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Recognising materials and their properties from visual information is vital for successful interactions with our environment, from avoiding slippery floors to handling fragile objects. Yet there is no simple mapping of retinal image intensities to the physical properties that define materials. While studies have investigated how material properties like surface gloss are perceived from regularities in image structure, such as the size, sharpness, contrast, and position of bright patches caused by specular reflections, little is known how this translates to the recognition of different material classes like plastic, pearl, satin, or steel, and the underlying mechanisms involved. We investigated this by collecting human psychophysical judgments about complex glossy objects rendered in natural illumination fields. We found that variations in specular image structure – produced either by different reflectance properties or direct manipulation of image features – caused categorical shifts in material appearance, suggesting that specular reflections provide diagnostic information about a wide range of material classes, including many that should be defined by more complex scattering functions. Moreover, differences in material category were predicted by, but also appeared to mediate, cues for surface gloss, providing evidence against a traditional feedforward view of neural processing that assumes combinations of mid-level properties mediate our holistic, categorical impressions. Instead, our results suggest that the image structure that triggers our perception of surface gloss plays a direct role in visual categorisation and, importantly, that the perception and neural processing of stimulus properties should not be studied in isolation but rather in the context of recognition.

Luster for a fiber/fabric system is a phenomenon to the reflectance of incident light to the surface, addressed as its shine or gloss. Presently, objective evaluation of the shine for straight hair...

The aim of this study was to compare color changes, surface roughness and gloss of a microhybrid and nanohybrid composite whitened in a simulated in-office or at-home procedure using 40% hydrogen peroxide or 16% carbamide peroxide, respectively. CIELab coordinates were measured before, during and after treatment using VITA EasyShade V (VITA) and ∆E00 calculated. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester (SJ210; Mitutoyo). Gloss was measured using a gloss checker (IG-331; Horiba). At-home whitening resulted in ∆E00 of 1.23±0.49 (microhybrid) and 1.01±0.76 (nanohybrid). In-office exposure resulted in ∆E00 of 0.69±0.38 (microhybrid) and 0.72±0.50 (nanohybrid). There were no significant differences in ∆E00, surface roughness and gloss between whitening protocols (p>0.05). Color changes of a microhybrid and nanohybrid composite following simulated in-office or at-home whitening reached CIEDE2000 50:50% perceptibility but not acceptability threshold. Surface roughness and gloss of the microhybrid and nanohybrid composite were not affected by whitening.

Niniejsza glosa porusza problematykę dopuszczalności rezygnacji z przyznanego na wniosek rodzicielskiego świadczenia uzupełniającego, a dokładniej — skutków złożonego przez stronę oświadczenia o cofnięciu wniosku wszczynającego postępowanie, w którym zapadła decyzja ostateczna przyznająca to świadczenie.

The color gamut of imaging media is significant for the reproduction of color images because its magnitude directly affects the degree to which colors change during the printing process. Over the last few years, digital impression technology has started to play a substantial role in the printing industry due to the quest for short runs and variable information printing. The color gamut of electrophotographic digital printing depends on various parameters including the printer and toner, but especially the properties (whiteness, roughness, and gloss) of the paper, which influence the final printed color gamut and replication quality. Artificial intelligence approaches are applied herein for the first time to choose and predict the performance of a paper with appropriate properties to achieve the maximum color gamut. A genetic algorithm-based computer code is developed to optimize the architecture of an artificial neural network, thereby yielding an accurate model to predict the color gamut achievable in electrophotographic color printing. The gamut volume was generated using an Eye-One spectrophotometer, ProfileMaker, and ColorThink software. The properties of 11 dissimilar types of paper were assessed by atomic force microscopy, spectrophotometer, and goniophotometer. The results indicate that the reproducibility depended considerably on the features of the paper. Although high whiteness and gloss increased the color gamut volume, and high roughness decreased the reproducibility of the printing machine, the artificial intelligence approach provided the opportunity to achieve a high gamut volume with low gloss and high roughness.

AISI 304 is essential for vital industries, e.g., aerospace, nuclear plants, pharmaceutical, chemical, and medical industries. Enhancement of AISI 304 surface characteristics is required for protection, durability, and better performance. Different methods were used for surface modification like mechanical polishing (MP) and electrochemical polishing (EP). Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and gloss values revealed the alleviation of humps, imperfection and roughness, and leveling. Smoothness and brightening of the surface after EP (∆R = − 1.206 nm) was more than that of MP treatment (∆R = − 0.562 nm). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed increase of Cr, Ni, and Mn content while the content of Fe decreased after EP treatment. Potentiodynamic polarization of EP AISI 304 in 3.5% NaCl revealed a high polarization resistance (Rp = 2786 kΩ) and low corrosion rate of 2.74 × 10−5 mm year−1). These parameters were compared to that of MP AISI 304 of lower polarization resistance (Rp = 168 kΩ) and higher corrosion rate of 6.01 × 10−5 mm year−1). Potentiodynamic polarization shows that the Ecorr was − 61.09 mV for EP samples compared to − 127 mV for MP samples and that the corrosion rate for MP samples was higher than that of EP samples. Mott-Schottky analysis shows a donor densities of 1.370 × 1022 cm−3 for the EP samples vs. 3.014 × 1021 cm−3 for MP samples, while acceptor densities of 8.304 × 1021 cm−3 for EP samples vs. 7.389 × 1022 cm−3 for MP samples compared to unpolished sample of donor density of 2.036 × 1021 cm−3 and acceptor density of 8.784 × 1020 cm−3 which evidenced the better performance for EP treatment. The results were supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well.

This paper describes the mechanism and trend of High gloss polymer compounds replacing of paintable plastic parts in automobile industry, and gives some solution overcoming the appearance defects that Painting free parts form easily flow marks and Weld lines in injection molding.

