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In urban and peri-urban areas in West Africa, the cabbage Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae) is protected using repeated high doses of synthetic insecticides. After a brief description of available IPM components, this paper presents a literature review focused on the botanical extracts that have been experimented with at the laboratory or in the field in West Africa against major cabbage pests. The literature reviewed mentions 19 plant species from 12 families used for cabbage protection in the subregion. The species most used are Azadirachta indica, Capsicum frutescens, Ocimum gratissimum and Ricinus communis. An overview of the world literature showed that a total of 13 plant species belonging to 8 families used to control cabbage pests are reported from the rest of Africa, and 140 plant species belonging to 43 families from the rest of the world. The most commonly used and tested plant species against insect pests in the three geographical areas considered is A. indica.

Poor planned urbanization sustains the presence of malaria vectors in some urban areas. Here, we provide information on the spatial and seasonal distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and the dynamics of kdr mutation in Lomé, the capital city of Togo. Anopheles Larvae were collected in Lomé from January to December 2005, to assess their frequency and abundance. Susceptibility tests were performed from 2006 to 2009 on adults of Anopheles gambiae s.l. that emerged from the larvae collected at Akodesséwa following the WHO standard protocol, using DDT, deltamethrin, and permethrin. A molecular assessment of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (Vgsc-1014F kdr) was also conducted. In 2005, a total of 2,397 Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were collected. Out of 124 adults identified by PCR, 92.7% were An. coluzzii/An. gambiae and 13.2% were An. arabiensis. Anopheles coluzzii was more frequent throughout the year regardless the season whereas An. gambiae and An. arabiensis were more specific to the rainy seasons. A decrease of susceptibility was observed in An. gambiae s.l. during the 3 rounds. The Vgsc-1014F kdr frequency varied from 7.5% to 8.7%. This situation could affect the success of the integrated distribution campaign to provide individuals with ITNs and LLINs in Togo. Keywords: Breeding sites, Anopheles gambiae s.l., insecticide resistance, dynamics, Vgsc-1014F kdr mutation.

L’utilisation des pesticides botaniques dans le contrôle des insectes ravageurs des cultures constitue de nos jours, une alternative à l’utilisation abusive des pesticides de synthèse. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité d’extrait hydroéthanolique de feuilles de neem dans la lutte contre Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) et Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera : Aphididae), deux principaux insectes ravageurs du chou en milieu maraîcher au Sud du Togo. L’efficacité de cet extrait botanique a été comparée à celles de deux insecticides de synthèse, le Conquest Plus 388 EC et le Cydim Super, très utilisés par les producteurs en maraîchage au Togo. Les essais ont été effectués en zone maraîchère sur des parcelles de chou disposées en blocs complets randomisés et équilibrés. Les traitements à base d’extrait ont significativement réduit les populations de P. xylostella par rapport aux insecticides de synthèse. Les plants des parcelles traitées, ont tous été exemptes d’infestation de L. erysimi par rapport à ceux du témoin. Les rendements moyens en pomme de chou ont été compris entre 1,72 ± 0,77 t / ha pour le témoin et 14,48 ± 1,30 t/ha pour des parcelles traitées avec l’extrait de neem. Le taux de perte en feuilles pommées perforées a varié entre 32,31 ± 8,94% sur des parcelles traitées avec l’extrait de neem et 49,56 ± 8,99% sur les parcelles traitées avec le Cydim Super. Cette étude montre que l’extrait de feuilles de neem peut être utilisé dans la gestion intégrée de P. xylostella et de L. erysimi au sud du Togo.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plutella xylostella, Lipaphis erysimi, neem, chou, Sud du TogoEnglish Title: Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves hydroethanolic extract on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cabbage production in Southern TogoEnglish AbstractThe use of botanical pesticides against insect pests is nowadays an alternative to the abusive use of synthetic pesticides. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of neem leaves against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), two main insect pests of cabbage in gardening field in Southern Togo. The effectiveness of this botanical extract was compared to those of two synthetic insecticides, Conquest Plus 388 EC and Cydim Super, very used by producers in gardening in Togo. The trials were conducted in vegetable area on cabbage plots arranged in randomized complete blocks. Treatments containing extract significantly reduced the populations of P. xylostella compared to synthetic insecticides. The plants of plots treated, were all free of L. erysimi infestation compared to control’s. Cabbage yields were in average between 1.72 ± 0.77 t / ha for the control and 14.48 ± 1.30 t / ha for plots treated with neem extract. The loss rate of perforated cabbage leaves varied between 32.31 ± 8.94% in plots treated with the extract of neem and 49.56 ± 8.99% in plots treated with Cydim Super. This study shows that the extract of neem leaves can be used in the integrated management of P. xylostella and L. erysimi in Southern Togo.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Plutella xylostella, Lipaphis erysimi, neem, cabbage, Southern Togo

Le sorgho Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench est la deuxième céréale la plus cultivée après le maïs au Togo. Sa production subit des pertes de rendements de plus en plus importantes, du fait des attaques d'insectes ravageurs, principalement la cicadelle écumeuse, Poophilus costalis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) et la cécidomyie, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Cecidomyidae: Diptera). Cette étude a été réalisée en station et au champ pour évaluer l'efficacité du biopesticide Huile de Neem et des insecticides de synthèse Cyperméthrine et Chlopyrifos éthyle contre P. costalis et S. sorghicola. Trois doses d'Huile de Neem (964, 2892 et 5784 ml.ha-1), de cyperméthrine (Cypercal 50 EC : 128, 384 et 768 ml.ha-1) et de chlorpyrifos éthyle (Dursban 480 EC: 38, 114 et 228 ml.ha-1) ont été appliquées hebdomadairement dans des parcelles de sorgho contre ces deux ravageurs. Des parcelles non traitées ont représenté le témoin. Un dispositif en blocs aléatoires complets avec 4 répétitions a été utilisé. Les résultats ont montré que P. costalis a provoqué plus de 59% de perte de rendement du sorgho. Sa population a été efficacement contrôlée par l'Huile de neem, le Chlorpyrifos éthyle et la Cyperméthrine qui ont respectivement 3, 5 et 19 fois réduit l'effectif du ravageur en station et 6, 7 et 58 fois au champ, par rapport au témoin. En ce qui concerne la protection des panicules de sorgho contre S. sorghicola, la Cyperméthrine a été plus efficace que les deux autres insecticides. Appliquée à une dose de 768 ml.ha-1, la cyperméthrine a permis d'obtenir un rendement de 2802 et 1873 kg.ha-1, respectivement en station et au champ, contre 695 et 692 kg.ha-1 pour le témoin. Cette étude doit se poursuivre pour élaborer une stratégie de lutte intégrée efficace contre P. costalis et S. sorghicola.

