Search

Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection represents a global problem, and it is related to both hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations (e.g., xerophthalmia). New direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), IFN-free treatments, are commonly used to manage HCV infection. However, the impact of new DAAs on dry eyes (xerophthalmia) is lacking. In this study, we evaluated its incidence in HCV patients and the effect of DAAs on this manifestation. Methods: We performed an observational open-label non-randomized study in HCV patients from 01 April 2018 to 01 June 2020. Results : Patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation, Schirmer's test, and Break-up time test. Enrolled patients were divided in two groups: Group 1: HCV patients with xerophthalmia: 24 patients (16 male and 8 female), HCV-RNA 2,685,813 ± 1,145,698; Group 2: HCV patients without xerophthalmia: 35 patients (19 male and 16 female), HCV-RNA 2,614,757 ± 2,820,433. The follow-ups (3 and 6 months after the enrollment) documented an improvement in both eyes’ manifestations and HCV-infection (HCV-RNA undetected). Conclusion: In conclusion, in this study, we reported that xerophthalmia could appear in HCV patients, and DAAs treatment reduces this manifestation without the development of adverse drug reactions.

Biofilm infections involving orthopedic implants are a global problem. They contribute to severe complications and mortality, as well as increased use of antibiotic treatments and development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. More than 1 million hip and knee arthroplasties are performed each year in the United States. These hard-to-treat infections lead to patient distress, increased morbidity, and high financial costs to both patients and healthcare systems. There is a need to improve the diagnosis of such biofilm infections to allow for earlier detection and treatment. Current diagnostics rely on clinical signs for infection such as loss of function, fever, rubor, patient history of the predisposing condition, persisting infection, failure of antibiotic treatment, and documentation of antibiotic failure. Below, we present a framework which outlines the data gaps in the conventional laboratory techniques used in clinical diagnostics; we also discuss promising novel diagnostic methods which are currently used solely in research. It is critical to assess these novel infection diagnostic techniques and address the data gaps and the clinical hesitance preventing application in a clinical setting. Additionally, the combination of conventional and novel diagnostic technologies would streamline the diagnostic process of biofilm infections associated with orthopedic implants.

Диагностика синдрома поликистозных яичников (СПКЯ) в подростковом возрасте по-прежнему вызывает много вопросов. Проблема состоит в том, что характеристики нормального полового созревания часто совпадают с симптомами СПКЯ, поэтому ряд исследователей предлагают к постановке диагноза применять более жесткие требования. Мы с осторожностью подходим к постановке окончательного диагноза СПКЯ с учетом его трактовки как глобальной проблемы соматического здоровья — эндокринно-метаболического статуса, сердечно-сосудистого и онкогенного риска. Кроме того, одним из основных способов терапии СПКЯ является прием комбинированных оральных контрацептивов, которые нежелательно назначать девочкам-подросткам в случае олиго- и аменореи без тщательного обследования и использования всех возможностей витаминофитотерапии и гестагенов.

The Korean government proposed the K-SDGs in 2019 to promote the UN SDGs, but the role and tasks of science and technology, an important means of implementing the SDGs, have not been materialized. Accordingly, the role of science and technology ODA for the SDGs was established through the Ministry of Science and ICT's policy research project 'Science and Technology ODA Promotion Roadmap for Spreading the New Southern Policy and Realizing the 2030 SDGs'. In addition, goals, strategies, and core tasks for the next 10 years were derived in 10 fields such as water, climate change, energy, and ICT. In this paper, we analyze 30 key tasks of the ODA promotion roadmap for science and technology for the realization of SDGs, and propose mid- and short-term tasks and implementation plans for effective roadmap promotion. Among the key tasks in each field, four common elements were derived: ICT/smartization, a global problem-solving center, cooperation/communication platform, and business model/startup support platform/living lab that can create and integrate roadmap implementation conditions. In addition, the four mid- and short-term tasks, 1) Establishment of science and technology ODA network, 2) Establishment of living lab business platform linked to start-up support business, 3) Local smartization of recipient countries, and 4) Expand and secure sustainability of global problem-solving centers, were set in relation to the implementation of the detailed roadmap. For the derived mid- and short-term tasks, detailed implementation plans based on the ICTization of global problem-solving centers were presented. The implementation of the mid- and short-term tasks presented in this paper can contribute to the more effective achievement of the science and technology ODA roadmap, and it is expected that Korea's implementation of SDGs will also achieve high performance.