Objective This study is focused on testing experimental rapid prototyping materials for occlusal splints made from Urethandimethacrylate (UDMA) and Urethanmethacrylate (UMA). Methods Materials were mixed from UDMA and UMA in ratios of 1.0:0.0, 0.75:0.25, 0.5:0.5, 0.25:0.75 and 0.0:1.0. Specimens were printed using digital light processing (DLP). After post-processing, the specimens underwent testing on flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear behavior, surface roughness, gloss and color stability. All tests were performed after 24 h (baseline) and 10 days of water storage (aging). Splints underwent cyclic pull-off and insertion testing, which was alongside simulated using finite element analysis. Results The mechanical properties were significantly influenced by changes in the UDMA:UMA ratio. Statistical analysis revealed that increased amounts of UMA correlated with a decrease in flexural strength (92.0 to 30.7 MPa), modulus of elasticity (2.4 to 0.6 GPa), hardness (155.1 to 102.0 N/mm2) and wear resistance (−1394.9 to −1742.1 μm). Materials with higher amounts of UMA were also more likely to be influenced by water storage. Specimens with 75% and 100% UMA content were partly not analyzable due to soft consistency. Optical properties showed only minor influence from UMA content and aging. Differences in surface roughness (3.9 to 2.4 μm) and color stability were insignificant. Gloss was partly influenced by the UDMA:UMA ratio and water storage. Mean survival rates for cyclic pull-off and insertion testing ranged from 2537 to 23,857 cycles. A correlation between the amount of UMA and survival rates was observed. Significance The addition of up to 25% UMA showed promising results, complying with clinical standards and delivering acceptable results in the cyclic pull-off and insertion test. Further investigation on increments between 0 and 25% UMA could help to find an optimum.

Background/purpose: There is limited literature on the polishability of new launched nanofilled and nanohybrid. The aim of this study is to evaluate the polishability of nanofilled and nanohybrid composites by measuring surface roughness and gloss values and explore the surface qualities of composite before and after polishing in vitro. Materials and methods: One nanofilled resin composite, two nanohybrid resin composites and one microhybrid resin composite were selected. All specimens were light cured against celluloid matrix strips. Then surface roughness(Ra) and gloss(GU) values were tested as negative control. Specimens were roughened with a 600-grit silicon carbide paper for 30 s to serve as positive control and then polished with Sof-Lex polishing disk system. Mean Ra and GU values of each step were measured with a profilometer and a small-area glossmeter. The surface qualities were observed by scanning electron microscope. Results: Ra values of polished surfaces were significantly higher than negative control and lower than positive control(P 0.05). GU values of polished surfaces were significantly lower than negative control and higher than positive control(P

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the effects of tea tree oil on damaged hair.Methods: A texture-improving agent was produced by adding different dosages of tea tree oil (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 g) on sample hair. Comparative analysis was conducted by measuring the effects of the agent before and after application to sample hair bleached into level 8. To examine changes in hair brightness, L* value was measured using a color difference meter. In addition, to determine the effects of the agent on damaged hair, the study measured tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and hair gloss.Results: The mean L* value for each sample increased for healthy hair but decreased in the 8L samples. Analysis indicates that the healthy hair, 8L(4) sample, and 8L(6) samples pointed to significant results. The mean value for tensile strength increased for all healthy and 8L hair samples after application. Specifically, the 8L(4) and 8L(6) samples displayed significant results. In terms of absorbance, the mean value decreased for all healthy and 8L hair samples after application. Moreover, hair gloss values increased for samples applied with the agent containing tea tree oil. Specifically, the 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) samples exhibited increased values after application.Conclusions: The results confirm the effects of tea tree oil on damaged hair in terms of improvements in terms of tensile strength, absorbance, and gloss. The study recommends that further research on the effects of various oils and natural extracts on damaged hair is necessary in terms of improving other hair characteristics and using more samples.

Objective This study investigated the handling and surface characteristics of universal resin composites and determined the interrelations among the composites’ handling, mechanical, and physical properties. Methods Five recently introduced universal resin composites were tested. Twelve specimens per material were used to measure the stiffness and stickiness (handling properties) of the resin composite pastes. Additionally, surface properties (Knoop hardness number [KHN], surface roughness [Sa], surface gloss [SG], water contact angle [CA], and surface free energy [SFE]) of cured resin composites were determined in 12 specimens per material immediately after preparation (baseline) and after subjection to thermal cycles (TCs). Results Handling and surface properties of the resin composites were material dependent. All the resin composites showed significantly lower KHN in the post-TC subgroups than that in the baseline subgroups. However, the influence of TC on the other surface properties was dependent on the material used. Some resin composites did not indicate any significant differences in Sa, SG, or CA between the baseline and post-TC groups. Significance Although the resin composites in the baseline groups presented with different handling and surface properties, the surface properties of most of the composites were significantly affected by TC. Extremely strong positive or negative correlations were observed between stiffness and stickiness, KHN and Sa, KHN and SG, Sa and SG, and CA and SFE. Most correlations between the handling and surface properties were weak. Therefore, the selection of resin composites in clinical situations should be based on comprehensive consideration of their properties.

The nanocomposite surface coating film samples were prepared by high-speed mechanical mixing of novolac epoxy resin (EEW 180 eq/gm) and a varying amount of nano-CaCO3 (0–5 wt%) for 30 min. Further, these mixtures were used to cast 100 microns films on the metal/glass panels and subjected to cure at 110o C for 1 h and post-cure at 80 oC for 5 h. The nanocomposite surface coating film samples were tested for mechanical properties (viz. impact resistance, scratch hardness, adhesion, and flexibility) and resistance to artificial seawater (ASW). It was observed that 4 wt% nano-CaCO3 containing film sample showed maximum impact strength, scratch hardness, adhesion, and flexibility, and resistance to ASW compared to neat epoxy and other nanocomposite film samples. The curing behavior of nanocomposite film samples was analyzed by DSC. The reactivity effect of nano-CaCO3 blending on epoxy resin by FTIR spectroscopy, morphological studies by SEM, and surface gloss by Triglossometer were also investigated.