Agama doriae Boulenger, 1885 Agama doriae Boulenger, 1885: 127. DISTRIBUTION. — We did not examine any specimen of this species. PNAE (2002) and Chirio & LeBreton (2007) list this species for Togo without mentioning any specific record. Trape et al. (2012) indicated that this species may occur in Togo since the westernmost record was near Accra, Ghana., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["BOULENGER G. A. 1885. - Description d'une espece nouvelle d'agame. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, ser. 2, 2: 127 - 128","CHIRIO L. & LEBRETON M. 2007. - Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; IRD, Paris, 688 p. (Patrimoines naturels; 67).","TRAPE J. - F., TRAPE S. & CHIRIO L. 2012. - Lezards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique occidentale et du Sahara. IRD editions, Marseilles: 1 - 503."]}

Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792) Lacerta exanthematicus Bosc, 1792: 25. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 7 specimens: Togo. Bassar, ZMB 16041; Binanparba, RMCA 73.009.R.0188-0189; Bismarkburg (actually Yégué in Adélé), ZMB 11254; Moba (actually Dapaong), ZMB 24920; Mango, ZMB 16040; Sokodé, ZMB 16275. HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — This is a widespread species in the Guinea and Sudanese savannahs. It was recorded by Matschie (1893) and Tornier (1901) for Bismarkburg, Bassar, Mango, Sokodé and Yendi (actually in Ghana). It was also generally reported to occur in Togo by Bayless (2002). It is heavily exported for the international pet trade: for instance, according to the CITES division of the DFC, 20350 live specimens were exported between 2001 and 2005 (see also Affre et al. 2005)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 396, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["BOSC L. 1792. - Lacerta exanthematica. Actes de la Societe d'Histoire naturelle de Paris 1: 25, pl. V.","TORNIER G. 1901. - Die Crocodile, Schildkroten und Eidechsen in Togo. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Beiheft) 1901: 65 - 88.","BAYLESS M. K. 2002. - Monitor lizards: a pan-African check-list of their zoogeography (Sauria: Varanidae: Polydaedalus). Journal of Biogeography 29: 1643 - 1700.","AFFRE A., INEICH I. & RINGUET S. 2005. - West-Africa, Madagascar, Central- and South-America: main origins of the CITES-listed lizard pet market in France. Herpetological Review 36 (2): 133 - 137."]}

Gastropholis echinata (Cope, 1862) Lacerta (Zootoca) echinata Cope, 1862: 189. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 2 specimens: Liberia. No precise locality, ZMB 38683. Ghana. Koforidua ZMB 45223. DISTRIBUTION. — We never recorded this species during our surveys. Its overall distribution, ranging from Liberia to RDC (Matschie 1893; Chirio & LeBreton 2007), as well as a specimen from Koforidua, Ghana (ZMB 45223), a locality close to the border of Togo, suggests that it should be present in Togo. In Ivory Coast this arboreal forest species is also known to occur in plantations (Rödel 1996)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 389, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["COPE E. D. 1862. - On Lacerta echinata and Tiliqua dura. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 189 - 191.","CHIRIO L. & LEBRETON M. 2007. - Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; IRD, Paris, 688 p. (Patrimoines naturels; 67)."]}

Genus Lepidothyris Cope, 1892 Lepidothyris fernandi (Burton, 1836) (Fig. 4) Tiliqua fernandi Burton, 1836: 62. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 14 specimens: Togo. Badou, MNHN 2006.2243, ZMB 77925-77929; Notsé, MNHN 2006.2242; Badou, ZMB 77925-77929. Bénin. No precise locality, MNHN 1986.768-769. HABITATS, NATURAL HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. — Lepidothyris fernandi is essentially a forest species, although in Nigeria it may also be found in plantations at the border of the main forest (Akani et al. 2009). This species is usually active in the evening, and most of the specimens spend the whole day inside their burrows (Akani et al. 2009). Isopoda and Coleoptera dominated in the dietary samples of Nigerian specimens, but also other lizards were frequently eaten (at least in swamp forest habitat during the wet season; Eniang et al. 2014b). This species is here recorded for the first time from Togo, although many individuals (for instance, up to 1540 specimens between 2001 and 2005) are regularly exported every year for the pet trade. The genus attribution of this species follows Wagner et al. (2009)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 387, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["BURTON E. 1836. - A saurian reptile of the family Scincidae and of the genus Tiliqua, Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1836: 62.","AKANI G. C., LUISELLI L., OGBEIBU A. E., UWAEGBU M. & EBERE N. 2009. - Activity patterns and habitat selection in a population of the African fire skink (Lygosoma fernandi) from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Herpetological Journal 19: 207 - 211.","ENIANG E. A., AMADI N., PETROZZI F., VIGNOLI L., AKANI G. C. & LUISELLI L. 2014 b. - Inter-seasonal and inter-habitat variations in the diet of the African fire skink, Lygosoma fernandi, from southern Nigeria. Amphibia-Reptilia 35: 371 - 375.","WAGNER P., BOHME W., PAUWELS O. S. G. & SCHMITZ A. 2009. - A review of the African red-flanked skinks of the Lygosoma fernandi (Burton, 1836) species group (Squamata: Scincidae) and the role of climate change in their speciation. Zootaxa 2050: 1 - 30."]}

Gerrhosaurus major (Duméril, 1851) Gerrhosaurus major major Duméril, 1851: 139. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 6 specimens: Togo. Alédjo, RMCA 73.013.R.0011-0013. DOA (Deutsch Ost-Afrikas). ZMB 18814. Ghana. Kété Kratchi, ZMB: 16608 and 17699. HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — This species was first cited for Togo by Tornier (1901) from Kété-Kratchi, which today is in Ghana. It was also recently reported from the forests bordering Togo and Ghana (Leaché et al. 2006). In Togo it is only known in the areas of the Monts Alédjo and in the mountain chain of Atakora, hence, in the forests of ecological zone IV (Adélé) and in the dry forests of ecological zone II (Fazao Malfakassa and Alédjo forest). In 2003, Fouchard (pers. com) indicated that some specimens were collected in Hiheatro (surroundings of Atakpamé) for the international pet trade. NOTES. —Recently, Bates et al. (2013) erected a new genus (Broadleysaurus) for this species, based on molecular phylogeny data using two mitochondrial markers (ND2, 732 bp; 16S, 576 bp) and one nuclear marker (PRLR, 538 bp). Further studies should confirm whether this genus can be definitely accepted., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 389, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["DUMERIL A. M. C. & DUMERIL A. H. A. 1851. - Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry / Roret, Paris, 224 p.","TORNIER G. 1901. - Die Crocodile, Schildkroten und Eidechsen in Togo. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Beiheft) 1901: 65 - 88.","LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILL- ERS A. & FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45.","BATES M. F., TOLLEY K. A., SHELLEY E., DAVIDS Z., DA SILVA J. M. & BRANCH W. R. 2013. - A molecular phylogeny of the African plated lizards, genus Gerrhosaurus Wiegmann, 1828 (Squamata: Gerrhosauridae), with the description of two new genera. Zootaxa 3750: 465 - 493."]}

