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Aim - to improve the methodology for collecting material from lesions of the oral mucosa for exfoliative cytological examination. A group of patients diagnosed with B37.0 Candida stomatitis was examined. To clarify the diagnosis, various methods of collecting biological material from the tongue of patients were used, namely, the method using a cytobrush with subsequent fixation of cytological material on a slide. The microbiota of the back of the tongue was analyzed in 12 patients with glossitis and 12 healthy subjects (the control group). The microscopic method of research was used - using an immersion microscope MICROmed@XS-3330, and the morphological and tinctorial properties of microorganisms were determined. In ten fields of view, the number of leukocytes, the nature of epithelial cells, and the presence of various microorganisms were detected and counted. A comparison of the quality of the use of the microscope method for the study of the tongue microbiota of patients with candidal glossitis was performed under the conditions of taking pathological material using a dental scalpel and an oral cytobrush. For a reasonable interpretation of the results and determination of their significance, a statistical analysis was performed to determine the frequency of detection of microorganisms in patients with glossitis and healthy subjects, depending on the nature of the material taken from the back of the tongue using a dental scalpel or cytobrush. The studies showed that the etiologic structure of glossitis pathogens was dominated by Candida yeast-like fungi, but cases of leptotrichosis aetiology were observed (16.7%). Monococci and gram-negative monobacteria were detected in all studied groups. An increase in the diversity of microorganisms was found when the material was taken with a cytobrush. The microbiota of all subjects differed depending on the type of instrument used for sampling. Thus, in the group of healthy individuals, the interdental brush helped to detect twice as many streptococci as a scalpel. In patients with candidiasis, a brush biopsy showed a 2.7-fold increase in gram-positive diplococci, twice as many streptococci and gram-positive bacilli, three times as many staphylococci, 2.25 times as many clusterforming gram-negative cocci, and 2.3 times as many gram-negative diplococci. A significant increase in the diversity of microorganisms was observed with the cytobrush compared to the use of a dental scalpel. In patients with glossitis, the accumulation of keratinized epithelial cells was significantly higher compared to the presence of young cells in healthy subjects, regardless of the method of sampling.