Dylan Thomas’s poems have frequently been subjected to critical glosses which treat his poems almost like puzzles to be solved, or codes to be deciphered. This is a method of reading, however, whic...

Chocolate manufacture includes a complex tempering procedure to direct the crystallization of cocoa butter towards the formation of fat crystal networks with specific polymorphism, nano- and microstructure, melting behavior, surface gloss and mechanical properties. Here we investigate the effects of adding various minor non-triglyceride lipidic components to refined cocoa butter and chocolate on their physical properties. We discover that addition of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine to neutralized and bleached cocoa butter or molten and recrystallized commercial chocolate at 0.1% (w/w) levels, followed by rapid cooling to 20 °C in the absence of shear, accelerates crystallization, stabilizes the desirable Form V polymorph and induces the formation of chocolate with an optimal microstructure, surface gloss and mechanical strength. Final chocolate structure and properties are comparable to those of a commercial tempered chocolate. Minor lipidic component addition represents an effective way to engineer chocolate material properties at different length scales, thus simplifying the entire tempering process., In chocolate production, a complicated tempering process is used to guide the crystallization of cocoa butter towards its most desirable polymorph, which gives the chocolate proper melting behavior, gloss, and snap—hallmarks of good quality chocolate. Here, the authors find that simply adding a specific phospholipid also directs crystallization towards this polymorph, producing chocolate with comparable microstructure and properties to tempered chocolate.

The Act on access to public information (i.e. Journal of Laws of 2020, item 2176; hereinafter referred to as the Act on Access to Public Information) provides that everyone is entitled, subject to Art. 5, the right to access public information, and the person exercising the right to public information may not be required to demonstrate a legal or factual interest. Despite the fact that the Act has been operating in the legal order for nearly 20 years, there are still significant interpretative doubts regarding the basic ones that affect the interpretation, and thus the application of this Act. One of such concepts is used in art. 2 u.d.i.p. the concept of "everyone". In the voted judgment, the Supreme Administrative Court indicated that the Court of first instance interpreted the phrase "everyone" too categorically, assuming that the attribute of a state legal person made it impossible to file a motion for disclosure of public information to an authority. According to the Supreme Administrative Court, u.d.i.p. this type of entities (entities of the public finance sector - own footnote) in each case does not prevent the possibility of submitting a request for disclosure of public information. The question then arises whether against the background of u.d.i.p. "Everyone is everyone", and if not "everyone" is also a unit of the public finance sector. In the author's opinion, the NSA made a wrong assumption, not taking into account all the issues related to the analyzed problem.

The subject of the study is a commentary to the judgement of the appeal court, in which the court expressly denied the possibility of performing the examination of a premises as part of investigative operations, even if such activity was performed with the voluntary provision of premises by a person authorised to dispose of it.

Aims: The impact of bleaching chemicals on the gloss and film thicknesses of poly urethane (PU) coated surface of mango wood (Mangifera indica) with ammonia fumigation and an exposure towards sunlight was investigated Study Design: Thirty six wood samples of size 10.6 cm (length) C 7.62 cm (width) were prepared from 2.5 cm thick kiln dried mango wood (Mangifera indica). Specimens were divided into six groups, each group having 6 samples for the study. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in year 2016 at the Laboratory of Forest Product Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Methodology: All the samples were sanded with 80 grit size sand paper and coated with poly urethane. Two chemicals were used for bleaching purpose like an aqueous solution of oxalic acid (H2C2O4) was prepared with 30% concentration (by mixing 42.9 g of the solute in 100 ml of hot water) and a commercially available Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as such (30%). For the purpose of bleaching, these chemicals were applied on to the sanded surfaces using brush at room temperature. The bleached sample surfaces were allowed to dry before proceeding to the next step. The PU (Poly Urethane) coated samples were treated with ammonia fumigation before and after bleached with the two chemicals. Ammonia fumigation was carried out in a fumigation chamber for 24 hours for all the samples (except T1). Results: On exposure to natural sunlight for 60 hours, all the samples showed reduction in film thickness in PU coating but in a wide range of 2.8 % to 11.4%. The highest loss of coating thickness was shown by samples which were neither fumigated nor bleached. Among the fumigated samples, those bleached with oxalic acid resulted in high film thickness loss. Samples bleached with hydrogen peroxide after ammonia fumigation resulted in least film thickness reduction. Both ammonia fumigation and bleaching in general brought down the original gloss of poly urethane coating. The gloss value reduced as expected on exposure to sunlight. Bleaching by hydrogen peroxide prior to ammonia fumigation resulted in highest loss in gloss Conclusion: The un-fumigated and unbleached surface resulted in minimum gloss reduction due to long exposure to sunlight.

This paper analyses the relativisation patterns in the Northumbrian Old English gloss to St. Mark's gospel, composed by the scribe Owun. Its analysis leads to the conclusion that in this corpus seþ...

Colour signals of flowers facilitate detection, spontaneous preference, discrimination and flower constancy by important bee pollinators. At short distances bees orient to floral colour patterns to find a landing platform and collect nutrition, potentially improving the plants’ reproductive success when multiple flowers are visited sequentially. In addition to pigments and backscattering structures within the petals’ internal layers, the epidermal micro-structure of the petals’ surface may also influence petal reflectance properties and thus influence overall colour patterns via optical effects. Gloss, i.e., shine caused by specular reflections of incident light from smooth surfaces, may for example alter the visual appearance of surfaces including flowers. We classify the epidermal surface properties of petals from 39 species of flowering plants from 19 families by means of a cell shape index, and measure the respective surface spectral reflectance from different angles. The spontaneous behavioural preferences of free flying bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) for surfaces with different micro-textures was then tested using specially prepared casts of selected flower petals. We specifically tested how the petal colour as function of the angle of incident light, surface structure and bee approach angle influences bumblebees’ spontaneous choices for artificial flowers. We observe that bumblebees spontaneously prefer artificial flowers with conical-papillate micro-structures under both multidirectional illumination and under spotlight conditions if approaching against the direction of spotlight, suggesting conical cells help promote constant signals by removing gloss that may confound the integrity of colour signalling.