Genus Ptyodactylus Owen, 1817 Ptyodactylus ragazzi Anderson, 1898 (Fig. 13) Ptyodactylus hasselquistii var. ragazzii Anderson, 1898: 69. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 specimens: Togo. Dapaong, coll. JFT 2300; Nanergou, RMCA 73.009.R.0023-0031; no precise locality, ZMB 16312 and 16622. HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — It is a species occurring in Sudanese savannah and in the dry forests. This species was reported to occur in Togo as Ptylodactylus hasselquistii togoensis by Tornier (1901) from the locality of Zogbegan. This latter taxon was put into synonymy with Ptylodactylus ragazzi Anderson, 1898 by Heimes (1987). The species was also recorded in Togo by Loveridge (1947) and Bauer et al. (2006)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["ANDERSON J. 1898. - Zoology of Egypt. Volume First. Reptilia and Batrachia. Bernard Quaritch, London, xv + 371 p., 50 pls.","TORNIER G. 1901. - Die Crocodile, Schildkroten und Eidechsen in Togo. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Beiheft) 1901: 65 - 88.","HEIMES P. 1987. - Beitrag zur Systematik der Facherfinger (Sauria: Gekkonidae: Ptyodactylus). Salamandra, 23: 212 - 235.","LOVERIDGE A. 1947. - Revision of the African lizards of the family Gekkonidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 98: 1 - 469, pl. 1 - 7.","BAUER A. M., TCHIBOZO S., PAUWELS O. S. G. & LEN- GLET G. 2006. - A review of the gekkotan lizards of Benin, with the description of a new species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 1242: 1 - 20."]}

Trachylepis quinquetaeniata (Lichtenstein, 1823) Scincus quinquetaeniatus Lichtenstein, 1823: 103. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 19 specimens: Togo. Agoé, coll. GHS-W 0231-0232, 0236-0237, 0281 and 0283; Dapaong, coll. JFT 2299; Huiléhoé, coll. JFT 2172; Mango, ZMB 16604 (2 specimens); Togblékopé, MNHN 2006.2234 - 2241; no precise locality, ZMB 16286. HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — This species is spread across all the five ecological zones of Togo. It is also relatively common in urban areas, e.g., in Lomé (Segniagbeto, unpublished observations). It was first cited to occur in Togo by Tornier (1901) for Mango, and for Atakpamé by Werner (1902). 860 specimens were exported from Togo in the years 2000-2005 according to the CITES Division of the Direction de la Faune et de Chasse of the Ministère de l'Environnement et des Ressources forestières., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 387, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["LICHTENSTEIN M. 1823. - Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Konigl. Universitat zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Saugethieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen. T. Trautwein, Berlin, x + 118 p.","TORNIER G. 1901. - Die Crocodile, Schildkroten und Eidechsen in Togo. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Beiheft) 1901: 65 - 88.","WERNER F. 1902. - Ueber westafrikanische Reptilien. Verhandlungen der Zoologischen Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien 52: 332 - 348."]}

Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) Lacerta nilotica Linnaeus, 1766: 369. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 10 specimens: Togo. Agou, MRAC 73014.0010, 73014.0054; Borgou (Dapaong), Mango, ZMB 16039; Sokodé, ZMB 53519 and 16276. Ghana. Kéta, ZMB 13833, ZMB 25879; Kété Kratchi, ZMB 26788 and 16037. HABITATS AND DISTRIBUTION. — This is a widespread species, occurring in all habitat types in Togo. It is locally abundant, for instance along the Mono River, the Lake Togo, and in Togodo National Park. This species was recorded in Togo for the first time by Matschie (1891, 1893). Tornier (1901) recorded this species from Sokodé, Mango, Sebbe (Zebé, actually Aného), Bismarkburg (Adélé) and Kété-Kratchi (actually in Ghana). Other authors also recorded this species in the country (Werner 1898; Böhme & Ziegler 1997; Bayless 2002). It is heavily exploited for the international pet trade: according to the CITES division of the DFC, a total of 19889 live specimens were exported between 2001 and 2005 (see also Affre et al. 2005). Eniang et al. (2014a) showed that West African V. niloticus populations, despite being relatively habitat generalist, do not select habitat types in relation to their availability, and that they shift resting places ontogenetically, with smaller individuals being relatively more arboreal than adults., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 396, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["LINNAEUS C. 1766. - Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 532 p.","MATSCHIE P. 1891. - Verzeichniss von Reptilien von Bismarkburg im Togolande. Zoologische Jahrbucher 5: 612 - 618.","TORNIER G. 1901. - Die Crocodile, Schildkroten und Eidechsen in Togo. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Beiheft) 1901: 65 - 88.","WERNER F. 1898. - Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Tunis dem kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 58: 191 - 230, 1 pl.","BOHME W. & ZIEGLER T. 1997. - A taxonomic review of the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) species complex. Herpetological Journal 7: 155 - 162.","BAYLESS M. K. 2002. - Monitor lizards: a pan-African check-list of their zoogeography (Sauria: Varanidae: Polydaedalus). Journal of Biogeography 29: 1643 - 1700.","AFFRE A., INEICH I. & RINGUET S. 2005. - West-Africa, Madagascar, Central- and South-America: main origins of the CITES-listed lizard pet market in France. Herpetological Review 36 (2): 133 - 137.","ENIANG E. A., AKANI G. C., VIGNOLI L., LUISELLI L. & PETROZZI F. 2014 a. - Size-related habitat selection of a population of Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus) from western Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / aje. 12177"]}

Acanthodactylus boueti Chabanaud, 1917 Acanthodactylus (Latastia) boueti Chabanaud, 1917: 87. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 specimen: Togo. Payo, RMCA 73.009.R.0148. DISTRIBUTION. — We examined only one specimen, which was collected in the northern part of the country. This is the first record for Togo. The species' distribution in Togo remains totally unknown. A. boueti was also collected at Bassila (Bénin) by Trape et al. (2012), less than 10 km from the border of Togo (ecological zone III)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 389, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["CHABANAUD P. 1917. - Enumeration des reptiles non encore etudies de l'Afrique occidentale, appartenant aux collections du Museum, avec la description des especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 23: 83 - 105.","TRAPE J. - F., TRAPE S. & CHIRIO L. 2012. - Lezards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique occidentale et du Sahara. IRD editions, Marseilles: 1 - 503."]}