Background: The causes of vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency are varied and mainly related to gastric disorders. Glossitis is a common oral manifestation of B12 deficiency and is often first seen by dentists. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between B12 deficiency-related glossitis (B12-def glossitis) and gastric serum biomarkers [gastrin-17(G17), pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), and anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies], and preliminarily discuss the etiology of B12-def glossitis., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients complaining of glossodynia, burning sensation, or severe recurrent oral ulcers, but patients with a history of gastrectomy were excluded. All subjects underwent a uniform oral examination and hematological tests., Results: Of 243 patients, 133 with B12-def glossitis were in the case group, and 110 with other oral mucosal diseases (non-glossitis) and normal B12 levels were in the control group. In the case group, 84.2% (112/133) showed high G17 and low PGI levels (G17 hi PGI low ). Univariate logistic regression showed that G17 hi PGI low was a high-risk factor for B12-def glossitis (OR: 92.44; 95% CI: 35.91, 238.02). Subgroup analyses in the case group showed that the G17 hi PGI low group presented with lower B12 levels and a lower positive rate of anti-H. pylori antibodies compared to the non-G17 hi PGI low group., Conclusion: Gastric serum biomarkers in patients with B12-def glossitis generally showed G17 hi PGI low , suggesting possible atrophy of gastric corpus and fundus mucosa. The G17 hi PGI low and non-G17 hi PGI low groups may represent different etiologies of B12 deficiency., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/purpose: Microcytosis is defined as having mean corpuscular volume (MCV) < 80 fL. This study evaluated whether 79 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients with microcytosis and 985 AG patient without microcytosis had higher frequencies of anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity than 532 healthy control subjects., Methods: Complete blood count, serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, and serum GPCA levels in 79 AG patients with microcytosis, 985 AG patient without microcytosis, and 532 healthy control subjects were measured and compared., Results: We found that 69.6%, 43.0%, 5.1%, 3.8%, 11.4%, and 22.8% of 79 AG patients with microcytosis and 14.9%, 14.8%, 5.3%, 2.1%, 12.0%, and 27.0% of 985 AG patients without microcytosis were diagnosed as having blood hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity, respectively. Both 79 AG patients with microcytosis and 985 AG patients without microcytosis had significantly higher frequencies of blood hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity than 532 healthy control subjects (all P-values < 0.01). Moreover, 79 AG patients with microcytosis had significantly higher frequencies of blood hemoglobin and iron deficiencies than 985 AG patients without microcytosis., Conclusion: There are significantly higher frequencies of anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity in AG patients with or without microcytosis than in healthy control subjects. AG patients with microcytosis have significantly higher frequencies of blood hemoglobin and iron deficiencies than AG patients without microcytosis., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Five-day-old neonatal piglets presented with debilitation and ananastasia. At the necropsy of one piglet, the apex of the tongue was found to be discolored dark red, and disseminated white foci were found on the cut surface. Many white foci were also found in the lungs and on the serosa of the liver and spleen. Histopathological findings revealed multifocal necrotic glossitis and pneumonia with Gram-negative bacilli. The bacilli were identified as Actinobacillus suis through immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic tests, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although A. suis usually causes inflammation in thoracic and abdominal organs, lesions were also found in the tongue in the present case. This study is the first report of glossitis caused by A. suis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting with many different complications including soft tissue abnormalities in the oral cavity such as periodontitis and salivary and taste dysfunction. Previous studies also reported fungal and bacterial infections in oral cavity in these patients. This study aims to represent three dimentional morphologic ultrastructural changes of the diabetic rat tongue via scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-four (24) adult male Spraque-Dawley rats, (weight ranging between 200-250g) included in the study were randomly assigned into two groups: control rats were injected with intraperitoneally saline alone, experimental diabetes group received streptozotocin (STZ) (80mg/kg) administrated intraperitoneally. On month four, by the end of experimental period, all animals of each group were anesthetised. All tongues were dissected totally, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and then dried by critical point drying before SEM analysis. Finally, superficial epithelial configurations of the lingual papillae in experimental diabetic rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Diabetes mellitus caused thickness, hyperceratosis and different epithelial changes, We observed yeast-like structures and bacterial colonisations on the papillar and epithelial structure of the tongue. The morphological atrophic changes of lingual mucosa and the median rhomboid glossitis (which is primary finding of candidal infection) are characteristic observations on the lingual mucosa of the streptozotocin treated rats., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: In this study, we evaluated pathological changes in the tooth and pharynx of GERD rats to elucidate the association between gastric acid reflux and oral and pharyngeal diseases., Methods: An experimental rat model of chronic acid reflux esophagitis was surgically created. The oral cavities were observed histologically every 2 weeks until 20 weeks after surgery., Results: At 10 weeks after surgery, molar crown heights in GERD rats were shorter than that in control rats, and inflammatory cell infiltration by gastric acid reflux was found in the periodontal mucosa of GERD rats. Furthermore, dental erosion progressed in GERD rats at 20 weeks after surgery, and enamel erosion and dentin exposure were observed. During the same period, inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the mucosa of the posterior part of the tongue. These findings suggest that gastric acid reflux may be one of the exacerbating factors of dental erosion, periodontitis and glossitis., Conclusion: We investigated oral changes in an experimental rat model of GERD and observed development of dental erosion, periodontitis and glossitis. Our findings suggested chronic gastric acid reflux may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral disease., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc gluconate as a treatment option in patients with symptomatic migratory glossitis (MG). Using simple random sampling, 28 non-psoriatic patients with symptomatic MG were divided into a test and control group. The test group took 20 mg/day of chelated zinc gluconate for one month, and was put on a diet rich in zinc. The control group was only put on a diet rich in zinc. Changes in the size of red atrophied areas (width and length) and the intensity of symptoms were evaluated as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively, at baseline, after therapy, and one month later. In the test group, the mean value of the red atrophy area width and length displayed some significant reduction as a primary outcome. There were no significant changes in the size of red patches in the control group. Secondary outcome showed that the intensity of subjective symptoms in the test group significantly decreased (P=0.042) compared with controls. The filiform papillae had partially or completely regenerated in 85.7% of cases in the test group and in 23.1% of the controls (P=0.001). Red patches with raised keratotic rims may have healed spontaneously and reappeared in constantly changing patterns that are typical for MG. This phenomenon was not observed in patients supplemented with zinc, and new atrophy areas occurred in only one case. Low-dose zinc gluconate.