This gloss aims to assess the position presented by the Supreme Court in its resolution of 26 June 2014 as to whether the need to resume proceedings, as referred to in Article 540 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, can only relate to proceedings in the case to which the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the violation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms relates, or also to other criminal proceedings in which there has been a violation of the provisions of the Convention similar to that found in the decision of this Court issued against Poland. The analysis includes the presentation of doctrinal and case law views, as well as the author’s own reflections. What is important, the considerations end with a polemic with the arguments appearing in the interpretation dispute, and an assessment of the very process of interpretation by the Supreme Court when considering the legal issue in question.

According to the glossed judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of November 7, 2018, file ref. Act I FSK 1692/16 compensation for the provided transport services in public transport buses should not be subject to VAT. The article focuses primarily on whether the Supreme Administrative Court rightly recognized them as subsidies similar to donation and subsidy referred to in the VAT Act. In connection with the above, the gloss presents the meaning of donation and subsidy under Polish and EU law. The final conclusion is that compensations involving a reasonable profit cannot be included in a surcharge of a similar nature to the above-mentioned measures, as they are a form of payment and therefore should be subject to VAT. In the remaining scope, however, the position of the Supreme Administrative Court should be shared, taking into account the broad definition of subsidies/subsidies found in EU law.

The primary procedure for filling the post of manager of a non-entrepreneurial medical entity (as well as for other posts referred to in Article 49(1) of the Law on Medicinal Activities) is to select a candidate by means of a competition. However, there may be cases where it is necessary to fill the post of manager, but there is no possibility of a competition procedure. In such situations, it should be possible to entrust duties in this post, but only for the time necessary to conduct the competition. In so doing, it cannot be considered that the delegation of duties constitutes one of the means of filling the post of manager of a medical entity, which is only a temporary solution enabling the medical entity to function until that post has been filled by means of a competition. In view of the legal personality of an independent public health establishment and the principle of legality in the operation of local government units in the exercise of its powers, it is appropriate to limit the powers of that body as a medical entity only to the situations expressly referred to in the provisions of the Law. However, the provisions of the Law on local government employees do not apply either to the manager of the medical entity or to its other employees.

Painting is the application of paint in liquid form onto the object, to create a thin layer which is then dried to form a hard layer or layers of paint. Many things are influential in the painting process, including the clear coat process which functions as a gloss effect and protects and maintains the paint color of the vehicle. In this research, it was expected to know the effect of the ratio between the thinner and accelerator on the clear coat on drying time, thickness, and glossiness of the clear coat. In this study, the mixture ratio variations of accelerator and thinner used were 0%: 100%, 25%: 75%, 50%: 50%, 75%: 25%. The speeds of drying with the aforementioned ratio of accelerator and thinner were 28 mins, 24 mins, 18 mins, and 16 mins respectively, while the values of the thickness of the ratio were 53, 4 µm, 55.6 µm, 54.03 µm, and 57.1 µm respectively, and the glossiness values of the accelerator and thinner with the ratio were 96.1 Gu, 95.4 Gu, 92.5 Gu, and 93.1 Gu respectively.

In these days, preparation of eco-friendly wood surface coating agents has become important topic for environmental concerns. In this study, an alternative surface coating formulations was prepared with adducts of oils of apricot kernel (A), sesame (S) and grape seed (G) were mixed with oil modified alkyd-based synthetic varnish system. These emulsions were applied on Rowan(Sorbustorminalis) wood and exposed artificial UV irradiation. However, all emulsion coated samples show lower water sorptions regardless of conditions or level of treatments. Increasing adduct charges from 5.0% to 10% have not considerably effects for water sorptions. The reducing water sorption properties of 35.5%, 35.2% and 39.4% were obtained with 10% sesame oil-varnish coated samples of 10Sı and 10 Sıı in one- and two-time coatings and three-times coated samples of 5Sııı in 5.0% sesame oil-varnish emulsion coatings, respectively. Moreover, selected oil adducts into varnish had one and two point lowering effects on coated surface hardness (in 4H-5H levels). The UV exposure seems to not much influence on surface hardness properties. The similar tendency were also observed for cross-cut resistance that marginally similar adhesion (scratch resistance) for both control and UV exposured samples. Increasing coatings and charge of apricot kernel oil in varnish emulsion looks like more effective than other varnish formulations, in terms of gloss stability. However, increasing adducts charges and UV radiation time, have more less similar effects on all coated and UV irradiated samples.

Print mottle is a serious and common uneven printing defect that occurs when printing coated paper by the offset multicolor printing process. It is characterized by a non-uniform appearance in terms of brightness, gloss, or color density that appears mostly in solid printed areas. Back-trap print mottle and water-interference print mottle occur when the quality of the paper substrate, especially the coating layer quality, is not satisfactory. To cope with this quality problem of coated papers, the understanding of the offset printing process, the requirements of coated-paper quality, and the reasons for this problem should be addressed. In this review, the basic process of offset printing and the mechanisms of print mottles were explored, the importance of coating uniformity in both the coating structure and process was reviewed, and the approaches to cope with print mottle were introduced.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of different finishing and polishing (F/P) systems on gloss and surface morphology of a new nanocomposite. Thirty discs of Filtek Universal Restorative material (3 M, ESPE) were prepared and divided into six groups (n = 5). Group A and B followed F/P protocols for anterior restorations, whereas Group C and D for posterior ones. Group E represented the control (covered by Mylar strip) and Group F represented the nanocomposite placement by means of clinical hand instruments; Groups E and F did not undergo F/P procedures. Among the polished groups, Group B showed the highest values (68.54 ± 7.54 GU), followed by Group A and D (46.87 ± 5.52 GU; 53.76 ± 2.65 GU). Finally, Group C (37.38 ± 4.93 GU) displayed the lowest results. Overall, Group E showed the highest gloss values (93.45 ± 8.27 GU), while Group F presented the lowest ones (1.74 ± 0.64 GU). Surface analysis revealed that Group A, C, and D displayed a smooth surface. Group B showed the lowest irregularities. Group E exhibited the most uniform superficial morphology. On the other hand, Group F displayed the most irregular one. In conclusion, using the tested material, only two protocols achieved appropriate gloss values. Then, clinicians might use the protocols of Group B and Group D, for anterior and posterior restorations, respectively.

