug by the effect crosslinking network. In this work, a loaded hydrogel with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has been prepared as an incremental effect on the antibacterial properties. So, four formulations named, hydrogel 1, hydrogel 2, hydrogel 3, and hydrogel 4 were prepared using different polymers concentrations (chitosan, gelatin, iota carrageenan (IC), and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agents) ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was used as a drug model. The obtained data revealed that the hydrogels prepared from chitosan/gelatin/IC hydrogels are porous and have interconnected microstructures. The hydrogels structure was evaluated by ATR-IR spectroscopy, EDX, Swelling rate, SEM, porosity, antibacterial properties as well as drug release and kinetics. The hydrogels fractured at stresses of 0.1665 to 0.0358 Kgf / mm2. The swelling rates (SR %) after 24 h. were 412%, 362%, 383%, 375% and 407% for of hydrogel 1, hydrogel 2, hydrogel 3, hydrogel 4 and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded hydrogel 1, respectively. The porosity of the prepared hydrogels was increased as the concentration of IC increased from 72.4 to 78%. Loading of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was confirmed by the presence of fluorine in the EDX measurement. The ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded hydrogel 1 has a sustained release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride over a time of about 10 h. The first-order kinetic model is the best model for the release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from the prepared ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded hydrogel 1 with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9814. The unloaded samples of hydrogels had almost the same antibacterial properties regardless of the amount of IC. Loading the hydrogel with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has an incremental effect on the antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising approach for managing root caries is the use of cross‐linking agents to stabilize collagen. However, despite testing various natural and synthetic agents in vitro, their efficacy remains uncertain. The aim of this review was to examine which cross‐linking agent performs better in reducing root caries lesion depth and the release of hydroxyproline, which is a marker of collagen degradation. Studies evaluating the impact of cross‐linking agents on dentin were included, while studies performed on enamel surface/cell cultures and studies evaluating collagenase inhibitors were excluded, among others. A comprehensive search covered eight databases, and study quality was assessed using the QUINN Tool for in vitro dental studies. Synthesis of the results was done using a Bayesian network meta‐analysis to compare agents. Fifty studies involving 31 cross‐linking agents were included for qualitative synthesis. The network meta‐analysis for lesion depth involved 284 samples across 36 comparisons and ranked cross‐linking agents in terms of their caries lesion depth‐reducing effect (from best to worst): naringin > quercetin > riboflavin > proanthocyanidins > hesperidin > glutaraldehyde > cranberry > grape seed extract > untreated controls. Only naringin, quercetin, proanthocyanidins, and glutaraldehyde showed statistically significant efficacy over untreated controls. Cranberry extract excelled in reducing hydroxyproline release, followed by proanthocyanidins. In conclusion, proanthocyanidins positively affected both outcomes, suggesting they are prime candidates for translational research. Clinical studies are now essential to evaluate their real‐world effectiveness against root caries. PROSPERO‐CRD42023404911. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a study that provides new insight on the knowledge gaps that relate to the role of biopolymer structure and adsorption properties for chitosan adsorbents that are cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The systematic modification of chitosan cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (CG) and its quaternized forms (QCG) was studied in relation to the reaction conditions: mole ratios of reactants and pH conditions. Complementary adsorbent characterization employed 13C NMR/FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and DSC, point-zero-charge (PZC), solvent swelling, and sorption studies using selected dye probes. The spectral and thermal techniques provide complementary evidence that affirm the key role of cross-linker content and quaternization on variation of the physicochemical properties of chitosan. The PZC results reveal a neutral surface charge for the modified materials between pH 6.0 to 6.3 ± 0.3, as compared with pH 8.7 ± 0.4 for pristine chitosan. Solvent swelling in water decreased with greater cross-linking, while the QCG materials had greater swelling over CG materials due to enhanced hydration. The adsorption results reveal variable dye uptake properties according to the cross-linker content. Similarly, surface versus micropore adsorption was demonstrated, according to the nature and ionization state of the dye for the modified adsorbents, where the CG and QCG materials had tunable sorption properties that exceeded that of unmodified chitosan. A key step in tuning the structure and surface chemical properties of cross-linked chitosan involves pH control during synthesis. The facile tunability of the physicochemical properties of the modified biopolymers reported herein means that they possess features of biomimetics that are relevant to advanced drug delivery, antimicrobial materials for wound healing, biosensors, and biosorbents for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilization methods for cellulase entrapped into alginate beads with glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking were investigated. Cellulase entrapped into alginate-polyethylene glycol beads with glutaraldehyde cross-linking (SA-PEG-E) showed more superiority both in terms of catalytic performance and reusability than other methods. Several conditions during