Search

Background: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is an alternative biomarker for insulin resistance that may be connected to incident hypertension. We performed the meta-analysis to clarify the connection between TyG index and new-onset hypertension in the general population., Methods: We recruited cohort studies that assessed the association between TyG index and the risk of hypertension in the general population by searching the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science (SCI) from their inception dates until July 18, 2023. The primary focus of the study was on the hazard ratio (HR) of hypertension in relation to the TyG index. The adjusted HR and 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled by the random-effects model. Subgroup analyzes stratified by age, sex, follow-up duration, body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity were performed., Results: Our analysis comprised 35 848 participants from a total of 7 cohort studies. The highest TyG index category showed a 1.51-fold greater risk of hypertension in the general population than the lowest category (HR = 1.51, 95%CI 1.26-1.80, p  < .001). Consistent results were obtained using sensitivity analysis by eliminating one trial at a time ( p values all <0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the relationship between TyG index and hypertension was not substantially influenced by age, sex, BMI, participant ethnicity, and follow-up times ( P for interaction all >0.05)., Conclusions: Elevated TyG index significantly increased the risk of new-onset hypertension in the general population. It is necessary to conduct the research to clarify the probable pathogenic processes underpinning the link between the TyG index and hypertension.

Sugar signaling forms the basis of metabolic activities crucial for an organism to perform essential life activities. In plants, sugars like glucose, mediate a wide range of physiological responses ranging from seed germination to cell senescence. This has led to the elucidation of cell signaling pathways involving glucose and its counterparts and the mechanism of how these sugars take control over major hormonal pathways such as auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid and cytokinin in Arabidopsis. Plants use HXK1(Hexokinase) as a glucose sensor to modulate changes in photosynthetic gene expression in response to high glucose levels. Other proteins such as SIZ1, a major SUMO E3 ligase have recently been implicated in controlling sugar responses via transcriptional and translational regulation of a wide array of sugar metabolic genes. Here, we show that these two genes work antagonistically and are epistatic in controlling responsiveness toward high glucose conditions.

Background: Studies suggest that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are primarily produced from fermentation of fiber, regulate insulin secretion through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3). As these are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), they have potential therapeutic value as targets for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The exact mechanism by which these receptors regulate insulin secretion and other aspects of pancreatic β cell function is unclear. It has been reported that glucose-dependent release of acetate from pancreatic β cells negatively regulates glucose stimulated insulin secretion. While these data raise the possibility of acetate's potential autocrine action on these receptors, these findings have not been independently confirmed, and multiple concerns exist with this observation, particularly the lack of specificity and precision of the acetate detection methodology used., Methods: Using Min6 cells and mouse islets, we assessed acetate and pyruvate production and secretion in response to different glucose concentrations, via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry., Results: Using Min6 cells and mouse islets, we showed that both intracellular pyruvate and acetate increased with high glucose conditions; however, intracellular acetate level increased only slightly and exclusively in Min6 cells but not in the islets. Further, extracellular acetate levels were not affected by the concentration of glucose in the incubation medium of either Min6 cells or islets., Conclusions: Our findings do not substantiate the glucose-dependent release of acetate from pancreatic β cells, and therefore, invalidate the possibility of an autocrine inhibitory effect on glucose stimulated insulin secretion.

Trichoderma longibrachiatum UN32 is known for its efficient production of dendrobine-type total alkaloids (DTTAs). This study aimed to determine the optimal medium composition for the UN32 strain using response surface methodology. Key factors, including glucose, beef extract, and CoCl 2 , were selected through the Plackett-Burman design. Subsequently, a factorial optimization approach was employed using the steepest ascent design, and 17 trial sets were completed via the Box-Behnken design. The optimal medium composition was found to consist of 29.4 g/L of glucose, 17.3 g/L of beef extract, and 0.28 mmol/L of CoCl 2 . This optimized medium resulted in an impressive 80.8% increase in mycelial dry weight (reaching 12.303 g/L) and a substantial 76.4% boost in DTTA production (reaching 541.63 ± 46.95 μg). Furthermore, the fermentation process was scaled up to a 5-L bioreactor, leading to a DTTA production approximately 1.95 times than the control. Transcriptome analysis of strain UN32 in response to CoCl 2 supplementation revealed significant changes in the expression of critical genes associated with the TCA cycle and L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine biosynthesis changed. These alterations resulted in a heightened influx of acetyl-CoA into DTTA production. Additionally, the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzymes was modified to maintain homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A potential mechanism for the accumulation of DTTAs based on ROS as a signal transduction was proposed. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of DTTA biosynthesis, potentially offering a method to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in the UN32 strain. KEY POINTS: • After the RSM optimization, there is a substantial increase of 80.8% in biomass production and a significant 76.4% rise in DTTA production. • Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inclusion of CoCl 2 supplements resulted in an enhanced influx of acetyl-CoA. • Proposed a mechanism for the accumulation of DTTAs for the role of ROS as a signal transduction pathway., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The purpose was to investigate how well age-adjusted modified quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores paired with blood glucose and lactate levels predict the outcomes of septicemic children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One hundred children who were diagnosed with sepsis and septic shock in the PICU of Henan Children's Hospital were eligible, and other 20 patients in the same hospital at different times were selected as a validation set. Respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), capillary refill time (CRT), and Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive (AVPU) scale were included in the age-adjusted modified qSOFA scoring criteria for scoring. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. The predictive values were evaluated by the ROC curve. In the sepsis group, 50 patients were male, and 50 patients were female. The 28-day all-cause mortality rate was 52%. Fifty-one patients with age-adjusted modified qSOFA scores >1. The serum lactate level was 2.4 mmol/L, and the blood glucose level was 9.3 mmol/L. The AUCs for the age-adjusted modified qSOFA score, serum lactate and blood glucose levels for the prediction of 28-day all-cause mortality in children with sepsis were 0.719, 0.719 and 0.737, respectively. The cut-off values were one point, 3.8 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L, respectively. The AUC of the age-adjusted modified qSOFA score for the validation set of was 0.925. When the three indices were combined, the AUC was 0.817, the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed χ 2  = .965. When children with sepsis are admitted to the ICU, we recommend performing rapid scoring and rapid bedside lactate and glucose testing to determine the early prognosis.p  = .965. When children with sepsis are admitted to the ICU, we recommend performing rapid scoring and rapid bedside lactate and glucose testing to determine the early prognosis.