Poxvirus was the causative agent of two unusual outbreaks of proliferative glossitis in canary ( Serinus canaria forma domestica) breeders in the Northern Italy. A total of 45, 7-9-mo-old canaries were submitted in fair postmortem conditions to the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie at the beginning of November 2005 for diagnostic investigation. Birds belonged to two unrelated and geographically distant aviaries in northern Italy, herein identified as Aviary A and Aviary B. The two breeder flocks had both attended the same bird exposition held at the beginning of October and started experiencing an onset of high mortality 3 wk after the show. Twelve red factor-melanin canaries from Aviary A (Mantua) and 33 dominant white and recessive white canaries from Aviary B (Vicenza) were submitted for laboratory investigations. Clinical signs were unspecific and consisted of depression, ruffling of the feathers, epistaxis, and anorexia due to decreased feed and water intake. Postmortem findings revealed a severe increase in volume, thickening, and hardening of the tongue, which had turned pinkish to dark brown. No apparent gross lesions were noticed in integumentary, respiratory, and digestive systems or other internal organs. Histopathologic evaluation of the tongue revealed severe proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium containing numerous large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies) displacing the nuclei of the cells peripherally. Severe ulceration of the surface epithelium, fibrinoheterophilic plaque formation, and moderate basal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations were also associated with the proliferative lesion. Poxvirus was successfully isolated from the lesions in tissue cultures but not in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs. Typical large, brick-shaped viral particles of 300-450 nm were also observed in affected tongues by transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report of multiple outbreaks of "poxvirus glossitis" in canaries.

Unlabelled: Part of the oral cavity structure, the tongue plays an important role, both by its functions, and pathology, which sometimes can seriously damage the state of the entire body. As an important component of the dento-maxillary apparatus, the tongue has particular appreciative and perceptive abilities, also playing a role in articulation. The conditions of the mucosa and profound tissues of the tongue are generically named glossitis. Glossitis encompasses a wide range of conditions, from the common saburral deposits up to various forms of glossitis or the impressive tumoral lesions., Material and Method: A clinical-statistical study has been conducted on a group of 24 patients, females and males, 55 - 70 years old, in order to monitor the detection of the lingual mucosa lesions., Results: The damage of the lingual mucosa of the examined patients was subject to statistical analysis, revealing 24 patients with lingual mucosa lesions. The analysis of the type of lesion highlighted the diversity of the presented forms of lesions., Conclusions: For a proper medical conduct, the dentist should know the degree of involvement of the aggravating factors in the onset of oral mucosa lesion, its particularities, and apply them in a customized manner; proper examination can be very important in detecting and treating these conditions.

Post mortem examination of a young fallow deer (Dama dama) revealed a severe purulent and necrotizing glossitis as well as a multifocal necrotizing and ulcerative rumenitis and typhlitis. The animal was cachectic. Mannheimia (M.) sp. was isolated from the tongue lesions and identified as M. granulomatis by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. Mycosis and BVDV infection were excluded. Few publications are dealing with similar macroscopic findings associated with the isolation of M. granulomatis in cattle and roe deer. Therefore, M. granulomatis should also be taken into consideration when such lesions occur in other ruminants. Based on our findings in case of gross pathological lesions of the tongue of ruminants a Mannheimia granulomatis-infection should be investigated as well as the possible role of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Actinobacillus lignieresii or Actinomyces bovis.

Oral mucositis is a frequent and serious side effect in patients who receive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop a noninvasive and quantitative model of oral mucositis in rats, investigate the pathophysiology, and evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological interventions. Rats received a single dose of 15 Gy of X-rays to the snout after shielding of the remainder of the rat body with lead plates to protect the body from irradiation (day 0). After irradiation, the macroscopic area of tongue injury gradually increased. The total area of injury and the ulcer-like area reached a maximum on day 7 and then gradually decreased until disappearance on day 28. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines occurred transiently within 1-4 hours after irradiation and returned to a normal level at 24 hours. This expression was again observed from days 3 to 5 and increased significantly on day 7, which approximately coincided with the histologic severity of tissue damage. Subcutaneous administration of palifermin at 3 mg/kg per day for 3 consecutive days before irradiation completely prevented ulcer formation in this model. In conclusion, we established a novel model of glossitis in rats, induced by X-ray irradiation, in which biphasic elevations of expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines could be monitored. This model is considered useful to investigate the pathophysiology of oral mucositis and evaluate the preventive effect of pharmacological interventions on oral mucositis induced by X-ray irradiation.