SA-PEG-E immobilization such as cellulase concentration, GA amount, pH of immobilization, cross-linking time and hardening temperature were evaluated to study their effect on immobilized enzyme activity, immobilization yield and immobilization efficiency. Based on the results, GA amount, pH of immobilization and hardening temperature were selected for process optimization of SA-PEG-E using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum immobilized conditions were obtained with a GA amount of 0.8 mL, pH of immobilization 4.7, and hardening temperature of 47.5 °C when the cellulase concentration was 7.5 mg/mL and cross-linking time was 2 h. Then, the characterization of SA-PEG-E was studied. The optimum pH of SA-PEG-E was observed to be 4, 1 unit lower than that of the free enzyme (pH 5). The optimum temperature was the same for both free and immobilized cellulase at 50 °C. In addition, the SA-PEG-E exhibited broad pH and temperature adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides are commonly employed in agricultural fields due to their potent insecticidal properties and short environmental persistence. However, organophosphorus pesticides enter the human body through the food chain, surface, and groundwater, leading to irreversible damage to the nervous system. Therefore, monitoring the presence of organophosphorus pesticides in food is necessary to ensure human safety. Herein, an ultra‐sensitive electrochemical biosensor has been prepared by using graphitic carbon nitride decorated molybdenum sulfide (g‐C3N4@MoS2) as a catalyst for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides, trichlorfon. The synergistic effect of g‐C3N4@MoS2 boosts the electron transfer across the electrode surface, further contributing to the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. At optimum conditions, the developed biosensor (AChE/g‐C3N4@MoS2/ITO) demonstrated a broad linear range (5–100 nM) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 2.1 nM obtained using the equation 3σ/S where σ is the standard deviation and S is the sensitivity of the bioelectrode. In addition, the AChE/g‐C3N4@MoS2/ITO biosensor exhibited good stability and reproducibility, with satisfactory results for real sample analysis of trichlorfon detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short sugarcane bagasse fibers, an agro-residue vastly produced worldwide, with Brazil being the leading producer, were used to reinforce brittle phenolic-type thermosets formed from resins synthesized using lignosulfonate to replace phenol. Glutaraldehyde, which has a lower vapor pressure than formaldehyde, was tested in the lignophenolic resin synthesis to improve the composite processability. Both composites, Glu-SLig (C) and For-SLig (C), formed from glutaraldehyde/sodium lignosulfonate and formaldehyde/sodium lignosulfonate resins, respectively, showed a higher impact and flexural strength than their respective non-reinforced thermosets. This may be attributed to the compatibility between the lignophenolic matrix and sugarcane bagasse fibers, indicated by their nearby free surface energy density dispersive component values. Glu-SLig(C) presented impact resistance (≅20%), flexural modulus (≅45%), and Tg values higher than For-SLig(C). Lignophenolic thermoset composites formed from a high volume of plant-based materials can be an excellent alternative to materials used in non-structural applications, such as rigid packaging and automotive interior parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Glutaraldehyde (GTA) crosslinking is commonly used to improve the thermal stability and mechanical strength of collagen casings. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal pH of the crosslinking between GTA and collagen as well as the crosslinking mechanisms. The weakly alkaline environment could facilitate the generation of GTA polymerization through the rapid generation of -C = C-C = O and -N = C-C = C- conjugated structures, and enhance the crosslinking reaction of GTA polymers with collagen amino groups. In the pH range of 8–10, the fibril diameter and d-space value declined significantly in the self-assembled collagen fibril-GTA system. Meanwhile, collagen casing films crosslinked with GTA in weakly alkaline conditions exhibited higher mechanical strength and thermal stability. These results suggest that the crosslinking of collagen casings and GTA can be improved by adjusting the pH. Possible crosslinking mechanisms related to the formation of conjugated long chains have also been proposed. This study could provide guidance on the appropriate use of GTA in the production process of collagen casings. Graphical Abstract

Background: The occupational hazards of glutaraldehyde are well known; the possibility of harm to the patients has been highlighted in the form of isolated reports only. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence for contact mucosal injury or injury due to intraperitoneal instillation of glutaraldehyde following its use during laparoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current review is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) compliant. PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar were interrogated for animal and human studies upon the harmful effects of glutaraldehyde during laparoscopy and proctosigmoido-colonoscopy. Results: Thirty-five studies substratified into animal experiments (n = 2), glutaraldehyde-induced colitis (G-iC) postendoscopy (n = 30), and laparoscopy (n = 3) were included. Rats suffered mucosal injury following colonic injection of glutaraldehyde which was time- and concentration-dependent quantum and developed bloody diarrhoea. Omental and renal injury was observed due to glutaraldehyde instillation during simulation of intra-peritoneal insufflation in rats; the serum leucocytes, CRP and creatinine were also elevated. G-iC following colonoscopy was related to contact mucosal injury due to failure (human or machinery) to rinse the chemical off the instrument surface or as a case of mistaken identity (glutaraldehyde was mistaken for saline or another reagent). The incubation period was