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a simple and effective tool to evaluate IR. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the TyG index with coronary artery disease (CAD) and the severity of coronary artery stenosis (CAS) in nondialysis patients with stages 3-5 CKD., Methods: Nondialysis patients with stages 3-5 CKD who underwent the first coronary angiography at Zhongda Hospital affiliated with Southeast University from August 2015 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. CAS was measured by coronary angiography, and the CAS score was calculated as the Gensini score. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the related factors of CAD and severe CAS., Results: A total of 943 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and 720 (76.4%) of these patients were diagnosed with CAD. The TyG index in the CAD group (7.29 ± 0.63) was significantly higher than that in the non-CAD group (7.11 ± 0.61) ( p  < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a higher TyG index was an independent risk factor for CAD in CKD patients after adjusting for related confounding factors (OR = 2.865, 95% CI 1.681-4.885, p  < 0.001). Patients in the CAD group were divided into three groups according to the Gensini integral quantile level. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the TyG index was an independent related factor for severe CAS after adjusting for relevant confounding factors ( p  < 0.001)., Conclusions: The TyG index is associated with CAD and the severity of CAS in patients with nondialysis stages 3-5 CKD. A higher TyG index is an independent factor for CAD and severe CAS.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of using hospital-based 40% dextrose gel (DG) in preventing and treating asymptomatic hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM), large for gestational age (LGA), and macrosomic neonates., Methods: A medical chart review was conducted to compare data between before (April 2018 to March 2019, epoch 1) and after (September 2020 to November 2021, epoch 2) 40% DG implementation. DG, prepared by the hospital pharmaceutical unit, was applied within 30-45 min after birth, and three additional doses could be repeated during the first 6 h of life in combination with early feeding. The primary outcome was the rate of intravenous dextrose administration. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of hypoglycemia, first capillary blood glucose concentrations, and the length of hospital stay., Results: Six hundred forty-three at-risk newborns were included (320 before and 323 after implementation of DG). Maternal and neonatal baseline characteristics were not different between the two epochs. The incidence of hypoglycemia was not different (17.8% in before versus 14.6% in after implementation, p  = 0.26). The rate of intravenous dextrose administration after DG implementation was significantly lower than that before DG implementation (3.4% versus 10.3%, p  < 0.001, risk reduction ratio = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.17-0.64). The length of hospital stay was not different between the two epochs., Conclusions: Implementing a protocol for administration of hospital-based 40% DG can reduce the need of intravenous dextrose administration among IDM, LGA and macrosomic neonates.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of using a disposable platelet storage bag containing a leukocyte filter to prepare leukocyte-depleted pooled platelet concentrates with the buffy coat method., Methods: 150 bags of whole blood samples (400 mL/bag) were stored overnight at 22 ± 2°C, and buffy coats were separated on Day 2, then 5 units of ABO homotypic buffy coat and 1 unit of plasma were pooled into a disposable platelet storage bag containing a leukocyte filter to prepare leukocyte-depleted pooled platelet concentrates and stored in a Platelet Agitator. On Day 2, 4, 5 and 7 after the collection of whole blood, platelet content, pH value, pO 2 , pCO 2 , glucose (GLU), ATP, and other quality indicators were measured., Results: The quality indicators of leukocyte-depleted pooled platelet concentrates met the requirements for leukocyte-depleted aphaeresis platelets in the Chinese national standard Quality Requirements for Whole Blood and Blood Components (GB18469-2012). With the prolongation of storage time, MPV and PDW of platelets gradually increased, pH value, bicarbonate, and GLU gradually decreased, LA, LDH, and ATP gradually increased, pO 2 slightly increased, pCO 2 decreased, and HSR had no significant change. ESC decreased significantly on Day 7, CD62p decreased first and then increased, sP-selectin and GP V increased first and then decreased, but the results on Day 7 were higher than those on Day 2., Conclusion: The quality of leukocyte-depleted pooled platelet concentrates prepared by the buffy coat method using disposable platelet storage bags containing a leukocyte filter was comparable to that of leukocyte-depleted apheresis platelets, and could be used clinically.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with obstructive sleep apnoea (T2DM-OSA). However, the role of the lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) in T2DM-OSA remains unknown. This study aimed to reveal the function of NEAT1 in T2DM-OSA and the underlying mechanism. KKAy mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) or intermittent normoxia to generate a T2DM-OSA mouse model. HMEC-1 cells were treated with high glucose (HG) and IH to construct a T2DM-OSA cell model. RNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR. The protein expression of Apelin, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and up-frameshift suppressor 1 (UPF1) was assessed using western blot. Cell injury was evaluated using flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and oxidative stress kit assays. RIP, RNA pull-down, and actinomycin D assays were performed to determine the associations between NEAT1, UPF1, and Apelin. NEAT1 expression was upregulated in the aortic vascular tissues of mice with T2DM exposed to IH and HMEC-1 cells stimulated with HG and IH, whereas Apelin expression was downregulated. The absence of NEAT1 protected HMEC-1 cells from HG- and IH-induced damage. Furthermore, NEAT1 destabilized Apelin mRNA by recruiting UPF1. Apelin overexpression decreased HG- and IH-induced injury to HMEC-1 cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Moreover, NEAT1 knockdown reduced HG- and IH-induced injury to HMEC-1 cells through Apelin. NEAT1 silencing reduced HMEC-1 cell injury through the Apelin/Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway in T2DM-OSA. Abbreviations: LncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; NEAT1, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1; IH, intermittent hypoxia; HMEC-1, human microvascular endothelial cells; HG, high glucose; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; UPF1, up-frameshift suppressor 1; HO-1, haem oxygenase-1; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation; SD, standard deviations; GSH, glutathione; AIS, acute ischaemic stroke; HMGB1, high mobility group box-1 protein; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4.