Background: Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease. Genetic and environmental factors, which determine the disease epidemiology and clinical spectrum, are heterogeneous in different populations. A few case-control studies from other countries have shown an association between psoriasis and migratory glossitis (MG). The characteristics of the association (e.g. relationship with gender, severity of psoriasis, early- versus late-onset psoriasis, etc.) have not been clearly defined., Aim: To investigate the association of psoriasis and MG by conducting a matched case-control study in India., Methods: The study was conducted on 600 patients with psoriasis and 800 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients were examined for oral lesions and psoriasis severity was assessed by overall severity index (OSI) and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). We compared the proportions of patients and controls with oral lesions, proportions of male and female patients who had MG, psoriasis severity scores of patients with or without MG, and proportions of early- and late-onset psoriasis patients who had MG., Results: Significantly, more patients had oral lesions than controls (P=0.0013). There was a strong association between psoriasis and MG (P<0.0001). MG and fissured tongue (FT) occurring in the same patient were also strongly associated with psoriasis (P=0.0003). There was a weak association of psoriasis with FT (P=0.0456). Significantly, higher proportion of male patients had MG compared to female patients (P=0.0246). Patients with MG had more severe psoriasis compared to those without the tongue lesions (P<0.0001). Similar proportions of patients with type 1 and type 2 psoriasis had MG (P=0.7268)., Conclusions: The results suggest that MG is a rare manifestation of psoriasis which occurs more commonly in male patients and in those with severe disease, and that it occurs with equal frequency in early- and late-onset psoriasis. It will be interesting to follow those patients who have MG, but not psoriasis, to see whether they develop psoriasis phenotype in future.

Background: Atrophy of the papillae, mucosa, and dorsum of the tongue are considered classical signs of nutritional deficiencies., Objective: To assess the nutritional status of hospitalized alcoholics with or without papillary atrophy of the tongue., Methods: This study was performed with 21 hospitalized alcoholics divided into Atrophic Glossitis Group (n=13) and Normal Tongue Group (n=8). Healthy, non-alcoholic volunteers composed the Control Group (n=8). Anthropometry and bioelectric impedance were performed, and serum vitamins A, E, and B12 were determined., Results: There were no statistical differences in relation to age (46.7 ± 8.7 vs. 46.8 ± 15.8 years) or gender (92.3% vs. 87.5% male), respectively. Control Group volunteers were also paired in relation to age (47.5 ± 3.1 years) and male predominance (62.5%). In relation to hospitalized alcoholics without atrophic lesions of the tongue and Control Group, patients with papillary atrophy showed lower BMI (18.6 ± 2,5 vs 23.8 ± 3.5 vs 26.7 ± 3,6 kg/m(2)) and body fat content 7.6 ± 3.5 vs 13.3 ± 6.5 vs 19.5 ± 4,9 kg). When compared with the Control Group, alcoholic patients with or without papillary atrophy of the tongue showed lower values of red blood cells (10.8 ± 2.2 vs 11.8 ± 2.2 vs 14.5 ± 1,6g/dL) and albumin (3.6 ± 0.9 vs 3.6 ± 0.8 vs 4.4 ± 0.2g/dL). The seric levels of vitamins A, E, and B12 were similar amongst the groups., Conclusion: Hospitalized alcoholics with papillary atrophy of the tongue had lower BMI and fat body stores than controls, without associated hypovitaminosis.

Disseminated histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a zoonotic fungal organism, is an important disease in animals and humans, particularly those with compromised immune systems. Reports of disseminated histoplasmosis in an avian species are not available within the current literature. Candida albicans, another fungal agent with zoonotic importance, is a commensal of the avian digestive tract that is often associated with opportunistic infections particularly in young or immunocompromised birds. This report describes a case of concomitant histoplasmosis and candidiasis in an Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) characterized by severe granulomatous glossitis, blepharitis and osteomyelitis with numerous intrahistiocytic and extracellular yeasts (H. capsulatum) as well as intralesional hyphae, pseudohyphae and conidia (C. albicans). To our knowledge, co-infection with H. capsulatum and C. albicans has not been reported in an avian species.