Heavy metal removal from wastewater has emerged as a major environmental concern on a global scale. The primary objective of this study was to determine how well lead (Pb) can be removed from wastewater by adsorptive processes using a chitosan-oligosaccharide-based hybrid (chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)/carboxymethyl starch binary blend material developed in the presence of glutaraldehyde (Glu). The amine and hydroxyl groups in the COS structure, the hydroxy and carboxy groups in the carboxymethyl starch, and the imine groups created when the amino group of COS reacts with the aldehydic group glutaraldehyde aid in the removal of Pb ions. FTIR, SEM, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the COS/CMC + Glu blend. Batch adsorption experiments, in which various factors including the impact of initial concentration, the dose of adsorbent, and the duration of contact, were used to analyze the removal of ions. The pH-dependent adsorption of Pb ions peaked at pH 5. The favorability of the reported experimental data was confirmed using various theoretical models, such as the Freundlich, the Langmuir isotherms, and pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorption was best fit by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses innovative wastewater treatment methods using adsorption, catalysis, and biodegradation to address environmental challenges caused by industrial growth. Various materials, such as biomass, pine fibers, chitosan, and biochar, were explored for their efficiency in removing pollutants from water bodies. Studies on activated carbon, molecularly imprinted polymers, and composite materials showed promising results in water purification. The research aims to develop sustainable and effective strategies for environmental remediation, emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment for a sustainable future. [Extracted from the article]

Stiffness-related eye diseases such as keratoconus require comprehensive visualization of the complex morphological matrix changes. The aim of this study was to use three-dimensional (3D) light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to analyze unlabeled corneal tissue samples, qualitatively visualizing changes in corneal stiffness. Isolated porcine corneal tissue samples were treated with either NaCl or 0.1% glutaraldehyde (GTA) prior to clearing with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) and subsequently scanned with LSFM. After analysis of the LSFM data sets, the samples were embedded in paraffin to validate the results by conventional planar microscopy. In the unlabeled corneal tissue samples the 2D/3D morphology of the entire tissue volume was identified by specific autofluorescence signals. An enhancement of collagen crosslinking was induced by applying GTA to the corneal tissue. Subsequent LSFM scans showed specific morphological changes due to altered autofluorescence signals of the corneal stroma, which were confirmed by conventional histology. Therefore, LSFM analysis of corneal tissue samples allowed label-free 3D autofluorescence assessment of the corneal morphology in its anatomical context. It provides the technical basis for the examination of the pathologically altered cornea and facilitates ophthalmologic examinations of corneal diseases based on the altered tissue stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) is a painful condition that can affect a person's quality of life. Laser therapy is a valid treatment option for this problem, which leads to immediate and long-term pain relief. This study aims to comprehensively review the effects of different laser treatments on DH. Methods: The search was performed in electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus, published in English from January 2012 to October 2024. The following keywords were searched: Laser, Dentine hypersensitivity, Dental pain. Relevant laboratory and clinical studies were included. Results: Based on the electronic search, 988 articles were identified. Based on the search strategy and removal of duplicate articles, 47 articles remained. Finally, with the addition of 7 supplementary articles from a manual search, 16 in-vitro and 38 clinical studies were included. Application of high power diode laser at 980 nm and 2 W and Er;Cr:YSGG at a power of 0.5 W in a single session has been found to be a practical therapeutic approach in alleviating DH. The utilization of Nd:YAG was found to be inferior in high-power settings. Conclusion: Both high/medium and low power lasers have the ability to relieve DH when used with appropriate output settings. These treatments demonstrate an instant pain-relieving effect upon application and also provide long-lasting advantages. Additionally, the simultaneous use of surface desensitizers, such as Gluma and substances that contain potassium nitrate with lasers, can be a practical approach for treating DH, especially when utilizing a low-power laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thermostable, alkali-stable xylanase was produced from Bacillus pumilus SV-85S under submerged fermentation with activity 7505 IU/mL. The worldwide demand and prime focus of industries are making the product cost effective, to reduce the cost of the process, enzyme immobilization is one of the cost-effective methods for industrial sector. This paper reports covalent immobilization of highly thermostable alkali-stable xylanase on glutaraldehyde-activated aluminum oxide pellets. The immobilization yield and efficiency were found 48.05% and 83.13%, respectively. Immobilized xylanase retained approximately 50% of its initial activity at 70 °C whereas free enzyme lost almost all its activity. At pH 11, immobilized enzyme retained 51.07% of its activity while the activity of free enzyme was almost negligible. The immobilization increased the half-lives and D-values which resulted in improved thermostability. Thermodynamically, increase in enthalpy and free energy change after covalent immobilization could be credited to the enhanced stability. Immobilized xylanase could be reused for 8 consecutive batches retaining 55% of