AbstractThe purpose was to investigate how well age-adjusted modified quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores paired with blood glucose and lactate levels predict the outcomes of septicemic children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One hundred children who were diagnosed with sepsis and septic shock in the PICU of Henan Children’s Hospital were eligible, and other 20 patients in the same hospital at different times were selected as a validation set. Respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), capillary refill time (CRT), and Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive (AVPU) scale were included in the age-adjusted modified qSOFA scoring criteria for scoring. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. The predictive values were evaluated by the ROC curve. In the sepsis group, 50 patients were male, and 50 patients were female. The 28-day all-cause mortality rate was 52%. Fifty-one patients with age-adjusted modified qSOFA scores >1. The serum lactate level was 2.4 mmol/L, and the blood glucose level was 9.3 mmol/L. The AUCs for the age-adjusted modified qSOFA score, serum lactate and blood glucose levels for the prediction of 28-day all-cause mortality in children with sepsis were 0.719, 0.719 and 0.737, respectively. The cut-off values were one point, 3.8 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L, respectively. The AUC of the age-adjusted modified qSOFA score for the validation set of was 0.925. When the three indices were combined, the AUC was 0.817, the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed χ2 = 2.428 and p = .965. When children with sepsis are admitted to the ICU, we recommend performing rapid scoring and rapid bedside lactate and glucose testing to determine the early prognosis.

ABSTRACTShigella flexneri causes severe diarrheal disease worldwide. While many aspects of pathogenesis have been elucidated, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of putative chromosomally-encoded virulence genes. The uncharacterized sap gene encoded on the chromosome has significant nucleotide sequence identity to the fluffy (flu) antigen 43 autotransporter gene in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Here, we constructed a Δsap mutant in S. flexneri strain 2457T and examined the effects of this mutation on bacterial cell aggregation, biofilm formation, and adherence to colonic epithelial cells. Analyses included the use of growth media supplemented with glucose and bile salts to replicate small intestinal signals encountered by S. flexneri. Deletion of the sap gene in 2457T affected epithelial cell adherence, resulted in quicker bacterial cell aggregation, but did not affect biofilm formation. This work highlights a functional role for the sap gene in S. flexneri pathogenesis and further demonstrates the importance of using relevant and appropriate gastrointestinal signals to characterize virulence genes of enteropathogenic bacteria.

Nanozymes have been widely used in the field of biosensing owing to their high stability, low cost, adjustable catalytic activity, and convenient modification. However, achieving high selectivity and sensitivity simultaneously in nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing remains a major challenge. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-simulating activity that are often used as solid-phase adsorbents for sample pretreatment. Our design strategy integrated sample pretreatment function into the nanozyme through separation and enrichment, thereby improving the selectivity and sensitivity of nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensing. As a proof-of-concept, glucose was used as the model analyte in this study. A phenylboric acid-modified magnetic nanozyme (Cu/Fe 3 O 4 @BA) was rationally designed and synthesized. Selectivity was enhanced by boronate-affinity specific adsorption and the elimination of interference after magnetic separation. In addition, magnetic solid-phase extraction enrichment was used to improve the sensitivity. A recovery rate of more than 80% was reached when the enrichment factor was 50. The synthesized magnetic Cu/Fe 3 O 4 @BA was recyclable at least five times. The proposed method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity, simple operation, and recyclability, providing a novel and practical strategy for designing multifunctional nanozymes for biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with a global rise in metabolic diseases. Tamarind and partially-hydrolyzed agave syrup have potential for developing healthier beverages. Our objective was to develop a functional beverage using these ingredients (PH-AS-B). We also evaluate shelf-life stability (physicochemical, microbiological, and antioxidant properties) and health effects in C57BL/6 mice compared with tamarind beverages sweetened with glucose or fructose. Optimal tamarind extraction conditions were a 1:10 ratio (g pulp/mL water) and boiling for 30 min, and the resulting beverage had a shelf life of two months at 4 °C. Non-volatile metabolites were identified using HPLC/MS. PH-AS-B was associated with decreased blood cholesterol (5%) and triglyceride (20-35%) concentrations in healthy mice as well as lower lipid (82%) concentrations and evidence of protein oxidation (42%) in the liver, compared with glucose- and fructose-sweetened tamarind beverages. In conclusion, PH-AS-B was stable and associated with beneficial metabolic properties in healthy mice., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have significant applications in nanozymes. However, previous studies have not elucidated the structure-activity relationship and enzyme mechanism. In this study, we employed a one-step microwave method to synthesize ultra-trace Ag-doped carbon quantum dots (Ag-CQDs). In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), we used the oxidative coupling reaction of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to evaluate the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, kinetics, and mechanism of Ag-CQDs. The trace amount of doped Ag (1.64 %) facilitated electron transfer from the CQDs interior to the surface. The electron transfer triggered the peroxide activity of CQDs, producing hydroxyl radical (·OH), which oxidized the colorless TMB to blue-colored TMB (oxTMB). By coupling with glucose oxidase (GOx), the Ag-CQDs/H 2 O 2 /TMB system has been used for colorimetric glucose determination. The system demonstrated a low detection limit (0.17 µM), wide linear range (0.5-5.5 µM), and satisfactory results when fruit juice was analyzed. This study reports a feasible method for the colorimetric detection of glucose by synthesizing ultra-trace Ag-doped carbon quantum dots with peroxidase-mimicking activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Developing an accurate, cost-effective, reliable, and stable glucose detection sensor for the food industry poses a significant yet challenging endeavor. Herein, we present a silver nanoparticle-decorated titanium dioxide nanoribbon array on titanium plate (Ag@TiO 2 /TP) as an efficient electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection in alkaline environments. Electrochemical evaluations of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode reveal a broad linear response range (0.001 mM - 4 mM), high sensitivity (19,106 and 4264 μA mM−1 cm−2), rapid response time (6 s), and a notably low detection limit (0.18 μM, S/N = 3). Moreover, its efficacy in measuring glucose in beverage samples shows its practical applicability. The impressive performance and structural benefits of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode highlight its potential in advancing electrochemical sensors for small molecule detection. Ag nanoparticle-decorated TiO 2 nanoribbon array on Ti plate serves as a highly efficient electrode for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose detection in alkaline environments, achieving a broad linear