Holaspis guentheri Gray, 1863 Holaspis guentheri Gray, 1863: 152. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 2 specimens: Cameroun. Bipindi, ZMB 27197. DOA. No precise locality ZMB 10482. DISTRIBUTION. — This species was not recorded fromTogo till recently. Leaché et al. (2006) found it in the mountain forests between Togo and Ghana. Thus, this species should be present in Fazao-Mafakassa National Park boarding the Kyabobo Park in Ghana, where Leaché et al. (2006) collected it., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean-François, Afiademanyo, Komlan M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain, David, Patrick, Meirte, Danny, Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, Petrozzi, Fabio & Luiselli, Luca, 2015, Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation, pp. 381-402 in Zoosystema 37 (2) on page 389, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n2a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4577806, {"references":["GRAY J. E. 1863. - Descriptions of two new genera of lizards (Holaspis and Poriodogaster, A. Smith, MS.). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863: 152 - 155.","LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILL- ERS A. & FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45."]}

L'augmentation de la production rizicole en Afrique Subsaharienne et la recrudescence conséquente des ravageurs de stocks tels que Sitophilus oryzae et Sitotroga cerealella nécessitent des actions d'accompagnement de la recherche afin de préserver la qualité et la quantité des récoltes entreposées. Les méthodes de lutte les plus largement utilisées en milieu paysan dans le cadre de la protection des stocks sont les méthodes chimiques. Il apparaît nécessaire de développer de nouvelles mesures de protection des stocks afin de minimiser les risques liés à l'usage des produits chimiques sur la santé des producteurs et celle des consommateurs. L'objectif de cette étude était de développer des technologies alternatives basées sur le traitement des emballages avec les huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon citratus (citronnelle) et d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis afin de protéger efficacement le riz stocké contre ces ravageurs. Pour mener à bien l'étude, deux procédés ont été utilisés: l'imprégnation des sacs en jute et le traitement des sacs en cretonne par pulvérisation. Les sacs en jute ont été trempés dans les huiles essentielles diluées dans l'alcool à des concentrations de 3%, 4% et 5% correspondant respectivement à des doses de 2.34 ml; 3.12 ml et 3.9 ml/sac. Les sacs en cretonne ont été traités soit avec un seul produit (à la dose de 0.25 ml/sac), soit avec les deux huiles associées (à la demi-dose de 0.125 ml/sac). 24 heures après l'application des produits, chaque sac a reçu 100 g de riz paddy, puis a été infesté artificiellement avec 10 couples d'adultes de S. oryzae et de S. cerealella. 90 jours après traitement, les populations des deux espèces ainsi que leurs dégâts ont été évalués. Les résultats ont montré que l'imprégnation des sacs en jute et le traitement des sacs avec les huiles essentielles de C. citratus et d'E. camaldulensis constituent des moyens efficaces de protection du riz stocké contre S. oryzae et S. cerealella. En outre, l'association des deux huiles appliquées sur des sacs en cretonne recouverts d'un sac plastique étanche, est apparue comme la technique la plus efficace pour lutter contre ces ravageurs. Les résultats obtenus avec ces produits naturels sont prometteurs mais avant de vulgariser ces technologies, il est nécessaire d'analyser leur effet sur la qualité des denrées traitées et de s'assurer de leur innocuité vis-à-vis des consommateurs.

Among the 35 Tephritidae species recorded in Togo, only Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White had high prevalence throughout the year and infested fruits of commercial importance. In perspective for control of B. invadens, a wild strain of this pest was reared in an open room conditions similar to those of the exte rnal medium (27.5 ± 1 ° C, 79.5 ± 3% RH and approximately 12: 12 L: D). It was fed on local diet consisting of a mixture of soya flour and superfine sugar, and water in the presence of a mango (cultivar Eldon). These conditions allowed us to determine it b iological and growth parameters. Ovariole number per ovary in B. invadens was 41. The total mean development time was 21.71 ± 0.99 days. Egg incubation, larval development and puparia - adult periods were respectively 1.28 ± 0.02, 11.35 ± 1.13 and 9.37 ± 0.1 9 days. About 68.50 ± 5.13% of the eggs developed to the adult stage. Life expectancy at pupal eclosion was 55.03 ± 30.75 days in males and 51.94 ± 21.03 in females. Average fecundity and fertility rates were respectively 535.74 ± 235.70 eggs and 92.67 ± 4 .68%. Net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of population increase were respectively 98.50 females per female and 10% per day. These results summarized the life - history of B. invadens in Guinean zone condition and are useful for assessment of demographi c parameters of natural enemies of this insect in perspective of an efficient and sustainable management of its populations.

Since 2001 in Northern Togo, most varieties of sorghum are damaged by severe attacks of the new major pest Poophilus costalis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). This pest was not important for sorghum before 2001. Both adults and larvae feed on leaves of Sorghum by sucking the sap. The symptoms are chlorosis and necrosis of sorghum leaves. Severe attack could induce in farm 100% crop losses. Bioassays with a field population of P. costalis were conducted in laboratory to compare the efficacy of crude aque ous Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Seed Kernel Extract (local material) to chemicals, cypermethrin and carbofuran. Field experiments were carried out at the same time in research station. In laboratory, the three insecticides were tested against the third insta rs (L 3 ) of P. costalis but, in field, all the stages were observed. The result indicated a lower efficacy of Neem Kernel Extract, compared to cypermethrin and carbofuran to control P. costalis . The LC 50 for Neem Kernel was 16.34 g seed kernel/l and those of cypermethrin and carbofuran were 2.26 mg/l and 6/80 mg/l respectively/ On field experiment, the concentration of 50 g/l of Neem kernel ( ? 0/16-0.31 g azadirachtin), 0.31 g/l of Cypermethrin and 0.004 g/m 2 of Carbofuran contributed to reduce the population of P. costalis by 73%, 87% and 94% respectively. Compared to the synthetic insecticides, Neem Seed Kernel extract could be a natural alternative for sorghum protection against P. costalis . Further field experiments are necessary to study the effect of neem seed kernel extract on secondary pests and useful insect.

An evaluation of the potential use of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana strain 5653 for biologicalcontrol of cabbage major pest, Plutella xylostella was carried out under station and farm conditions in thelittoral ecosystem in Togo. The experiment was conducted using the sprayed solution of B. bassiana 5653 incomparison with synthetic insecticides. The results revealed that the formulation of B bassiana 5653 reducedsignificantly the density of P. xylostella populations. The use of B. bassiana 5653 increased the cabbage yieldby 57% on farm, compared to the control. Contrary to the entomopathogen, the synthetic insecticidesCONQUEST PLUS 388 EC. (16 g acetamipride, 300 g triazophos and 72 g cypermethrin) and DECIS 25 EC. (25 gdeltamethrin) used as references had any effects on P. xylostella densities and cabbage yields compared to thecontrol, indicating that P. xylostella was not susceptible to the synthetic insecticides. Thus, the use of the bioinsecticide B. bassiana 5653 could be an alternative for the management of the insecticide non-susceptiblestrain of P. xylostella in Togo.

Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 35 specimens (MNHN 2006.2194, Sabiegou; MNHN 2006.2195, N'Gambi; GHS-W 0248, Kolokope; MRAC 29473, Nanergou; MRAC 29477, MRAC 29479, Payo; MRAC 73014.0047, Agou; MRAC 29649, MRAC 29653-54, Borgou; MRAC 29510, MRAC 29520, MRAC 29525, MRAC 29539, Namoudjoga; MRAC 29498-99, Niamtougou; MRAC 29497, T 170, T 180, T 182-187, T 190, T 200, Aledjo; MRAC 29485, Kara, T 157, T 161-167, T 169, Fazao). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 155 to 342 mm; 26-30 MSR, keeled; 142-156 Ven, smooth; 28-32 Sc, single; anal single; 10 supralabials; 14-15 scales surrounding the eye; 9-11 infralabials. DISTRIBUTION. — This species has a wide distribution in West Africa. In Togo, it is most common ER I and II. Previously it has been mentioned from Togo by Werner (1898), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 26; from Bismarkburg [now Adele], Mango, South Togo, and from Kete-Kratchi, in fact now in Ghana), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970), Hulselmans et al. (1970, 1971), Hughes (1976), Harding & Welch (1980), Cherlin (1983), Roman (1984), Gasperetti (1988), Golay et al. (1993), Spawls & Branch (1995) and David & Ineich (1999). CONSERVATION STATUS. — According to reports of the CITES Division of the DFC Togo, 112 live specimens were exported from Togo between 2003 and 2005., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 353, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","HUGHES B. 1976. - Notes on African carpet vipers, Echis carinatus, E. leucogaster and E. ocellatus (Viperidae, Serpentes). Revue suisse de Zoologie 83: 359 - 371.","HARDING K. A. & WELCH K. R. G. 1980. - Venomous Snakes of the World. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, x + 188 p.","CHERLIN V. A. 1983. - New facts on taxonomy of snakes from the Echis genus. Vestnik Zoology 1983 (2): 42 - 46.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p.","GASPERETTI J. 1988. - Snakes of Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia 9: 169 - 450.","GOLAY P., SMITH H. M., BROADLEY D. G., DIXON J. R., MCCARTHY C. J., SCHATTI B. & TORIBA M. 1993. - Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Aire-Geneve, Azemiops S. A. Herpetological Data Center, xv + 478 p.","SPAWLS S. & BRANCH B. 1995. - The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Natural History. Species Directory. Venoms and Snakebite. Blanford, London, 192 p.","DAVID P. & INEICH I. 1999. - Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia 3: 3 - 499."]}

Dasypeltis gansi Trape & Mané, 2006 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 7 specimens (MNHN 1982.453, Lomé; GHS-W 0264-0265, Nangbeto; GHS-W 1091, Sodo Zion, T 172 et T 179, Alédjo; T 158, Fazao). MORPHOLOGY. — TL of our specimens from 290 to 670 mm; 21-23 MSR, keeled and oblique; 210-241 Ven, smooth; 68-81 Sc, paired; anal single; 7 supralabials; 7-8 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula 2 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species is present throughout the country. CONSERVATION STATUS. — According to the reports of the DFC, 121 living specimens of this species were exported from 2001 to 2005. REMARK The recent revision of Trape & Mané (2006a) clarified the taxonomy of the genus Dasypeltis Wagler, 1830. However, many specimens from Togo and West Africa have for long be identified as Dasypeltis scabra. Werner (1898, 1902), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 17), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970) and Anonymous (2002) mentioned the occurrence of D. scabra in Togo. All those specimens cited by these authors should probably now be referred either to D. confusa or to D. gansi., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 333, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["TRAPE J. - F. & MANE Y. 2006 a. - Le genre Dasypeltis Wagler (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Afrique de l'Ouest: description de trois especes et d'une sous-espece nouvelles. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 119: 5 - 24.","WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","WERNER F. 1902. - Uber westafrikanische Reptilien. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologischbotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 52: 332 - 348.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","ANONYMOUS [PNAE-TOGO]. 2002. - Monographie nationale sur la diversite biologique. Rapport integral. Lome, MERF-Togo: 172 p."]}

Grayia smithi (Leach, 1818) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 3 specimens (ZMB 21986, " Togo " without precise locality; MRAC 29686, MRAC 29688, Missahohe). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 1035 to 1520 mm; 17 MSR smooth; 152-177 Ven, smooth; 51 (specimen MRAC 29688) to 98 Sc, paired; anal divided; 7 supralabials; 10-11 infralabials; 1 or 2 preocular; 2 postocular; temporal scale formula 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This forest species is present in ER IV. It was recorded from Togo by Werner (1902), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 17) and Hulselmans et al. (1971)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1902. - Uber westafrikanische Reptilien. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologischbotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 52: 332 - 348.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","HULSELMANS J. L. J., DE VREE F. & VAN DER STRAETEN E. 1971. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la troisieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 84 (1 - 2): 46 - 49."]}

Dipsadoboa underwoodi Rasmussen, 1993 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — No specimen was collected. DISTRIBUTION. — Rasmussen (1993: 174), Werner (1898), Sternfeld (1908b) (ZMB 13772 A-B, 20399A-B, no specific locality) mentioned this species from Togo as Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther, 1858. Chippaux (2006) established a subregional level distribution of this species in Western and Central Africa., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 333, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["RASMUSSEN J. B. 1993. - A taxonomic review of the Dispsadoboaunicolor complex, including a phylogenic analysis of the genus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Boiginae). Streenstrupia 19: 129 - 196.","WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p."]}

Chamaelycus fasciatus (Günther, 1858) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 2 specimens (ZMB 21975, " Togo "; MRAC 73 14 R 58, Kolokope). MORPHOLOGY. — TL of our specimens from 274 to 415 mm; 17 MSR, scales smooth; 165 and 201 Ven, smooth; 39 and 41 Sc, paired; anal single; 6 supralabials; 7 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula: 1 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species should be present in ER III, IV and V. Matschie (1893), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909 from Missahohe) and Chippaux (2006) recorded it from the forested area of Togo., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on pages 340-341, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["MATSCHIE P. 1893. - Die Reptilien und Amphibien Togogebietes. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen 6: 207 - 215.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p."]}