its initial activity on 5th cycle of reusability. The immobilized xylanase was found to be effective in papaya juice enrichment with 11% increase in yield, 2% increase in clarity, and 26% increase in reducing sugars. Immobilization on this support is significant as this support can sustain high mechanical resistance at high pH and temperature. This considerable stability and reusability of bound enzyme may be advantageous for its industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of epidemics such as African swine fever has intensified the use of disinfectants in pig farms, resulting in an increasing residual concentration of disinfectants in environmental media; however, the high-frequency excessive use of disinfectants that damage pig farm manure anaerobic fermentation systems and their mechanisms has not attracted enough attention. Especially, the complex effects of residual disinfectants on anaerobic fermentation systems for pig manure remain poorly understood, thus impeding the application of disinfectants in practical anaerobic fermentation systems. Herein, we explored the effects of glutaraldehyde disinfectant on methane production, effluent physicochemical indices, and microbial communities in a fully automated methanogenic potential test system (AMPTSII). The results show that adding glutaraldehyde led to remarkable alterations in methane production, chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile solids (VS), and polysaccharide and phosphorus concentrations. During the anaerobic process, the production of methane displayed a notable decrease of 5.0–98% in all glutaraldehyde treatments, and the trend was especially apparent for treatments containing high levels of glutaraldehyde. Comparisons of the effluent quality showed that in the presence of 0.002–0.04% glutaraldehyde, the COD and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 12–310% and 15–27%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of 0.01–0.08% glutaraldehyde decreased the ammonium (NH4+-N) concentration and VS degradation rate by 7.7–15% and 4.9–26.2%. Furthermore, microbiological analysis showed that the glutaraldehyde treatments had adverse effects on the microbial community. Notably, certain functional bacteria were restrained, as highlighted by the decreases in relative abundance and microbial diversity by 1.3–17% and 0.06–21%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of disinfectants in anaerobic fermentation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quail is an interesting emerging bird species gaining attention in developmental embryology research due to its small size, quick lifespan, and fast growth rate. These characteristics make quail an ideal model for examining the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the embryonic development of the colorectum was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of its functions in digestion, absorption, and immunity. Methodology: The morphological anatomy and microscopical structure of the colorectal wall of 74 embryos were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Histologically, the embryos were collected and dissected to extract the intestine. The samples were then fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for a minimum of 24 h, and in 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffer formalin for semithin processing and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The wall of the embryonic colorectum on the hatching day consisted of three layers; mucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. Mucosa was a simple layer of columnar enterocytes interspersed with goblet cells that appeared as cub-like shaped cells. Additionally, two ganglionic plexuses were also developed in the colorectal wall; Auerbach plexus (among the colorectal tunica muscularis) and Meissner plexus (submucosal plexus). Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of the quail colorectum at different ages were closely related to its functional features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis has been immobilized on chitosan-glutaraldehyde particles employing different enzyme loadings (in a range of 0.7–7 mg/g of support). The biocatalysts had been later utilized to produce lactulose by transglycosylation using milk whey supplemented with fructose. The amount of produced lactulose decreased when the enzyme loading increased, from around 18 mg/mL using the biocatalysts with only 0.7 mg/g to around 7 mg/mL using the biocatalyst with a loading of 7 mg/mL. The results showed in this paper shows the great effect of the substrates and product concentration gradients inside the biocatalyst particle, not only lactulose, but also glucose and galactose. That is, the use of a excessive enzyme loading can lead to a significant worsening of the β-galactosidase biocatalyst performance in kinetically controlled synthesis. [Display omitted] • β-galactosidase was immobilized using different biocatalysts enzyme loadings. • The biocatalysts were used to produce lactulose from lactose and fructose. • The higher the enzyme loading, the lower the lactulose production. • The substrate and products internal gradients explain the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, a nano-support containing cellulose nanocrystals – polydopamine (CP) was functionalized with glutaraldehyde (G) and utilized to immobilize papain. The properties of the supports and stabilized enzyme were characterized by TEM, SEM, DLS, Zeta-potential, FTIR, and EDS analyses. The optimal temperature of both papain forms was 60 °C, while the optimal pH value of the stabilized papain shifted from 7 to 8 after immobilization. The immobilized enzyme preparations showed higher stability at 80 and 90 °C and under acidic and alkaline conditions compared to the free enzyme. CPG-papain stability was higher than that of CP-papain. The K m values for free and immobilized papain on CP and CPG were 3.92, 3, and 2.74 mM respectively. K cat values were 9.05, 15.18, and 11.59 min−1 and catalytic efficiency values were 2.3, 5.05, and 4.23 mM−1.min−1. Additionally, the potential advantages of using a silver nanohydrid