response range, exceptional sensitivity, quick response time, a remarkably low detection limit, strong anti-interference capabilities, and long-term stability. [Display omitted] • Ag@TiO 2 /TP is proposed as a highly efficient electrode for the non-enzymatic glucose detection in alkaline environments. • It achieves a broad linear response range (0.001 mM - 4 mM), rapid response time (6 s), and a notably detection limit (0.18 μM). • It is feasible and accurate for glucose detection in beverage sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pullulanase is a starch-debranching enzyme that hydrolyzes side chain of starch, oligosaccharides and pullulan. Nevertheless, the limited activities of pullulanases constrain their practical application. Herein, the hyperthermophilic type II pullulanase from Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1 (Pul PY2 ) was evolved by synergistically engineering the substrate-binding pocket and active-site lids. The resulting mutant Pul PY2 -M2 exhibited 5-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (k cat /K m ) compared to that of Pul PY2 . Pul PY2 -M2 was utilized to develop a one-pot reaction system for efficient production of maltooligosaccharides. The maltooligosaccharides conversion rate of Pul PY2 -M2 reached 96.1%, which was increased by 5.4% compared to that of Pul PY2 . Furthermore, when employed for glucose production, the glucose productivity of Pul PY2 -M2 was 25.4% and 43.5% higher than that of Pul PY2 and the traditional method, respectively. These significant improvements in maltooligosaccharides and glucose production and the efficient utilization of corn starch demonstrated the potential of the engineered Pul PY2 -M2 in starch sugar industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The prevention and control of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) formation to mitigate of potential risks to humans, can be achieved by targeting their precursors. In this study, the detailed roles of individual and excess component (20 common α-amino acids, creatine, creatinine, and glucose) on HAA formation in roasted beef patties were examined using UPLC-MS/MS. The results confirmed the reported classical precursors of HAAs. Some components regulated the competitive production of Norharman and Harman. Glycine (Gly) and glucose favored Norharman formation, while cysteine (Cys) and phenylalanine (Phe) for Harman. Serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) were identified as potential precursors for IQx-type HAAs. Interestingly, methionine (Met), Gly, Thr, Cys, alanine (Ala), and Ser were revealed as more targeted underlying precursors for 1,6-DMIP and 1,5,6-TMIP, and the formation mechanism was inferred. Furthermore, Pro, Leu, His, Ile, Lys and Asp were considered as great inhibitors for HAAs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prominent carcinogens formed during food processing, pose health risks through long-term consumption. This study focuses on 16 priority PAHs in the European Union, investigating their formation during pyrolysis. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are important food nutrients. To further explore whether these nutrients in food form PAHs during heating, a single chemical model method was used to heat these nutrients respectively, and GC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify the obtained components. Glucose is the most basic nutrient in food, so the influence of water, pH, temperature and other factors on the formation of PAHs was studied in the glucose model. At the same time, the models of amino acids and fatty acids were used to assist in improving the entire nutrient research system. According to our results, some previously reported mechanisms of PAHs formation by fatty acids heating were confirmed. In addition, glucose and amino acids could also produce many PAHs after heating, and some conclusions were improved by comparing the intermediates of PAHs from three types of nutrients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The hydration and taste behaviour of glucose and fructose in aqueous ethanolammonium acetate solutions were investigated by measuring volumetric properties. Density and speed of sound were measured at four different temperatures. Apparent and partial molar volumes, apparent specific compressibility, apparent specific volume, transfer volumes, and hydration numbers were determined from the measured density and speed of sound data. Positive transfer properties of saccharides from water to aqueous ethanolammonium acetate solutions suggested the dominance of hydrophilic-ionic interactions. However, such interactions weakened with incremental concentrations of ethanolammonium acetate. The transfer properties increased in the order: glucose > fructose, indicating stronger interactions between glucose and ethanolammonium acetate. The apparent specific volume and apparent specific isentropic compressibility values for monosaccharides in water and in aqueous ethanolammonium acetate were found to fall within the sweet taste modality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The diabetic feature limits the utilization of dietary carbohydrates in carnivorous fish, and excessive dietary carbohydrate usually cause negative effects on health and growth of these fish. In this study, a 9-weeks' feeding experiment was conducted to figure out the influence of dietary metformin (MET), an effective agent for diabetes in mammals, supplementation on largemouth bass, a typical carnivorous fish, feeding high dietary carbohydrates. Compared with the low dietary carbohydrates (LC) group, high dietary carbohydrates (HC) impaired growth performance, which was improved by the inclusion of MET in HC diets. Meanwhile, compared with the HC group, dietary MET supplementation significantly reduced hepatic glycogen and serum glucose contents. Additionally, on the transcriptional level, HC repressed the insulin pathway and induced imbalanced regulation of glycolysis and glycogenesis compared with LC group. However, the MET supplementation significantly enhanced the genes' expression involved in insulin pathway (ira , irb , irs1 , pi3kr1 , akt1) followed by the activated expression of glycolysis (adpgk , pfkl, and pk) and inhibited expression of glycogenesis (g6pc and pepck). HC significantly reduced antioxidant capacity compared with the LC group, which was reversed with MET supplementation at both transcriptional and enzymatic levels. Additionally, high dietary carbohydrates inhibited apoptosis, which was activated with the inclusion of MET with the inhibition of bcl2 / bax ratio and the activation of apoptosis-promoting genes (nfac1-l, arel1, and aif2). In summary, dietary MET inclusion in high carbohydrate diet improved glucose utilization via activating the insulin pathway, and further enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capacity. • Metformin inclusion enhances growth and antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass. • Metformin inclusion improves dietary carbohydrates utilization via activating insulin pathway. • Metformin supplementation promotes apoptosis of largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring biomarkers in human interstitial fluids (ISF) using microneedle sensors has been extensively studied. However, most of the previous studies were limited to simple in vitro demonstrations and lacked system integration and analytical performance. Here we report a miniaturized, high-precision, fully integrated wearable electrochemical microneedle sensing device that works with a customized smartphone application to wirelessly and in real-time monitor glucose in human ISF. A microneedle array fabrication method is proposed which enables multiple individually addressable, regionally separated sensing electrodes on a single microneedle system. As a demonstration, a glucose sensor and a differential sensor are integrated in a single sensing patch. The differential sensing electrodes can