Introducción: El aumento del sobrepeso y de la obesidad infantil se ha ido convirtiendo en un problema mundial en el ámbito de la salud física y psicológica. Este inconveniente tiene múltiples causas, entre las que se podría incluir el estilo parental. Objetivo: Conocer las posibles relaciones entre el estilo que los padres adoptan para educar a sus hijos y el sobrepeso y obesidad infantil de estos. Método: Las variables a estudiar fueron medidas a través de la Escala de Afecto (EA) y la Escala de Normas y Exigencias, suministradas a los niños y adolescentes. Dichas pruebas fueron aplicadas a 149 participantes de entre 12 y 16 años de edad, de los cuales 24 tenían sobrepeso u obesidad. Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias significativas en los estilos educativos desde la perspectiva de los niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad o normopeso. Discusión: La percepción de los hijos sobre el estilo educativo parental no se relacionó con el peso corporal de estos.

Hypertension (HT) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although it is a global problem, independently of economic situation, region, race or culture, the data available on Latin America are limited. Clinical guidelines emphasise the importance of obtaining reliable blood pressure readings. For this reason, the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is recommended. This improves precision and reproducibility, resulting in better diagnosing and therapeutic decision-making, and constitutes a better estimation of prognosis than office measurements. Unfortunately, there is no global prospective ABPM registry for all of Latin America that analyses HT prevalence, the level of knowledge about it, treatment percentage and the degree of control. Consequently, the authors of this article consider its implementation a priority.

Pharmacies are the main source of getting antibiotics. Access to antibiotics without a prescription at pharmacies is common in many countries, including Indonesia. The sale of antibiotics without a prescription in pharmacies has become a global problem, especially in developing countries. However, the dominant factor that causes the behavior of selling antibiotics without a prescription in Indonesian pharmacies is not known with certainty. The purpose of this article is to find out the dominant factors that influence the behavior of selling and using antibiotics without a doctor's prescription in pharmacies. The method used is by conducting library searches on search sites such as Google Schler with the keywords "antibiotics without a prescription, patient behavior, pharmacists, pharmacies". Where the results are factors that influence sales behavior and use of antibiotics without a doctor's prescription, namely the ease of access to antibiotics and cost savings factors, patient attitudes and recommendations from friends/relatives.

How to enable more widespread sustainable food choice and diets is an unresolved challenge. A consumer-friendly sustainability labelling scheme 'holistically' encompassing all sustainability aspects 'in one' might be a way forward, but this idea entails both opportunities and challenges, not least given that this requires a common understanding of what sustainability is, and which sustainability dimensions need to be communicated. We address this global problem through qualitative expert elicitation, interviewing sustainability and labelling experts from academia, think tanks and non-governmental organisations, food producers, the retail sector, and governmental bodies about the steps to consider and the challenges and opportunities entailed. Our findings reveal mixed arguments for and against a holistic sustainability label. Experts suggest that consumers and food sector stakeholders appear to be 'ready' for and perceive such a label as a desirable tool. Nevertheless, unanticipated consequences could potentially hamper its impact, and challenges are the complexity of the issue, the lack of data, and that it is unlikely sector stakeholders can agree. We conclude that the most important aspects to improve effectiveness are the information content allowing to compare to alternatives, a consistent application on all products through mandatory labelling, and coupling implementation of a label within a broader supportive policy mix. We discuss four different policy scenarios that each show how the opportunities and challenges can play out in different potential routes from here. (C) 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nowadays the problem of fake news in social media is dramatically increasing, especially when it refers to fake news about Covid-19, as it is a recent and global problem. Because of this fact, it is important to have the ability to detect and delete such news immediately. In our research we concentrate our efforts on detecting fake news about Coronavirus on small datasets, using the Constraint-2021 corpus: the full dataset (10,700 messages) and the limited dataset (1,000 messages). We compare classical Machine Learning Algorithms (4 algorithms: Logistic Regression, Support Vectors Machine, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest) - algorithms of classification from the Scikit-learn library, GMDH-Shell tool (2 algorithms: Combi and Neuro), and Deep Neural Network (LSTM model). The results show that GMDH algorithms outperform traditional Machine Learning Algorithms and are comparable with Neural Networks model's results on the limited dataset.