support were assessed. Although silver nanoparticles conveyed some catalytic activity to the final biocatalysts, they also caused a decrease in stability and activity of the immobilized papain. Therefore, the non-hybrid supports CP and CPG were more suitable candidates for the immobilization of papain than the hybrid supports. [Display omitted] • Cellulose nanocrystals – polydopamine support was synthesized. • Papain was covalently immobilized onto CP using glutaraldehyde. • Immobilizing the enzyme significantly enhanced its storage, thermal, and pH stability. • The K m kinetic parameter decreased while K cat /K m ratio increased. • The addition of AgNPs on the CP-papain worsened enzyme features [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the effect of immobilizing PEXANL1, a recombinant Aspergillus niger sn -1,3 lipase, immobilization on chitosan-coated Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs) on its activity and secondary structure. Initially, Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs were synthesized and employed to facilitate the covalent immobilization of PEXANL1, confirmed through SEM, XRD, FTIR, VSM, XRD, and TGA analyses. The PEXANL1-Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs demonstrated significantly enhanced performance, achieving a maximum activity recovery of 154 % ± 2 % and an immobilization efficiency of 72 % ± 0.8 % under optimum conditions: acetonitrile + acetone as precipitant, support mass of 125 mg, a precipitant to enzyme solution ratio 4:1, glutaraldehyde concentration of 15 mM, crosslinking time of 1 h. Relative to PEXANL1, the immobilized enzyme showed a 17.2 % reduction in β-fold content. In contrast, α-helix, β-turn, and irregular curl contents increased by 9.3 %, 0.75 %, and 6.74 %, respectively, indicating a more ordered structural composition and enhanced stability. Repeated use of PEXANL1-Fe 3 O 4 @CS MNPs maintained about 52 % of its initial activity after 8 cycles. Glycerolysis tests showed that the sn -1,3 specificity of the immobilized PEXANL1 was 71.15 %. Compared to PEXANL1, immobilized PEXANL1 exhibited more excellent to variations in temperature, pH, metal ions, and organic solvents. [Display omitted] • The activity recovery of immobilized PEXANL1 under optimal conditions was 154 %. • Immobilization improves the ordered structure in the secondary structure of PEXANL1. • Immobilized PEXANL1 remains the sn -1,3 selectivity to triolein. • Immobilization improves the enzymatic properties and operational stability of PEXANL1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak polyelectrolyte chains are versatile polymeric materials due to the large number of functional groups that can be used in different environmental applications. Herein, one weak polycation (polyethyleneimine, PEI) and two polyanions (poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(sodium methacrylate), PMAA) were directly deposited through precipitation of an inter-polyelectrolyte coacervate onto the silica surface (IS), followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking and extraction of polyanions chains. Four core–shell composites based on silica were synthesized and tested for adsorption of lead (Pb2+) and nickel (Ni2+) as model pollutants in batch sorption experiments on the laboratory scale. The sorbed/desorbed amounts depended on the crosslinking degree of the composite shell, as well as on the type of anionic polyelectrolyte. After multiple loading/release cycles of the heavy metal ions, the maximum sorption capacities were situated between 5–10 mg Pb2+/g composite and 1–6 mg Ni2+/g composite. The strong crosslinked composites (r = 1.0) exhibited higher amounts of heavy metal ions (Me2+) sorbed than the less crosslinked ones, with less PEI on the surface but with more flexible chains being more efficient than more PEI with less flexible chains. Core–shell composites based on silica and weak polyelectrolytes could act as sorbent materials, which may be used in water or wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore the influence of different factors on the aggregation effect on hemoglobin (Hb) and enzymes during the preparation of Polyhemoglobin-Superoxide dismutase-Catalase-Carbonic anhydrase (PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA). Several factors including temperatures, pH values, Glutaraldehyde (GDA) amounts and enzymes amounts were investigated systematically to study their effects on the enzymes recoveries and polymerization rates including the Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Carbonic anhydrase (CA), as well as their effects on the molecular weight distribution of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA. Then the oxygen affinity and methemoglobin (MetHb) contents of obtained PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA were measured to evaluate the effects of enzyme crosslinking on the properties of Polyhemoglobin (PolyHb) moieties in the molecular structure of obtained PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate. The results showed that the enzyme recoveries and polymerization rates could be decreased with the temperatures increasing and could be generally kept stable in the physiological pH conditions, but presented only slight changes among the investigated enzyme amounts ranges. Although the GDA concentration increasing could promote the enzyme polymerization rates, the enzyme recoveries decreased in whole. The polymerization rate and molecular size of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate increased with the elevation of temperature and the concentration of GDA. Lastly, the P50 values, Hill coefficients, and MetHb contents of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate with different enzyme crosslinking degrees exhibited no obvious differences with each other. In conclusion, the polymerization reactions between enzymes and Hb molecules could be remarkably affected by temperatures, pH values, and GDA amounts, and the enzyme crosslinking presented no obvious effects on the Hb properties, especially about the oxygen affinity and oxidation degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgical guides are commonly used to assist with dental implant placement. This study investigated the effects of five sterilization and disinfection methods on the accuracy of implant guides. Methods: Thirty surgical guides (five in each group) were designed and printed (with digital light processing technology) using different sterilization or disinfection methods categorized into six groups: hydrogen peroxide sterilization (group one); glutaraldehyde sterilization (group two); autoclaving (group three); plasma sterilization (group four); iodophor disinfection (group five); and blank group (group six). Verification was determined using three methods: distance and angle between the cross‐shaped marks, deformation after superimposing the guides, and displacement and axial changes in the virtual implant. Results: After disinfection and sterilization, the guides in the autoclaving and iodophor groups showed a more pronounced color change and the guide in the autoclaving group had visible cracks. More significant changes were observed in the H2O2, glutaraldehyde, autoclaving, and iodophor groups regarding deformation after superimposing the guides and the distance and angle between the cross‐shaped marks. The average labial deformation values (mm) of the first through fifth groups of guides were 0.283, 0.172, 0.289, 0.153, and 0.188, respectively. All groups were statistically different from the blank group for displacement and axial changes of the virtual implant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The sizes of almost all surgical guides changed after sterilization and disinfection treatments, with between‐group differences. Plasma sterilization was more suitable for surgical guide sterilization because of the smaller deformations after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutaraldehyde (GTA) crosslinking is commonly used to improve the thermal stability and mechanical strength of collagen casings. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal pH of the crosslinking between GTA and collagen as well as the crosslinking mechanisms. The weakly alkaline environment could facilitate the generation of GTA polymerization through the rapid generation of -C = C-C = O and -N = C-C = C- conjugated structures, and enhance the crosslinking reaction of GTA polymers with collagen amino groups. In the pH range of 8–10, the fibril diameter and d-space value declined significantly in the self-assembled collagen fibril-GTA system. Meanwhile, collagen casing films crosslinked with GTA in weakly alkaline conditions exhibited higher mechanical strength and thermal stability. These results suggest that the crosslinking of collagen casings and GTA can be improved by adjusting the pH. Possible crosslinking mechanisms related to the formation of conjugated long chains have also been proposed. This study could provide guidance on the appropriate use of GTA in the production process of collagen casings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial contamination remains a global issue threatening human health. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated using Osmanthus fragrans flower extract as a reducing agent, and biochar derived from carbonizing waste barley distillers' grain shells was used as a support to fabricate silver-loaded carbon (C-AgNP, C-Ag). PVA-CS-C-Ag-St gel was acquired by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), and starch (St) with glutaraldehyde (GA). Results from SEM, FTIR, and XRD demonstrated that PVA, CS, St, and C-Ag were successfully incorporated into the gel. The PVA-CS-C-Ag-S gel showcased excellent swelling and water retention properties, which had substantial antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 25.0 mm, 22.5 mm, and 18.0 mm, respectively. Finally, the antimicrobial analysis revealed that PVA-CS-C-Ag-St gel exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties against typical Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Overall, the PVA-CS-C-Ag-St gel holds great promise for food preservation and environmental pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In biomaterials research, using one or two components to prepare materials is common. However, there is a growing interest in developing materials composed of three components, as these can offer enhanced physicochemical properties compared to those consisting of one or two components. The introduction of a third component can significantly improve the mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and functionality of the resulting materials. Cross-linking is often employed to further enhance these properties, with chemical cross-linking agents being the most widely used method. This article provides an overview of the chemical agents utilized in the cross-linking of three-component biomaterials. The literature review focused on cases where the material was composed of three components and a chemical substance was employed as the cross-linking agent. The most commonly used cross-linking agents identified in the literature include glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, dialdehyde starch, dialdehyde chitosan, and the EDC/NHS mixture. Additionally, the review briefly discusses materials cross-linked with the MES/EDC mixture, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and genipin. Through a critical analysis of current research, this work aims to guide the development of more effective and safer biopolymeric materials tailored for biomedical applications, highlighting potential areas for further investigation and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a generalized version of dynamic asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is introduced, and it is shown that the process has a Markov duality property with the same process on the reversed lattice. The duality functions are multivariate q -Racah polynomials, and the corresponding orthogonality measure is the reversible measure of the process. By taking limits in the generator of dynamic ASEP, its reversible measure, and the duality functions, we obtain orthogonal and triangular dualities for