Lamprophis lineatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 specimens (MRAC 74013.0014, Kolokope; MRAC 73014.0026, Agou; ZMB 21104, GHS-W 0629, Missahohe; MRAC A7036.0021, GHS-W 1089, GHS-W 1402, GHS-W 1432, T 209, Sodo Zion; GHS-W 1280, T 148, Diguengue; GHS-W 1296, Agave). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 225 to 930 mm; 29-32 MSR, smooth; 217-243 Ven, smooth; 42-66 Sc, paired; anal single; 8 supralabials; 9 infralabials; 1 or 2 preoculars; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species, mainly nocturnal, has been observed in the forested area near water where it feeds on small amphibians and lizards. This snake inhabits forested areas and Guinean savannahs. It is present in ER II, III, IV, and V of the country. Previously, this species had been recorded from Togo by Matschie (1893), Werner (1898, 1902), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 11), and from Missahohe, Kete (Kete-Kratchi currently in Ghana), Atakpame and Mango, by Thorpe & McCarthy (1978), Roman (1984), and Leaché et al. (2006). CONSERVATION STATUS. — See under L. virgatus. REMARK See the comments under Lamprophis fuliginosus., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 342, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["MATSCHIE P. 1893. - Die Reptilien und Amphibien Togogebietes. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen 6: 207 - 215.","WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","WERNER F. 1902. - Uber westafrikanische Reptilien. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologischbotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 52: 332 - 348.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","THORPE R. S. & MCCARTHY C. J. 1978. - A preliminary study, using multivariate analysis, of a species complex of African house snakes (Boaedon fuliginosus). Journal of Zoology, London, 184: 489 - 506.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p.","LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILLERS A. & FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45."]}

Rhamnophis aethiopissa (Günther, 1862) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 specimen (MRAC 29717), Agome, near Atakpame. MORPHOLOGY. — TL 840 mm; 17 MSR smooth and oblique, vertebral row keeled; 166 Ven, keeled; 146 Sc, paired; anal divided; 8 supralabials; 9 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars; 1 temporal. DISTRIBUTION. — This species is a forest-dweller. On the basis of voucher specimens, Hulselmans et al. (1970) and Leaché et al. (2006) also mentioned its occurrence in ER IV. Werner (1898), Sternfeld (1908b) and Loveridge (1944) recorded it from Adele (Bismarkburg), Kete Kratchi and Missahohe. REMARK This species is sometimes placed in the genus Thrasops Hallowell, 1857. In absence of revision of this group of arboreal species, we follow Williams & Wallach (1989) and Pauwels & Vande Weghe (2008) and recognize the validity of the genus Rhamnophis Günther, 1862. It should be noted that the specific nomen aethiopissa is not an adjective but a noun in apposition, meaning "an Aethiopian woman"., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 336, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILLERS A. & FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45.","WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","LOVERIDGE A. 1944. - Further revisions of African snake genera. Bulletin of the the Museum of Comparative Zoology 95: 121 - 247.","WILLIAMS K. L. & WALLACH V. 1989. - Snakes of the World. Vol. 1. Synopsis of Snakes Generic Name. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar: viii + 234 p.","PAUWELS O. S. G. & VANDE WEGHE J. P. 2008. - Les Reptiles du Gabon. Washington, Smithsonian Institution: 272 p."]}

Polemon acanthias (Reinhardt, 1860) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 3 specimens (MRAC 29550, Kouma Tokpli; GHS-W 1041, Agou; GHS-W 1092, Sodo Zion). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 485 to 560 mm; 15 MSR, smooth; 184-186 Ven, smooth; 22-23 Sc, paired; anal single; 7 supralabials; 7 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars (only 1 in GHS-W 1041); temporal scale formula 1 + 1. DISTRIBUTION. — This species is mainly a forest-dweller. It had been recorded from Togo by Matschie (1893), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909), Loveridge (1944; from Missahohe), and Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970). Leaché et al. (2006) also mentioned the occurrence of the species in the forest area between Ghana and Togo., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["MATSCHIE P. 1893. - Die Reptilien und Amphibien Togogebietes. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen 6: 207 - 215.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","LOVERIDGE A. 1944. - Further revisions of African snake genera. Bulletin of the the Museum of Comparative Zoology 95: 121 - 247.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","LEACHE A. D., RODEL M. - O., LINKEM C. W., DIAZ R. E., HILLERS A. & FUJITA M. K. 2006. - Biodiversity in a forest island: reptiles and amphibians of the West African Togo hills. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 22 - 45."]}

Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther, 1858 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — No specimen was collected. DISTRIBUTION. — This species was recorded from Togo by Werner (1898), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 18) from the locality of Missahohe, and by Anonymous (2002). According to Chippaux (2006), the distribution of this species is at the subregional levels (Western and Central Africa)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 333, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","ANONYMOUS [PNAE-TOGO]. 2002. - Monographie nationale sur la diversite biologique. Rapport integral. Lome, MERF-Togo: 172 p.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p."]}

Naja katiensis Angel, 1922 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 2 specimens (MRAC 29467, Nanergou; ZMB 22024, Togo, no precise locality). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 256 to 780 mm; 24-25 MSR, smooth and oblique; 169-172 Ven, smooth; 57-58 Sc, paired; anal single; 6-7 supralabials; 9 infralabials; 2 preoculars; 2-3 postoculars; temporal scale formula 2 + 3 + 5. DISTRIBUTION. — Naja katiensis inhabits mostly Sudan savannahs in ER I of the country. Previously, it had been mentioned from Togo by Hulselmans et al. (1970), Roman (1984), Spawls & Branch (1995), Rasmussen (1995b) and David & Ineich (1999)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 338, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p.","SPAWLS S. & BRANCH B. 1995. - The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Natural History. Species Directory. Venoms and Snakebite. Blanford, London, 192 p.","RASMUSSEN J. B. 1995 b. - Afrikanske slanger (8). Naja katiensis. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 39 (2): 41 - 44.","DAVID P. & INEICH I. 1999. - Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia 3: 3 - 499."]}

Dipsadoboa weileri (Lindholm, 1905) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — No specimen was collected. DISTRIBUTION. — Werner (1898) and Sternfeld (1908b) mentioned this species from Togo as Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther, 1858. Rasmussen (1993) indicated that specimens ZMB 13771 (from Togo, no specific locality; Werner 1898 and Sternfeld 1908b) and ZMB 13770 B (from Bismarkburg; Werner 1898) are Dipsadoboa weileri (Lindholm, 1905). Chippaux (2006) and Anonymous (2002) mentioned the occurrence of this species in Togo. Its regional distribution makes its occurrence in Togo quite certain., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","RASMUSSEN J. B. 1993. - A taxonomic review of the Dispsadoboaunicolor complex, including a phylogenic analysis of the genus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Boiginae). Streenstrupia 19: 129 - 196.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p.","ANONYMOUS [PNAE-TOGO]. 2002. - Monographie nationale sur la diversite biologique. Rapport integral. Lome, MERF-Togo: 172 p."]}