The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in late 2019 has necessitated discussions on different facets of the disease. These include its transmission, pathogenesis and vaccine development. The aims of this study were to discuss the SARS-COV-2 vaccines development, mechanisms of action as well as the general acceptance of these vaccines by various countries/or people. Sequel to the outbreak, several vaccines models have been discovered with promising outcomes. Few of these vaccines have been approved for emergency use; but so far, only a small portion of the world’s population has been vaccinated, which is a global problem that requires urgent intervention. Knowledge of the immune response associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is imperative to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these vaccines. Additional researches on some of these SARS-CoV-2 prominent vaccines have become necessary. The step-to-step development of these vaccines and their effectiveness will clear the air and increase the citizen's trust in these vaccines. Amid SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development; two DNA adenovirus vaccines were developed in the United States (Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson and Johnson). In addition, two other mRNA modified lipid nanoparticle vaccines were developed in Europe (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna). This review covered the discussion on the basic molecular mechanisms of these vaccines; with particular focus on the in vivo responses toward these vaccines recorded by the vaccinated individuals.

Snake bite envenomation is a global problem affecting mostly the rural communities living in the tropics, where basic health facilities are poor. This cross sectional prospective study was set out to evaluate the effects of envenomation and antivenom on some haematological and haemostatic parameters among patients with snakebite envenomation. In this study total of 286 participants were recruited comprising of 143 patients with snake bite who were treated with Anti-snake-Venom and 143 apparently healthy subjects as control. Blood samples were collected from all the participants and their Haematological parameters evaluated using sysmex KX-21N. The result showed reduced packed cell volume (PCV%) , platelets (Plts 10 ) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) values of the study group on admission, when compared with the control (p0.05). The age group that was maximally affected by Snakebite was 18-30 years (55.9%) and the least affected were 0-10 years (3%) and 40 - 70 years (10%). Males had higher incidence (57.4%) as compared to females (42.6%). Farming and cattle rearing were the occupations with high snakebite incidence. In conclusion, PCV, Plt, HB concentration, aPTT and PT were affected significantly by envenomation. However, upon treatment with Anti-Snake-Venom (ASV) within 24 hours there were no significant increase on PDW, MPV RBC, TWBC, differrential (Neut, Lymph) and Mixed. Keywords: global problem, haematological, haemostatic parameters. Title: SOME HAEMOSTATIC AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS WITH SNAKEBITE ENVENOMATION BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER TREATMENT IN KALTUNGO GENERAL HOSPITAL, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA Author: Anyanwu, R.A, Mohammed N.G, Uhunmwangho, E.J, Lele, K.C, Ishaku, S.B International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, October 2022 - March 2023 Page No: 7-13 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 03-October-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7139259 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/some-haemostatic-and-haematological-parameters-of-patients-with-snakebite-envenomation-before-during-and-after-treatment-in-kaltungo-general-hospital-gombe-state-nigeria, International Journal of Healthcare Sciences, ISSN 2348-5728 (Online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com, {"references":["[1]\tAfsheen, I., Faran, M., Saima, H. T. and Syed, I. A. (2014). Hematotoxicity in Patients with Snake Bite: Journal of Rawal Medical College; 18 (1):20-22","[2]\tAlirol, E., Sharma, S.K., Bawaskar, H.S., Kuch, U. and Chappuis, F. (2010). Snake bite in Sout Asia: A review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4(1):603.","[3]\tAmozegari Z, Farzami B, Latifi M and Maleknia N. (1999). Eavluation of coagulation and anticoagulation activities and toxic of separated fractions from Vipera Lebetina in Iran. Scientific Med J Ahwaz Joundishapur Uni Med Sci;26:16-26.","[4]\tAraoye, M.O. (2004): Subject selection. In Research Methology With Statistics for health and social sciences. 4th Edition. Nathadex Publisher. Nigeria.pp 115-129.","[5]\tChang, C.C.(1992). Snake Venoms. The action of snake venoms on nerve and muscle. Chen-Yuan Lee ed. Springer-Verlag. chapt10. 1992;310-312.","[6]\tChippaux, J.P. (2010): Snakebite in Africa. Current situation and urgent needs, In: Hand book of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, S.P. Mackessy, (Ed.), CRC Press,Boca Raton, USA, pp453-473.","[7]\tDacie et al., (2010): Practical Haematology (12th Edn). London. Churchill Livingstone: PP. 307-308","[8]\tDouglas, W.W. (1995). Polypeptides, angiotensin, plasma kinins and others. In: GOODMAN & Gilman's: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 7.ed. New York: Macmillan, 663-76.","[9]\tFreire-maia l. and Campos JA,(2017). Response to the letter to the editor Gueron and Ovsyshcher on the treatment of the cardiovascular manifestations of scorpion envenomation. Toxicon, 2017, 25, 125-30.","[10]\tGerman, B.T, Hack JB, and Brewer K. (2005). Pressure-immobilization bandages delay toxicity in a porcine model of eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) envenomation. Ann Emerg Med;45(6):603-608."]}