Although easily examined, abnormalities of the tongue can present a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for physicians. Recognition and diagnosis require a thorough history, including onset and duration, antecedent symptoms, and tobacco and alcohol use. Examination of tongue morphology and a careful assessment for lymphadenopathy are also important. Geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and hairy tongue are the most common tongue problems and do not require treatment. Median rhomboid glossitis is usually associated with a candidal infection and responds to topical antifungals. Atrophic glossitis is often linked to an underlying nutritional deficiency of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, riboflavin, or niacin and resolves with correction of the underlying condition. Oral hairy leukoplakia, which can be a marker for underlying immunodeficiency, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and is treated with oral antivirals. Tongue growths usually require biopsy to differentiate benign lesions (e.g., granular cell tumors, fibromas, lymphoepithelial cysts) from premalignant leukoplakia or squamous cell carcinoma. Burning mouth syndrome often involves the tongue and has responded to treatment with alpha-lipoic acid, clonazepam, and cognitive behavior therapy in controlled trials. Several trials have also confirmed the effectiveness of surgical division of tongue-tie (ankyloglossia), in the context of optimizing the success of breastfeeding compared with education alone. Tongue lesions of unclear etiology may require biopsy or referral to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, head and neck surgeon, or a dentist experienced in oral pathology.

Herpetic geometric glossitis is an uncommon, clinically distinctive presentation of oral herpes simplex virus infection that affects the tongue. All published reports have been in patients who are immunocompromised. We present an immunocompetent woman with viral pneumonia who developed painful linear fissures on the back of the tongue suggestive of herpetic geometric glossitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by both biopsy specimen and immunohistochemistry. As in other cases, the patient promptly responded to treatment with antiviral therapy. The morphology, laboratory findings, and similarities to herpetic corneal dendrites are discussed. Herpetic geometric glossitis should no longer be considered as a diagnosis only in immunosuppressed individuals, but in immunocompetent persons as well.

The term transient lingual papillitis (TLP) was suggested by Whitaker et al. in 1996. It describes a condition of the tongue that is relatively common but with few documented cases. It is seen more in young women as a painful enlargement of one or more fungiform papillae that resolve quickly within a day or several days. Trauma may be a likely cause but the exact cause is elusive. The following brief reports are presented to augment the clinical documentation of this condition.

The classic oral manifestations of vitamin B(12) deficiency are considered nonspecific. We describe 4 patients with oral linear lesions associated with vitamin B(12) deficiency. Patients were free of neurologic symptoms and anemia at diagnosis. We believe that glossitis with linear lesions is an early clinical sign of vitamin B(12) deficiency. We recommend the determination of vitamin B(12) in such patients, even in the absence of anemia.

The John Cunningham virus (JCV) asymptomatically infects a large proportion (approximately 90%) of the population worldwide but may be activated in immunodeficient patients, resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Recent reports demonstrated its oncogenic role in malignancies. In this paper, the presence of JCV-targeting T antigen was investigated in tongue carcinoma (TC, n = 39), dysplastic tongue epithelium (DTE, n = 15) and glossitis (n = 15) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry, and JCV copies were analyzed with the clinicopathological parameters of TCs. The results demonstrated that glossitis and DTEs had significantly lower copies of JCV (410.5 +/- 44.3 and 658.3 +/- 53.3 copies/mug DNA respectively) than TCs (981.5 +/- 14.0, p < 0.05). When they were divided into three groups with 0-200 copies/mug DNA (low), 201-1,000 (moderate) and more than 1001 (high), TCs showed 3 (7.6%) in the low group, 21 (53.8%) in the moderate group and 15 (38.4%) in the high group and glossitis showed 11 (73.3%) in the low group, 0 (0%) in the moderate group and 4 (26.6%) in the high group. The DTEs occupied an intermediate position between them (p < 0.001). In situ PCR demonstrated that the nuclei of TC and DTE cells are sporadically T-antigen positive but not in nasal turbinate epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry for T-antigen protein revealed four positive cases only in TCs. The existence of JCV T-antigen DNA was not associated with the clinicopathological variables of TCs. In conclusion, the presence of JCV may be a risk factor of tongue carcinogenesis.