several other interacting particle systems. In this sense, the duality of dynamic ASEP sits on top of a hierarchy of many dualities. For the construction of the process, we rely on representation theory of the quantum algebra U q (sl 2) . In the standard representation, the generator of generalized ASEP can be constructed from the coproduct of the Casimir. After a suitable change of representation, we obtain the generator of dynamic ASEP. The corresponding intertwiner is constructed from q -Krawtchouk polynomials, which arise as eigenfunctions of twisted primitive elements. This gives a duality between dynamic ASEP and generalized ASEP with q -Krawtchouk polynomials as duality functions. Using this duality, we show the (almost) self-duality of dynamic ASEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective continuous glucose monitoring solutions require consistent sensor performance over the lifetime of the device, a manageable variance between devices, and the capability of high volume, low cost production. Here we present a novel and microfabrication-compatible method of depositing and stabilizing enzyme layers on top of planar electrodes that can aid in the mass production of sensors while also improving their consistency. This work is focused on the fragile biorecognition layer as that has been a critical difficulty in the development of microfabricated sensors. We test this approach with glucose oxidase (GOx) and evaluate the sensor performance with amperometric measurements of in vitro glucose concentrations. Spincoating was used to deposit a uniform enzyme layer across a wafer, which was subsequently immobilized via glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking and patterned via liftoff. This yielded an approximately 300 nm thick sensing layer which was applied to arrays of microfabricated platinum electrodes built on blank wafers. Taking advantage of their planar array format, measurements were then performed in high-throughput parallel instrumentation. Due to their thin structure, the coated electrodes exhibited subsecond stabilization times after the bias potential was applied. The deposited enzyme layers were measured to provide a sensitivity of 2.3 ± 0.2 μA mM−1 mm−2 with suitable saturation behavior and minimal performance shift observed over extended use. The same methodology was then demonstrated directly on top of wireless CMOS potentiostats to build a monolithic sensor with similar measured performance. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of spincoating and vapor stabilization processes for wafer scale enzymatic sensor functionalization and the potential for scalable fabrication of monolithic sensor-on-CMOS devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutaraldehyde is the conventionally used cross‐linker for the activation and cross‐linking of support matrices used in enzyme immobilization. However, the toxic nature of glutaraldehyde makes it unsafe for food applications, propelling the need for nontoxic cross‐linkers. Genipin reacts with the primary and secondary amines generating a dark‐blue colored pigment and is an attractive alternative to glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linker for enzyme immobilization. Apart from its excellent cross‐linking properties, genipin possesses added advantages over glutaraldehyde such as proven health benefits, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The present study explores the application of chitosan beads cross‐linked with the natural and nontoxic agent, genipin, for immobilizing l‐asparaginase, aimed at its subsequent use in mitigating acrylamide formation in food products. The immobilized l‐asparaginase exhibited improved functionalities such as stability, reusability, and reduction in acrylamide formation in deep‐fried cassava chips. One of the limitations observed during application in the food process was the mechanical fragility of the chitosan beads during speedy stirring. This can be overcome by increasing the concentration and time of contact of the coagulant bath during the formation of chitosan beads. The drying of the enzyme‐bound chitosan beads will also lead to shrinkage and prevent breakage during stirring. This study conclusively demonstrated the applicability of immobilizing l‐asparaginase on genipin cross‐linked chitosan beads in food‐related processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text is a collection of messages discussing various topics related to microscopy. The first set of messages addresses an issue with parallel lines seen in a STEM image, which is caused by leaking airbags in the vibration isolation system. The second set of messages discusses problems with LaB6 cathodes in SEM instruments, with users sharing their experiences and providing installation and maintenance tips. The final set of messages discuss a problem with a glow discharge apparatus, where small flashes are observed during grid preparation, which is caused by hydrocarbon contamination and requires regular cleaning. The messages also provide recommendations for network storage systems for microscopy data. [Extracted from the article]

Let us consider a two-sided multi-species stochastic particle model with finitely many particles on Z , defined as follows. Suppose that each particle is labelled by a positive integer l, and waits a random time exponentially distributed with rate 1. It then chooses the right direction to jump with probability p, or the left direction with probability q = 1 − p . If the particle chooses the right direction, it jumps to the nearest site occupied by a particle l ′ < l (with the convention that an empty site is considered as a particle with labelled 0). If the particle chooses the left direction, it jumps to the next site on the left only if that site is either empty or occupied by a particle l ′ < l , and in the latter case, particles l and l ′ swap their positions. We show that this model is integrable, and provide the exact formula of the transition probability using the Bethe ansatz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A moderate absorbency polymer derived from fish gelatin was investigated to enhance its mechanical properties and hydrophilicity through irradiation-induced crosslinking. Tilapia skin gelatin, plasticized with glycerol, was used to examine the effects of varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde (GTA) and different irradiation doses on the biopolymer's performance. The formulations were optimized, then incorporated GTA, and subjected to electron beam irradiation to explore the impact on the swelling capacity and mechanical integrity of the films. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to confirm the integration of crosslinkers and glycerol into the gelatin matrix, facilitating an understanding of the molecular interactions within the biopolymer. The study aims to advance the applications of fish gelatin-based moderate absorbency polymers in environmentally friendly and biodegradable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for sustainable chemical production has spurred significant interest in biocatalysis. This study is framed within the biocatalytic production of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) from glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing. The main goal of this study is to address the challenge of identifying the optimal operating conditions. To achieve this, catalytic potential, a lumped parameter that considers both the activity and stability of immobilized biocatalysts, was used to guide the design of a multi-enzymatic system. The multi-enzymatic system comprises glycerol dehydrogenase (GlyDH) and NADH oxidase (NOX). The enzymatic oxidation of glycerol to DHA catalyzed by GlyDH requires the cofactor NAD+. The integration of NOX into a one-pot reactor allows for the in situ regeneration of NAD+, enhancing the overall efficiency of the process. Furthermore, immobilization on Ni+2 agarose chelated supports, combined with post-immobilization modifications (glutaraldehyde crosslinking for GlyDH), significantly improved the stability and activity of both enzymes. The catalytic potential enabled the identification of the optimal operating conditions, which were 30 °C and pH 7.5, favoring NOX stability. This work establishes a framework for the rational design and optimization of multi-enzymatic systems. It highlights the crucial interplay between individual enzyme properties and process conditions to achieve efficient and sustainable biocatalytic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: The occupational hazards of glutaraldehyde are well known; the possibility of harm to the patients has been highlighted in the form of isolated reports only. Objective: To synthesize evidence for contact mucosal injury or injury due to intraperitoneal instillation of glutaraldehyde following its use during laparoendoscopy. Materials and Methods: The current review is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) compliant. PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar were interrogated for animal and human studies upon the harmful effects of glutaraldehyde during laparoscopy and proctosigmoido-colonoscopy. Results: Thirty-five studies substratified into animal experiments (n = 2), glutaraldehyde-induced colitis (G-iC) postendoscopy (n = 30), and laparoscopy (n = 3) were included. Rats suffered mucosal injury following colonic injection of glutaraldehyde which was time- and concentration-dependent quantum and developed bloody diarrhoea. Omental and renal injury was observed due to glutaraldehyde instillation during simulation of intra-peritoneal insufflation in rats; the serum leucocytes, CRP and creatinine were also elevated. G-iC following colonoscopy was related to contact mucosal injury due to failure (human or machinery) to rinse the chemical off the instrument surface or as a case of mistaken identity (glutaraldehyde was mistaken for saline or another reagent). The incubation period was <24 h in 90% of patients; clinical presentation was related to the initiation of intense inflammation. Intraperitoneal instillation during laparoscopy also leads to intense inflammation. One patient was asymptomatic, the second required laparotomy and peritoneal irrigation for 48 h, while the third case underwent multiple laparotomies for enteric cutaneous and enteroenteric fistulae, adhesions, and multiple intra-abdominal abscesses. Hydronephrosis consequent to retroperitoneal fibrosis has been reported. Conclusions: The use of glutaraldehyde in the patient care facilities should be discontinued; when unavoidable, the standard processes of disinfection and rinsing must be stringently followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the impact of chemical disinfection using ozone water and glutaraldehyde on the surface detail reproduction (SDR) of vinyl polyether silicone (VPES) impression material at different time intervals. Methodology: VPES impressions were categorized into light-body and heavy-body groups and further divided based on the disinfectant used (ozone water or glutaraldehyde) and the time interval of disinfection (T1: 15 minutes and T2: 24 hours). A total of 80 impressions (40 light-body and 40 heavy-body) were prepared and subjected to the respective disinfection protocols. The SDR was evaluated using a standard scoring system to determine the quality of detail reproduction. Results: Ozone water demonstrated superior performance in preserving surface detail compared to glutaraldehyde at both T1 and T2 for both light-body VPES and heavy-body VPES. Light-body VPES showed better SDR scores compared to heavy-body VPES across all conditions. Specifically, for light-body VPES, the mean SDR scores at T1 were significantly better for ozone water compared to glutaraldehyde (mean scores: 1.00 vs. 1.27, P = 0.046). For heavy-body VPES, ozone water also performed better at T1 compared to glutaraldehyde (mean scores: 1.27 vs. 1.67, P = 0.034). Disinfection at T1 resulted in better SDR scores compared to T2 for both light-body VPES and heavy-body VPES. Conclusion: Ozone water is a more effective disinfectant than glutaraldehyde for preserving the surface detail of VPES impressions, especially when disinfection is conducted for a shorter duration (15 minutes).