Air pollution is currently considered a global problem in both developing and developed coun-tries. Substances that invade our spaces are components of air pollution that cause a strong nega-tive impact on health for those who are exposed, not only in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but are being related to the etiology of pathologies throughout the body, with a decrease in life expectancy and even an increase in mortality and alterations of the genetic material. This literature review aims to collect employing a search the implications that the components of air pollution have on the health of those exposed, from a clinical and molecular point of view. For the search, the DeCS descriptors created by BIREME were used: air pollution, cardiovascular system, respiratory diseases. The following databases were consulted: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The search criteria considered the year of publication and whether the original language was Eng-lish or Spanish. It was concluded that the study of the different particles and the consequences that exposure to them entails is of vital importance for the development of control, prevention, and treatment mechanisms; since they can generate pathologies that range from something as tangible as lung diseases and occlusive heart disease to epigenetic changes that affect health.

A brief review and assessment of methods for the extraction (extraction) of active biocomponents from plant raw materials is presented. The overview contains a number of tables and diagrams to facilitate the initial perception of this topic. Examples of stationary and mobile installations developed in the world are shown. The prospects of the Supercritical CO2-extraction method, as the most effective for the extraction of valuable biomedical components, have been analyzed. The schemes and samples of the used CO2-extractors are shown. The schemes and external view of the author’s experimental setup for extraction with supercritical CO2 developed by our team are presented.

Introduction: Child maltreatment is a global problem, not only for its repercussions at the time of the act but also for its possible sequelae; therefore, it is crucial to characterize the changes found in magnetic resonance, to correlate the structural outcome with its functional repercussions. Objective: To demonstrate brain changes and their functional repercussions using magnetic resonance imaging in people exposed to chronic child abuse. This article seeks to unify and summarize what is already known. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic literature review; the search was carried out through PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and Embase. The inclusion criteria were studies published in English, Spanish and French, between January 2015 and March 2020 that discussed the clinical and encephalic alterations in MRI caused by child abuse. Results: 7 studies with 760 participants were included, mean age ranging between 6-35 years. In 42% of the article's alterations were evidenced at the amygdala and hippocampus, defined as volume reduction or decreased connectivity. On the other hand, 28% of the articles included alterations in the frontal cortex. Conclusions: Child maltreatment produces brain anatomical and functional changes, which may be reversible if early intervention is performed by separating these children from the focus of abuse. It is possible to conclude that structural changes in the brain vary depending on the sub-type of abuse; nevertheless, it remains controversial which changes correspond to each child maltreatment sub-type. There is not enough literature to classify the anatomical variations caused by child abuse according to gender, for which the literature must be expanded to emit a concept., Source: SSRN Electronic Journal. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3829917