By the judgment of December 16, 2020 in the case file ref. act SK 26/16 The Constitutional Tribunal ruled on the compliance of Art. 106a of the Penal Code with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. At the same time, the adjudication panel noticed the shortcomings of Art. 106a of the Penal Code and addressed the Sejm with a signal that it was necessary to consider an appropriate modification of the aforementioned provision. The author analyzes the issued judgment and the content of the provision under evaluation, placing particular emphasis on the inconsistency of the legal system and the effects of stigmatizing the perpetrator and obstacles to his rehabilitation. The postulate that the political and criminal goals related to the protection of children’s rights should be achieved by other means, while observing the principle of proportionality and individualisation of the consequences of a conviction.

The mechanical properties (hardness and biaxial flexural strength), optical properties (translucency and gloss), and low temperature degradation (LTD) of 3–6 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia have been investigated. The specimens were prepared by conventional solid-state sintering at 1400 °C. The mechanical and optical properties were evaluated for sintered and polished specimens. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used, respectively, for structural and microstructural investigation. LTD was determined by XRD analysis of the samples aged in a hydrothermal autoclave at 134 °C for 5–108 h. The mechanical and optical properties are found to be microstructure sensitive. The LTD, due to tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation, decreases with increasing Y2O3 content. The mechanical strength, translucency, and LTD are the lowest for 6 mol% Y2O3 stabilized zirconia.

A non-thermal plasma treatment generated in air at atmospheric pressure was used for surface modification of medium density fiberboard (MDF) substrate. Untreated and plasma-treated substrates were coated with a waterborne acrylic coating and exposed to accelerated artificial weathering (AAW) in interior mode. Plasma treatment increased the surface free energy of MDF by about 50%, which positively influenced on the wettability of the MDF with the coating. Weathering of the coated MDF caused a decrease in surface gloss and color changes, which were less pronounced for plasma-treated samples. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra and microscopic analysis revealed degradation of the acrylic resin on the coated MDF due to light irradiation during weathering. After 250 h of weathering, the surface roughness of the coated MDF increased by about 3 μm. The coated MDF surfaces started to lose their hydrophobic character after 50 h of weathering. Finally, the determination of mechanical properties showed that coated MDF became more resistant to scratching during AAW, while the adhesion of the coating film to the MDF substrate was not affected in a significant trend with time of AAW. In both cases, no influence of plasma treatment was detected.

The selection of the optimal external cylindrical grinding conditions importantly contributes to increase of productivity and quality of the products. The external cylindrical grinding is a method of finishing machine elements surface with an indeterminate blade shape. External cylindrical grinding can process surfaces that require high gloss and precision, although it can also be used to remove large surplus stock. Therefore, multi objective optimization for the external cylindrical grinding process is a problem with high complexity. In this study, an experimental study was performed to improve the productivity and quality of grinding process. By using the experimental date, the surface roughness, cutting force, and vibrations were modeled. To achieve the minimum value of surface roughness and maximum value of material removal rate, the optimal values of external cylindrical grinding conditions were determined by using the combination of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and weighting method. The optimum values of surface roughness and material removal rate are 0.510 μm and 5.906 mm2/s, respectively. The obtained optimal values of cutting parameters were a feed rate of 0.3 mm/rev, a workpiece speed of 188.1 rpm, a cutting depth of 0.015 mm, and a workpiece Rockwell hardness of 54.78 HRC. The optimal values of cutting parameters, and workpiece hardness were successfully verified by comparing of experimental and predicted results. The approach method of this study can be applied in industrial machining to improve the productivity and quality of the products in external cylindrical grinding process of the T1 tool steel

Solution-cast films of ClO4−-doped oligo(3-methoxythiophene) exhibit a luster similar to that of metallic gold; however, the effects of synthetic conditions on the physicochemical properties of the above oligomer and its films remain underexplored. To bridge this gap, this study examines how these properties are affected by (i) the time required to add the oxidant solution to the monomer solution (ta) and (ii) the polymerization time (tp) for oligomer synthesis, revealing that oligomer molecular weight, film conductivity, and the amount of edge-on lamellar crystallites increase with decreasing ta and/or increasing tp. Given that the crystallinity of edge-on lamellar structures, together with film surface roughness, strongly influences film specular reflectance, the obtained results are expected to facilitate the fabrication of conductive oligo(3-methoxythiophene) films with tunable color and metal-like luster for diverse applications. The oxidant addition time and polymerization time were varied during the synthesis of oligo(3-methoxythiophene), and the effect of such polymerization conditions on the physicochemical properties of the oligomer and its cast films was investigated. The polymerization conditions changed the oligomer molecular weight and the amount of edge-on lamellar crystallites in the films and, in turn, affected the color and gloss of the films. The obtained results are expected to facilitate the fabrication of conductive oligo(3-methoxythiophene) films with tunable color and metal-like luster for diverse applications.