Unlabelled: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relieving effect on smarting symptoms in the oral mucosa by the use of lingual acrylic splints. Recruited for the study were 53 persons, 48 women and 5 men, with smarting symptoms in the oral mucosa, not associated with general disease, and with signs of erythema, most often on the apex of the tongue, and/or crenated tongue. Symptoms were registered from the tongue in 49 cases, the palate in 28 cases and the lips in 15 cases. A lingual acrylic splint was applied in the lower jaw behind the front teeth, not covering the occlusal surfaces and it was kept in the mouth day and night. At an average the splint was used in 8 months. A group of 10 women was recruited for comparison. These women were just instructed to avoid tongue pressing for at least a two month period. All patients were asked whether the treatment affected the symptoms and they registered their opinion on a 100 mm VAS line with end effect points "not helped at all/deteriorated" and "now completely without symptoms". On the question whether the treatment had affected the symptoms, the average result was 55 mm and median value 64 mm. The treatment results were somewhat better among those with moderate initial symptoms compared to those with severe symptoms. Interestingly, in the group for comparison, symptom VAS values improved significantly from 60 to 41 mm (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Treatment of smarting symptoms in the oral mucosa may to a great extent be relieved by the application of an acrylic lingual splint. However, before using this splint method, an effort should be made to make the patient actively avoid tongue pressure.

Periodic fever syndrome is composed of a group of disorders that present with recurrent predictable episodes of fever, which may be accompanied by: (1) lymphadenopathy; (2) malaise; (3) gastrointestinal disturbances; (4) arthrolgia; (5) stomatitis; and (6) skin lesions. These signs and symptoms occur in distinct intervals every 4 to 6 weeks and resolve without any residual effect, and the patient remains healthy between attacks. The evaluation must exclude: (1) infections; (2) neoplasms; and (3) autoimmune conditions. The purpose of this paper is to report the case of a 41/2- year-old white female who presented with a history of periodic fevers accompanied by: (1) joint pain; (2) skin lesions; (3) rhinitis; (4) vomiting; (5) diarrhea; and (6) an unusual asymptomatic, marked, fiery red glossitis with features evolving to resemble geographic tongue and then resolving completely between episodes. This may represent the first known reported case in the literature of a periodic fever syndrome presenting with such unusual recurring oral findings.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, relapsing, papulo-squamous dermatitis, with overlying silvery scales. The scalp, sacral region, and extensor surfaces of extremity are commonly involved, even if flexural and intertriginous areas may be affected in the so-called "inverse psoriasis". Involvement of nails is frequent. Oral lesions (geographic stomatitis and/or glossitis) are commonly described. 5-8% of psoriatic patients develop arthritis. Interphalangeal joints are characteristically involved, but large joints are also affected. From a histological point of view, psoriasis is a dynamic dermatosis that changes during the evolution of an individual lesion; we can classify it in an early stage, advanced stage, and later lesions. Lesions are usually diagnostic only in early stages or near the margin of advancing plaques. Munro microabscesses and Kogoj micropustoles are diagnostic clues of psoriasis, but they aren't always present. All other features can be found in numerous eczematous dermatitis.

Objective: To categorize histologic lesions affecting the tongue, determine the frequency with which they develop, and identify risk factors associated with their development in dogs., Design: Retrospective case series., Animals: 1,196 dogs., Procedures: Diagnostic reports of lingual biopsy specimens from dogs evaluated from January 1995 to October 2004 were reviewed., Results: Neoplasia comprised 54% of lingual lesions. Malignant tumors accounted for 64% of lingual neoplasms and included melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. Large-breed dogs, especially Chow Chows and Chinese Shar-Peis, were at increased risk for melanoma. Females of all breeds and Poodles, Labrador Retrievers, and Samoyeds were more likely to have squamous cell carcinomas. Hemangiosarcomas and fibrosarcomas were commonly diagnosed in Border Collies and Golden Retrievers, respectively. Benign neoplasms included squamous papilloma, plasma cell tumor, and granular cell tumor. Small-breed dogs, especially Cocker Spaniels, were at increased risk for plasma cell tumors. Glossitis accounted for 33% of diagnoses; in most cases, the inciting cause was not apparent. Whereas large-breed dogs were more likely to have lingual neoplasia, small-breed dogs were more likely to have glossitis. Calcinosis circumscripta accounted for 4% of lingual lesions and predominately affected young large-breed dogs. The remaining submissions consisted mostly of various degenerative or wound-associated lesions., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The frequency of lingual lesions was not evenly distributed across breeds, sexes, or size classes of dogs. Veterinarians should be aware of the commonly reported lingual lesions in dogs so that prompt diagnosis and appropriate management can be initiated.