eliminate common-mode interference signals, thus significantly improving the detection accuracy. The basic mechanism of microneedle penetration into the skin was analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). By optimizing the structure of the microneedle, the puncture efficiency was improved while the puncture force was reduced. The electrochemical properties, biocompatibility, and system stability of the microneedle sensing device were characterized before human application. The test results were closely correlated with the gold standard (blood). The platform can be used not only for glucose detection, but also for various ISF biomarkers, and it expands the potential of microneedle technology in wearable sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of 3,3′-bis(indolyl)methanes from indoles and arylacetic acids in presence of K 2 S 2 O 8 and glucose in water • In-situ oxidation of arylacetic acid to their corresponding carbonyl compounds and coupling with indoles • Metal-free condition with wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. An efficient and eco-friendly method has been developed for the preparation of 3,3′-bis(indolyl)methanes from indoles and aryl acetic acid is reported. The in-situ conversion of aryl acetic acid to their corresponding carbonyl compounds, and subsequent condensation with indoles was prompted by K 2 S 2 O 8 in presence of glucose in water. The metal-free reaction with room temperature conditions, and wide substrate scope with good functional group tolerance are the salient features of the developed methodology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mixed-linker method is used for creating defects in MIL-53(Al)-NH 2. • The presence of defects can finely tailor the acidity of catalyst. • A high glucose conversion of 98.3 % with a 5-HMF yield of 59.3 % is obtained. • The defective catalyst presents excellent recyclability and reusability. • The synergy of Lewis and Brønsted acid contributes to the superb performance. Developing functional catalysts with both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites is an essential task for achieving the direct conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a process that is crucial for the sustainable production of renewable fuels and chemicals. In this work, a mixed-linker strategy is proposed to prepare defective MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 by introducing trifluoroacetic acid into the MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 synthesis process. The creation of defects facilitates the exposure and accessibility of Al3+ centers, as well as changes the coordination environment within the MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 skeleton. Both the number of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites are boosted, which is beneficial for glucose activation and 5-HMF generation. Through optimizing the reaction conditions, a glucose conversion of 98.3 % with a 5-HMF yield of 59.3 % was achieved by using defective 6d-MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 in a biphasic tetrahydrofuran/H 2 O NaCl system. Moreover, the 6d-MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 catalyst showed excellent recyclability and reusability, with its catalytic efficiency maintained almost unchanged for consecutive 10 cycles. The catalytic mechanism was elucidated and the acidity of the Lewis and Brønsted acid was modulated by defect engineering to achieve exceptional performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is promising for biodetection in home healthcare due to advantages of simplicity, rapidity, low cost, portability, high sensitivity and accuracy, and object-oriented POCT platform can be developed by nanozyme-based biosensing. However, designing high-performance nanozymes with targeted regulated catalytic activity remains challenging. Herein, advanced PtRhRuCu quaternary alloy nanozymes (QANs) were rationally designed and successfully synthesized. Cu atoms induced mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) activation and d-band center regulation, achieving high enhancement of peroxide (POD)-like activity and inhibition of oxidase (OXD)-like activity. Inspired by this, a smartphone-assisted colorimetric platform integrated with test strips was established for glucose detection of soft drinks, with a detection limit of 0.021 mM and a recovery rate of 97.87 to 103.36 %. This work not only provides a novel path for tuning specific enzyme-like activities of metal nanozymes, but also shows the potential feasibility for rational design of POCT sensors in actual samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Intracellular glucose detection is crucial due to its pivotal role in metabolism and various physiological processes. Precise glucose monitoring holds significance in diabetes management, metabolic studies, and biotechnological applications. In this study, we developed an innovative and expedient cell-permeable nanoreactor for intracellular glucose based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The nanoreactor was designed with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which were engineered with glucose oxide (GOx) and a H 2 O 2 -responsive Raman reporter 2-mercaptohydroquinone (2-MHQ). The interaction between 2-MHQ and H 2 O 2 generated by glucose and GOx could simultaneously induce the appearance in the peak at 985 cm -1 . Our results showed excellent performance in detecting glucose within the concentration range from 0.1 μM to 10 mM, with a low detection limitation of 14.72 nM. In addition, the glucose distribution in single HeLa cells was evaluated by real time SERS mapping. By combining noble metal particles and natural oxidases, the nanoreactor possesses both Raman activity and enzymatic functionality, thus enables sensitive glucose detection and facilitates imaging at a single cell level, which offers an insightful monitoring of cellular processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We introduce a versatile method to convert NAD + or NADP + -dependent dehydrogenases into quasi-direct electron transfer (quasi-DET)-type dehydrogenases, by modifying with a mediator on the enzyme surface toward the development of 2.5 th generation enzymatic sensors. In this study, we use β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) dehydrogenase (BHBDh) from Alcaligenes faecalis (AfBHBDh) as a representative NAD + or NADP + -dependent dehydrogenase. BHBDhs are important in ketone monitoring, especially for the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis. We modified AfBHBDh with a thiol-reactive phenazine ethosulfate (trPES). We designed, constructed, and modified mutant BHBDhs harboring cysteine residues within 20 Å from the C4 nicotinamide in NAD + /NADH. Mutants Ser65Cys, Thr96Cys, and Lys106Cys showed indistinguishable catalytic activities from the wild-type enzyme, even after trPES modification. These trPES-modified mutants were immobilized on gold disk electrodes via amine coupling with succinimide-groups of dithiobis (succinimidyl hexanoate) self-assembled monolayers for electrochemical measurements. Considering there is a wide range of BHB concentrations, we exploited the linear regression in log scales. The linear range for the sensors with trPES-modified BHBDh mutants Ser65Cys, Thr96Cys, and Lys106Cys were 0.1-4.0 mM in both buffer solution and artificial interstitial fluid (ISF). They have limits of detection of 0.047 mM for Ser65Cys, 0.15 mM for Thr96Cys, and 0.060 mM for Lys106Cys in buffer solution, and 0.12 mM, 0.089 mM, and 0.044 mM in artificial ISF, respectively. These results indicate that redox mediator modification of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases converts them into quasi-DET-type dehydrogenases, thereby enabling their utilization in 2.5 th generation enzymatic sensors, which will facilitate the construction of enzymatic sensors suitable for continuous monitoring systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Koji Sode reports financial support was provided by Dexcom, Inc. (CA, USA). Koji Sode reports financial support was provided by the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University. Koji Sode has patent #No. 63/489,283, filed on March 9, 2023 pending to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Dexcom, Inc. Junko Okuda-Shimazaki has patent #No. 63/489,283, filed on March 9, 2023 pending to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Dexcom, Inc. Wakako Tsugawa has patent #No. 63/489,283, filed on March 9, 2023 pending to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Dexcom, Inc. Kurea Ikegai has patent #No. 63/489,283, filed on March 9, 2023 pending to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Dexcom, Inc. The authors declare no other competing interests. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Glycemic markers, including postprandial glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance, are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality in individuals with and without diabetes. Stair-climbing and -descending (SCD) at a comfortable pace for 3 minutes after a sugary beverage (300 kilocalories; 100% carbohydrate) lowers insulin, with insulin sensitivity improving in 10 minutes. If similar benefits are seen following consumption of a mixed meal is unknown. We hypothesize SCD will improve these markers in a dose-response manner following a mixed meal., Methods: In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, young adults (N = 31) performed SCD for 0 (seated control), 1, 3, and 10 minutes after a mixed meal (650 kilocalories; 53% carbohydrates, 33% fat, and 14% protein). Differences in glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity (ISI) from baseline to 30 min were analyzed using a mixed-effects ANOVA., Results: A significant fixed-effect was found for change in glucose [F(2.551,67.17) = 4.724,p = 0.007)], insulin [F(2.692,74.49) = 11.28,p < 0.001)], and ISI [F(2.127,56.00) = 5.848,p = 0.004)]. Compared to the seated control (0 minutes), changes in glucose were lower after 1 minute (-14.0 (-7.2)mg/dL,p < 0.001), 3 minutes (-18.4 (-7.0)mg/dL,p = 0.0007), and 10 minutes (-10.0 (-8.1)mg/dL,p = 0.039); changes in insulin were lower after 1 minute (-1.8 (-0.9)μIU/mL,p = 0.0011), 3 minutes (-2.8 (-0.9)μIU/mL,p < 0.001), and 10 minutes (-1.1 (-0.9)μIU/mL,p = 0.033); and changes in ISI were significantly higher after 3 minutes (2.4 (1.5),p < 0.001) and 10 minutes (1.3 (1.6),p = 0.014) but not 1 minute (1.2 (1.5),p = 0.059)., Conclusion: Postprandial glucose and insulin improved with 1 minute, and insulin resistance improved with 3 minutes, of SCD at a self-selected, comfortable pace, after consumption of a mixed meal in apparently healthy young adults., Protocol: Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04232475., Competing Interests: None to report., (© 2024 The Society of Chinese Scholars on Exercise Physiology and Fitness. Published by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd.)

The money-chain-like superstructure Ni-MOF nanomaterial catalyzes glucose, and the transformation processes of substances in glucose and the reaction system are thoroughly analyzed using multiple in-situ techniques, particularly the generation of NiOOH and the conversion of glucose to either glucose acid or gluconlactone, revealing important reaction mechanisms. [Display omitted] • Successfully synthesized money-chain-like superstructure Ni-MOF nanomaterials at room temperature and applied them to glucose electrochemical sensors. • Conducted in-depth research on the reaction mechanisms of Ni-MOF in glucose detection using techniques such as synchrotron radiation, in-situ Raman spectroscopy, and in-situ UV–visible spectrophotometry. • The reaction process between the generation of NiOOH and the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid was observed. • The conversion of glucose to either glucose acid or gluconlactone, revealing important reaction mechanisms. The design and synthesis of efficient electrochemical sensors are crucial transformation technologies in electrochemistry. We successfully synthesize a three-dimensional Ni-metal–organic framework (MOF) nanostructured material with a superior architecture using benzimidazole and nickel nitrate as precursors at room temperature which is being applied in glucose electrochemical sensors. The reaction mechanism of M-6 during glucose detection is thoroughly studied using various characterization techniques, such as in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, synchrotron radiography, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The research findings demonstrate that the M-6 material exhibits high sensitivity for glucose detection, with a sensitivity of 2199.88 mA M−1 cm−2. This study provides an important reference for designing more efficient electrochemical reaction systems and optimizing material performance. Furthermore, the superstructural design offers new ideas and possibilities for the development and application of similar materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycemic markers, including postprandial glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance, are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality in individuals with and without diabetes. Stair-climbing and -descending (SCD) at a comfortable pace for 3 minutes after a sugary beverage (300 kilocalories; 100% carbohydrate) lowers insulin, with insulin sensitivity improving in 10 minutes. If similar benefits are seen following consumption of a mixed meal is unknown. We hypothesize SCD will improve these markers in a dose-response manner following a mixed meal. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, young adults (N = 31) performed SCD for 0 (seated control), 1, 3, and 10 minutes after a mixed meal (650 kilocalories; 53% carbohydrates, 33% fat, and 14% protein). Differences in glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity (ISI) from baseline to 30 min were analyzed using a mixed-effects ANOVA. Results: A significant fixed-effect was found for change in glucose [F(2.551,67.17) = 4.724,p = 0.007)], insulin [F(2.692,74.49) = 11.28,p

The present work demonstrates a new nanocomposite of ZnO, SnO 2 , and Graphene, which is more effective and inexpensive for glucose detection than existing materials. Further, ZnO and SnO 2 is a desirable selection for glucose sensing application because of its advantageous characteristics, which include high adsorption capacity, broad surface area, good catalytic activity, promotes effective electron transport, and biocompatibility. These materials were synthesized through a self-assembly method. The synthesized ZnO-G-SnO 2 nanocomposite was then assessed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Photocurrent testing, and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The ZnO-G-SnO 2 nanocomposite was used in the fabrication of an enzyme-free biosensor, which displayed good sensitivity and selectivity in glucose solution through cyclic voltammetry. These results indicate that ZnO-G-SnO 2 is useful for glucose detection with efficient electrocatalytic activity in the direction of organically significant concentrations with low current density (0.0010 Ma/cm2) and 0.5 mmol/L at the potential from ‐1.0 to 1.0 v. Altogether, this nanocomposite biosensor can detect glucose accurately and with good sensitivity. [Display omitted] • Effective strategies to sense to enzyme-free biomaterials with novel-metal free nanomaterials. • High electrochemical sensing effect of ZnO-G-SnO 2 nanocomposite for the glucose. • High and excellent choice for glucose implementation with target nanomaterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work emphasizes the utilization of biochar, a renewable material, as an interesting platform for anchoring redox mediators and bioreceptors in the development of economic, environmentally friendly biosensors. In this