Scaphiophis albopunctatus Peters, 1870 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 ♀ (MRAC 73 14 R 16), Agou. MORPHOLOGY. — TL 1020 mm; rostral scale very prominent; 22 MSR, smooth; 200 Ven, smooth; 60 Sc, paired; anal divided; 4 loreals arranged in two rows; 5 supralabials; 8 infralabials; 2 preoculars; 3 postoculars; 2 suboculars; 4 or 5 anterior temporals. DISTRIBUTION. — The sole specimen examined, from Agou at the limit between ER III and IV, does not allow us to define the distribution of this species in Togo. Pending the collection of additional specimens, we consider it to be present in ER III and IV. The species was cited from Togo by Broadley (1994) from Agou, Atakpame, Ezime and Tohoun., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 348, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["BROADLEY D. G. 1994. - A revision of the African genus Scaphiophis Peters (Serpentes: Colubridae). Herptological Journal 4 (1): 1 - 10."]}

Prosymna meleagris (Reinhardt, 1843) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 specimens (MRAC 29591, Tetetou; GHS-W 1055, GHS-W 1057, GHS-W 1061, Agou; GHS-W 1064, GHS-W 1403, GHS-W 1411, GHS-W 1428 and GHS-Togo 78, Sodo Zion, T 117-122, Fazao; T 188, T 202, Alédjo). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 140 to 273 mm; 15 MSR, smooth; 145-163 Ven smooth; 19-35 Sc; anal single; 5 supralabials; 7-8 infralabials; 1 preocular; 1 postocular; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species is widespread throughout the country. Previously it had been mentioned fromTogo by Werner (1929), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 16; specimens from Bismarkburg, now Yegue in Adele, Mango and Missahohe), Loveridge (1958), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970) and Roman (1984)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 345, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1929. - Ubersicht der Gattungen und Arten der Schlangen aus der Familie Colubridae. III. Teil (Colubrinae). Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 57 (1 / 2): 1 - 196.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","LOVERIDGE A. 1958. - Revision of five snake genera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 119 (1): 1 - 198.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p."]}

Amblyodipsas unicolor (Reinhardt, 1843) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 specimen (MRAC 29617), Togoville. MORPHOLOGY. — TL 545 mm; 17 MSR, smooth; 202 Ven, smooth; 22 Sc, paired; anal divided; 6 supralabials; 7 infralabials; no preocular; 1 postocular; 1 anterior temporal, no posterior temporal. DISTRIBUTION. — A single specimen of this species has been recorded in Togo from ER V. Additional specimens are necessary to precisely describe the Togolese distribution of this otherwise widespread species. Previously it had been recorded from Togo by Sternfeld (1908b, 1909), Loveridge (1944) and Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 339, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","LOVERIDGE A. 1944. - Further revisions of African snake genera. Bulletin of the the Museum of Comparative Zoology 95: 121 - 247.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204."]}

Dasypeltis fasciata Smith, 1849 (Fig. 3) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 specimen (T 28), Yo (Agome Yo), near Kpalime in the forested region. DISTRIBUTION. — This species occurs mostly in forested areas.In Togo it is known only from Yo.Its taxonomic status and its distribution are far from being clear.Hulselmans et al. (1970) collected a specimen at Ahoue-Houe, in the forest region, which may probably be referred to this species., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017

Leptotyphlops sundevalli (Jan, 1862) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — No available specimen. DISTRIBUTION. — Leptotyphlops sundevalli was mentioned from Togo by Sternfeld (1909: 8; as Glauconia sundevalli Jan, 1862) from specimens collected at Missahohe, and Hughes & Barry (1969). Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 8; as Glauconia conjuncta Jan, 1861) also mentioned the presence in Togo of Leptotyphlops conjunctus (Jan, 1861), a valid species known from Southern Africa. Pending the re-examination of specimens obtained by Sternfeld, we cannot ascertain the identification of this specimen, which may be Leptotyphlops bicolor, or L. sundevalli or even another taxon., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 349, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","HUGHES B. & BARRY D. H. 1969. - The snakes of Ghana: a checklist and key. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique Noire 31 (3): 1004 - 1041.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236."]}

Hormonotus modestus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 2 specimens (ZMB 11241, " Togo " without precise locality; MNHN 2006.2197, Sodo Zion). MORPHOLOGY. — TL 502 mm and 665 mm; 15 MSR smooth and oblique, vertebral row enlarged; 228-245 Ven; 86 Sc, paired; anal single; 9 supralabials; 9 infralabials; 1 preocular; 3 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 2. DISTRIBUTION. — This burrowing species occurs in the forested area of Togo. Previously, Matschie (1893), Sternfeld (1909: 13) and Chippaux (2006) had already recorded its occurrence in the country. Specimens mentioned by Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 13) were collected at Bismarkburg, now Adele. Lamprophis fuliginosus (Boie, 1827) (Fig. 5) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 57 specimens (MRAC 29476, MRAC 29478, GHS-W 0528, Payo; MRAC 29503, Niamtougou; MRAC 29553, Tomegbe; MRAC 29560, MRAC 29573, T 130, T 134, Fazao; MRAC 29582, MRAC 29586, Kolokope; MRAC 29609, MRAC 29615-16, MRAC 29619, Togoville; MRAC 29596, MRAC 29600, Tetetou; MRAC 29706, Ezime; MRAC 73014.0028, Agou; GHS-W 0032, GHS-Togo 73, T 225, Agave; GHS-W 1286, T 147, T 152, T 154, Diguingue; GHS-Togo 13, Sodo; MRAC A7036.0002, MRAC A7036.0011 - 0012, GHS-W 0024, GHS-W 1018-19, GHS-W 1033, GHS-W 1063, GHS-W 1066, GHS-W 1072-3, GHS-W 1076, GHS-W 1097-8, GHS-W 1203, GHS-W 1206-7, GHS-W 1412, GHS-W 1414, GHS-W 1424-5, GHS-W 1430, GHS-W 1433, GHS-W 1437, GHS-Togo 27, and GHS-Togo 41, Sodo Zion; GHS-W 1235, GHS-W 1288, Yo [Agome Yo], T 214, Huilehui; T 233, Bafilo). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 310 to 935 mm; 28-31 MSR, smooth; 202-248 Ven, smooth; 44-68 Sc; anal single; 8-9 supralabials; 8-10 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species is very common and present in all ecological regions of the country. It occurs in all ecosystems: savannahs, forest, in urbanized areas, and so on. Additional specimens were collected in Aledjo, Fazao and Huilehui. The species had been recorded from Togo by Matschie (1893), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 11), from Missahohe, Kete (Kete-Kratchi currently in Ghana), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970), Hulselmans et al. (1970), and Roman (1984). Publications of Trape & Mané (2004, 2006b) and Chippaux (2006) mentioned the presence of this species throughout Western and Central Africa. However, Chirio & Ineich (2006) stated that this nominal taxon is a complex of two species which is in need of a taxonomical revision. CONSERVATION STATUS. — According to reports of the CITES Division of the DFC Togo, 30 specimens were exported from Togo in 2005. REMARKS The genus is currently under revision by the senior author of this paper; the results will be presented elsewhere. Nevertheless, in Togo and West Africa, the characters of both Lamprophis fuliginosus and Lamprophis lineatus are quite constant. Both species can be easily separated by the condition of the contact between the upper part of the preocular and the frontal. In all (57) examined specimens of L. fuliginosus from throughout West Africa, the preocular is in broad contact with the frontal, whereas these scales are separated in all (12) examined specimens of L. lineatus. On the basis of new characters, it appears that there are more than one species under the name L. lineatus, especially in Central Africa., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on pages 341-342, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["MATSCHIE P. 1893. - Die Reptilien und Amphibien Togogebietes. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen 6: 207 - 215.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p.","TRAPE J. - F. & MANE Y. 2004. - Les serpents des environs de Bandafassi (Senegal oriental). Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 109: 5 - 34.","TRAPE J. - F. & MANE Y. 2006 b. - Guide des serpents d'Afrique occidentale (savane et desert). IRD Editions, Paris, 226 p.","CHIRIO L. & INEICH I. 2006. - Biogeography of the reptiles of the Central African Republic. African Journal of Herpetology 55 (1): 23 - 59."]}