This study investigates the potential impact of subsurface light transport on gloss perception for the purposes of broadening our understanding of visual appearance in computer graphics applications. Gloss is an important attribute for characterizing material appearance. We hypothesize that subsurface scattering of light impacts the glossiness perception. However, gloss has been traditionally studied as a surface-related quality and the findings in the state-of-the-art are usually based on fully opaque materials, although the visual cues of glossiness can be impacted by light transmission as well. To address this gap and to test our hypothesis, we conducted psychophysical experiments and found that subjects are able to tell the difference in terms of gloss between stimuli that differ in subsurface light transport but have identical surface qualities and object shape. This gives us a clear indication that subsurface light transport contributes to a glossy appearance. Furthermore, we conducted additional experiments and found that the contribution of subsurface scattering to gloss varies across different shapes and levels of surface roughness. We argue that future research on gloss should include transparent and translucent media and to extend the perceptual models currently limited to surface scattering to more general ones inclusive of subsurface light transport.

A Gloss defect on high-gloss injection-molded surfaces are difficult to control. This paper proposes a control methodology for a gloss defect. The maximum replication factor (RFmax) is an index representing the effect of the molding conditions on the surface gloss. As RFmax increases, the surface gloss is stabilized due to the maximized replication of the mold surface. The process window of the influencing parameters for obtaining a stable surface gloss is predicted by the range of RFmax. The predicted process window suggests specific molding conditions for controlling the gloss defect. Experiments show that the surface gloss is stabilized, and the gloss defect owing to the fluctuation of the filling conditions is suppressed in the predicted process window for poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) and polycarbonate. The novel methodology can be applied to optimize injection-molding technologies, such as sequence valve gating and rapid heat cycle molding.

Background The objective of this study was to compare dentists’ perceptions of gloss values of composite specimens with increased levels and to identify the gloss value considered to be clinically acceptable. Methods Disk-shaped composite specimens were finished and polished 3 ways: metallurgically using silicon carbide papers and alumina paste, manually using Enhance finisher and PoGo polisher (EP) (Dentsply Sirona), and manually using Sof-Lex (SLex) disks (3M). Specimens were produced with surface gloss ranging from 0 through 100 gloss units (GU) in increments of approximately 10 GU as measured with a glossmeter. A GU of 0 was nonglossy, and a GU of 100 was perfectly glossy. Ten dentists evaluated the specimens, ranking them in order from low to high gloss and in 4 groups: low (dull or rough), medium (moderate gloss, clinically unacceptable), high (glossy, clinically acceptable), and superior gloss. The authors performed Spearman correlation analysis (α = 0.05). Results For each finish and polish method, there was an excellent correlation between the machine-measured (actual) gloss ranks and the clinician-evaluated gloss ranks (r2 ≥ 0.95). There was no difference in perception of surface gloss of the composite when metallurgically polished (with silicon carbide papers and alumina paste) or polished with EP to the same GU. There was a slight difference in gloss perception when comparing the 2 different commercial polishing systems. Conclusions Ten dentists consistently perceived gloss of 40 through 50 GU as clinically acceptable. However, the composite was considered clinically acceptable at a lower gloss (40 GU) when polished with SLex disks than when polished with EP or metallurgically (50 GU). Practical Implications Gloss values of 40 through 50 GU are considered to be clinically acceptable for resin composites.

Electrochemical metal processing is a process that generates harmful pollution. An important goal often disregarded by researchers is not only the achievement of the best possible quality of electropolished surface, but also minimising the load of metal ions in the wastewater generated in the process. The conducted experiments on the electropolishing of stainless steel in laboratory conditions, varied time, temperature and current density conditions, as well as process bath contamination (ranging from 0 to 6% Fe mass) allowed us to develop a multi-factorial mathematical model. This model offers the possibility of being able to select the process parameters recommended for achieving the desired effects. It takes into account such surface quality parameters as roughness and gloss, process duration and current density that determine power consumption, as well as the weight loss of the electropolished element that influence the rate of contamination in processing baths and wastewater. The study presents the composition of a passive film of stainless steel after the electropolishing process at the initial and final stages of the process bath’s exploitation. The results obtained from XPS tests were then correlated with the results of corrosion tests and resistance to pitting corrosion in the environment of 0.1 M NaCl.

Protective coatings are commonly used for the corrosion protection of steel structures. To protect steel bridges from weather and unexpected damage (e.g., fires or explosions), fluorine-based coatings are commonly applied as a top layer. Although the safety of infrastructure should be considered via risk assessment and maintenance, few studies have been conducted on the degradation of organic coatings under harsh environments and accidental events. Therefore, we examined the effect of direct heat exposure on organic (fluorine-based) coatings. To simulate the conditions produced by an explosion, specimens were subjected to surface temperatures of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C for 10 s through direct exposure to heat. Surface changes to the post-exposure fluorine coats were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, gloss, color differentiation, laser microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Overall characterization of the coatings through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that surface changes began to occur at 300 °C and detachment of the bulk coating occurred at 400 °C or higher. Our results successfully clarify the behavior of fluorine coatings under different temperatures to a degree that is relevant to critical public safety issues in civil infrastructure.