To address the global problem of single-use plastic waste, tailored behavior change interventions need to be developed which respond to the way different audiences think and act. The current study adopted a behavior-based segmentation approach, underpinned by the theory of normative social behavior and empirical testing, to better understand plastic consumption and the effect of existing media communications. Using a sample of 1001 respondents, Two-Step Cluster Analysis identified two key consumer types: ���Plastic Avoiders��� and ���Plastic Users.��� The two groups differed significantly on demographic characteristics, media use/exposure, and theoretical constructs. The most important predictors of group membership were self-efficacy and work status. An experiment involving pre-existing environmental media communications revealed that perceptions, intentions, and behaviors were influenced differently across the two audiences. The findings suggest that mobilizing existing media content may provide a cost-effective way for environmental communicators to increase their public impact while avoiding unintended consequences.

espanolEl desperdicio de frutas, verduras y otros alimentos es un problema mundial, que puede disminuir con la utilizacion de las Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion (TIC), en todos los escenarios de los sistemas alimentarios. El proposito de este trabajo fue identificar las TIC que se han propuesto e implementado en el comercio electronico, en diferentes cadenas alimentarias, como estrategia para reducir el desperdicio de frutas y verduras. Entre las tecnologias revisadas se encuentran: internet de las cosas (IoT), sensores RFID, crowdsourcing, aplicaciones moviles (APP), plataformas web y tecnologia de computacion en la nube. Las herramientas tecnologicas arrojan informacion de valor para su analisis y aplicacion, por las partes interesadas, para tomar las mejores decisiones y contribuir de mejor manera a la reduccion del desperdicio de alimentos y dar respuesta a acciones oportunas, que favorezcan la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y el cuidado al medio ambiente. Las TIC pueden orientar a los diferentes actores involucrados en los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles. Tambien es factible implementarlas en el comercio electronico en Mexico, obteniendo beneficios economicos, sociales y medioambientales. EnglishThe waste of fruits, vegetables and other foods is a global problem, which can be reduced with the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in all scenarios of food systems. The purpose of this work was to identify how some ICTs that have been proposed and implemented in electronic commerce intervene in different food chains where they have been applied as strategies to reduce the waste of fruits and vegetables. Features of some technologies are shown: Internet of Things (IoT), RFID sensors, crowdsourcing, mobile applications (APPs), web platforms and cloud computing technology. Technological tools provide valuable information for analysis and applications by stakeholders to make the best decisions and better contribute to reducing food waste and responding to timely actions that promote food and nutritional security and caring for the environment. ICTs can serve as guidelines for the different actors involved in sustainable food systems. They can also be implemented in electronic commerce in Mexico, in a way of obtaining economic, social and environmental benefits.

The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 and the governmental measures adopted to combat it, have called into question the respect of fundamental rights. International jurisprudence, especially the European, has addressed, over last decades, many of the issues raised in relation to this global problem and the need to guarantee human rights. The objective of this research work is to identify and delimit the basic principles existing in said jurisprudence about sanitary vaccination and respect for basic rights. Its results can serve as a guide for national institutions and for individuals themselves when tackling this challenge posed, since, given its novelty and exceptional nature, it suffers from few and fragmentary internal references that may be useful to safeguard human rights in these uncertain times.

Students’ negative affective performance in mathematics learning is a global problem, and the situation is especially challenging in high-achieving East Asian countries. Taiwan’s Just Do Math (JDM) program was launched to resolve this problem and to serve as an example of successful scaling up with regard to implementation of innovation. We developed a framework consisting of a synthesis of the literature on essentials for successful implementation and for scaling up, and applied this framework for the purpose of identification of the factors contributing to the success of the JDM program. The identified factors include the following: the development of low-complexity sources for teachers’ use and the low degree of adaptation required to sustain fidelity; the consideration of characteristics of adopters to promote innovation outside schools; construction of communication channels to ensure the dissemination of the core ideas of JDM; the feedback mechanism through which participating teachers can acknowledge the relative advantages of innovation as realized in the program; the consideration of the influence of historical, social, political, and economic factors on program implementation; and the efforts to ensure teachers’ in-depth learning, acknowledgment of the promoted principles, and the sustainability of implementation through implementation of JDM activities in regular mathematics classes.