context, Fe(III) ions were preconcentrated on highly functionalized activated biochar, allowing the stable synthesis of Prussian blue nanostructures with an average size of 58.3 nm. The determination of glucose was carried out by indirectly monitoring the hydrogen peroxide generated through the enzymatic reaction, followed by its subsequent redox reaction with reduced Prussian blue (also known as Prussian white) in a typical electrochemical-chemical mechanism. The EDC/NHS (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysuccinimide) pair was employed for the stable covalent immobilization of the enzyme on biochar. The biosensor demonstrated good enzyme-substrate affinity, as evidenced by the Michaelis-Menten apparent kinetic constant (4.16 mmol L−1), and analytical performance with a wide linear dynamic response range (0.05–5.0 mmol L−1), low limits of detection (0.94 μmol L−1) and quantification (3.13 μmol L−1). Additionally, reliable repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity were obtained for the detection of glucose in both real and spiked human saliva and blood serum samples. [Display omitted] • A simple, sustainable electrochemical biosensor has been developed. • Activated biochar was responsible for the anchoring of nanostructures and enzymes. • Prussian blue nanostrucutres were electrochemically synthesized on biochar. • The biosensor showed good enzyme-substrate affinity and analytical performance. • The enzymatic detection of glucose was performed in human biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host microbiota interaction affects the metabolism and immune regulation in the host. To explore the disease resistance mechanism and the host-microbiota interaction details, the intestinal transcriptome and microbiome of moribund and surviving fish infected with Aerompnas hydrophila as well as healthy controls were cross-analyzed. Survivors presented an intestinal microbiome with slight change and more intensive interspecies cooperation, while a distinct gene expression profile related to glycometabolism and immunomodulation was observed, resulting in lower-level inflammation in intestinal tissue. Genes related to FoxO, Insulin, and Glucagon signaling pathways, such as g6pc , socs2 , and foxg1 , correlated positively with intestinal Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_Group , Mannheimia , Leptotrichia , and Shewanella , corresponding to a higher serum glucose level and IgM titer in surviving fish. Besides, Pseudomonas and Shewanella , with higher abundance in surviving fish, showed antagonism towards the pathogen in vitro, and a positive correlation with serum glucose level and IgM titer, respectively. Co-cultures promoted these antagonism effects and these effects connected with glucose concentration. Glucose supplementation to fish raised the survival rate significantly. In general, glycometabolism homeostasis is critical for fish to survive A. hydrophila infection. Metabolism modulation would be a potential approach to facilitate bacterial infection resistance. • Microbiota correlates closely with the gene expression of the intestine tissue, highlighting FoxO, Insulin, and Glucagon pathways. • Survived fish maintained metabolism and immune homeostasis better than moribund fish. • Glucose supplementation could be a potential approach to facilitate bacterial infection resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and diabetes are a progressively more and more deleterious hallmark of modern, well fed societies. In order to study the potential impact of strategies designed to obviate the pathological consequences of detrimental lifestyles, a model for the development of Type 2 diabetes geared towards large population simulations would be useful. The present work introduces such a model, representing in simplified fashion the interplay between average glycemia, average insulinemia and functional beta-cell mass, and incorporating the effects of excess food intake or, conversely, of physical activity levels. Qualitative properties of the model are formally established and simulations are shown as examples of its use., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Electroconversion (also known as electroreforming) of biomass-derived compounds is currently attracting considerable interest, with the aim of lowering cell voltage during electrolysis to co-produce a number of decarbonized energy carriers or chemical intermediates (hydrogen, ammonia, gluconate, etc.). Naturally, d -glucose, which represents a study model for the electro-valorization of cellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals such as gluconate, is in fact a mixture of two anomers called α- d - and β- d -glucose. The β- d -glucose anomer is the monomer unit of cellulose, while the α- d -glucose anomer is the monomer unit of starch. In this contribution, we therefore investigate whether or not the nature of the glucose substrate can influence electrolysis cell performance, or whether the use of d -glucose alone can represent the true picture of biomass feeding an electrolysis cell. Free-standing electrocatalysts ready for use in a membrane-electrode assembly were synthesized using a pulsed electrodeposition methodology to control the deposition of gold and platinum particles on the microfibers of a low-metal gas diffusion electrode (GDE). We developed GDE-Au (82 μg Au cm−2, 0.88 wt%) to catalyze the selective electrooxidation of glucose into gluconate, and GDE-Pt (33 μg Pt cm−2, 0.36 wt%) to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While half-cell studies showed no significant difference, for the glucose-fed electrolysis cell, α- d -glucose leads to a much higher current density compared to d -glucose and β- d -glucose for cell voltages above 0.5 V, leading to 85.6 ± 17.1, 44.3 ± 8.8 and 30.5 ± 0.8 mA cm‒2 for α- d -glucose, β- d -glucose, and d -glucose, respectively, at 1 V. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The association between diabetes and depressive symptoms is well recognized. However, the impact of depressive symptoms on prediabetes remains unclear. This study aims to explore the specific correlation between depressive symptoms and prediabetes., Methods: A total of 7467 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included in this study, spanning five rounds of surveys conducted between 2007 and 2016. Weighted logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and prediabetes., Results: Compared with the normoglycemic population, individuals with prediabetes had a significantly higher probability of experiencing trouble sleeping (P = 0.020). After adjusting for non-glucose factors, there was no significant correlation between PHQ-9 and prediabetes; however, severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (OR = 1.093 [95 % CI 1.002, 1.192]). There was a positive correlation between trouble concentrating and FPG abnormalities (OR = 1.065 [95 % CI 1.004, 1.129])., Limitations: The cross-sectional design limits causal inference., Conclusion: Individuals with depressive symptoms, especially severe cases, should be targeted for prediabetes prevention and management efforts. The diverse symptom presentations may have distinct impacts on glucose, necessitating personalized prevention and management strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors disclosed no relevant relationships., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the interplay between substrate structure and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) efficiency, poplar was pretreated with acidic sodium-chlorite (ASC), 3 % sodium-hydroxide (3-SH), and 3 % sulfuric acid (3-SA), resulting in different glucose yields of 94.10 %, 74.35 %, and 24.51 %, respectively, of pretreated residues. Residues were fractionated into cellulose, lignin and unhydrolyzed residue after EH (for lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) analysis) and analyzed using HPLC, FTIR, XPS, CP MAS 13 C NMR and 2D-NMR (Lignin and LCC analysis). After delignification, holocellulose exhibited a dramatic increase in glucose yield (74.35 % to 90.82 % for 3-SH and 24.51 % to 80.0 % for 3-SA). Structural analysis of holocellulose suggested the synergistic interplay among cellulose allomorphs to limit glucose yield. Residual lignin analysis from un/pretreated residues indicated that higher β-β' contents and S/G ratios were favorable to the inhibitory effect but unfavourable to the holocellulose digestibility and followed the trend in the following order: 3-SA (L3) > 3-SH (L2) > native-lignin (L1). Analysis of enzymatically unhydrolyzed pretreated residues revealed the presence of benzyl ether (BE 1,2 ) LCC and phenyl glycoside (PG) bond linking to xylose (X) and mannose (M), which yielded a xylan-lignin-glucomannan network. The stability, steric hindrance and hydrophobicity of this network may play a central role in defining poplar recalcitrance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