SUMMARY Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the flexural properties and surface characteristics of a structural colored resin composite after different finishing and polishing methods, in comparison to those of conventional resin composites. Methods and Materials: A structural color resin composite, Omnichroma (OM, Tokuyama Corp, Chiyoda City, Tokyo, Japan), and two comparison resin composites, Filtek Supreme Ultra (FS, 3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Tetric EvoCeram (TE, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), were used. The flexural properties of the resin composites were determined in accordance with the ISO 4049 specifications. For surface properties, 70 polymerized specimens of each resin composite were prepared and divided into seven groups of 10. Surface roughness (Sa), gloss (GU), and surface free energy (SFE) were investigated after the following finishing and polishing methods. Three groups of specimens were finished with a superfine-grit diamond bur (SFD), and three with a tungsten carbide bur (TCB). After finishing, one of the two remaining groups was polished with a one-step silicone point (CMP), and the other with an aluminum oxide flexible disk (SSD). A group ground with SiC 320-grit was set as a baseline. Results: The average flexural strength ranged from 116.6 to 142.3 MPa in the following order with significant differences between each value: FS > TE > OM. The average E ranged from 6.8 to 13.2 GPa in the following order with significant differences between each value: FS > TE > OM. The average R ranged from 0.77 to 1.01 MJ/mm3 in the following order: OM > FS > TE. The Sa values of the OM groups polished with CMP and SSD were found to be significantly lower than those of the other resin composites, regardless of the finishing method. The GU values appeared to be dependent on the material and the finishing method used. The OM specimens polished with SSD showed significantly higher GU values than those polished with CMP. Most of the resin composites polished with SSD demonstrated significantly higher γS values compared to the other groups. Extremely strong negative correlations between Sa and GU in the combined data from the three resin composites and each resin composite and between Sa and γS in the OM specimens were observed; GU showed a strong positive correlation with γS in the same material. Conclusion: These findings indicate that both flexural and surface properties are material dependent. Furthermore, the different finishing and polishing methods used in this study were observed to affect the Sa, GU, and SFE of the resin composites.

Reflectance, lighting and geometry combine in complex ways to create images. How do we disentangle these to perceive individual properties, such as surface glossiness? We suggest that brains disentangle properties by learning to model statistical structure in proximal images. To test this hypothesis, we trained unsupervised generative neural networks on renderings of glossy surfaces and compared their representations with human gloss judgements. The networks spontaneously cluster images according to distal properties such as reflectance and illumination, despite receiving no explicit information about these properties. Intriguingly, the resulting representations also predict the specific patterns of ‘successes’ and ‘errors’ in human perception. Linearly decoding specular reflectance from the model’s internal code predicts human gloss perception better than ground truth, supervised networks or control models, and it predicts, on an image-by-image basis, illusions of gloss perception caused by interactions between material, shape and lighting. Unsupervised learning may underlie many perceptual dimensions in vision and beyond., Storrs et al. train unsupervised generative neural networks on glossy surfaces and show how gloss perception in humans may emerge in an unsupervised fashion from learning to model statistical structure.

Nanostructure-induced structural coloration and bio-invisibility are important for camouflaging as it displays color and can be tuned and imparted in a more environmentally friendly manner. However, even though many new camouflage fabrics and technologies are invented, there is a lack of numerical electromagnetic and optical approaches to analyze the phenomenon of light scattering of camouflaging materials from nanostructures. In this study, we built and presented a successful simulation of physical coloration caused by multilayer membrane interference. We created this model based on surfactant-like cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) that tightly stacked into photon-active microstructure and surface topology for light reflection, thus affecting the film gloss. Incident light coming at a defined wavelength or angle was studied. The effects of film height, high microstructure, and curvature on the optical properties of ITO/PET substrates were investigated. These showed the coloration is highly dependent on the nanostructure’s characteristics. This study provides a general prediction model to deal with optical multilayer systems where interference plays a vital role in optical camouflaging, etc.

Plasma electrolytic polishing (PeP) is an innovative technology used to obtain metal surfaces with low roughness and a high gloss. Its advantages, which include high efficiency, no structural selectivity, and low pollution, have recently attracted much attention. PeP is widely used in aerospace, biomedical, precision instrumentation, and 3C electronics industries. This paper primarily aims to introduce basic principles of PeP technology from both the macro- and micro-mechanism viewpoints. Accordingly, the typical characteristics and phenomena of the polishing process are summarized. The primary control parameters which affect the surface quality and material removal rate are discussed in detail. These include treatment time, electrolyte, electrical source, and voltage. Furthermore, the electrolyte jet polishing methods applicable to parts with various geometries are also analyzed. Finally, the PeP surface treatment of selected difficult-to-finish materials is reviewed, followed by the authors’ insights into the prospects of PeP technology. This review can serve as a suitable and effective guide for researchers to understand the PeP technology systematically.

In 1924 C.S. Lewis began work on a doctoral dissertation, the subject of which was to be the Cambridge Platonist Henry More (1614–1687). A number of scholars gloss this important moment in Lewis's intellectual and spiritual journey, and some offer penetrating, if cursory, analysis of how Lewis's close reading of More would have helped to shape the young scholar's philosophical and theological imagination. These important contributions notwithstanding, the influence of More and, by extension, the Platonic tradition longue durée are not properly understood in Lewis scholarship. This article argues that Cambridge Platonism and Henry More in particular were a crucial part of Lewis's initiation into, and appropriation of, the Platonic tradition. The tradition of Platonism to which the Cambridge Platonists introduced Lewis shaped the way he thought about a number of topics central to his own moral, philosophical, and religious outlook, including the relationship between the moral and the numinous, and imagination and reality, but also pneumatology, angelology, and his understanding of the supernatural, miracles, prophetic wisdom, and, especially, the nature of love.

The conditions for compulsory admission to a psychiatric hospital under Art. 29 of the Mental Health Act apply only to the person to be admitted, they lack the element of protection of third parties (as opposed to admission under Articles 23 and 24 of this Act). Due to the fact that any admission without consent to a psychiatric hospital constitutes an interference with fundamental human rights (the right to freedom and to decide about one’s life), the provisions authorizing such admission must be strictly interpreted. Art. 29 provides for two groups of reasons for admission without consent: 1) counteracting the deterioration of health and 2) its improvement. Due to the fact that placement in a psychiatric hospital is the most onerous way of treating the patient, the guardianship court is obliged to consider whether less drastic methods of therapy will not be effective in such a case.