Infectious cells are and will continue to be a global problem, regarding the alteration of the health of individuals, the motivation for choosing this topic being the major implication the infectious cells has within the public health system and the way it acts, managing to successfully overcome barriers which the body raises to maintain cellular stability. The article brings new contributions related to the topic of dynamic modeling the immunity system, by determining a mathematical model of the interaction between the cells of the immune system and the cells of the infectious agent. Different types of behaviors are presented taking into account the entry of viral particles into the target cells, behaviors of the model without delay time, followed by time predictions for the delay time model. Finally, we compared the models and concluded that the delay time model is much more realistic, through the oscillations and fluctuations in the three components in the primary stages of infection.

The prevalence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to increase every year and become a serious global problem. Antiretroviral (ARV) is a therapy for People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLW...

Background and Aim Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global problem. With advances in HCC diagnosis and therapy, our hypothesis is that there are significant differences in the clinical characteristics and treatment of HCC over the years. Methods Patients with HCC between 1980 and 2018 from three major tertiary hospitals in Singapore were enrolled into a Research Electronic Data Capture database. Clinical characteristics and treatment of HCC were compared between those diagnosed before 2008 (cohort A) and during the current decade (ie from 2008 onwards) (cohort B). Results There were 3013 patients. Mean age of HCC diagnosis was significantly older in cohort B (68.6 vs 61.2 years, P, This is a study of 3013 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from all the three tertiary hospitals in Singapore. It shows the changing trend of etiology of HCC over time with chronic hepatitis B infection decreasing in lieu of cryptogenic/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis etiology. It also documents for the first time HCC treatment modality in Singapore and the change over time.

Anthrax remains a global problem, both for veterinary and human medicine, due to the wide spread of its soil foci throughout the world. The ability to sporulate is the main feature of Bacillus anthracis, which allows the pathogen to persist in the environment for a long time. Understanding the ecology of B. anthracis is essential for successful control of this infection. This review analyzes the data from the global literature, reflecting the modern understanding of the vital functions of the anthrax agent in various ecological niches. As a result of the work, it was revealed that many links in the chain of B. anthracis lifecycle in the abiotic environment remain poorly understood. A more in-depth study is required for issues related to the mechanisms, ways of living and evolution of the anthrax causative agent outside the animal body. A separate section of the review describes the problems of anthrax foci in soil. It is shown that today there are no effective and environmentally friendly methods and means of their elimination. In addition, the question of the expediency of their use remains open. According to some researchers, the increasingly emerging initiatives for the elimination or conservation of anthrax burial sites are not only useless, but also harmful, since they exclude the possibility of further predicting the risks associated with soil foci that surround livestock burial sites and cannot be decontaminated. The study and new approaches to solution of the highlighted issues will make a significant contribution to solving the global problem of protecting animals and people from this infection.