• Development of and γ-Fe 2 O 3 modified exfoliated graphite carbon paper (γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP) for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. • The sensitivity of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrodes is ∼7.1 µA mM-1cm−2, two times more than ExGCP paper. • The enhanced sensitivity of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP is attributed to valency change of iron. • The charge transfer resistance is decreasing with increased glucose concentration. We report the γ-Fe 2 O 3 modified exfoliated graphite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP) flexible paper electrode as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The γ-Fe 2 O 3 was physically mixed with exfoliated graphite flakes, and mechanically pressed to get a thin sheet. The amperommetric analysis of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrode shows that the sensor current increases with increasing glucose concentration. The impedance analysis of γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP substantiates the reduction in charge transfer resistance with increasing glucose concentration. The observed values of sensitivity for Ex-GCP and γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP electrodes are 3.51 µA mM-1cm−2 and 7.1 µA mM-1cm−2, respectively. The calculated LOD is 512 μM for γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP. Thus, γ-Fe 2 O 3 @ExGCP flexible electrode may be used for non-enzymatic glucose sensor with enhanced sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical compounds offer a distinctive edge in diabetes management, attributed to their multifaceted target mechanisms and minimal toxicological profiles. Epiberberine (EPI), an alkaloid derived from plants of the Rhizoma Coptidis, has been reported to have antidiabetic effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of EPI are not fully elucidated. This study explored the anti-diabetic effects of EPI and the role of the NRF2/AMPK signaling pathway in improving insulin resistance. We utilized two distinct models: in vivo , we employed mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) to conduct a range of assessments including measuring physical parameters, conducting biochemical analyses, examining histopathology, and performing Western blot tests. In parallel, in vitro experiments were carried out using insulin resistance (IR)-HepG2 cells, through which we conducted a CCK8 assay, glucose uptake tests, Western blot analyses, and flow cytometry studies. In the EPI-treated group of T2DM mice, there was a significant reduction in hyperglycemia, IR, and hyperlipidemia, accompanied by beneficial changes in the liver and pancreas, as well as enhanced glucose uptake in IR-HepG2 cells. Herein, our finding also provided evidence that EPI could increase the expression of GLUT4 and activated the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway to improve IR in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, EPI alleviated oxidative stress by enhancing SOD and GPX-px activity, decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and promoting nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), total NRF2, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in the liver tissue of T2DM mice and IR-HepG2 cells. Furthermore, EPI decreased oxidative stress and improved IR, but these benefits were nullified by siNRF2 transfection. In particular, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) deficiency by short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) partially reversed the effects of EPI on nuclear transcription, oxidative stress, and IR of NRF2 in IR-HepG2 cells. Taken together, EPI activated NRF2-dependent AMPK cascade to protect T2DM from oxidative stress, thereby alleviating IR. [Display omitted] • EPI alleviates hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice. • EPI enhances glucose uptake and activates the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. • EPI activates NRF2-AMPK cascade, reducing oxidative stress and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report a carbon-mediated strategy to construct supported Co-MnO x nano-interfacial catalyst that enables highly selective synthesis of long-chain linear α-olefins (C 5+ =) via the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction. The co-impregnation of glucose as the carbon precursor and metal salt aqueous solution over SiO 2 followed by pyrolysis and oxidation creates a catalyst with stable and rich Co-MnO x nano-interfaces after reduction and under FT conditions, which are convincingly revealed from characterizations of the catalysts at different stages. The optimal catalyst is stable for over 400 h without an observably decreased CO conversion, and the highest space-time yield of C 5+ = is achieved to be 0.79 g·g Co −1·h−1, which are mainly originated from the suppressed sintering of metallic Co and favored CO adsorption/dissociation with a reasonably inhibited H 2 co-adsorption. The simple procedure and broad availability of precursors make our developed strategy a practically important surface-engineering method capable of precisely fabricating stable nano-interfacial catalysts. [Display omitted] • Carbon-mediated method is explored for constructing Co-MnO x nano-interfacial catalyst. • The developed Co-MnO x catalyst is highly active and stable for Fischer-Tropsch reaction. • STY of 0.79 g·g Co −1·h−1 for C 5+ olefins is achieved over the optimal Co-MnO x catalyst. • Maximized Co-MnO x perimeter facilitates a high surface coverage ratio of CO* (C*)/H*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NiCu-based electrocatalysts were fabricated by facile electrodeposition. • Biomass derived glucose as substrate instead of water in the anode. • High selectivity for formic acid production. Electrochemical oxidation of glucose to high valuable chemicals is an attractive strategy to realize sustainable development. Herein, we report that nanostructured NiCu oxide (NiCuO) reveal excellent activity and selectivity toward electrooxidation of glucose, which is synthesized from bimetallic alloy-NiCu on three-dimensional Ni foam. Only 1.15 V and 1.39 V are needed to reach 10 and 100 mA cm−2 for glucose oxidation reaction (GOR), respectively. The integrated two-electrode glucose electrolytic cell can deliver 10 mA cm−2 at the voltage of 1.29 V. It is 360 mV less than overall water splitting at the same condition. The main liquid product of glucose electrooxidation is formic acid, and its Faradaic Efficiency and selectivity are around 94.6 % and 93.3 %, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations is applied to confirm that NiCuO catalyst could optimize the Gibbs free energy in reaction, which could enhance catalytic activity toward GOR. This study shows that electrolytic glucose is a promising and energy-saving technology for high value-added chemical production and clean energy supply in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]