Purpose: This study examines hair-dyeing effects and changes in the characteristics of hair texture by applying Arecae semen pigment to hair. Methods: The Arecae semen pigment was double-boiled and applied to two samples, namely, healthy and bleached hair. The samples were heat-treated and left in natural condition for different hours. The samples were measured before and after application and comparatively analyzed. To quantify the hair-dyeing effects, the L*, a*, and b* values as well as fading were measured using a color-difference meter. Additionally, tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and gloss were measured to examine changes in the characteristics of hair texture. Results: The results indicated no changes in the L* value for healthy hair, whereas hair-dyeing effects were observed for 7L(2), 7L(3), and 9L(3). Analysis of a* and b* values revealed that healthy hair remained the same, whereas significant hair-dyeing effects were noted for 7L(1), 7L(2), 7L(3), and 9L(3). In terms of fading, the most notable fading occurred on Day 1, whereas none was noted on Day 3. Samples 7L(1), 7L(2), 7L(3), and 9L(3) were used to test for tensile strength, where no changes in hair texture were observed. Furthermore, analysis was conducted on healthy hair and samples 7L(1), 7L(2), 7L(3), and 9L(3) after measuring absorbance using methylene blue. No changes in hair texture were noted. Lastly, the hair samples exhibited no changes after measuring gloss. Conclusions: The study confirmed the hair-dyeing effects of the Arecae Semen pigment. According to hair texture, changes were observed for gloss, whereas tensile strength and absorbance remained the same. In the future, conducting the study on larger samples is necessary to ensure the reliability of results and research on various methods of hair dyeing.

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different illuminants on the perceptibility and acceptability of surface gloss variations and to determine limiting values. Methods: Eight composite resin specimens and one human tooth specimen were polished to obtain composite resin specimens with different gloss units (GU) of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 and a human tooth specimen of 80 GU. Sixty observers compared the surface gloss of the specimens in a light booth. For perceptibility testing, the specimens were randomly positioned two at a time. The acceptability of the gloss variation was determined by comparing the composite resin specimens with the tooth specimen. The observers answered specific questions to determine the level and perceptibility and acceptability limits of gloss variations. All analysis was done with two illuminants (D65 and fluorescent light) used randomly. Data were submitted to a nonlinear probit model and nonlinear probit regression estimation (α=0.05). Results: Significant differences in illuminants were observed for perceptibility (p Conclusions: More accurate perceptibility and acceptability judgments of the surface gloss of composite resin were made when the specimens were illuminated with D65 light.

The aim of this study was the colour fastness investigation of the new synthetized direct symmetrical azo-stilbene dye, using two of the film field domain reference tests, namely the wet-scrub and the UV tests. The dye was incorporated in a water-based resin, and then was applied on a PCV foil. The film colour parameters were determined before and after 200 wet-scrub cycles. Further, the dye was mixed with an acrylo-polyurethanic resin and then was applied on an aluminium plate, which was exposed to UV radiation for 414 h. The film colour parameters were recorded periodically. The maxima of the reflectance spectra depend on the UV time exposure. The quality of the film was analysed by the degree of gloss. A second focus was the elimination of the dye’s traces from wastewaters (these may be resulted from the industries which apply surface coating methods), using the active carbon powder. The main operational adsorption process parameters influence were investigated. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. The adsorption process was confirmed by the CIEL*a*b* colour space analysis. All colour studies were investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy.

This work presents a spectroscopic study of metallic pigments and metal foils used in reverse glass paintings that were created between 1912 and 1954. Metallic pigments induce a notable sparkling effect by means of the lateral incidence of light, whereas metal foils enhance the gloss and create a glittering effect when the painting is viewed in reflected light. Both effects were desired features especially in modern reverse paintings on glass and applied by artists in manifold creative manner. The paper gives an overview on the composition of the metal foils and metal pigments in 14 works as determined in situ by X-ray spectrometry. Metal foils made of tin, brass, aluminium and silver were found in nine paintings. Gold-imitating Cu-Zn pigments in different hues and with various Cu/Zn net intensity ratios were recorded for six paintings. Silvery pigments were identified mainly as Al pigments, but also as Cu-Zn-Ni alloy in one case. Other uncommon metallic pigments were detected in Arlequin vindicatif (c. 1925) by Floris Jespers, who used not only Cu-Zn and Al pigments, but also brownish Cu and Cu-Zn-Sn pigments. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to classify the binding media of the metallic pigments. Drying oil and natural resin probably mixed with oil were the most common binding media. A polysaccharide-based binder was found in the silvery Cu-Zn-Ni pigment of Ohne Titel (1954) by Marianne Uhlenhuth.

The research deals with the effect of industrial materials and acids on the natural properties of paper. In it, the fibrous and chemical composition of the paper was addressed and the mechanical properties of the paper were studied in terms of tensile strength, folding strength, force of tearing, as well as the study of physical properties in terms of density, degree of thickness and weight, as well as optical properties in terms of the degree of gloss and opacity, as well as the chemical properties in terms of the degree of viscosity and the degree of polymerization.- Additives during the manufacturing process (chemicals - natural materials) and their effect on the manuscript.- Treatment methods and materials.- Conditions during formation.- Drying and polishing.The impact of these substances and treatments on the age of the manuscript and how to avoid the impact of these substances in the future, as well as how to deal with the damage caused by them and the ways in which they are treated, were studied.

It is shown that the electrochemical anodic treatment of alloys (stainless steels, Al–Mg alloys, and bronzes) in Ethaline (eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol) can be used as an efficient method for improving not only the surface appearance (to increase gloss and reduce roughness) and some physicomechanical properties (to increase microhardness, wear resistance, etc.) but also corrosion resistance. The SEM analysis shows that electropolishing in Ethaline results in a noticeable decrease in the amount of defects (inhomogeneities, scratches, holes, etc.) on the surfaces of alloys. It is proved that smoothing the surface and changing the composition of the surface layer (established by EDX) for all tested alloys after electropolishing in Ethaline lead to a noticeable decrease in the corrosion rates of the samples. Thus, this fast, affordable, resource-saving, and environmentally friendly method of surface treatment can be a promising alternative to the most common electropolishing technologies based on the use of highly concentrated acidic solutions and high temperatures.