Tarihte salginlar tip alaninin konusu olmanin otesinde toplumsal-politik ozellikler tasimislardir. Modern tibbin etkisiyle gectiǧimiz birkac yuzyilda salgin hastaliklara karsi bakis acilari deǧisime uǧramistir. Son bir yildir ise dunya gundeminin ilk siralarinda yer alan COVID-19 (yeni koronavirus) salgini, zamansal ve mekânsal acilarla iliskili olarak deǧisen gundelik hayat iliskilerini bugune kadar esi benzeri gorulmemis kuresel bir sorunla karsi karsiya getirmistir. Kuresel bir salginla insanliǧin ilk kez karsilastiǧi dusunulduǧunde, zamanla kesfedilmeyi ve aciklanmayi bekleyen COVID-19 salginina dair cesitli alanlarda teorik ve pratik deǧerlendirmelerde bulunulmustur. Soz konusu deǧerlendirmelerin buyuk bir kismi salgini parcali bir sekilde aciklamayi tercih etmektedir. Oysa gundelik hayatin her alanini etkisi altina alabilen salgin ve benzeri sorunlara karsi ayni zamanda butuncul deǧerlendirmelere de ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. Boylesi bir ihtiyacin gerekliliǧi kapsaminda butuncul deǧerlendirmeler yapabilmek hedefini tasiyan bu calisma, nitel arastirma tekniklerinden gomulu teori yonetimini kullanarak politik ekoloji perspektifiyle COVID-19 salginina odaklanmakta;salginin toplumsal-politik yonlerini, insan-doǧa arasindaki iliskilere gore teorik ve pratik ile tarihsel ve zamansal butunluk cercevesinde ele almaktadir. Calisma, salgin surecinde yasananlarin anlasilmasinda katkisi olabilecek acilimlar getirmeye calismakta, salgin sonrasinda kesfedilmeyi bekleyen bilinmezlikler hakkinda cesitli sonuclara varabilmektedir.Alternate abstract:I Pandemics had social-political characteristics beyond being the subject of medical treatment in history. In the past few centuries, under the influence of modern medicine, perspectives on pandemics have changed. For the last year, the COVID-19 (new coronavirus) pandemia, which has been at the top of the world agenda, has brought the changing daily life relations due to temporal and spatial change confronted with an unprecedented global problem. Considering that humanity first encountered such a global pandemic, theoretical and practical evaluations were made in various fields regarding the process of pandemia of the COVID-19, Soon to be discovered and explained in time. Most of these evaluations prefer to explain the pandemia in pieces. However, holistic evaluations are needed against the problems that have affected every part of daily life. This study, which aims to make holistic evaluations within the scope of the necessity of such a need, focuses on the COVID19 pandemic with a political ecology perspective using the "grounded theory" method, one of the qualitative research techniques;It deals with the social-political aspects of the pandemic within the framework of theoretical and practical, historical and temporal integrity according to the relations between human and nature. The study tries to bring developments that may contribute to the understanding of what happened during the pandemic process, and can draw various conclusions about the unknowns waiting to be discovered after the pandemic.

ResumoA Pandemia do novo coronavírus fez o Mundo parar. O alto grau de contágio da doença colocou a população mundial em quarentena, impedindo a livre circulação de pessoas para lazer, compras e até trabalho. No Brasil, as medidas para evitar o contágio seguiram as orientações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e a Administração Pública precisou encontrar maneiras para poder continuar a produzir e oferecer os serviços à população levando em consideração a crise na Saúde Mundial. Em suas demandas, o Governo redigiu a Instrução Normativa nº 44, de 10 de junho de 2020, que modifica o documento anterior sobre teletrabalho no funcionalismo público, a Instrução Normativa nº 1 de agosto de 2018. Este artigo tem como objetivo comparar as duas Instruções Normativas e a CLT, no que se refere à adoção da modalidade de trabalho remoto no serviço público. Para essa análise se utiliza do método comparativo com as bibliografias produzidas no Brasil por pesquisadores da área de Administração Pública e a consulta das leis referentes à regulamentação do teletrabalho no funcionalismo público. O resultado dessas análises encontrará mudanças e melhorias para o servidor em serviço remoto e a manutenção da eficiência dos serviços públicos diante do problema mundial atual. Ao final do trabalho, com grande parte das repartições informatizadas e experiências positivas em diversas instituições do Governo, a Instrução Normativa nº 44 de junho de 2020 mostrará que é possível um processo menos burocrático na implementação do teletrabalho na Administração Pública Federal. Palavras chave: Administração Pública. Setor Público. Teletrabalho. Instrução Normativa. AbstractThe new coronavirus pandemic has stopped the world. The high degree of the disease contagion put the world population in quarantine, preventing the free movement of people for leisure, shopping and even work. In Brazil, measures to avoid contagion followed the WHO guidelines (World Health Organization) and the Public Administration needed to find ways to continue to produce and offer services to the population taking into account the global health crisis. In its demands, the government drafted Normative Instruction No. 44, of June 10th, 2020 which modifies the previous document on teleworking in the public service, Normative Instruction No. 1 of August 2018. This article aims to compare the two Normative Instructions and CLT regarding the adoption of the remote work modality in the public service. For this analysis the comparative method will be used with the bibliographies produced in Brazil by researchers in the public administration area and the laws consultation regarding the telework regulation in the civil service. The result of these analyzes will find changes and improvements for the server in remote service and the maintenance of the public services efficiency before the current global problem. With a large part of the computerized offices and with positive experiences in various government institutions, the Normative Instruction No. 44 of June 2020 will show that a less bureaucratic process in the teleworking implementation in the Federal Public Administration is possible. Keywords: Public Administration, Public Sector, Telework, Normative Instruction.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the USSR's cotton monoculture led to the development of dry and arable lands and the development of cotton growing, creating new water networks. Several reservoirs and canals were excavated. Examples include the Big Fergana Canal (1939) and the Big Andijan Canal (1965). Syrdarya water was used to supply these water networks. As a result, in the 60s and 70s of the XX century, the river water level decreased, and eventually the Aral Sea was not supplied with water. This situation was also observed in the Amudarya, as a result of which the water volume of the Aral Sea decreased from year to year and became a global problem. This article discusses the environmental problems caused by the Soviet Union's cotton monoculture in the second half of the twentieth century, which was caused by the development of dry and arable lands.