Background: Asthma, eczema and hay fever are the classical manifestations of atopic disease. Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) has also been reported to be a manifestation. Anecdotally, atopic people frequently report irritation of the tongue by heat and certain foods, which may be more common than realized., Objectives: To determine whether atopic people have an increased likelihood of a sensitive tongue manifest as inflamed fungiform papillae and a history of irritation by certain foods., Patients/methods: A descriptive classification of inflammation of the fungiform papillae on the tongue was developed using a 9-point analogue scale where 1 was considered normal and 9 was considered to be severely inflamed. An opportunistic sample of participants were classified as atopic or not on the basis of a personal history of asthma, eczema or hay fever. An examination of the tongue was performed using the classification and then a questionnaire was administered on whether they burnt their tongue easily with hot food and whether they were irritated by certain foods., Results: There were 200 participants aged 20 years and over of whom 104 (52%) were classified as atopic on the basis of the personal history. There was a significant positive association between increasingly inflamed fungiform papillae and the likelihood of being atopic. There was also a positive association between increasing inflammation of the fungiform papillae and a history of both burning the tongue easily and irritation of the tongue by food. There was an increased likelihood of a history of irritation of the tongue with certain foods amongst atopic participants and they were also more likely to burn their tongue with hot food than those who were nonatopic., Conclusion: Atopic people are more likely than the normal community to have inflammation of the fungiform papillae of their tongue which correlates with a history of a sensitive tongue manifest as irritation by heat and certain foods. These data suggest that atopic disease may occur in the mouth as a common inflammatory change on the tongue-fungiform papillary glossitis.

Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG) is an uncommon benign abnormality of the tongue, most frequently affecting men. It is typically located around the midline of the dorsum of the tongue, anterior to the lingual "V", appearing as a reddish, rhomboid area, depapillated, flat maculate or mamillated and raised by 2 - 5 mm. This paper reports a case of rhomboid glossitis in a 61-year-old man who consulted for a painless raised lesion on the dorsum of the tongue, in left paramedial (not medial) location. Histopathological findings were compatible with rhomboid glossitis. Other diagnoses considered but ruled out on the basis of the clinical and histopathological findings were haemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, amyloidosis, granular cell tumour, and squamous cell carcinoma. This case confirms that rhomboid glossitis may occur in paramedial locations.

In aged persons reduction of diameter of tongue lymphatic capillaries precedes thinning of the Kaarl net. In the process of tongue inflammation, lymphogenic way of inclusion in 6|6 and 8|8 teeth lower area should be stuck out with existence of alleged "Integration Centers". Lymphatic knots and lymphatic ducts are in prevailed placed in corresponding tissues of lower-chin and lower teeth. Lymphatic-muscular system and its anatomical links and age-related changeability raise the special interest during odontogenic infections with tongue inflammation.

The etiology and pathogenesis of median rhomboid glossitis have been subjects of controversial discussion for a long time. In the past it was thought to be a developmental defect involving the tongue. This condition was believed to have been caused by the failure of the embriologic tuberculum impair to be covered by the lateral processes of the tongue. In the recent years the possible role of Candida albicans has been stressed. It is proposed that Actinomyces like Candida induces pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the mucosa of the tongue and inflammatory hyperplasia of the underlying connecting tissue, resulting in the characteristic elevated lesion. In the paper we present a case of 63 years old female with median rhomboid glossitis and methods of its treatment. The importance of tobacco smoking and denture wearing in the etiology of median rhomboid glossitis has been evaluated.

A 50-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with a complaint of lingual enlargement. Detection of non-caseous epithelioid granuloma on histopathological examination led to a diagnosis of a granulomatous glossitis. Extensive investigation for the presence of associated disorders yielded negative results. Metranidazole and clofazimine were totally ineffective and tetracycline led to a minimal improvement. No associated disorder was detected at a 4-year follow-up examination. The position of granulomatous glossitis within the spectrum of orofacial granulomatous conditions is discussed.