Lycophidion semicinctum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 12 specimens (MNHN 1989.0257, " Togo " without precise locality; MNHN 1989.0195, " Togo ou Benin " without precise locality; MNHN 2006.2198, GHS-W 1032, GHS-W 1075, Sodo Zion; MRAC 29592, Tetetou; GHS-W 1298, T 222, Agave; GHS-W 1228, GHS-W 1240, Yo [Agome Yo], T 189, Alédjo). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 460 to 670 mm; 17 MSR, smooth; 169-206 Ven, smooth; 37-54 Sc, paired; anal single; 7-8 supralabials; 8-9 infralabials; 1 preocular; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 2 + 3. DISTRIBUTION. — This species inhabits mainly Guinean savannahs but may also occur in forest. It has been recorded from ER III and IV of Togo by Werner (1898), Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 12), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970), Hulselmans et al. (1970) and Roman (1984). Recent specimens confirm its occurrence in the vicinity of Aledjo in ER II but its presence in ER V is uncertain., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 343, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["WERNER F. 1898. - Uber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun undTunis dem Kgl. Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 58: 191 - 230, 1 plate.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p."]}

Thrasops occidentalis Parker, 1940 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 1 specimen (MRAC 29716), Temedja, Atakpame. MORPHOLOGY. — TL 675 mm; 19 MSR smooth and oblique; 171 Ven, smooth; 120 Sc; anal divided; 8 supralabials; 9 infralabials; 1 preocular; 3 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 + 1. DISTRIBUTION. — Thrasops occidentalis is mostly a forestdwelling species. All specimens recorded from Togo were obtained in ER IV. Sternfeld (1908b) and Werner (1929; as Thrasops jacksoni Günther, 1895) collected this species from Missahohe. Loveridge (1944) and Hulselmans et al. (1970) mentioned its occurrence in the forested region of the country. This species was also listed in Anonymous (2002)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on pages 336-337, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","WERNER F. 1929. - Ubersicht der Gattungen und Arten der Schlangen aus der Familie Colubridae. III. Teil (Colubrinae). Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 57 (1 / 2): 1 - 196.","LOVERIDGE A. 1944. - Further revisions of African snake genera. Bulletin of the the Museum of Comparative Zoology 95: 121 - 247.","ANONYMOUS [PNAE-TOGO]. 2002. - Monographie nationale sur la diversite biologique. Rapport integral. Lome, MERF-Togo: 172 p."]}

Lycophidion laterale Hallowell, 1857 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — No specimen available. DISTRIBUTION. — This forest species was mentioned from Togo by Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 12) from Missahohe. Chippaux (2006) also cited this species from Togo probably on the basis of Sternfeld (1908b, 1909: 12)., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on page 343, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","STERNFELD L. 1909. - Die Schlangen Togos, in Die Fauna der deutschen Kolonien 1 (1): iv + 29 p., map.","CHIPPAUX J. - P. 2006. - Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Collection Faune et Flore tropicales, Paris, IRD Editions 35: 311 p."]}

Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus (Reinhardt, 1843) MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 9 specimens (MNHN 1982.0449, MNHN 1989.0254, MNHN 1989.0265, " Togo "; MRAC 29495, Aledjo; MRAC 29559, Lomé; GHS-W 0262, Nangbeto, T 185, T 194, Alédjo; T 212, Huilehui). MORPHOLOGY. — TL from 450 to 1220 mm; rostral scale very prominent and clearly visible from above; 17 MSR, smooth; 170-197 Ven, smooth; 84-105 Sc, paired; anal divided; 8 supralabials; 10-11 infralabials; 1 or 2 preoculars; 2 postoculars; temporal scale formula 1 or 2 + 3 or 4. DISTRIBUTION. — Ramphiophis oxyrhynchus had previously been mentioned from Togo by Sternfeld (1908b), Hulselmans & Verheyen (1970), Hulselmans et al. (1970, 1971), and Roman (1984). This species is present in all ecological regions of the country but, on the basis of recently collected specimens, it seems to be more common in ER II along the Aledjo Mountain range., Published as part of Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoude, Trape, Jean François, David, Patrick, Ohler, Annemarie, Dubois, Alain & Glitho, Isabelle Adolé, 2011, The snake fauna of Togo: systematics, distribution and biogeography, with remarks on selected taxonomic problems, pp. 325-360 in Zoosystema 33 (3) on pages 347-348, DOI: 10.5252/z2011n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4547017, {"references":["MATSCHIE P. 1893. - Die Reptilien und Amphibien Togogebietes. Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, mit Benutzung amtlicher Quellen 6: 207 - 215.","STERNFELD L. 1908 b. - Die Schlangenfauna Togos. Mittheilungen Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4: 207 - 236.","HULSELMANS J. L. J. & VERHEYEN W. N. 1970. - Contribution a l'herpetologie de la Republique du Togo: Liste preliminaire des serpents recoltes par la deuxieme mission zoologique belge au Togo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 82 (1 - 2): 200 - 204.","ROMAN B. 1984. - Serpents des Pays de l'Entente. C. N. R. S. T., Ouagadougou, 45 p."]}