Variation Orders is often a reason for construction projects exceeding projects budget and delays; it is a global problem, particularly intensive in the case of a recession of the local economy and stagnation. In Iraq, all the projects have delays in completion, and the cost affects because of the variation orders, which are not well managed. The objective of this study was to identify the key causes responsible for the variation order in construction projects in Iraq using the system dynamic. System's dynamics is the discipline of academics and rooted initially been in management and the engineering sciences. The data relating to the performance of construction projects from 27 projects adopted by Diyala University were collected. Personal interviews and questionnaires survey to the selected projects of specialized engineers were done. The results revealed that the size of variation orders in Iraqi construction projects was high, and 13 key causative factors led to variation orders. The variation in cost was the most influential factor effecting the construction project in Iraq. When variation orders in a cost increased, the owner's opinion decreased. When the external factors increased, cost variation orders increased. It was concluded that minimizing the variation orders was very important to realize the cost in the construction projects. Therefore, the authority management and project managers must make a plan to address these key causes in future projects to ensure their success. Conclusions Based on the investigations done in this study, the following conclusion can be drawn: It was found that most of the variation orders were of the malicious type increased the cost due to the owner's requirements, and a little of it was used to improve quality. From the questionnaires, 43 causes of variation orders and ten impacts from the closed questionnaire. There was a negative impact on variation orders in large proportions in Iraqi construction projects. The owner interferes, especially in adding new items and works or modifying the plans and the specifications, whether (dimensions - levels - places - materials) were among the main reasons issued the implementation of variation orders that increase the cost of the original project. It indicated the owner was poorly informed and closely involved in the design stage of the project, and a lack of perception and appreciation of the party owing to the negative effects of variation orders, especially those related to a long time involved delays the completion of the project in the required time. Minimizing the variation orders was very important to realize the cost in the construction projects.

The climate change issue has been recognised as a global problem and it has to be given serious attention. The human contribution is necessary, it can be done through spreading awareness that will lead to behavioural changes. This study aims to assess the awareness and behaviour of secondary students and their contribution towards preventing climate change. The study was conducted with Nature Lovers and Peer Counsellors Club members at SMK Bandar Bintulu. About 133 surveys using Likert-scale with rating 1 to 4 were collected and analysed on frequency and percentage by SPSS. Findings revealed that the respondents’ awareness of climate change occurs as they learn from the classroom and join the environmental related club. However, their awareness does not represent their behaviour in protecting climate change due to minimum exposure on the human contribution towards climate change. Therefore, this study, suggests a long-term campaign related to the effects of climate change on health, including proper education on rules and regulation implemented by authorities to cater for this situation.

Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cardiometabolic cluster, is a major global problem. The ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a good biomarker of MetS in...

With climate change occurring, some of the problems in using pesticides is examined as many farmers in the less developed countries do not get the support needed so that they avoid the highly hazardous insecticides and can improve the timing and method of application to suit their crops. The lack of independent research and effective extension services in many countries has resulted in using highly hazardous pesticides as they have had to get advice from commercial agents selling pesticides.